Tavi 6

socialuri fsiqologiis sagani da amocanebi

socialuri fsiqologiis mravali gansazRvreba arse-

bobs, magram am simravleSi SeiniSneba erTi zogadi azri,
romelic maT aerTianebs, rom socialuri fsiqologia
swavlobs adamianis socialur bunebas, mis socialur
aqtiobas. socialuri fsiqologia adamians Seiswavlis
socialur situaciaSi. swored ase gansazRvra socialuri
fsiqologia s. aSma - misi azriT socialuri fsiqologia
Seiswavlis adamianis socialur aqtiobas.
Tu CaukvirdebiT am gansazRvrebas, da gaviTvaliswinebT
imasac, rom socialuri fsiqologiis TiTqmis yvela
gansazRvrebaSi analogiuri azria gatarebuli, advilia
davaskvnaT, rom socialuri fsiqologia swavlobs adamia-
nis bunebas.
adamianis arsi,rom mis socialurobaSi mdgomareobs
cnobilia jer kidev antikurobidan. aristotelem adamia-
ni gansazRvra rogorc 3sazogadoebrivi cxoveli4. aris-
totelem xazi gausva im faqts, rom is vinc Tavisi bunebiT
da ara rRac SemTxveviTi mdgomareobis gamo cxovrobs
sazogadoebis gareT an zneobrivad ar aris adamianis
donemde ganviTarebuli an zeadamiania. Tu individi Tavis-
Tavs TviTkmar arsebad Tvlis, is an cxovelia an RmerTi.
e.i. adamianis arsi mis socialurobaSia. adamianSi ra Tqma
unda aris cxoveluric, magram mis specifikurobas soci-
aluroba gansazRvravs. esaa is rasac mecniereba da saRi
azric adamians uwodebs. amdenad, adamianis socialuri
bunebis gageba TviT adamianis bunebis gagebas niSnavs.
adamianis socialuroba ki bolosdabolos aRmoCnda, imas
niSnavs, rom adamiani sxvisgan zegavlenis mimRebia.
cnobilia, rom adamians aqvs sami ram: kognicia, emocia
da konacia (qceviTi tendencia). amas emyareba fsiqologi-
aSi cnobili fsiqikuri procesebis klasifikacia sam

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jgufad (SemecnebiTi procesebi, emociebi da grZnobebi da
nebelobiTi procesebi). saRi azris doneze es niSnavs, rom
adamianebs garesamyarosadmi (sagnebi, movlenebi, Rirebule-
bebi) aqvT SemecnebiTi, emocionaluri da qceviTi damo-
kidebuleba. adamianebi imecneben samyaros, rasac imecneben
is adamianebSi iwvevs grZnobebs da Sesabamisad axorcie-
leben qcevebs. aRmoCnda, rom samive am sferoze gavlenas
axdens socialuri situacia, rom individi calke da
individi sxvebTan erTad gansxvavebulad aRiqvams da
gansxvavebulad ganicdis gare samyaros, gansxvavebulia
maTi qcevebic. individis situaciaSi sxvisi arseboba
cvlis samive am sferos (kognicias, emocias da konacias).
e.i. individze gavlenas axdens is socialuri situacia
romelSic is imyofeba. amaSi mdgomareobs misi socialu-
roba. socialuri fsiqologia adamians swored am kuTxiT
Seiswavlis. socialuri fsiqologiis mizania socialuri
gavlenebis kanonzomierebebis Seswavla. es zogadi azri
farTodaa asaxuli d. kartraitis mier mocemul defi-
niciaSi, rom socialuri fsiqologia warmoadgens soci-
alur mecnierebaTa dargs, romelic cdilobs axsnas Tu
sazogadoeba rogor axdens gavlenas individas kogniciaze,
motivaciaze, ganviTarebaze da qcevaze, da Tavis mxriv
sazogadoeba rogor ganicdis individis zegavlenas4
(Darwin Cartwright, 19 ).
vfiqrobT am gansazRvrebaSi kargadaa ganzogadoebuli
is ZiriTadi idea, romelic fsiqologiis gansxvavebuli
skolis warmomadgenlebis mier socialuri fsiqologiis
gansazRvrebebSia gatarebuli. SesaZloa, aman ganapiroba
is, rom kartraitis mier mocemuli socialuri fsiqologi-
is gansazRvreba misaRebi gxda aramarto fsiqologe-
bisaTvis
miuxedavad amisa, rogorc aRvniSneT, arsebobs
socialuri fsiqologiis gansxvavebuli gansazRvrebebi
sadac zogadi idea adamianis socialuri bunebis Sesaxeb
SenarCunebulia, magram xazgasma gansxvavebul komponenteb-

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ze keTdeba. kartraitis mier mocemul gansazRvrebaSi xazi
aqvs gasmuli imas rom: (1) socialuri fsiqologia swav-
lobs adamianis qcevas; (2) sazogadoeba gavlenas axdens
adamianis qcevaze; (3) gavlena sazogadoebasa da individs
Soris aris urTierT (reciprikuli); da (4) socialuri
fsiqologiis sakvlevi ar aris mxolod da mxolod qceva.
mis interesebSi Sedis agreTve motivebi da komnicia.
TiTqmis analogiuria r. beronis da d. birnis mier
mocemuli definicia - 3socialuri fsiqologia aris
mecnieruli sfero, romelic cdilobs gaigos individis
qcevisa da azrovnebis buneba da mizezebi socialur
situaciaSi4 (Robert A. Baron & Doon Byrne, 2000 gv. 6).
d. maiersma socialuri fsiqologia gansazRvra rogorc
3mecniereba, romelic Seiswavlis rogor fiqroben adamia-
nebi erTmaneTze, rogor axdenen gavlenas erTmaneTze da
rogor mimarTebaSi arian erTmaneTTan4? (L\ Vfqthc= 1999)\
Sesabamisad maiersi xazs usvams situaciis mniSvnelobas -
rom adamianebi TavianTi kulturis gavlenas ganicdian,
pirovnebis mniSvnelobas - rom adamiani TviTon qmnis Tavis
socialur samyaros, da kognaciis mniSvnelobas - rom
adamianebi nawilobriv gansxvavebulad iqcevian imitom rom
gansxvavebulad fiqroben. rom socialuri realoba xSirad
subieqturiad konstruirebuli realobaa, raSic mniSvne-
loba eZleva imas Tu ras vfiqrobT Cvens Tavze, ramdenad
optimistebi an pesimistebi varT da a.S, da socialur
fsiqologiuri principebis gamoyenebis mniSvnelobas.
aRmoCnda, rom sxva adamianebi da saerTod socialuri
situacia, individze maSinac axdens gavlenas,
roca isini individis uSualo situaciaSi ar arian. ufro
meti, individze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos jer ar
arsebulma sxvam. mag. individze, mis qcevaze gavlenas
axdens Svili romelic fiqrobs rom momavalSi eyoleba. an
kidev, individze SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos wakiTxuli
romanis gmirma romelTanac is identifikacias axdens da
amiT TavisTavis gaigivebs axdens am gmiris fiqciur

