QHDM Vol3 Part22 LandscapePlantingDesign OctFinal

Volume 3
Part 22
Landscape and Planting Design
VOLUME 3 PART 22
LANDSCAPE AND PLANTING DESIGN
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Copyright © 2015. All rights reserved.

VOLUME 3

‫‪VOLUME 3 PART 22 ‬‬
‫‪LANDSCAPE AND PLANTING DESIGN ‬‬
‫تنويه‬
‫قامت وزارة املواصالت ي دولة قطر بتوف ﺮ دليل تصميم الطرق لدولة قطر )‪ (Qatar Highway Design Manual ‐ QHDM‬ودليل‬
‫قطر للتحكم املروري )‪ (Qatar Traffic Control Manual ‐ QTCM‬ع ى شبكة اإلن ﺮنت وكنسخ مطبوعة باعتبارها اإلصدار رقم‬
‫)‪ (1.0‬من هذﻩ األدلة‪ ‬وذلك دون ادنى مسؤولية ع ى وزارة املواصالت‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫يجب التأكيد ع ى إن وزارة املواصالت‪ ،‬وتحت أي ظرف من الظروف‪ ،‬ال تج أو تتعهد أو تصادق ع ى أن تكون املعلومات املتضمنة ي هذين‬
‫الدليل ن خالية من أي نوع من األخطاء أو العيوب‪.‬‬
‫إن استخدام هذﻩ األدلة ألي عمل ال يعفي املستخدم من إتباع العناية الواجبة أو الفائقة واملمارسة الهندسية السليمة‪ ،‬كما أنه ال يخول‬
‫ُ‬
‫للمستخدم املطالبة أو استالم أي نوع من التعويض عن األضرار أو الخسائر ال يمكن أن تعزى إ ى هذا االستخدام‪.‬‬
‫سوف تكون أي تغي ﺮات او تعديالت متاحة ومتوفرة ع ى موقع اإلن ﺮنت الخاص بالوزارة‪ .‬ويتوجب ع ى املستخدم ن التحقق بشكل متواصل بأن‬
‫لد م أحدث إصدار من هذﻩ األدلة‪.‬‬
‫مالحظة‪ :‬ستقوم وزارة املواصالت بمواصلة تحديث وتعديل ِكال الدليل ن مع األخذ بع ن االعتبار االكتشافات الجديدة والتكنولوجيات الحديثة‬
‫ُ‬
‫واملواضيع املستجدة ال تتعلق بتخطيط وتصميم وتشغيل وصيانة النقل والطرق واملرور‪.‬‬
‫ُ‬
‫إن الوزارة تشجع املستخدم ن‪ ‬ع ى تقديم املالحظات واالق ﺮاحات والتعليقات وردود األفعال‪ ،‬خالل سنة من اصدار ِكال الدليل ن‪ ،‬وذلك من‬
‫خالل موقع الوزارة حيث سوف يتم مراجعة هذﻩ املالحظات واالق ﺮاحات ومن ثم تقييمها وإدراجها ضمن اإلصدار القادم من األدلة‪ .‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪VOLUME 3 ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
VOLUME 3 PART 22
Contents Page
Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................iii

1 Introduction....................................................................................................................1
1.1 What Is Landscaping? .................................................................................................. 1
1.2 Landscaping in the Highway Environment .................................................................. 2
1.3 Existing Landscape Assessment ................................................................................... 2
1.4 Roadside Landscape Design......................................................................................... 2
1.5 General Criteria for Selection of Trees and Plants ...................................................... 3
1.5.1 Tree Boxes and Planting Requirements ....................................................... 4
1.5.2 Tree Sizes ...................................................................................................... 5
1.5.3 Tree Lawn ..................................................................................................... 6
1.5.4 Medians ........................................................................................................ 7
1.5.5 Planting Street Trees .................................................................................... 7
1.6 Guidelines on Tree Location ........................................................................................ 7
1.6.1 Turf Grasses .................................................................................................. 8
1.6.2 Ground Covers.............................................................................................. 8
1.6.3 Ground Cover Plants .................................................................................... 9
1.6.4 Borders ......................................................................................................... 9
1.7 Plant Species and Water Requirements ...................................................................... 9
1.8 Irrigation Systems ........................................................................................................ 9
1.9 Bed Preparation for Landscaping ................................................................................ 9
2 Safety and Landscape Design ........................................................................................11
2.1 General ...................................................................................................................... 11
2.2 Landscape and Road Safety Considerations .............................................................. 11
2.3 Sight Distance ............................................................................................................ 12
3 General Landscape Design Guidelines ...........................................................................15
3.1 Landscape Design Objectives .................................................................................... 15
3.2 Management and Maintenance ................................................................................ 16
3.3 Making Space for Landscape ..................................................................................... 16
3.4 Highway Conditions ................................................................................................... 17
3.5 Plants ......................................................................................................................... 20
3.6 Planting Design Themes ............................................................................................ 24
3.7 Planting Functions ..................................................................................................... 28
3.8 Landscaping Plans ...................................................................................................... 30
3.9 Maintenance of Landscaped Areas ........................................................................... 30
4 Irrigation.......................................................................................................................33
4.1 Strategy ...................................................................................................................... 33
4.2 Water Availability ...................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Management and Maintenance ................................................................................ 33
References .............................................................................................................................35
Bibliography ...........................................................................................................................35
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VOLUME 3 PART 22
Figures
Figure 1.1 Tree Selection and Spacing .................................................................................. 3

Figure 1.2 Example Tree Planting in a Residential Area ....................................................... 4
Figure 1.3 Example Tree Planting in an Urban Area ............................................................. 4
Figure 1.4 Example Landscaping along a Minor Arterial ...................................................... 6
Figure 1.5 Example of Aesthetic Tree Placement ................................................................. 8
Figure 2.1 Intersection Sight Triangle for Major and Minor Arterials ................................ 13
Figure 2.2 Priority Intersection Sight Triangle for Local Roads .......................................... 14
Figure 3.1 Simple Planting for High-Speed Roads .............................................................. 18
Figure 3.2 Complex Median Planting.................................................................................. 18
Figure 3.3 Planting that Can Be Appreciated by Pedestrians ............................................. 19
Figure 3.4 Complex Planting Area ...................................................................................... 19
Figure 3.5 Trees Are the Most Effective Landscape Element in a Road Corridor .............. 20
Figure 3.6 Tree Variety in Relation to Road Layout ............................................................ 21
Figure 3.7 Single-species Tree Planting .............................................................................. 21
Figure 3.8 Planting in Rows and Groups ............................................................................. 22
Figure 3.9 Exotic Plants....................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.10 Exotic Plants....................................................................................................... 23
Figure 3.11 Coordinated Planting on Either Side of the Road Unifies the Visual Appearance
of the Road Corridor .......................................................................................... 25
Figure 3.12 Planting for Scale and Contrast ......................................................................... 25
Figure 3.13 Trees as Landmarks and Defining Views and Vistas .......................................... 26
Figure 3.14 Contrasting Form and Texture in Planting Design Provides Visual Interest ...... 26
Figure 3.15 Simple Planting for Extensive Areas .................................................................. 27
Figure 3.16 Effective Screening with Low Branches ............................................................. 29
Figure 3.17 Effective Screening along a Residential Area .................................................... 29
Appendixes
Appendix A Plant List from Natural Resource Protection Group .......................................... 37

Appendix B Plant List, Spacing, and Size ............................................................................... 59
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Ashghal Qatar Public Works Authority
cm centimeter(s)
m meter(s)
MoE Ministry of Environment
MMUP Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning
QHDM Qatar Highway Design Manual
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1 Introduction
This part of the manual explains the value of good landscape design and provides
guidance on the design of planting and the soft landscape. The goal is to help designers
deliver projects with landscape design that is:
• Integrated into the project

• Safe for all road users
• Appropriately designed for the context and character of the surrounding area
• Functional and provides economic value
• Ecologically sound
• Responsive to community needs
• Designed for easy and safe construction and maintenance
The character of a city and its neighborhoods is largely shaped by the appearance of its
street landscapes. A landscaped street encompasses both the physical environment
and uses within street right-of-way. Landscape standards, guidelines, and policies are
needed to guide construction, improvements, and changes to public spaces, especially
within the road rights-of-way, in order to help shape the character of new areas and to
protect and improve the quality of existing streets. Physical features to consider
include, trees, tree boxes, tree lawns, tree spacing, shrubberies, bushes, plants, grass,
and streetscapes. Streetscape elements include sidewalk paving materials, fences,
retaining walls, and other infrastructure such as streetlights or curbs and gutters.
1.1 What Is Landscaping?