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xasiaTTan. dabolos, is vinc individze gavlenas axdens
SesaZloa sulac irealuri arseba iyos. mag. Tu individma
iwama RmerTis arseboba, imqveyniuri samoTxis da
jojoxeTis realoba, yovelive es sakmaod Zlier gavlenas
moaxdens mis awmyo qcevaze. gaiTvaliswina ra gavlenis es
aspeqtebi g. olportma SemogvTavaza socialuri fsiqo-
logiis Semdegi definicia: “mcire gamonaklisis garda
socialuri fsiqologebi Tavis sagans ganixilaven rogorc
imis gagebis da axsnis cdas, Tu rogor axdens sxva
adamianis aqtualuri, warmosaxuli da nagulisxmevi
arseboba individis azrovnebaze, grZnobebze da qcevaze
gavlenas” (G. Allport, 199). definiciaSi 3nagulisxmevi arse-
boba4 exeba aqtivobas, romelsac individi axorcielebs
rTul socialur struqturaSi misi poziciis (rolis) da
misi jgufis wevrobis gamo.
amrigad, socialuri fsiqologia swavlobs socialuri
gavlenebis kanonzomierebebs, cdilobs gaigos socialuri
qcevis mizezebi. socialuri fsiqologia miznad isaxavs
gaigos pirobebis is farTe rangi, romlebic ayalibeben
individis socialur qcevas, maT aqtivobas, grZnobebs da
azrovnebas socialuri situaciebis, sxva individebis
mimarT. amrigad, socialuri fsiqologiis miznebi ar Semo-
ifargleba mxolod Teoriuli interesebiT. navaraudevia,
rom im pirobebis mecnieruli gageba, romlebic ayalibeben
individis qcevebs mogvcems rogorc socialuri qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebis ise misi sasurveli mimarTulebiT
Secvlis SesaZleblobas. amdenad, mas eqneba rogorc mecni-
eruli ise praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
maS, socialuri fsiqologia cdilobs gaigos socialu-
ri qcevis mizezebi. swavlobs socialur Ósituaciebs,
romlebic gavlenas axdenen adamianebze. amasTan, individis
qcevaze gavlenas axdens agreTve arasocialuri faqto-
rebic, romlebic TviT individis Sinagani bunebidan gamom-
dinareoben. amitom Zalian Znelia yvela im faqtoris
CamoTvla, romlebic qcevaze axdenen gavlenas. erTi

6
sityviT socialuri qcevis CamoyalibebaSi uamravi cvladi
iRebs monawileobas. Sesabamisad nacadia am qcevebis
klasifikacia da ZiriTadad gamoyofen qcevebis Semdeg
jgufebs:
(1) sxvisi qceva da maxasiaTeblebi (ras amboben da
akeTeben isini; maTi garegnoba, rasiuli an eTnikuri foni
da a.S.).
(2) socialuri kognicia (Cveni azrebi, rwmenebi,
mexsierebis foni, atributebi).
(3) garemoseuli pirobebi (sicxe, xmauri, WuWyi,
adamianebis siWarbe, amindi).
(4) socio-kulturuli faqtorebi (jgufis wevroba,
kulturuli normebi da Rirebulebebi).
(5) biologiuri faqtorebi (garegnuloba, sensoruli da
kognituri unarebis Tandayolili aspeqtebi).
esenia ase vTqvaT faqtorTa jgufebi, romlebic
gavlenas axdenen Cvens qcevebze (grZnobebze, aqtiobebze da
azrebze).
rogorc miuTiTeT, interesi am sakiTxebisadmi momdi-
nareobs samarTliani daSvebidan, rom am pirobebis codna
saSualebas mogvcems ara marto viwinaswarmetyveloT
socialuri qceva, aramed mivceT mas sasurveli mimar-
Tuleba, erTi sityviT SevcvaloT is. esaa is, rac moeT-
xoveba nebismier mecnierebas.
rogorc vxedavT, socialuri fsiqologiis interesebis
sfero sakmaod mimzidvelia Teoriulad da amave dros
praqtikuladac, magram Tu ramdenad warmatebiT akeTebs is
Tavis saqmes damokidebulia imaze Tu ramdenad zustia Ta-
vis saqmianobaSi. amas ki misi meTodebi da meTodologia
gansazRvravs.