Landscaping is the science and art of modifying the visible features of an area (including
terrain shape, topography, and contours) and of placing plants, building structures, and
other manmade structures, blending them together with the goal of conserving,
enhancing, and effectively displaying the natural and cultural environments and the
beauty of the landscape through which the highway passes.
Transportation facilities produce significant public benefit but can also impose
potential adverse impacts on the environment, including adjacent properties and land
uses. Landscape design can help to increase the benefits and reduce or eliminate the
adverse impacts of facilities by conserving and preserving land and water resources;
enhancing facilities’ compatibility with land uses; enhancing facilities’ visual quality;
and mitigating adverse environmental impacts.
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The benefits of proper landscape design include controlling erosion, reducing runoff,
reducing evaporation, preventing soil degradation, creating green buffer, providing
privacy, reducing noise, screening the road from receptors, and creating a beautiful
environment.
1.2 Landscaping in the Highway Environment

Construction of new roadways or improvement of existing roadways will change the
character of the natural and constructed landscape of the area through which the
roadways pass. Much of that character is valued by the public, especially those who live
or work near roadways. A key aesthetic design goal is to preserve the landscape within
the corridor. Grading and slope treatment should be implemented to integrate roads
with the landscape and to blend the newly constructed or rehabilitated landscape with
the existing landscape.
The landscaping of right-of-way consists of the placement and maintenance of trees,

plants, flowers, constructed structures, and associated accessories, such as fencing,
walkways, or pavers, within the open space and tree box areas. A landscape designer
on a road project considers tree and plant species, soil type, water requirements,
spacing of trees, conflicts with other facilities and utilities, seeding, sodding, tree
trimmings, stump removals, design or retrofit of irrigation systems and, above all, sight
distance requirements along the road and at intersections.
1.3 Existing Landscape Assessment

Extensive field reconnaissance, survey, inventory, research, and information collection
activities of existing conditions and features within the road corridor need to be
conducted and evaluated during planning phase of the roads.
Information for landscaping opportunities or constraints, or both, must be collected

and analyzed. That information will be plotted on a project map for the design team to
incorporate into the design during the concept development stages. The design team
should use the map for preservation and accommodation of access for proposed or
future land developments and to determine objectives for various road alignment
options. The map should be used as a working tool throughout the road design phases
and evaluation as a means to communicate aesthetic issues to the project team and
stakeholders. Major landscape features to be evaluated include visual sensitivity,
topography, elevation, land use, vegetation, and landmarks.
1.4 Roadside Landscape Design

The road corridor should be treated to conserve, enhance, and prominently display the
natural beauty of the landscape through which the road passes. Nonhard surface areas
within the right-of-way should be revegetated, planted, or covered in accordance with
the design criteria specified in this manual, the Interim National Public Realm Design
Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014), and the Public Parks Department guidelines and policies.
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Clear Zones along expressways and arterials must remain clear of landscape features
and objects that could become potential hazards to motorists. Large trees should be
planted near the top of cut slopes and the toe of fill slopes to achieve effective blending.
See Part 3, Roadway Design Elements, of this manual for suggested Clear Zone
distances. Planting fewer species of plants should be sufficient along high-speed roads.
More diverse species with appropriate groundcover shrubberies are preferred in urban
areas.
1.5 General Criteria for Selection of Trees and Plants

Trees should fit the microclimate, soils, sun, moisture, budget, and maintenance
environment in which they are planted. Trees selected for urban streets should be able
to endure pollution, compacted soils, minimal water, and low maintenance.
Trees near sidewalks (especially along high volume and high-speed roads) should be
thornless and fruitless to minimize maintenance and to reduce pedestrian hazards.
They should be strong-wooded, resistant to disease and insects, single-trunked, with
upright growth and fairly long life expectancy. Branches should resist breaking. Along
commercial streets, trees need to be selected and spaced such that, at maturity, they
do not obstruct retail signs. Figure 1.1 shows a good example of tree planting in an
urban area.
Figure 1.1 Tree Selection and Spacing
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1.5.1 Tree Boxes and Planting Requirements

Trees should be planted in ground with the tree box cutout areas not less than
1.5 meters (m) by 1.5 m and the surface covered by limestone setts over porous sub base,
or paver or wrought-iron grate loops and borders (1.5 m diameter or 1.5 m by 1.5 m in
size) on around the tree sides with a minimum opening of 0.6 m in diameter. Landscape
fabric or stone mulch should not be used in tree boxes. Wood mulch (barks or shredded)
could be used. Refer to Qatar National Construction Standards (Ministry of Environment
[MoE], 2010) and Natural Resource Protection Group. Design of landscaping trees,
bushes, and other features along roads should avoid utility conflicts and must maintain
the minimum sight distance for safe view of oncoming traffic and pedestrians along the
road and at intersections, as shown in Figure 1.2 and Figure 1.3.
Figure 1.2 Example Tree Planting in a Residential Area
Figure 1.3 Example Tree Planting in an Urban Area
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VOLUME 3 PART 22
The landscape designer should employ the following principles:
• To ensure normal tree growth, the minimum dimensions for a tree box cutout
should be 1.5 m by 1.5 m.
• Trees should not to be planted in tree boxes or continuous grass strips less than
1.5 m wide.
• No landscape fabric or stone mulch should be used in the tree boxes, but wood
mulch may be used.
• Trees near utilities should have root barriers in accordance to Qatar Constructions
Specifications.
• Trees should not be planted within 12 m from the curb face at intersections and
street corners within the site distance triangle.
• Trees should not be planted less than 12 m from a controlled intersection or other
traffic control device, except No Parking signs.
• Trees shall be located to give drivers visibility of regulatory signs, complying with
the following:
− Trees should be planted at least 3 m from driveways and alleys.
− Trees should be planted at least 6 m from a light pole.
− Trees should be planted at least 3 m from a fire hydrant.
− Trees should be located in tree lawn space.
− Trees shall not be planted directly in front of a sidewalk or the entrance of a
building.
− Tree should not be planted where existing trees will interfere with the growth
of the tree.
1.5.2 Tree Sizes

Tree sizes, types, and water requirements should be in accordance with the Ministry of
Municipality and Urban Planning (MMUP) Public Parks Department-approved criteria,
and the Natural Resource Protection Group. See Appendixes A and B for lists of plants.
Some of the requirements for tree sizes are as follows:
• Trees trunks should be 5 to 7 centimeters (cm) in diameter caliper at planting

measured 1 m above ground or in accordance to the criteria published by Public
Parks Department.
• Tree branches should not interfere with driver’s visibility, pedestrians, cyclists, and
vehicles.
• The branching height of a tree on the traffic side of the street shall not be less than
6.5 m above the street.
• The branching height of trees on the pedestrian side of the street shall not be less
than 2.0 m above the sidewalk.
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• Trees should be drought resistant and preferably fruitless along roads with high
traffic volume.
• Trees should not interfere with overhead power lines at maturity.
• The height of nonplant materials and bushes should be less than 1 m.
• Small to medium trees must be used where overhead power lines would not allow
a large street tree to reach maturity without interfering with the power lines.
• Drought-resistant plantings, preferably low flowering shrubs, should be used in
medians or sections of medians over 1.5 m wide.
1.5.3 Tree Lawn

In road design, “tree lawn” refers to a strip of land along urban streets dedicated for
planting trees and landscaping between the curb and the sidewalk provided space is
available. Tree lawn location and extent should be coordinated with other roadway
features, furniture, and underground utilities. Criteria for tree lawns are shown in
Figure 1.4 and are as follows:
• Width of tree lawns need to be at least 2 m on arterial roads.

• Width of tree lawns must not be less than 1.5 m on any road, including local and
connector roads.
• Tree lawns should not be elevated.
• Zero-angled pop-up sprinklers systems can be used in tree lawns 2.5 m or wider.
Figure 1.4 Example Landscaping along a Minor Arterial
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1.5.4 Medians
Nonhard surface areas within the right-of-way, including medians, should be planted
or covered, if planting and maintenance works in such areas can be carried out safely.
Construction and maintenance of landscape areas should not compromise the safety
of workers, motorists, or others. Incorporating various landscaping treatments into the
final design enhances and accentuates the natural beauty of nonhard surfaces within
the right-of-way. Criteria for medians include the following:
• Medians in urban streets should be elevated. Medians less than 1.5 m wide must
be hardscaped with concrete, brick, or stone. Refer to the Interim National Public
Realm Design Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014).
• Medians between 1.5 m and 3 m can be hardscaped or landscaped at the discretion
of the Overseeing Organization.
• Medians wider than 3 m should be landscaped unless otherwise directed by the
Overseeing Organization. See also the Interim National Public Realm Design
Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014).
1.5.5 Planting Street Trees

Landscape designers should consider the following guidelines for determining how and
when trees should be used within the landscaping areas:
• Street trees should serve the intended purpose of the street, and also provide
shade for pedestrians, screen the road from residential areas, and create a pleasant
view.
• The Interim National Public Realm Design Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014) shall establish
the types of species for plants and trees.
• Trees should fit the available space when they are mature.
• Where tree lawns or covers do not exist, limestone setts over porous subbase or
pavers or grates, should be used.
• Where pedestrian traffic is high, tree grates are preferable.
1.6 Guidelines on Tree Location

The following criteria are to be used to determine locations for tree plantings:
• Adjust the location, spacing, and type of trees near signs, lights, overhead or
underground utilities, utility poles, driveways, and fire hydrants to avoid or
minimize conflict and excessive pruning and maintenance.
• To the extent practicable, plant trees with regular spacing in straight rows or
parallel to the edge of the road to create a continuous street edge.
• Plant different varieties of trees for visual appeal if possible.
No tree should be removed without prior approval of the Public Works Authority
(Ashghal). See example of aesthetic tree placement in Figure 1.5
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Figure 1.5 Example of Aesthetic Tree Placement
1.6.1 Turf Grasses

The preferred method of establishing green surfaces in Qatar is sodding and sprigging.
Seeding allows greater turf selection, but it requires 6 months and regular maintenance
to establish and is costly. Criteria for planting turf grasses include the following:
• Use sod and sprigs as recommended by MMUP’s Public Parks Department for the
climate and soil conditions.
• Use seeds that grow well in sun and shade, suited various climate and soil
conditions, and tolerant of disease and drought.
• Use improved blends of at least three disease- and drought-tolerant turf types on
prepared soil.
• Protect newly sodded and seeded areas, keep them moist until germination, and
maintain in accordance to plant specifications.
1.6.2 Ground Covers

Planting ground cover, turf, and shrubs along the edge of the street improves road
aesthetics and provides a pleasing colorful buffer between pedestrians and vehicles.
Designers are advised to select plants and turf appropriate for the environment and
requiring minimal water and maintenance. Trees and shrubs will require less water and
thrive better if placed in planting beds rather than turf beds.
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1.6.3 Ground Cover Plants

The landscape designer should use plants that have a shallow root system, do not grow
taller than 45 cm, and do not extend outside their borders. The designer should avoid
specifying plants with invasive roots.
1.6.4 Borders
Border landscape is generally placed on the sidewalk side of the tree lawns and spaces.
Plants or other material used as borders should not be less than 10 cm or greater than
30 cm high from the curb. Borders should not interfere with vehicles parking on the
street and with people exiting their vehicles. Gates or other trip hazards shall not be
used as borders.
Border landscape enhances the appearance of the landscaped areas, defines various
parts of the landscape, prevents people from walking on the landscaped, and reduces
maintenance of the landscape area.
1.7 Plant Species and Water Requirements