socialuri fsiqologiis meTodebi da meTodologia

socialuri fsiqologiisaTvis specifikuria is, rom is

ikvlevs adamianebis yoveldRiuri gancdebis relevantur

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sakiTxebs. socialuri fsiqologia miznad isaxavs daexma-
ros adamianebs sakuTari gancdebis gagebaSi. individe-
bisaTvis gasagebi gaxados Tu ra aris altruizmi,
prejudisebi, raSi mdgomareobs konfliqtebis arsi da a.S.
amis codnas ki aqvs garkveuli praqtikuli mniSvneloba.
aseTi pirovnuli gancdebi xSirad biZgis mimcemi xdeba
fsiqologebisaTvis ikvlion socialuri cxovrebis
garkveuli sakiTxebi, wamoayenon ganzogadebuli hipo-
Tezebi. mag. cnobilia, rom prejudisebis socialur-fsiqo-
logiur kvlevebs biZgi misca sazogadoebaSi ebraelebis,
Savkanianebis da sxva eTnikuri umciresobebis diskrimina-
ciis faqtma. an kidev, morCilebis, rogorc socialuri
gavlenis erT-erTi formis eqsperimentul kvlevas,
romelsac milgremis brwyinvale eqsperimentebi mieZRvna,
biZgi misca vietnamis omis msvlelobaSi gamovlenilma
Semzaravma faqtebma. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom mar-
Talia socialur fsiqologiuri kvlevebi xSirad iwyeba
pirovnuli gancdebiT da maTze zrunviT, magram is ar
mTavrdeba faqtebis mxolod dadgeniT. socialuri fsiqo-
logiisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mecnieruli meTodologia.
faqtis axsna mizezobriobis principiT.
socialuri fsiqologia empiriuli mecnierebaa. es imas
niSnavs, rom socialuri cxovrebis SeswavlisaTvis raTa
Seamowmos wamoyenebuli ganzogadoebuli hipoTezebi, Teo-
riis sargeblianoba is iyenebs informaciis miRebis siste-
matur meTodebs. es aucilebelia, radgan socialuri
cxovrebis araformalur dakvirvebebs xSirad mcdar
daskvnebamde mivyavarT. adamianebi xSirad imis mcdar
interpretacias axdenen rasac xedaven; xSirad movlenebs
xedaven ise, rogoric undaT rom iyvnen isini. xSirad
adamianebi movlenebs xedaven sworad magram ixseneben
mcdarad da a.S. amis sawinaaRmdegod socialuri fsiqo-
logia sistematuri dakvirvebiT dT specialuri kvlevebiT
agrovebs monacemebs ise, rom minimumamde Seamciros Secdo-
mebi. erTi sityviT, socialuri fsiqologebi axorcieleben

8
socialuri qcevis mecnierul kvlevas, raTa gamoiricxos
saRi azriseuli Secdomebi. socialur fsiqologiur kvle-
vas aqvs oTxi mizani:
1. aRwera - socialuri qcevis dawvrilebiTi da siste-
maturi aRwera, romelic SesaZlebels gaxdis gakeTdes
saerTo ganzogadoeba imaze, Tu rogor moqmedeben
adamianebi gansxvavebul socialur situaciebSi. mag. aris
marTlac mamakaci ufro agresiuli vidre qali? problemis
gadawyvetis situaciaSi adamianebi marto moqmedeben ufro
efeqturad Tu jgufTan erTad? da a.S.
2. kauzaluri analizi. fsiqologiuri kvlevebis umetesoba
cdilobs movlenebs Soris daamyaros mizez-Sedegobrivi
urTierToba. mag. frustracia iwvevs yovelTvis gabrazebas
da agresias? farTe sareklamo kompania axdens faqtiurad
gavlenas Tu amomrCevlebi vis miscemen xmas: saerTod
mecnieruli moTxovnaa, kvlevebma moaxdinon mizez-
Sedegobrivi kavSiris identifikacia.
3. Teoriis Camoyalibeba. socialuri qcevis Sesaxeb
Camoayalibdes Teoria, romelic dagvexmareba gavigoT Tu
ratom iqcevian adamianebi ise rogorc isini iqcevian. rac
ufro mets vigebT zogad principebze da vaxdenT qcevis
garkveuli tipis specifikacias, miT ufro vaxerxebT
socialuri cxovrebis ukeTesad gagebas. Teoria gvexmareba
movaxdinoT imis organizacia rac viciT socialuri qcevis
Sesaxeb da amas logikurad mivyavarT momavali qcevis
winaswarmetyvelebamde, rac SeiZleba Semowmdes momdevno
kvlevebSi.
4. gamoyeneba. socialur fsiqologiis codnas SeuZlia
dagvexmaros yoveldRiuri socialuri problemebis gada-
wyvetaSi. magaliTad, socialur-fsiqologiuri codnis
gamoyenebam SeiZleba daxmareba gauwios adamians iswavlos
sakuTari agresiuli impulsebis kontrolireba, daamyaros
ukeTesi interpersonaluri urTierTobebi da a.S.
amrigad, socialur fsiqologiuri kvlevebiT dadge-
nili kanonzomierebebis gamoyenebis SesaZlebloba uamravia

9
magram, rom iyos warmatebiTi is unda emyarebodes
kvlevebs.
Cveulebriv kvleva iwyeba kiTxvis dasmiT. socialur
fsiqologiaSi umTavresad gamoiyeneba ori bazisuri saxis
kiTxva: Teoriuli da aRweriTi. pirveli dakavSirebulia
TeoriasTan da meore pirvel rigSi aRweriTia.
Teoriuli kiTxva iwyeba TeoriiT, romelic gvinda rom
SevamowmoT. Teoria SeiZleba iyos garkveuli abstraqtuli
ganzogadoeba, romelic exeba imas, Tu ra aris mosa-
lodneli specifikur konkretul SemTxvevaSi. mag. darleis
da latinis (Darley & Latan - 1968) Teoria pasuxismgeblobis
ganawilebaze daxmarebis situaciaSi. cnobilia erTi
gaxmaurebuli faqti - sul cota 30 adamiani uyurebda,
centralur parkSi Tu rogor mokla vinme jimi li jonsma
mawanwala, romelsac eZina parkSi. msxverpli mokla cemiT.
is yviroda, Svelas iTxovda, magram aravin ar gaekara -
yvelaferi es moxda 30-40 adamianis Tvalwin dRisiT da
arcerTma ar scada Careva.
darlei da latani gvTavazobs hipoTezas, rom naklebad
saalbaToa adamianebma gauwion daxmareba sxvas, roca
fiqroben rom arseboben sxva mowmeebic. aseT situaciaSi,
hipoTeza varaudobs, rom adamianebi ar grZnoben uSualo
personalur pasuxismgeblobas. es hipoTeza gamomdinareobs
darlei da latinis ufro zogadi Teoriidan, romelsac
3pasuxismgeblobis difuzia4 uwodes. kerZod, is rac
amcirebs individis pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas gadawyveti-
lebis miRebaze, amcirebs albaTobas rom es pirovneba
ganaxorcielebs am aqtiobas. am zogadi Teoriidan
gamomdinareobs ramodenime specifikuri hipoTeza:
 adamianebi naklebad saalbaToa, rom daexmarebian
sxvas (vinc saWiroebs daxmarebas), rodesac
arsebobs SemTxvevis sxva mowme.
 adamianebi amocanaze an problemaze muSaoben ufro
mondomebiT, roca isini arian marto, vidre, roca
arian did jgufSi.

10
  adamianebi nakleb yuradRebiT usmenen instruqcias,
roca is adamianebic romlebic masTan erTad muSa-
oben ismenen mas.
rogorc vxedavT pasuxismgeblobis difuziis Sesaxeb
Teoriuli debulebidan SegviZlia davaskvnaT Tu ra aris
mosalodneli specifikur situaciaSi. e.i. Teoriidan SeiZ-
leba Camoyalibdes hipoTeza an winaswarmetyveleba imaze
Tu rogor moiqcevian adamianebi gansxvavebul situaciaSi.
amis kargi magaliTia 3pasuxismgeblobis difuziis4
Teoria. mogvianebiT Cven gavaanalizebT kvlevebs sadac
nacadia pasuxismgeblobis Teoriidin gamomdinare
hipoTezebis Semowmeba. amrigad, Teoriuli kiTxva iwyeba
specifikuri winaswarmetyvelebiT, romelic
gamomdinareobs Teoriidan. Teoriuli kvlevis mTavari
mizania Teoriis Sefaseba. Tu hipoTeza dadasturda,
Teoria mxardaWerilia. Tu hipoTeza ar dadasturda,
arsebobs ori SesaZlebloba: an cudad ganvaxorcieleT
Teoriis Semowmeba, an TviT Teoriaa mcdari. aseT
situaciaSi uari unda vTqvaT Teoriaze an SevcvaloT is
ise, rom axali monacemebis konsistenciuri iyos. kvleva
SeiZleba agreTve daigegmos ori Teoriis urTierT-
Sedarebis mizniTac.
kvleva xSirad ar exeba Teorias. mkvlevari SeiZleba
ubralod dainteresebuli iyos meti ram aRmoaCinos
konkretuli qcevis an gancdebis Sesaxeb. mkvlevari, rome-
lic motivirebulia aRweriTi kiTxvebiT, gegmavs miiRos
informacia specifikur fenomenze. mag. mkvlevarma SeiZleba
dagegmos qorwinebaSi myofi da ganqorwinebuli wyvilebis
Sedareba mraval ganzomilebaSi, kerZod: Tu ramdenad
msgavsia wyvilebi asakiT, socialuri foniT, politikuri
da religiuri RirebulebebiT da a.S. aseTi mravali faqto-
ri SeiZleba vikvlioT sistematurad im mizniT, rom
aRwerili iqnas wyvilebi, romlebmac SeinarCunes da
romlebmac ver SeinarCunes qorwineba.

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 saboloo mizani socialuri fsiqologiisaTvis, iseve
rogorc nebismieri mecnierebisaTvis, aris Camoayalibos
unificirebuli Teoria, romelic axsnis konkretul
faqtebs. Teoria dagvexmareba gavigoT, SevafasoT da
movuaroT samyaros. Teoriis gareSe Znelia monacemebis
gageba da maTi morgeba Cvens danarCen codnasTan. imis
gagebis aucilebloba Tu ratom iqcevian adamianebi ise
rogorc iqcevian moiTxovs kargi Teoriis Camoyalibebas.
rogorc samarTlianad miuTiTebda k. levini 3araferia ise
praqtikuli rogorc kargi Teoria4 (K. Lewin, 1943).
amrigad didi Rirebuleba aqvs rogorc Teoriul ise
aRweriT kvlevas - kvlevas romelic fokusirebulia Teo-
riidan gamomdinare hipoTezebis Semowmebaze da kvlevas
romelic socialuri cxovrebis mniSvnelovani aspeqtebis
Sesaxeb bazisur faqtebs aRwers.

kvlevis subieqtebi

erT-erTi kriteriumi Tu vin unda vikvlioT, aris is

Tu ris kvlevas visaxavT miznaT. rasakvirvelia unda
vikvlioT adamianTa im jgufis warmomadgenlebi, romlis
Sesaxebac gvinda gavakeToT ganzogadeba. mag. Tu gvinda
vikvlioT romelime socialuri jgufis wevrebis vTqvaT
qarTvelebis damokidebuleba eTnikuri umciresobis mimarT
unda vikvlioT am socialuri jgufis wevrebi, magram
cxadia, rom arasodes ar gveqneba SesaZlebloba vikvlioT
yvela qarTveli. amitom, iZulebuli vxdebiT vikvlioT
qarTvelebis mcire raodenoba, romelTa SerCeva unda
moxdes ise rom isini iyvnen didi jgufis reprezentatuli.
aseT SerCeul jgufs uwodeben reprezentatul jgufs.
saukeTeso saSualeba uzrunvelvyoT aseTi zogadi
reprezentatuloba aris vikvlioT didi populaciis, rom-
lis mimarTac gvinda movaxdinoT ganzogadoeba, SemTxve-
viTi nimuSebi. formalurad, SemTxveviTi nimuSi niSnavs,
rom SerCeuli nimuSis yovel individs Tanabari Sansi aqvs