The Interim National Public Realm Design Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014) contain a
comprehensive list of plants and trees that suit variable climate and provide improved
shade. The list should be consulted in designing landscapes for road projects in Qatar
(See Appendix A).
1.8 Irrigation Systems

Landscaped areas will require irrigation systems; therefore, the landscaping plans
should include a well-designed irrigation plan. The plan should include at least a site
plan; irrigation system capacity requirements; irrigation system components, including
pipes, dripper line, bubblers, and sprinklers; heads, controls, valves, filters, pumps,
cables, sensors; and other system specifications and maintenance requirements in
accordance with the Qatar National Construction Standards (MoE, 2011). Ashghal
should review the irrigation plans for compliance with design requirements and for
securing permits from other regulatory organizations. Refer to the Interim National
Public Realm Design Guidelines for further guidance (Ashghal, 2014).
1.9 Bed Preparation for Landscaping

Soil is one of the most important factors in establishing landscaping and should be
evaluated before preparing the bed. The evaluation at a minimum could include soil
composition and classification, groundwater levels, presence of contaminants and
hazardous material in the soil, site drainage, need for soil improvements and so on.
Landscape designers must consult the Qatar National Construction Standards (MoE,
2011) for preparing landscaping sites and developing landscaping plans.
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2 Safety and Landscape Design

2.1 General
Landscape design should not compromise the safety of motorists, pedestrians, cyclists,
and maintenance workers. It should improve road safety and, where possible,
encourage safe driver behavior. Landscaping should also be safe to maintain. The
landscape designer should consider the following:
• Types of maintenance operations that may be required

• How the operation may be carried out safely
• What equipment may be required
• How access to the planting can be achieved without causing traffic disruption
2.2 Landscape and Road Safety Considerations

The safety requirements for landscape planting are unique in that they change over
time as the plants grow. Therefore, the landscape designer should consider the mature
size of plants. The landscape designer should work with the engineers on the following
safety requirements:
• Planting should not interfere with sight visibility across the entire sight-line area.
• Clear Zones within the median, shoulder, and interchanges must be left clear of
frangible planting. If this is not possible, then barriers should be used.
• The landscape should not obscure road signage.
• The landscape must not create hidden public spaces with poor surveillance.
• The landscape must not be hazardous to build and maintain.
• Landscaping site should not become a health and safety issue. For example,
standing irrigation water may become a breeding ground for mosquitos, and
fertilizer-contaminated water may become a hazard to the ecosystem.
If executed properly, landscape design also can contribute to providing safer road and
driving conditions. Following are some examples:
• Planting can reduce headlight glare.

• Planting can separate pedestrians and cyclists from vehicles.
• Planting can screen road from sensitive receptors.
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• Planting can provide visual clues to motorists by helping to indicate the road
alignment and appropriate speed.
• A visually interesting road landscape can help improve driver alertness.
2.3 Sight Distance

Landscaping features must not compromise the safety of road users, including
motorists, pedestrian, cyclists, and construction and maintenance workers.
Landscaping design must meet sight distance requirements along the entire road
project, especially at intersections.
Street intersections shall be designed with sufficient sight distance along streets. The
required sight distance shall be determined by the Qatar Highway Design Manual
(QHDM) in accordance with the design speed and grades of the street and the
acceleration rate of an average vehicle. See Part 3, Roadway Design Elements, of this
manual.
• The sight distance for arterial and collector intersections must allow a vehicle to
enter the street and accelerate to the average running speed without interfering
with the traffic flow on the arterial and collector streets.
• The sight distance triangle for intersections shall be at least 10 m by 10 m for minor
arterials and 15 m by 15 m for major arterials, as shown in Figure 2.1.
• Sight distance triangle for priority intersections must be at least 10 m by 5 m, where
the longer side is along the through street and the shorter side along the
intersecting street, as shown in Figure 2.2.
• No landscaping or hardscaping over 60 cm that will block the line of sight shall be
permitted inside the sight triangle.
• Care shall be taken to ensure that no substantial fixed obstructions obstruct the
sightlines including road furniture such as traffic signs. However, isolated slim
objects such as lamp columns, sign supports, or slim footbridge supports 55 cm or
less can be ignored (Department for Transport, 2001).
• Trees with trunk diameter less than 55 cm at maturity and having no branches
below the height of 6.5 m above the road and 2.0 m above the sidewalk could be
planted within the sight triangle, provided that the combined width of all trees and
other road furniture within the line of sight does not obstruct a width exceeding
the 55-cm threshold.
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Note: Dimensions are as calculated in Part 3, Roadway Design Elements, of this manual or as shown here,
whichever is greater.
Figure 2.1 Intersection Sight Triangle for Major and Minor Arterials
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Note: Dimensions are as calculated in Part 3, Roadway Design Elements, of this manual or as shown here,
whichever is greater.
Figure 2.2 Priority Intersection Sight Triangle for Local Roads
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3 General Landscape Design

Guidelines
3.1 Landscape Design Objectives
The vision for the landscape design should be a statement that relates closely to the
overall project vision for the road and that is agreed on by the entire project team.
Objectives should describe the approach and outcomes for the road landscape that will
be used to achieve the project vision. The objectives should be aspirational with a
means for delivering them.
The designer should prepare landscape objectives that provide direction and guidance,
inform strategies, and help deliver a sustainable solution. The designer will need to
obtain approval for the planting design from the MMUP Parks Department. The
following landscape objectives should be considered:
• Visual:
− Protect existing visual amenity and character.
− Enhance visual quality of the road and surrounding landscape.

− Screen undesirable view of road infrastructure from sensitive receptors such as
residential areas, hospitals, and schools.
− Provide a pleasant driving experience with visual interest.
− Create a consistent character through the integration of road elements.
• Ecological:
− Protect existing habitats and ecosystems.
− Minimize loss of existing valuable vegetation.

− Enhance biodiversity and natural drainage.
− Use the roadside landscape to connect habitats.
− Minimize impacts on natural drainage.
− Promote an understanding of and respect for the value of native flora and fauna.
• Cultural:
− Protect the cultural and heritage value of landscapes.
− Protect and enhance the setting of cultural and heritage features.
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• Community:
− Provide for community users where feasible.
− Provide access across and along the road for pedestrians and cyclists.
− Create increased neighborhood connectivity and an improvement in the
overall quality of life.
− Create attractive gateways and landscape features at entrances to
neighborhoods and community facilities.
• Safety:
− Meet safety standards, including Clear Zone and visibility requirements.
− Allow the landscape to be safe to build and maintain.
• Economic:
− Develop cost-effective landscape solutions.
− Develop low-maintenance roadside landscapes.

− Establish full life-cycle costs of the project.
3.2 Management and Maintenance

Appropriate maintenance and provisions for long-term management are key to a well-
kept public space. Management of planting should be considered early in the landscape
design concept and planting design stages, so that the design objectives can be
achieved through safe and appropriate maintenance operations.
The designer should consider how plantings and their likely maintenance requirements
will change over time. The design should be sustainable through the specification of
long-lasting, durable, and robust materials, including mulches, and the designer should
consider lifetime costs in addition to one-time construction costs. The aim is to promote
a high quality of maintenance and management that is consistent across the various
ownership and management systems.
3.3 Making Space for Landscape

Primary considerations in landscape design should be adequate space for the planting
concept, the location of underground utilities, and plant lifetime and ultimate size,
which are discussed in this section:
• Allow Adequate Space for the Planting Concept: A successful landscape requires
allocating adequate space for the road, Clear Zone, and public realm and requires
consideration of the plantings at their mature size. The vision for the road and its
landscape objectives should determine how much space is required. Narrow strips
of land and steep slopes will generally result in a poor landscape. The minimum
easements for planting, or where planting is located within the public realm, will
need to be project-specific. In narrow corridors and rights-of-ways, strategies will
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need to be developed that identify root protection measures or the need for
diverting utilities to make space for planting.
• Coordinate with Underground Utilities: Space for planting must take into account
underground utilities and the potential constraints they impose on landscaping,
particularly tree planting. The landscaping and utility plans should be coordinated so
as not to contradict or adversely affect each other. Coordination among underground
utilities and plantings at the surface requires cooperation between the utilities and
the road designers. Access and easement requirements of utility companies can
severely restrict the potential for planting and, therefore, the quality and character
of the road landscape. If required, the designer should consider the use of root
barriers within the tree pits to avoid disrupting underground utilities.
• Consider Plant Growth and Lifetime: The landscape planting design should
consider the mature size of plants and their root system over the life of the plants,
as well as the maintenance regime. Short-lived plants, shrubs, and ground covers
should be used only in areas where they can be maintained effectively and their
replacement is planned for as part of the management and maintenance.
3.4 Highway Conditions