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CarTuli iyos did populaciaSi. aseTi SerCeva SeiZleba
movaxdinoT telefonebis nomrebis SemTxveviTi SerCevis
principiT. SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT daaxloebiT Tana-
bari raodenoba qalebis, umuSevrebisa da a.S. amrigad,
Zalian mniSvnelovania generaluri populaciidan SemTxve-
viTi nimuSebis kvleva.
xSirad aRniSnaven, rom amerikuli socialuri
fsiqologia ZiriTadad emyareba umaRlesi saswavleblebis
(umTavresad meore kurselebis) studentebze Catarebul
gamokvlevebs, radgan isini ufro xelmisawvdomni arian.
Tanac umTavresad maTi gamokvleva laboratoriebSi tar-
deba.
reprezentatuli nimuSis saWiroeba damokidebulia
sakiTxze, romlis kvlevasac vapirebT. aRweriTi kvlevisaT-
vis, roca vcdilobT mocemuli populaciis maxasiaTeb-
lebis aRweras, raTqmaunda reprezentatuli nimuSis
SerCeva Zalian mniSvnelovania. aseTi kvlevebis Catareba
studentebTan Sedegs ver mogvcems. magram, Teoriis
Semowmebis kvlevebSi nimuSis reprezentatulobas, cxadia,
naklebad kritikuli mniSvneloba eqneba. mag. darleis da
latanis pasuxismgeblobis difuziis Teoriis Tanaxmad
individebi naklebad pasuxismgeblebi iqnebian sxvisadmi
daxmarebis gasawevad Tu am situaciaSi sxva individebic
iqnebian. aseTi kvlevebis studentebze Catareba gamarTle-
bulia, radgan dasaSvebia, rom adamianebi daaxloebiT
erTnairad reagireben ucnobis ubedurebaze. aseTi reaqcia
zogadad ufro adamianis funqciaa da ara erTi romelime
socialuri jgufisa.
Tumca, rogorc searsi miuTiTebs, aris sferoebi, sadac
kvlevebis studentebze Catareba SeiZleba Secdomis wyaro
aRmoCndes (Sears, 1986). miuTiTeben, rom umaRlesi saswavleb-
lis studentebi arian sakmaod axalgazrdebi, ufro maRa-
li socialuri klasis warmomadgenlebi, ukeTesad igeben
testebs vidre zogadad populacia. aRniSnaven agreTve,
rom maTi atitudebi SeiZleba naklebad mtkice da ufro

13
Ria iyos SecvlisaTvis, Sedegad studentebis gamoyeneba
kvlevebSi, sadac romelime am faqtorTagan qmnis gan-
sxvavebas SeiZleba aragonivruli iyos.
miuxedavad imisa Tu ra saxis kvleva iwyeba, e.i. gadawy-
deba ra kiTxvas unda gaeces pasuxi, Cndeba sakmaod rTuli
problema, rogor ganxorcieldes kvleva. arsebobs ori
bazisuri kvleviTi gegma anu meTodi: korelaciuri da
eqsperimentuli. korelaciur kvlevebSi, mkvlevari akvir-
deba da aRricxavs or an met faqtors Soris urTierTo-
bas. mag. mkvlevari SeiZleba dainteresdes rogori
damokidebulebaa SiSsa da afiliaciis tendencias Soris:
korelaciur dagegmvaSi subieqtebze ar xdeba raime saxis
zegavlena. ubralod xdeba cdispirebis SiSis donis da
afiliaciis tendenciis Sesaxeb informaciis aRricxva.
eqsperimentuli dagegmvisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia Careva:
mkvlevari subieqts ayenebs kontrolirebul situaciaSi da
aRricxavs Tu rogor reagireben isini. SiSsa da afiliaci-
is tendencias Soris kavSiris kvlevisas iqmneba Zlieri da
susti SiSis gamomwvevi eqsperimentuli situacia da
aRiricxeba Zlier da naklebad SeSinebuli subieqtebis
afiliaciis tendencia. e.i. mkvlevari akontrolebs subieq-
tis SiSis intensivobas da izomeba afiliaciis tendenciis
xarisxi.
radgan socialuri fsiqologebi upiratesobas aniWeben
eqsperimentul meTods, jer ganvixilavT eqsperiments.

eqsperimenti.

eqsperimentSi, mkvlevari qmnis faqtorebis an romelime

garegani Zalis gansxvavebuli donis mqone or an met
pirobas. individebi, SemTxveviTi principiT miewereba erT-
erT am gansxvavebul pirobas da izomeba maTi reaqciebi.
mag. televizorSi Zaladobis filmebis yurebis efeqtis
eqsperimentuli kvlevis kargi magaliTia hartmanis
(Hartman, 1969) gamokvleva. hartmanma ikvlia mozardi biWebis

14
(teneijerebi) ori jgufi, romlebic uyurebdnen 2 wuTian
telefilms. biWebis erTi jgufi uyurebda films, sadac
ori biWi esroda kalaTSi burTs Semdeg maT mouxdaT
uTanxmoeba, romelic muStikrivSi gadaizarda. biWebis
meore jgufs aCvenebdnen aseve orwuTian films, romelic
gamoxatavda kalaTburTis aqtiur, magram TanamSromlur
TamaSs. filmis yurebis Semdeg biWebs sTxovdnen mona-
wileoba mieRoT fsiqologiur eqsperimentSi, romelic
ikvlevda ukukavSiris efeqts daswavlaze. am eqsperimentSi
subieqti yovelTvis gamodioda “maswavleblis” rolSi,
romelsac unda gamoeyenebina eleqtroSoki 3moswavlis4
mimarT, rogorc ki es ukanaskneli davalebis Sesrulebi-
sas Secdomas dauSvebda. 3maswavlebels4 SeeZlo Tavis
surviliT ganesazRvra Sokis siZliere (faqtiurad Soki
iyo yalbi, xolo 3moswavle4 yalbi subieqti, romelic
eqsperimentatoris SeTanxmebiT moqmedebda). navaraudevi
iyo, rom biWebi, romlebmac Zaladobis filmi naxes
gamoiyenebdnen ufro Zlier Soks vidre isini romlebmac
araZaladobis filmi naxes. Sedegi adasturebda hipoTezas,
Zaladobis filmis yureba mizezobrivad gansazRvravda
agresiulobis donis amaRlebas.
eqsperimentuli meTodis upiratesoba mdgomareobs
imaSi, rom is adgens movlenebs Soris mizez-Sedegobriv
kavSirs, es ki arsebiTia. bolosdabolos movlenis mecni-
eruli axsna am movlenis mizezis dadgenas niSnavs.
mecnieruli axsna kauzaluri principiT axsnaa. mecnieruli
winaswarmetyveleba mdgomareobs mizezidan Sedegis
winaswarmetyvelebaSi.
socialur fsiqologiaSi eqsperimenti moiTxovs subieq-
tebis gansxvavebuli pirobebisadmi SemTxveviT miweras, da
imis aRricxvas Tu ra gansxvavebaa maT reaqciebSi. Tu
eqsperimenti sufTad tardeba or eqsperimentul pirobebSi
reaqciebis gansxvaveba pirobebs Soris gansxvavebis Sedegi
unda iyos. faqtorebs romlebsac akontrolebs eqsperimen-
tatori (3mizezi4) uwodeben damoukidebel cvladebs,