The following conditions factor into landscape planting along highways and higher
speed roads:
• Highway Environment: Roads creates harsh growing conditions for plants. Plant
species that can thrive in the highway environment should be used to minimize
failures and create successful and sustainable landscapes. Compacted ground,
limited space for soil and root zones, proximity to paved areas that reflect heat,
and runoff from stormwater, for example, should be considered in the design of
planting and selection of plant species.
• Soil Conditions: Soil conditions are an important element to establish successful

planting. If the soil is damaged through compaction or pollution, for example, then
it may be difficult to establish planting.
• Road Medians: Medians present a means to break up visually the expanse of hard
surfacing and integrate the road corridor into the surrounding landscape. The
planting design should consider the particular growing conditions with limited soil
volumes, foundations to lighting and barriers, access for maintenance, visibility
requirements, and other constraints.
• Slopes and Gradients: Shallow slopes and gradients are more suitable for planting
and for the long-term sustainable maintenance of the planting. Planting on steep
slopes is less likely to be successful in its establishment and maintenance.
• Visibility and Safety in Urban Areas: Trees planted in grass or low ground cover
planting are generally preferable in urban areas.
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• Speed of the Viewer: The design of the planting should accommodate the speed
of the viewer. Large-scale, simple patterns using bold shapes and color (Figure 3.1)
can be appreciated by motorists traveling at a speed that does not support
attention to small-scale and complex patterns. See Appendixes A and B for detailed
lists of plant options.
Figure 3.1 Simple Planting for High-Speed Roads
Planting design needs to accommodate the scale of the road. As shown in Figure 3.2,
complex planting is unlikely to be appreciated by motorists traveling at high speeds.
It is also inaccessible to pedestrians and requires higher levels of maintenance, putting
operatives at risk.
Figure 3.2 Complex Median Planting
In contrast, pedestrians and cyclists, who move slower than motor vehicles, can see
and enjoy individual plants, leaves, and flowers. The planting design should be at an
appropriate scale to allow for this, as shown in Figure 3.3 and Figure 3.4.
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Figure 3.3 Planting that Can Be Appreciated by Pedestrians
Figure 3.4 Complex Planting Area
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3.5 Plants
Trees are the most effective landscape element visible in a road corridor. The species
of trees and other plantings should be selected based on the design objectives. The
Interim National Public Realm Design Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014) contain a list of
recommended and approved plant species that the designer should consult in selecting
plant species; see Appendixes A and B. The following considerations factor into
planting:
• Trees in Road Corridors: Trees are the most notable aspect of roadside planting
design. Trees have an appropriate scale for a road corridor, so they are clearly
noticed. As shown in Figure 3.5, trees create character and are the best means of
softening the hard-built elements of the road. A tree-lined avenue can create a
distinctive character for the road and its context, for example. As the primary
element of a landscape design, trees should be placed carefully and deliberately,
establishing a balance between enclosing the road and allowing or framing views
from the road. The spacing of tree planting will need to be determined to meet the
individual requirements of each project.
Figure 3.5 Trees Are the Most Effective Landscape Element in a Road Corridor
• Tree Species: Tree species should be selected carefully so that the landscape design
objectives are achieved, as shown in Figure 3.6. They should relate to context,
possible design themes, and be arranged in rows for formal landscapes and in
groups for informal landscapes. Figure 3.7 shows that the use of a single species
can have a powerful effect, whereas Figure 3.8 shows that the use of a range of
species can create diversity and contrast.
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Figure 3.6 Tree Variety in Relation to Road Layout
Figure 3.7 Single-species Tree Planting
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Figure 3.8 Planting in Rows and Groups
• Use of Native Plants: Native plants can be used to protect and enhance local
biodiversity, reduce water consumption, and create distinctive landscapes. They
may also have cultural significance. Native plants require little or no maintenance
and are self-sustaining under appropriate growing conditions. They can be used on
their own or within mixes of nonnative and more decorative plants, and they can
create equally distinctive and attractive landscapes in the way they are used and
arranged.
• Exotic Plants: Imported plants and exotic trees and shrubs should be considered,
particularly where they are able to thrive in the climate of Qatar. They can be
attractive and unusual features within the road landscape, as shown in Figure 3.9
and Figure 3.10. However, care must be taken to avoid introducing and planting
invasive and weed species.
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Figure 3.9 Exotic Plants
Figure 3.10 Exotic Plants
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3.6 Planting Design Themes

Landscape and planting design themes can be useful in defining landscape concepts and
treatments and in describing the broad character of the planting design approach. The
landscape theme should be informed by the landscape character assessment, urban
context appraisal, policies and plans, vision for the project, and landscape objectives.
The landscape theme may respond directly to the character of the landscape the road
passes through, either incorporating existing landscape features and elements within
the proposed landscape design, or creating a new character for the road landscape.
Planting themes may not be appropriate for some landscape or urban character areas
or support the landscape objectives. Care should be taken to avoid a disjointed and
poorly designed landscape. Planting design themes may include the following concepts:
• Indigenous: Maximizes integration with existing native vegetation to enhance the

area’s ecology and biodiversity value. This theme can involve informal and random
layout of plants with open areas of no planting, using native shrubs and grasses
with a low water demand, and the potential to allow natural regeneration.
• Native Informal: Replicates the landscape character or uses native plants arranged
informally or in a seminatural way. This theme incorporates color, texture, unity,
and variety to create visual interest as well as ecological enhancement value.
Layout could be seminatural with continuous planting of layers of grasses, shrubs,
and trees with periodic focal points. Plants should be allowed to grow in their
natural form with little or no maintenance.
• Native: Uses native plant species with the addition of some exotic species arranged
and laid out in layers. This theme involves continuous planting including grass, ground
covers, shrubs, and trees. The native theme requires a degree of maintenance and is
more suited for urban areas.
• Formal Planting: Uses nonnative plants arranged in formal, geometric, and complex
patterns with layers of lawns, grasses, seasonal flowers, ground cover hedges,
shrubs, trees, and palms. This allows the designer greater variety of color, textures,
form, and pattern. The planting design could be simple and minimalistic to create
bold effects and to contrast the more elaborate patterns. This will often require
more irrigation; therefore, the increased water demand compared to selecting
native plants needs to be considered. Exotic plants that may be invasive or become
weeds should not be used.
• Feature: Arranges plantings to form distinctive features, on their own, or in
combination with other elements such as gateways, public art, and structures, as
shown in Figure 3.11 and Figure 3.12.
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Tree planting contributes to the sense of scale of the road corridor and provides contrast to the hard
landscape of this urban environment.
Figure 3.11 Coordinated Planting on Either Side of the Road Unifies the Visual
Appearance of the Road Corridor
Figure 3.12 Planting for Scale and Contrast
Figure 3.13 and Figure 3.14 show that street trees can be a visual feature of the road,
acting as landmarks and defining views and vistas.
The scale of planting areas should respond to the scale of the street. Simple planting
designs are generally more appropriate than small-scale plant combinations, which can
be overly complex, as shown in Figure 3.15.
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Figure 3.13 Trees as Landmarks and Defining Views and Vistas
Figure 3.14 Contrasting Form and Texture in Planting Design Provides Visual
Interest
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Figure 3.15 Simple Planting for Extensive Areas
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3.7 Planting Functions

The basic functions of landscape planting are as follows:
• Shelterbelts: Shelterbelts may be required to reduce the effects of crosswinds and

to reduce windblown sand. Dense windbreaks can cause turbulence, whereas
windbreaks with some permeability slow down wind speeds more effectively. The
designer should consider the specific site conditions, including prevailing wind
speed and direction, topography and landform, and the open space available within
the right-of-way. Visual interest is created using a mix of plant species, tall trees,
small trees, and shrubs. Temporary measures, such as windbreak fencing, can be
provided until the planting matures.
• Shade: Shade is an important consideration in improving comfort for pedestrians
and cyclists. Shade generally is provided by shade trees and shade structures, but
it also can be provided by using shade from adjacent buildings. Shade should be
provided where it is needed most. If shade is needed immediately, then structures
should be used, recognizing that trees require time to establish and grow before
effective shade cover can be provided. Shade structures should be attractive
features in the street scene that also meet their functional requirements.
• Fences and Walls: When planting is used in combination with walls or fencing, the
planting design should reflect the character of the landscape on either side of the wall.
• Planting for Sand Control: Windblown sand on the road surface can create unsafe
conditions for motorists. Open and nonvegetated areas can be the most susceptible
to windblown sand. Low-level planting can assist in sand control, as can shelter belts
of tree and shrub planting. Only plants that are able to withstand the effects of
windblown sand should be used. Fencing, gravel mulch, and sand stabilization
techniques also can be used individually or in combination with the planting.
Designers need to understand that different areas of Qatar are affected differently
by different types of windblown sand, and therefore different solutions should be
considered and evaluated.
• Visual Screening: If visual screening is required, and identified as a mitigation
measure through the context sensitive design solution processes and the landscape
assessment process, then the landscape designers should design an appropriate
visual screen. The selection of landscaping features, including trees, plants, covers,
and lawns, should respond to the landscape and urban context, the amount of
space available, and the level of screening required. For example, a single row of
trees can be an effective visual screen in certain locations. Tree species with
branches along the entire trunk can screen the view at the lower level, as shown in
Figure 3.16. Tree planting in residential areas provides screening of the road as well
as creating an attractive feature, as shown in Figure 3.17. If necessary, the
landscape designer should recommend acquiring additional land for screen
planting to achieve the screening objective. When selecting plant material for
screening, the designer should consider the following:
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− Space for planting and other constraints, such as visibility splays and setbacks
− Proximity of the planting close enough to the road so that it is effective
− Height of the screening required and the ultimate height of the plants
− Growth rate of the plants and using fast-growing species, if required
− Mixing species for visual interest, or using single species for a bold, simple effect
− Potential to remove quick-growing trees in the short term, allowing slower
growing plants time to mature
− Creating a hierarchy of plants with tall, medium, and low plant species to create
a screen at all levels
− Needing vegetation to be a minimum of 5 m tall to screen trucks
− Using plants with thick and dense foliage to block a view
Figure 3.16 Effective Screening with Low Branches
Figure 3.17 Effective Screening along a Residential Area
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3.8 Landscaping Plans

The landscape designer should collaborate with the highway design team from the
beginning of the project. The MMUP Parks Department should review the landscape
design regarding the safety and plant requirements. Landscaping commitments made
during the planning process should be incorporated into the plans. The preliminary
landscape plans should include the following activities:
• Preparing a base map and site plan

• Identifying alternate designs based on predesign meetings, and appropriate
standards
• Coordinating of special permits for mitigation, as required
• Coordinating of availability of plant materials
• Coordinating with program managers and neighborhood groups
The final landscaping design will be documented in the project file and completed
based on the following:
• Preliminary design review minutes, revisions, and written safety and design
decisions
• Special permit requirement
• Special provisions or departures, or both
• Coordination with the MMUP Parks Department staff
• Final design review changes and review minutes for final signoff
• Fulfilment of landscape requirements mandated by the Overseeing Organization
• Environmental mitigations, if any
• Use of landscaping to improve water quality and manage stormwater
• Approval of any removal, addition, or modification of the existing landscaping or
type of trees by the Overseeing Organization
3.9 Maintenance of Landscaped Areas