15
hartmanis kvlevebSi damoukidebeli cvladi iyo filmis
tipi, romlebsac aCvenebdnen biWebs. gamosavals an
3efeqts4 (Sedegs) uwodeben damokidebul cvlads.
Zartmanis kvlevaSi damokidebuli cvladia eleqtroSokis
intensivoba, romelsac iyenebs subieqti. eqsperimenti
gvaZlevs naTel monacemebs, rom gansxvaveba damokidebul
cvladebSi mizezobrivad ganpirobebulia damoukidebel
cvladebSi gansxvavebiT.
eqsperimentul kvlevebSi ZiriTadi yuradReba eqceva
damoukidebeli da damokidebuli cvladebis sworad
dagegmvas. fsiqologma Cveulebriv unda daiwyos cvlade-
bis konceptualuri definiciiT. mag. hartmanis kvlevaSi
3Zaladobis yureba4 ganisazRvra rogorc aqtivobis
yureba, romelic sxvas zians ayenebs an gamoxatavs
ganzraxvas ziani miayenos sxvas. amis Semdeg
konceptualuri definiciidan unda gadavides
operacionalur definiciaze. e.i. unda ganisazRvros is
procesebi an operaciebi, romlebic gamoyenebuli iqnebian
cvladis manipulirebisa da gazomvisaTvis. mag. SeiZleba
Seiqmnas filmis ori versia, Zaladobis da araZaladobis.
amasTan, saWiroa Zaladobis odenobis manipulireba ise,
rom filmebi ar unda gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan
sxva rameTi, mag. filmis xangrZlivobiT, musikalurobiT,
feradobiT da a.S. nebismieri gansxvaveba filmebs Soris,
garda Zaladobis intensivobisa, SesaZlebels xdis
reaqciebSi gansxvaveba aixsnas Zaladobisgan gansxvavebuli
cvladebiT. amitom xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos, rom
damoukidebuli cvladebis kontroli eqsperimentebSi
erTerTi ZiriTadi moTxovnaa.
meore ZiriTadi moTxovna eqsperimentisadmi aris is,
rom subieqtebis miwera eqsperimentuli pirobebisadmi unda
moxdes SemTxveviTi principiT. es SeiZleba gakeTdes
monetis agdebiT, SemTxveviTi nomrebis siis gamoyenebiT da
a.S. subieqtebis eqsperimentuli pirobebisadmi SemTxveviTi
miwera kritikulia, radgan es uzrunvelyofs imas, rom

16
subieqtebs Soris gansxvaveba yoveli pirobisaTvis aris
mxolod SemTxveviTi. Tu subieqtebi gansxvavebuli iqnebian
raime sxva niSniT, romelic mkvlevaris kontrols ar
eqvemdebareba, qcevaSi miRebuli gansxvavebis interpretacia
rogorc eqsperimentuli pirobiT gamowveuli gansxvaveba,
SeuZlebeli iqneba.
miuxedavad misi mniSvnelovnebisa, eqsperimentuli
meTodi ar aris yovlismomcveli, aris sferoebi sadac
misi gamoyeneba garkveuli faqtorebiTaa SezRuduli. eqspe-
rimentuli kvlevis ZiriTadi SezRuduloba momdinareobs
kvlevaSi damoukidebeli cvladebis CarTvis siZneleebidan.
eqsperiments tendencia aqvs kvlevaSi CarTos cvladebis
mxolod SezRuduli saxe. magaliTad, Znelia eqsperimentiT
vikvlioT Zlieri emocia an CavayenoT subieqtebi ukidures
pirobebSi. SesaZlebelia zogierT subieqts ufro eSinia
vidre sxvebs, magram arcerTi maTgani ar iyos terorizi-
rebuli.
eqsperimentul meTods, saerTod ver gamoviyenebT
srulyofilad bunebrivi SemTxvebis efeqtis Sesaswavlad.
sahaero Tavdasxmas, wyaldidobas, mZime qirurgiul Carevas
ar SeiZleba adamianebi nebismierad waawydnen da amdenad
subieqtebi SemTxveviT mivakuTvnoT pirobas, rogorc amas
eqsperimenti moiTxovs. aseT SemTxvevaSi albaT mxolod
korelaciuri kavSirebi SeiZleba vikvlioT. bolos, eqspe-
rimenti araefeqturia monacemebis didi raodenobiT mosa-
poveblad.

korelaciuri kvlevebi.

korelaciuri kvleva warmoadgens or an met faqtors

anu cvlads Soris urTierTobaze dakvirvebas. is svams
kiTxvas roca cvladi A maRalia, cvladi B-c aseve aris
maRali (dadebiTi korelacia), cvladi B aris dabali
(uaryofiTi korelacia) Tu B ar aris dakavSirebuli A-
sTan (ar aris korelaciaSi). mag. televizorSi Zaladobis

17
filmebis xSiri yureba aris Tu ara dakavSirebuli indi-
vidis agresiulobasTan. korelaciuri kvlevebiT Semowmda
kavSiri televizorSi Zaladobis filmebis yurebis
xangrZlivobasa da agresiul qcevas Soris, romelsac
avlenen bavSvebi. aRmoCnda rom arian bavSvebi, romlebic
ufro xSirad uyureben Zaladobis filmebs da yovel-
dRiur cxovrebaSi ufro agresiulebi arian.
korelaciur kvlevebs aqvs rogorc upiratesoba, ise
nakli.
upiratesoba. korelaciuri kvleva SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs vikvlioT problema, sadac Careva SeuZlebelia.
mag. Cven ar SegviZlia survilisamebr gamoviwvioT siyva-
ruli, miwisZvra, kibo an Cveni nebiT davgegmoT, rom
adamianma icxovros did qalaqSi an iyos mcirericxovani
ojaxis wevri. aseTi faqtorebi Cveni kontrolis miRma
rCeba. sxvis cxovrebaSi aseTi Careva SeuZlebelia rogorc
eTikuri, ise praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT. aseT situaciaSi
korelaciuri kvleva aris saukeTeso SesaZlebeli meTodi
adamianis cxovrebis gansxvavebul cvladebs Soris
kavSirebis gamosavlenad. korelaciuri kvlevebis meore
upiratesoba aris misi efeqturoba. saqme imaSia, rom
korelaciuri kvleva SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs SevagrovoT
meti informacia da SevamowmoT meti urTierToba vidre
SesaZlebelia eqsperimentiT. mag. roca gvinda vikvlioT Tu
ra aris mizezi imisa, rom zogierTi bavSvi ufro
agresiulia vidre sxvebi, korelaciuri midgomis gamo-
yenebiT Cven SegviZlia SevagrovoT informacia sakmao
raodenobis faqtorze - televiziiT Zaladobis filmebis
yureba, ojaxis istoria, inteleqtualuroba, sxva bavSveb-
Tan urTierToba da a.S. amasTan, agresiuli qceva SeiZleba
gavzomoT mravali gansxvavebuli gziT: maswavleblis
STabeWdileba, bavSvebze uSualo dakvirveba skolaSi,
rogor afaseben sxva bavSvebi mis agresiulobas, mSoble-
bis angariSi da sxva. SesaZlebelia gamoviyenoT statis-

18
tikuri procedurebi, raTa gamovavlinoT am mravalricxo-
van cvladebs Soris kavSirebi.
bolos, korelaciuri kvlevebis warmatebiT gamoyeneba
SeiZleba iq, sadac eTikuri an teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT
eqsperimentis gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia.
nakli. korelaciuri kvlevebi sasargebloa roca
miznad visaxavT cvladebs Soris urTierTobis aRweras,
magram is verafers gvetyvis cvladebs Soris mizez-
Sedegobriv damokidebulebaze. korelaciur jgufebSi
mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri orazrovani SeiZleba iyos ori
mizeziT: 1. roca ori cvladi korelaciaSia erTmaneTTan
yovelTvis dgeba reversiuli mizezobriobis problema.
TiToeuli maTgani iseve SeiZleba iyos mizezi rogorc
Sedegi. erTi sityviT, viciT ra rom cvladebi A da B
korelaciaSi arian erTmaneTTan, ar SegviZlia mxolod
aqedan gamomdinare, vTqvaT A aris mizezi B-si, Tu B aris
mizezi A-si. mag. SeiZleba Zaladobis telefilmebis xSiri
yureba mizezi iyos yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi agresiu-
lobisa, magram SeiZleba sawinaaRmdego iyos swori, rom
bavSvi romelic agresiulia yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi
gansakuTrebiT iyos dainteresebuli Zaladobis filmebiT
da amdenad met dros atarebs aseTi filmebis yurebaSi. e.i.
korelaciis dadgeniT ar SegviZlia vTqvaT romelia
mizezi da romeli Sedegi.
meore seriozuli orazrovneba korelaciuri kvleve-
bisa, momdinareobs SesaZleblobidan, rom A da B ar
axdenen pirdapir gavlenas erTmaneTze. SeiZleba maT
Soris korelacia gansazRvros romeliRac araspecifikur-
ma faqtorma, romelic mesame cvladis problemis saxe-
liTaa cnobili. mag. SesaZlebelia teleZaladobasa da
agresiulobas Soris korelacia ganapirobos mesame
faqtorma. vTqvaT cudi pirobebi ojaxSi, sadac bavSvi
cxovrebaSi ganicdis sakmao frustraciebs, romelic qmnis
tendencias ufro didxans uyuros televizors da iyos
agresiuli. aseT ojaxSi Zaladobis telefilmebis yureba