Maintenance of areas landscaped with turf, plants, shrubberies, flowers, and trees
starts immediately after planting and continues over the life of the plants. Maintenance
of landscaped areas during the period immediately after planting until plants are
established is critical to the success of a good landscape plan. Most important work
during this period includes watering, dressing wounds, straightening, resetting settled
areas, weeding, and pruning.
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Once plants are established, regular maintenance is required to ensure that the
landscape will function during its life cycle. Regular maintenance includes watering,
thinning, mowing, fertilizing, weeding, trimming, pruning, replanting, and disease and
insect control. A maintenance plan should be developed as part of construction plans
in accordance with the site requirements and plant specifications.
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4 Irrigation
4.1 Strategy
An irrigation strategy should be an integral part of the landscape design from the
beginning of the design process because water is scarce in Qatar. The strategy should
clearly set out the principles and relationship among the planting design, use of plants,
species types, and need for irrigation water.
4.2 Water Availability

The strategy should establish the availability of irrigation water at the onset of the
project, covering requirements at both the time of the completion of the project and
over the long term. The designer should consult stakeholders as required and obtain
the relevant information to inform the irrigation design; for example, Ashghal’s master
plan or more local road management organizations. Water availability should then be
balanced with the potential demands of the project. If required, the planting could be
implemented in phases as irrigation water becomes available. In addition, the planting
design may need to respond to a reduced availability with water available only for a
short period during planting establishment. Irrigation systems should be designed to
provide the appropriate amount of water to each tree and plant, with minimal waste.
For example, in some areas bubblers are appropriate, but in others and for certain
plants, easily adjustable automatic drip irrigation systems are appropriate. Refer to the
Interim National Public Realm Design Guidelines (Ashghal, 2014) and Qatar National
Construction Standards (MoE, 2011).
4.3 Management and Maintenance

It is important that those responsible for the management and maintenance of the
irrigation system be considered stakeholders in the process and that they are consulted
early in the design process to consider their needs in the design.
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References
AASHTO. A Guide for Transportation Landscape and Environmental Design. American Association
of State Highway and Transportation Officials. Washington, DC, United States. 1991.
Ashghal. The New Qatari Street: Interim National Public Realm Design Guidelines. State of Qatar
Public Works Authority: Doha, Qatar. 2014.
Department for Transport. “Highway Link Design.” Design Manual for Roads and Bridges.
Volume 6, Section 1, Part 1. TD 9/93. UK Highways Agency: London, England.
http://www.dft.gov.uk/ha/standards/dmrb/vol6/section1/td993.pdf. June 1993; updated
February 2002.
Ministry of Environment (MoE). Qatar National Construction Standards (QCS 2010). State of
Qatar: Doha, Qatar. 2010.
Bibliography
CH2M HILL. Aesthetic Design Guidelines I-580 Freeway Extension Nevada. Project report.
Prepared for Nevada Department of Transportation, United States. 2000.
District Department of Transportation. Design and Engineering Manual. Government of the

District of Columbia: Washington, DC, United States. April 2009.
District Department of Transportation. Public Realm Design Manual: A Summary of District of

Columbia Regulations and Specifications for the Design of Public Space Elements. Government of
the District of Columbia: Washington, DC, United States. 2011.
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Appendix A
Plant List from Natural
Resource Protection Group
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Stage 5 Advisory Services for
Interim Public Realm Guidelines Public Realm and Landscape Design
Plant List
IMAGE
LOCAL SPECIES Arad

ENGLISH COMMON NAME Nyanga Flat Top Kimberley’s Wattle Ear Pod Wattle Australian Soap Wattle Halls Creek Wattle Sweet Wattle Grey Haired Acacia
SCIENTIFIC NAME Acacia abyssinica Acacia anthochaera Acacia auriculaformis Acacia colei Acacia cowleana Acacia etbaica Acacia farnesiana Acacia gerardii
“Gaypari”
TYPE ST LS ST LS LS ST ST ST
WATER
FEATURE Umbrella shape covered in bright yellow long yellow catkins of broad blue grey leaf and blue grey broad foliage dense canopy good shade tree with low even shaped small tree
flowers flower bright yellow flowers and bright yellow flowers water requirement low water requirement
COMMENTS
Peak Water Consumption Plant Abbreviations

Low irrigation requirement 5-10 litres/irrigation event CI Climber SSGC Small shrub or Ground
Cover
Medium low irrigation requirement 10-15 litres/irrigation event
SU Suculent G Grass
Medium irrigation requirement 15-25 litres/irrigation event
GC Ground Cover LT Large Tree
Medium to High irrigation 25-35 litres/irrigation event
requirement S Shrub T Tree
High irrigation requirement 50-90 litres/irrigation event LS Large Shrub ST Shade Tree
Symbol for half rate SS Small Shrub P Palm
H Herbaceous perennial
Samr
Wanderry Wattle Mountford’s Wattle Scented Acacia Weeping Myall Willow Acacia Golden Wreath Wattle Sims wattle Umbrella Thorn
Acacia kempeana Acacia mountfordiae Acacia nilotica Acacia pendula “Amata” Acacia salicina “Marntala” Acacia saligna “Cujong” Acacia simsii Acacia tortillis
LS MT ST ST LS ST ST
bright yellow flowers Attractive shrub with long Good Acacia for urban Weeping foliage weeping bright green masses of bright yellow bright green foliage and yellow flowers and
bright yellow catkins use, well shaped and foliage flowers on weeping foliage bright yellow flowers umbrella shape
attractive flowers
Use for restoration of
wadis vegetation
Elegant Wattle Baobab Tree Desert Cotton or Snow Queen Victoria’s Agave
Bush
Acacia victoriae “Alita” Adansonia gregorii Aerva javanica Agave parryi Agave victoriae Aloe africana Aloe claviflora Aloe debrana
“Jamulang”
LS LT S SU SU SU Su/GC SU
masses of yellow flowers bottle shaped trunk light grey foliage and architectural form architectural form
white seeds/flowers
ebombo Aloe
Aloe sessiflora Aloe striata Aloe striata Aloe virens Alstonia actinophylla Alstonia scholaris Aptenia cordifolia Arctotis hybrids
SU SU SU SU T T GC GC
architectural form and form and flowers white trunk and graceful interesting foliage carpet of leaves and pink bold coloured multiple
bright yellow flowers form fragrant flowers flowers flowers
Mediterranean Saltbush Old Man Saltbush Australian Saltbush Bismark Palm Frankincense Tree Illawarra Flame Tree belladonna Flame Tree Pink Kurrajong
Atriplex halimus Atriplex numalaria Atriplex semibaccata Bismarckia nobilis Boswellia sacra Brachychiton acerifolius Brachychiton “Bella Brachychiton diversifolius
Donna”
SS S GC P ST T T T
blue/grey foliage blue/grey foliage blue/grey foliage Powder grey palm fronds Interesting shape and mass of delicate red dense pink bell shaped bell shaped flowers hang
excellent feature plant, deep cultural significance flowers when leafless. flowers cover the tree. amidst attractive foliage
tolerant of Qatar Spectacular flowering Also a good shade tree excellent shade tree
conditions tree
Arta
Leopard Tree Fire Bush Bottlebrush Blue Cypress Pine Cypress pine Beauty Leaf Beach Pea
Caesalpinia ferrea Calandrina balonensis Calligonum comosum Callistemon viminalis Callitris intratropica Callitris preissii Callophyllum inophyllum Canavalia rosea
“Oenpelli”
ST GC S ST T T ST GC
nteresting patterned prominent pink flowers red ball flowers General use as a dense, very attractive, hardy very attractive, hardy glossy green leaves and tough, spreading vine/
trunk. Yellow flowers colourful screen plant conifer conifer fragrant flowers ground cover for
stabilising sand areas
Wadis planting
Akamba Bush Desert Cassia Velvet Cassia Coral Shower Red Cassia Belah African Nettle Tree Day Blooming Jasmine
Carissa edulis Cassia biflora Cassia brewsterii Cassia grandis Cassia roxburghii Casuarina cristata Celtis africana Cestrum diurnum
ST LS/ST T ST T T T S
deep green foliage and yellow flowers pink catkins pink flowers ribs of bright, brick red excellent wind break light green shade tree fragrant white flowers
white fragrant flowers flowers and well shaped
tree
Silk Floss Tree Sturts Desert Pea Butterfly Pea Myhrr Yellow Geiger Tree Geiger Tree White Gum Alice White Gum
Chorisia speciosa Clianthus formosus Clitoria ternata Commyphora myrrha Cordia lutea Cordia sebestena Corymbia apperinja Para Corymbia apperinja” Alice
para”
ST GC CI ST ST ST T T
bold pink flowers brilliant red/black pea lilac flowers plant of ancient cultural flowers and broad green Broad leaves and vibrant pure white trunk and pure white trunk and
shaped flowers on grey significance leaves orange flowers graceful form graceful form
foliage
Bird Flower Rubber Vine Mexican Heather Australian Lemon Grass Lemon Grass Indian Rosewood White Poinciana Tree
Crassula multicava Crotalaria Cryptostegia Cuphea mexicana Cybopogon ambiguus Cymbopogon citratus Dalbergia sissoo Delonix elata
cunninghamiana madagascarensis compacta
SU S CI GC G G T ST
interesting lemon yellow strong evergreen vine with dense fine leaf/pink interesting perennial fresh green perennial good shade tree feathery foliage and white
flowers attaractive pink flowers flowered ground cover grass grass lemon fragrance flowers
suitable for shade

ocations
Brazilian Jasmine Dragon Tree Blue Butterfly Bush Earpod Tree Narrow leaved Emu Bush Arakoora Emu Bush
Dipladenia sanderi Dracaena draeco Duranta repens Echeveria elegans Encelia farinosa Enterolobium Eremophila alternifolia Eremophila arookara
contorisiliquum “Irmangka” “Amoonguna”
CI ST LS SU/GC SS/HP T S SS
brilliant red flowers umbrella shape cascades of blue flowers feathery foliage and white flowers blue flowers on grey
flowers foliage
mass of yellow in late

winter
White Emu Bush Blue Emu Bush Weeping Emu Bush Red Emu Bush Red Emu Bush Fine Leaf Emu Bush Pink Emu Bush
Eremophila bignoniflora Eremophila christopheri Eremophila longifolia Eremophila maculata Eremophila maculata Eremophila obovata Eremophila polyclada Eremophila racemosa
X polyclada “Kurubimi” “Areyonga” “Tulypurpa” “Atitjere” “Brevifolia Eridunda” “Imampa”
LS S LS SS SS S LS S
weeping foliage blue flowers weepinf foliage masses of bright red masses of bright red blue flowers and grey fresh green foliage flowers and grey foliage
flowers flowers foliage
There are many species of

Eremophila suitable to
this region
Variegated Coral Tree Northern Salmon Gum Shiny Leaved Mallee Darwin Woolly Butt Thozets Gum Peepul Tree Willow Leaf Fig
Erythrina orientalis Eucalyptus bigalareta Eucalyptus lucens Eucalyptus miniata Eucalyptus thozetiana Euphorbia larica Ficus populneus Ficus salicifolia
variegata “Ngukurr” “Mijilypa” “Manyuwan” “Nhulunbuy”
T T ST ST ST S LT T
variegated tropical beautiful patterned trunk shiny green leaves orange red flowers white waxy trunk and form foliage form foliage
ooking leaf and bird like and fresh green poplar interesting flowers
red flowers like leaves
Excellent shade tree
Mulberry Fig Hairy Sea Heath Wilga Carolina Jasmine Australian Desert Rose Desert Rose Darwin’s Cotton
Ficus sycomorus Frankenia hirsuta Galphimia glauca Geijera parviflora Gelsemium sempervirens Gossypium australe Gossypium bickii Gossypium darwinii
“Nurom”
T GC Cl ST CI S S S
form foliage compact fine textured flowers beautiful weeping foliage masses of yellow flowers delicate pink hibiscus like white hibiscus like flowers yellow hibiscus like
foliage flowers flowers
Wadis vegetation
Rimth Wild Heliotrope Blood Grass Sapphire Vine
Haloxylon salicornicum Heliotropium Imperata cylindrica Jacquemontia violaceae Kalanchoe Kalanchoe rotundifolia Lampranthus aurantiacus Lampranthus saturatus
curassavicum diagremontiana
SS SS G CI SU SU SU/GC SU/GC
transparent amber to pink white flowers on a grey grass colour Blue flowers all year round
coloured seed capsules green foliaged plant
Leptadenia pyrotechnica Leucochrysum stipitatum Leucophylum frutescens Limmonium axillare Lippia nodiflora Livistona chinensis Livistona marie Maerua crassifolia
“Oombulgurri”
LS GC S GC GC P P ST
Fine Broom like foliage brilliant yellow flowers purple flowers massed on delicate Haze of pink compact foliage and Tall slender Palm Tall slender Palm delicate flowers
blue grey fine foliage flowers fragrant flowers loved by
bees
Paperbark Drumstick Tree Weeping Boobialla Mazari Palm Dwarf Variegated Screw
Palm
Melaleuca bracteata Melaleuca quinquenervia Mimusops lauifolius Moringa perigrina Myoporum floribundum Nanorrhops ritcheana Ochradenus baccatus Pandanus singaporensis
pygmaeus
LS T T ST ST P SS H
fresh green foliage and paper bark and white well formed shade tree flowers weeping lacey foliage and palm foliage yellow flowers on comact form and fine texture, gold
white flower brushes scented flowers deicate white flowers bush colour
Attractive Spreading Native species with bright

palmfor covering green needle like foliage
embankments or similar with yellow flowers in
winter . Potentially
effective landscape plant
Screw Palm Variegated Screw palm Rusty Shield Bearer African Feathergrass African Fountain Grass Purple Wreath Miniature Date Palm Manila Tamarind
Pandanus utilis Pandanus viethchii and Peltophorum inerme Pennisetum macrourum Pennesetum villosum Petrea volubilis Phoenix roebelenii Pithecelobium dulce
“Arkaroola” P.v. Variegata
“Barndioota”
H H G G CI
form form white flowe heads flowers flowers and grey foliage
Pongam Jade Plant Ghaf Tree Flame Vine Desert Rose Mallow Abyssinian Rose Ashok Beach Naupaka
Pongamia pinnata Portulacaria afra Prosopis cinerarea Pyrostegia venusta Radyera farragei Rosa abyssinica Saraca indica Scaevola frutescens
T GC LT CI S S ST LS
Pink to Mauve fresh green rounded form strong growing with flowers flowers bright green shiny, large
fleshy leaves spectacular orange leaves
flowers
very good ground cover Particular use for wadis
corridors and restoration
of Ghaf forests
Peppercorn Tree Narrow Leaf Desert Sturts Senna Sea Purslane Desert Grass Silver Trumpet Tree Pink Trumpet Tree Yellow Tabebuia
Cassia
Schinus molle Senna artemisioides Senna desolata sturtii Sesuvium portulacastrum Stipagrostis plumosa Tabebuia argentea Tabebuia rosea Tabebuia spectabilis
T S S GC G ST MT ST
weeping form and red grey fine foliage and grey fine foliage and Foliage flowers Evergreen with pink flowers
berries yellow flowers yellow flowers flowers at a mature age
Tamarind Cape Honeysuckle Roheda Arjun Tree Indian Almond Madagascar Almond Sea Hibiscus Rosewood Tree
Tamarindus indica Tecoma capensis Tecomella undulata Terminalia arjuna Terminalia catappa Terminalia mantaly Thespesia populnea Tipuana tipu
T LS ST t T T T T
Form foliage Feb/ March Excellent coastal shade Excellent coastal shade excellent coastal tree yellow flowers
tree with red leaf colour in tree with interesting form yellow flowers glossy
cooler months and smaller leaf cf Indian poplar like leaves
Almond
Moss Verbena Beach Vitex Cotton Palm

Verbena tenuisecta Vitex purpurea Vitex rotundifolia Washingtonia robusta
GC S GC P
Blue flowers fine foliage grey green foliage and Very tall, slender palm,
blue flowers excellent feature plant
Broader leaf- White only

VOLUME 3 PART 22
PAGE 58 VOLUME 3
VOLUME 3 PART 22
Appendix B
Plant List, Spacing, and Size
VOLUME 3 PAGE 59
VOLUME 3 PART 22
PAGE 60 VOLUME 3
Appendix A: Plant List, Spacing and Sizes Required for the Project
PALMS & Cycads WATER REQUIREMENT SPACING POT SIZE ROOT BALL DIA STEM GIRTH SPREADING
COMMON NAME CLEAR TRUNK
BOTANICAL NAME L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Bismarkia nobilis Bismark palm 120.0 1.5 –2.0 M
Brahea armata Mexican Blue Palm 120.0 1.5 –2.0 M
Butia capitata Pindo palm 120.0 1.5 M
Chamaerops humilis European fan palm 80.0 30 1.0 –1.5 M
Cocos nucifera Coconut palm 120.0 As 75 1.5 –2.0 M
Cocos plumosa Coconut palm 120.0 75 1.5 –2.0 M
Copernicia alba Wax Palm 120.0 1.80 –3.0 M
Cycas circinalis Queen Sago 60.0 1.0 –1.5 M
Cycas revoluta Sago palm 60.0 25-30 0.75–1.5 M
Dioon edule Mexican Cycad 60.0 25-30 0.75–1.5M
Elaeis oleifera American oil palm 80.0 75 2.0–3.0 M
Hyophorbe lagenicaulis Bottle Palm 80.0 75 1.25–2.0 M
Hyophorbe verschaffeltii Spindle Palm 80.0 1.25–2.0 M
Livistonia chinensis Chinese fan palm 80.0 Per 30 2.0–3.0 M
Phoenix canariensis Island Date palm 120.0 125 1.5–2.0 M
Phoenix dactylifera Date palm 120.0 Design 125 2.0–3.0 M
Phoenix roebelenii Miniature date palm 60.0 60 1.0 –1.5M
Phoenix sylvestris Silver date palm tree 120.0 125 2.0–3.0M
Roystonea regia Cuban Royal Palm 120.0 60 1,5 M
Sabal domingensis the Hispaniola palmetto 120.0 35 60 2.0–3.0 M
Trachycarpus fortunei Chusan Palm 60.0 1.5 M
Washingtonia filifera California fan palm 120.0 75 2.0–3.0 M
Washingtonia robusta Washingtonia palm 120.0 75 2.0–3.0 M
Wodyetia bifurcata Foxtail Palm 80.0 60 1,5 M
Zamia furfuracea Cardboard Palm 40.0 0.25–0.40M
LARGE EVERGREEN TREES WATER REQUIREMENT SPACING POT SIZE ROOT BALL DIA STEM GIRTH SPREADING
COMMON NAME
BOTANICAL NAME L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Brachychiton populneus Bottle tree 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Casuarina equisetifolia Horsetail tree, Australian pine 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Chorisia speciosa Bottle tree 80.0 35.0 50.0 100.0 2.0 M
Ficus Alii Amstel king 80.0 2.0 M
Ficus Alii Amstel queen 80.0 2.0 M
Ficus altissima Council tree 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Ficus bengalensis Banyan tree 80.0 As 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Ficus infectoria White-Fruited Wavy Leaf Fig 80.0 25.0 2.0 M
Ficus panda indian ficus panda 80.0 25.0 2.0 M
Ficus religiosa Scacred ficus 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Ficus salicifolia Willow leaved fig 80.0 2.0 M
Ficus sycomorus sycamore fig 80.0 2.0 M
Harpullia pendula tulip lancewood 80.0 2.0 M
Khaya senegalensis African mahogany 80.0 2.0 M
Kigelia pinnata Sausage tree 80.0 2.0 M
Moringa oleifera (pterygosperma) Horse radish tree 60.0 Per 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Parkinsonia aculeata Jerusalem thorn 60.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Pithecelobium dulce Manila tamarird 80.0 Design 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Prosopis alba White carob tree 60.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Prosopis juliflora Honey mesquite 60.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Schinus molle Pink pepper, peruvian pepper 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Tamarindus indica Tamarind 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Taxodium dsistichum bald cypress 80.0 2.0 M
Terminalia cattapa Indian almond 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Zizyphus chinensis jujuba tree 60.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Zizyphus jujuba Chinese date 60.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Ziziphus spina-christi Christ Thorn 80.0 25.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
BOTANICAL NAME WATER REQUIREMENT SPACING POT SIZE ROOT BALL DIA STEM GIRTH SPREADING
COMMON NAME
DECIDIOUS TREES L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Albizia julibrissin Silk tree, memosa 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Albizia lebbeck Women's tongue 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Azadirachta indica Neem tree 80.0 As 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Bauhinia variegata Orchid tree 60.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Coccoloba uvifera Seagrape tree 60.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Delonix elata Royal poinsiana, flame tree 80.0 Per 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Delonix regia Flame of forest 80.0 Page 1 of 5 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Millingtonia hortensis Indian Cork Tree 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Melia azedarach China berry 80.0 Design 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Morus alba Fruitless mulberry 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Morus nigra Black mulberry 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
peltophorum inerme yellow ponciana 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Paulownia tomentosa Princess Tree 80.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
Thespesia populnea Portia tree 60.0 20.0 8.0 50.0 2.0 M
COMMON NAME
MEDIUM EVERGREEN TREES L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Acacia arabica Arabian acacia 60.0 As 20.0 6.0 50.0 2.0 M
Acacia farnesiana yellow mimosa 60.0 20.0 6.0 50.0 2.0 M
Dalbergia sisso Indian rosewood 60.0 Per 20.0 6.0 50.0 2.0 M
Schinus terebintifolius Brazilian pepper tree 60.0 20.0 6.0 50.0 2.0 M
Tabebuia argentea Silver Trumpet Tree 60.0 20.0 6.0 50.0 2.0 M
Tabebuia rosea White trumpet tree 60.0 Design 20.0 6.0 50.0 2.0 M
Xanthorrhea sp. Grass Tree 40.0 20.0 12.0 35.0 1m
COMMON NAME TOTAL HEIGHT
SMALL TREES OR LARGE SHRUBS L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Aillanthus altissima Tree Of heaven 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Alstonia Scholaris Devil tree 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Bauhinia purpurea orchid tree 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Bauhinia variegata orchid tree 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Bucidia buceras Black Olive tree 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Bambusa ventricosa–thick stem Buddha's Belly Bamboo 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Caesalpinia gilliesii Bird of paradise bush (yellow flowers) 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Calliandra haematocephala Red Powder Puff 20.0 15-20 4.0 40.0 2.0 M
Callistemon viminalis Weeping bottle brush 20.0 15-20 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Calotropis procera Dead sea apple 20.0 15-20 50.0 2.0 M
Carica papaya Papaya 20.0 15-20 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Cassia fistula Golden shower tree 60.0 15-20 4.0 60.0 2.0 M
Cassia glauca Cassia glauca 60.0 15-20 4.0 60.0 2.0 M
Cassia javanica apple blossom tree 20.0 15-20 60.0 2.0 M
Cassia nodosa Pink & white shower 20.0 15-20 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Cordia sebestena Scarlet cordia, aloe wood 60.0 As 15-20 3.0 60.0 2m
Dodonaea viscosa Hopseed bush 12.0 15-20 3.0 10.0 0.5 m
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis China rose 20.0 Per 15-20 3.0 30.0 0.5 m
Jatropha integerrima Peregrina 20.0 15-20 3.0 30.0 0.5 m
Lagerstroemia indica Crape myrtle 20.0 Design 15-20 3.0 40.0 2.0 M
Lagerstroemia loudonii Thai Bungor 20.0 15-20 3.0 40.0 2.0 M
Lagerstroemia speciosa Pride of India 20.0 15-20 3.0 40.0 2.0 M
Leucophylum frutescens Texas ranger 20.0 15-20 3.0 30.0 0.5 m
Malvaviscus arboreus pendiluflorus Sleepy hibiscus 20.0 15-20 3.0 30.0 1m
Musa paradisiaca Banana 20.0 15-20 3.0 50.0 .75 m
Nerium oleander Oleander 20.0 15-20 3.0 30.0 1m
Parmentiera edulis Candle Tree 20.0 20.0 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Plumeria obtusa Temple tree 60.0 20.0 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Plumeria rubra acutifolia Temple tree Red flower) 60.0 20.0 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Polyalthia longifolia Ashoka tree 60.0 20.0 3.0 60.0 2.0 M
Punica granatum Pomegranate 60.0 15-20 3.0 40.0 2.0 M
Sesbania sesban Sesban 60.0 15-20 3.0 40.0 2.0 M
Tamarix sp. Athel tree 20.0 25.0 6.0 50.0 1.5 m
Tecoma stans Yellow bells 20.0 15-20 3.0 20.0 1.0 m
Thevetia peruviana nereifolia Yellow oleander 20.0 15-20 3.0 20.0 1m
Vitex agnus castus Hemp tree 20.0 15-20 3.0 20.0 0.5 m
SHRUBS L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Acalypha wilkesiana Irish Petticoat 12.0 20.0 3.0 20.0 0.5 m
Bougainvillea glabra Paper flowers 12.0 20.0 3.0 30.0 1m
Bougainvillea torch glow Torch Glow 3.0
Bougainvillea spectabilis Bougainvillea 12.0 As 30.0 3.0 50.0 1m
Caesalpinia pulcherrima Barbados pride (orange-red flowers) 20.0 20.0 3.0 40.0 0.75 m
Carissia grandiflora Natal plum 12.0 Per 20.0 3.0 30.0 0.5 m
Cassia alata the Candle Bush 12.0 20.0 3.0 0.5 m
Cassia bicapsularis Senna 12.0 Design 20.0 3.0 30.0 0.5 m
Cestrum diurnum Day jasmine 12.0 Page 2 of 5 20.0 3.0 20.0 0.5 m
Cestrum nocturnum Night jasmine 12.0 20.0 3.0 20.0 0.5 m
Jasminum sambac Arabian jasmine 20.0 10-15 3.0 15.0 0.5 m
Ixora chinensis Flame of the woods 12.0 20.0 3.0 10.0 0.3 m
Lantana camara Lantana 12.0 20.0 3.0 25.0 0.3 M
Nandina domestica Sacred bambo 12.0 20.0 3.0 10.0 0.4
Tabernaemontana corymbosa Great Rosebay 12.0 3.0
Tabernaemontana divaricata crepe jasmine 12.0 3.0
CONIFERS L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Cupressus sempervirens Italian cypress 80.0 As Per Design 25.0 3.0 30.0 2.0 M
Hedge L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Atriplex halimus Salt bush-high salt tolerant 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
Atriplex lentiformis Salt bush 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
Clerodendron inerme Wild jasmine 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
Dodonaea viscosa Hopseed bush 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
Leucophylum frutescens Texas ranger 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
Myrtus communis Myrtle 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
Nerium oleander Oleander
Ruellia tuberosa Ruellia 12.0 0.4 10-15 15.0 0.5 M
Vitex agnus castus Hemp tree 12.0 0.4 15.0 15.0 0.5 M
SUCCULENTS & CACTUS L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Adenium obesum Desert rose o.40 M
Agave americana Century Plant 10.0 30.0 0.3 M
Agave angustifolia variegata Caribbean Agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave attenuata lion's tail 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave elegans Salm-Dyck 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave filifera thread agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave geminiflora Twin-flowered Agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave lechugilla lechuguilla 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave macroacantha Black-spined Agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave nigra sharkskin agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave potatorum verscafeltii Dwarf Butterfly Agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave pygmaea Dragon Toes 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave stricta A young specimen 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave titanotta Rancho Tambor 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave verschaffeltii Blue Agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Agave Victoria regina Queen Victoria agave 10.0 30.0 o.40 M
Aloe vera (Berbadensis) Medical plant 10.0 As Per Design 20.0 0.3 M
Agave america mediopicta Agave mediopicta 10.0 20.0 0.3 M
Agave Victoria regina Queen Victoria Agave 10.0 20.0 0.3 M
Agave zebra Zebra Agave 10.0 30.0
Alluaudia procera Madagascan Ocotillo 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe arborescens candelabra Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe clavifolia Aanteelaalwyn 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe dichothoma quiver tree 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe littoralis on the coast 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe eru vicornuta 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe excelsa Zimbabwe Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe humilis Spider Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe maculata Zebra Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe marlothii Mountain Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe melanacantha Black-spined Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe pelegrae Pauline 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe ramosissima Maiden's Quiver Tree 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe mitriformis Gold Tooth 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe squarrosa Yemen Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe striata coral aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe tharskii the Dune Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe tomentosa Hairy Green Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe vaombe Malagasy Tree Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe vera (Berbadensis) Aloe indica royle 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aloe zebrina Zebra Leaf Aloe 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Austrocephalocereus dybowskii Cereus dybowskii 10.0 Page 3 of 5 30.0 1.5 M

Austrocephalocereus estevesii Thumbnail 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Aylostera archibuininguiana 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Carnegiea gigantea saguaro cactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Cephalocereus senilis Old Man Cactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Cleistocactus braunii climbing cactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Cleistocactus jujuyensis argentina cactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Cleistocactus strausii silver torch 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Copiapoa cinerea chalky/white stems 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Copiapoa haseltoniana chille cactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Crassula baby jade 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Cylindropuntia bigelowi 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Didierea madagascariensis Didierea 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Discocactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Dyckia brazilian cactus 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia alba 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia canariensis Canary Island spurge 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphobia enopla 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia erythraea 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia ingens Euphorbia candelabrum 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia lactea brain plant 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia milli Christ plant 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia tirucallii pencil tree 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Euphorbia stenoclada Euphorbia insulae-europae 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Cereus sp. Lady of the night cactus 10.0 35.0 1M
Echinocactus grussonii Golden barrel 10.0 20.0 0.25 M
Euophorbia lactea Mottled Spurge 10.0 20.0 0.35 M
Echinopsis hauscha Red torch cactus 10.0 20.0 0.20 M
Ferocactus sp. Desert Barrel 10.0 20.0 0.25 M
Furcraea gigantea boojum tree
Cephalocerus seniies Old Man Cactus 10.0 20.0 0.35 M
Carnegia giganta cactus saguaro cactus 10.0 30.0 1M
Mamelaria elongata Monstrous Lady Fingers 10.0 20.0 0.25 M
Melocactus Melon cactus 10.0 20.0 0.25 M
Pachypodium lamerei Madagascar Palm 10.0 20.0 1M
Portulacaria afra elephant bush
Sansevieria trifasciata bird's nest snake plant
Sansevieria hahnii baseball bat
Yucca elephantips soft-tip yucca 10.0 30.0 1.5 M
Yucca filamentosa Adam's needle 10.0 30.0 30.0 1.5 M
Vines L/PLANT (M) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Antigonom leptopus Coral vine 12.0 15.0 15.0 1.0 m
Bougainvillea sp. Bougainvillea 20.0 As 15.0 15.0 1m
Clerodendron inerme Wild Jasmine 20.0 15.0 15.0 0.75 m
Ipomoea pes-caprae Beach Morning Glory 12.0 Per 10.0 15.0 0.3 m
Ipomoea palmata Railway creeper 12.0 10.0 15.0 0.3M
Jasminum officinalis grandiflorum Poet's Jasmine 20.0 Design 15.0 15.0 1.0 M
Lonicera sempervirens trumpet vine 20.0 15.0 15.0 1.0 m
Quisqualis indica Rangoon creeper 20.0 15.0 15.0 1.0 m
BOTANICAL NAME WATER REQUIREMENT SPACING MIN. POT SIZE ROOT BALL DIA STEM GIRTH SPREADING
COMMON NAME REQUIRED SIZE
GROUND COVERS LTR/M2 (PLANT/M2) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Alternanthera versicolor red border weed 10.0 9.0 10.0 30.0 0.2 M
Aptenia cordifolia Baby sun rose 10.0 9.0 10.0 30.0 0.2 M
Asparagus densiflorus Asparagus fern 10.0 9.0 10.0 30.0 0.3 M
Asparagus myers Monrovia's Foxtail Fern
Canna indica Lana 10.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 0.3 M
Carissa prostrata Natal plum dwarf 10.0 9.0 10.0 30.0 0.3 M
Carprobrutus edulis
Cortaderia selloana Pampas grass 10.0 10.0 10.0 0.3 M
Cyperus alternifolius Umbrella sedge 10.0 As Per Design 10.0 10.0 0.3 M
Delaspermum alba White ice plant 10.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 0.1 M
Dianella tasmanica Tasman Flax Lily
Drosantemum hispidum Rose ice plant 10.0 9.0 10.0 10.0 0.1 M
Euphorbia milii Crown of thorns 10.0 9.0 10.0 20.0 0.3 M
Gazania rigens Treasure flower 10.0 Page 4 of 5 9.0 10.0 10.0 0.1 M
Ipomea pes-caprae railroad vine 12.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Ipomoea palmata or cairica Railway creeper 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Iresine herbstii Blood leaf 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.2 M
Lampranthus aureus / Malephora crocea Orange ice plant 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.7 M
Lampranthus spectabilis Training ice plant 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.1 M
Lantana montevidensis Geeper lantana 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Limonium sinuatum Sea-lavender 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.2 M
Ocimum basilicum Sweet basil 10.0 As Per Design 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Osteospermum fruiticosum African daisy 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.2 M
Pachpodium lamerei Medagascar plam 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 1M
Pennisetum setaceum rubrum Purple fountain grass 10.0 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Pennisetum setaceum Beach grass (Fountain grass) 10.0 As Per Design 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Portulacaria afra Elephant bush 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.15 M
Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum Chocolate plant (dark purple) 8.0 15.0 20.0 0.3 m
Pseuderanthemum atropurpureum tricolor Chocolate plant (3 colors) 8.0 As Per Design 15.0 20.0 0.3 m
Rhoeo discolor Moses in the cradle, Boat lily 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.2 M
Rosmarinus officinalis Rosemary 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.2 M
Russelia equisetiformis Coral plant, firecracker plant 10.0 As Per Design 10.0 10-15 0.3 M
Sesuvium portulacastrum Sea pureslane 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.2 M
Setcreasea pallida Purple heart 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.15 M
Verbena peruviana Blood leaf "Springtime" 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.1 M
Wedelia trilobata Creeping daisy 10.0 9.0 10.0 10-15 0.15 M
SEASONALS LTR/M2 (PLANT/M2) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Ageratum mexicanum Floss flower 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Althea rosea
Amaranthus tricolor Joseph's coat 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Alyssum sp.
Antirrhinum majus Floral snapdragon 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Asclepias curassvica Blood flower 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Calendula officinalis Port marigold 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Callistephus chinesis China aster 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Catharanthus roseus Madagasar periwinkle 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Celosia cristata Fair fountains 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Celosia cristata var.nana Cockscomb 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Celosia plumosa Burut plume 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Chrysanthemum carinatum Monarch court 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Chryanthemum morifolium Florist's mum 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Cosmos bipinnatus Mexican aster 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Dianthus barbatus Sweet william 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Dianthus chinensis Chinese pink 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Gaillardia pulchela Blanket flower 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Gazania splendens Gazania 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Gomphrena globosa Globe amaranth (red) 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Kochia scoparia Summer cypresus 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Kochia trichophylla
Lobularia maritima Sweet alysum 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Mathilola incana stock 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Pelargonium x hybrida Garden Geranium 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Mirabillis jalaba
Pellionia pulchra Training begoria 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Petunia x hybrida Petunia hybrid 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Polianthes tuberosa The pearl 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Portulaca graniflora var.Corniche Moss rose, sun plant 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Salvia splendens Scarlet sage 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Senecio cineraria Dusty miller 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Tagetes Marigold 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Verbena peruviana Aztec queen 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Viola tricolour Kiss-me-love 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
Zinnia sp. Zinnia 10.0 9.0 10.0 One flower
GRASS LTR/M2 (PLANT/M2) (CM) (CM) (CM) (CM)
Cynodon dactylon Bermuda grass, high salt tolerant 12 T0 18
Paspalum vaginatum (notatum) Bahia grass, seashore paspalum 12 TO 18
Zoysia japonica Japanese grass 12 TO 18 Page 5 of 5

QHDM Vol3 Part22 LandscapePlantingDesign OctFinal

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QHDM Vol3 Part22 LandscapePlantingDesign OctFinal

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Volume 3

Acronyms and Abbreviations ...................................................................................................iii

Figure 1.1 Tree Selection and Spacing .................................................................................. 3

Appendix A Plant List from Natural Resource Protection Group .......................................... 37

Acronyms and Abbreviations

Ashghal Qatar Public Works Authority

MoE Ministry of Environment

MMUP Ministry of Municipality and Urban Planning

QHDM Qatar Highway Design Manual

VOLUME 3 PAGE III

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• Integrated into the project

1.1 What Is Landscaping?

1.2 Landscaping in the Highway Environment

The landscaping of right-of-way consists of the placement and maintenance of trees,

1.3 Existing Landscape Assessment

Information for landscaping opportunities or constraints, or both, must be collected

1.4 Roadside Landscape Design

1.5 General Criteria for Selection of Trees and Plants

Figure 1.1 Tree Selection and Spacing

1.5.1 Tree Boxes and Planting Requirements

Figure 1.2 Example Tree Planting in a Residential Area

Figure 1.3 Example Tree Planting in an Urban Area

The landscape designer should employ the following principles:

1.5.2 Tree Sizes

Some of the requirements for tree sizes are as follows:

• Trees trunks should be 5 to 7 centimeters (cm) in diameter caliper at planting

1.5.3 Tree Lawn

• Width of tree lawns need to be at least 2 m on arterial roads.

Figure 1.4 Example Landscaping along a Minor Arterial

1.5.5 Planting Street Trees

1.6 Guidelines on Tree Location

Figure 1.5 Example of Aesthetic Tree Placement

1.6.1 Turf Grasses

1.6.2 Ground Covers

1.6.3 Ground Cover Plants

1.7 Plant Species and Water Requirements

1.8 Irrigation Systems

1.9 Bed Preparation for Landscaping

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2 Safety and Landscape Design

• Types of maintenance operations that may be required

2.2 Landscape and Road Safety Considerations

• Planting can reduce headlight glare.

2.3 Sight Distance

3 General Landscape Design

− Enhance visual quality of the road and surrounding landscape.

− Minimize loss of existing valuable vegetation.

− Protect and enhance the setting of cultural and heritage features.

− Allow the landscape to be safe to build and maintain.

− Develop low-maintenance roadside landscapes.

3.2 Management and Maintenance

3.3 Making Space for Landscape

3.4 Highway Conditions

• Soil Conditions: Soil conditions are an important element to establish successful

Figure 3.1 Simple Planting for High-Speed Roads

Figure 3.2 Complex Median Planting

Figure 3.3 Planting that Can Be Appreciated by Pedestrians

Figure 3.4 Complex Planting Area

Figure 3.6 Tree Variety in Relation to Road Layout

Figure 3.7 Single-species Tree Planting

Figure 3.8 Planting in Rows and Groups

Figure 3.9 Exotic Plants