19
da agresiuli qceva korelaciaSi iqnebian, magram kore-
lacia mizezobrivad ganpirobebuli iqneba mesame faqto-
riT. amitom telefilmebis yurebasa da agresiul qcevas
Soris korelacia iqneba 3yalbi4, radgan es gamowveulia
mesame cvladiT romelic ganxilvaSi ar Sedioda.
zemoT miTiTebuli orazrovneba xSiradaa problema
korelaciuri kvlevebisaTvis, magram ara yovelTvis. zog-
jer mkvlevars SeuZlia gamoricxos reversiuli kauzalo-
bis problema. mag. mTel rig kvlevebSi dadasturda kore-
lacia gendersa da agresiul qcevas Soris - rom biWebi
ufro agresiulebi arian vidre gogonebi. am SemTxvevaSi
SeiZleba darwmunebuli viyoT, rom agresiuli qceva ar
aris mizezi bavSvis sqesisa. uazroba iqneba vTqvaT rom
bavSvebi Tavidan seqsualurad neitralurebi arian da
isini xdebian gogonebi an biWebi imisdamixedviT agresiuli
TamaSobebiT erTobian Tu ara. am situaciaSi mizezobrio-
bis mimarTuleba aSkaraa. is rac gansazRvravs rom iyos
biWi moqmedebs bavSvis agresiulobaze.
mesame cvladis problema yovelTvis araa fataluri
siZnelis. radgan zogjer Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT aris
Tu ara mesame cvladi pasuxismgebeli korelaciisaTvis.
mag. hausmanma (Hausman 1982) frustraciasa da gabrazebas
Soris korelaciur kvlevebSi CarTo ojaxis cxovrebis
stili. amiT SesaZlebeli gaxda dadgena imisa. aris Tu ara
televiziis yurebasa da agresiul qcevas Soris kore-
lacia ojaxis cxovrebis stilis Sedegi. aris Tu ara
korelacia am or cvlads Soris damaxasiaTebeli rogorc
cxovrebis agresiuli stilis ojaxisaTvis ise bednieri,
mSvidobiani ojaxisaTvis? Tu asea, SegviZlia davaskvnaT,
rom mesame cvladi (ojaxis cxovrebis stili) ar aris
televizoris yurebasa da agresiulobas Soris korelaci-
isaTvis pasuxismgebeli.
raTqmaunda es procedura mlianad ar gamoricxavs
mesame cvladis problemas, SesaZloa arsebobdes sxva
mesame cvladi (faqtiurad meoTxe), vTqvaT bavSvis verba-

20
luri daostateba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom cudi verba-
luri daostatebis bavSvebi upiratesobas aniWeben
sanaxaobas romelic dinamikuria, sadac meti fizikuri
aqtiurobaa vidre ufro nela mimdinare sanaxaobas, sadac
meti saubrebia. Sesabamisad saWiro xdeba am mesame
cvladis kvlevac.
Cans rom ase gagrZeldeba da TiTqos dasasruli ar
uCans, magram garkveuli wertilis Semdeg procesi TiTqos
mTavrdeba, radgan SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom SesaZlebloba
mesame cvladisa aRar arsebobs. es ar niSnavs rom mesame
cvladis problema ukve ar arsebobs. am momentisaTvis
ubralod viRebT, rom korelacia ukve asaxavs mizez-
Sedeglbriv urTierTobebs da es manam, sanam ar davuSvebT
rom sxva SesaZlebeli cvladi unda iqnas Semowmebuli.
amaSi mdgomareobs mesame cvladis problema.

velis da laboratoriuli kvleva

kvlevis dagegmvis Semdeegi safexurebia imis gan-

sazRvra, Tu sad unda ganxorcieldes kvleva velSi Tu
laboratoriaSi. velis kvlevebs uwodeben roca qcevis
kvleva xorcieldeba mis 3bunebriv mdgomareobaSi4.
qarxnis muSis produqtuloba da masTan dakavSirebuli
sakiTxebi SeiZleba vikvlioT qarxanaSi an kolejis
studentebis urTierToba vikvlioT studentTa saerTo
sacxovrebelSi, mis cxovrebiseul situaciaSi. winaaRmdeg
amisa laboratoriuli kvleva xorcieldeba xelovnur
situaciaSi, romelic subieqtisaTvis ar aris Cveulebrivi
situacia. laboratoriuli oTaxi SeiZleba specifikurad
iyos mowyobili - mTeli rigi laboratoriuli
mowyobilobebiT. an is SeiZleba iyos saleqcio darbazi an
ubralo oTaxi, sadac individebi Seavseben kiTxvarebs.
xazgasmaa imaze, rom subieqtebi modian SerCeviT da
mkvlevarebis mier kontrolirebulad.

21
 rogorc eqsperimentebi ise korelaciuri kvlevebi
xorcieldeba rogorc laboratoriaSi ise velis pirobeb-
Si. TiToeul maTgans aqvs rogorc upiratesoba ise nakli.
laboratoriis upiratesoba - aris is, rom SesaZlebe-
lia situaciaze kontrolis uzrunvelyofa. eqsperimen-
tatori uzrunvelyofs subieqtebis pirobebisadmi SemTxve-
viT miweras, iwveven subieqtSi specifikur gancdas,
minimumamde dahyavT ucxo faqtorebis gavlena da a.S.
mkvlevari sistematurad akontrolebs damokidebul cvla-
debs da SeuZlia maTi gazomva ufro zustad vidre velis
kvlevebSia SesaZlebeli. amdenad laboratoria aris ide-
aluri adgili, raTa vikvlioT erTi cvladis meoreze
gavlena. yvela es upiratesoba erTiandeba e.w. Sinagan
validurobaSi. Sinagani validuroba maRalia, roca
darwmunebuli varT rom efeqti romelsac vakvirdebiT
damokidebul cvladebSi mizezobrivad determinebulia
damoukidebeli cvladebiT, romlis manipulirebasac
vaxdenT eqsperimentSi.
velis kvlevebis dagegmvisas Znelia subieqtebi
eqsperimentul pirobebs miawero SemTxveviTi principiT,
iyo darwmunebuli rom yvela subieqti erTidaigives ganic-
dis, zustadaa gazomili damokidebeli cvladebi da a.S.
erTi sityviT Znelia dagegmo damoukidebeli cvladebis
sufTa manipulireba da miaRwioT damokidebuli cvladebis
zust gazomvas.
teleZaladobis agresiulobaze zegavlenis velis
pirobebSi kvlevis saintereso mcdeloba ganaxorcieles
feSbaxma da zingerma (Feshbach and Singer, 1971). kvleva
Catarda biWebze Svid gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv skola-
Si (kaliforniasa da niu-iorkSi), skolis xelmZRvanelobis
daxmarebiT SesZles biWebis SemTxveviTi principis mixed-
viT miwera or gansxvavebul 3tele-dietaze4. yvela biWi
uyurebda winaswar SerCeul tele-Sous daaxloebiT eqvsi
saaTi kviraSi, eqvsi kviris ganmavlobaSi. Zaladobis tele-
pirobebSi biWebi uyurebdnen agresiuli Sinaarsis sana-

22
xaobas vesternuli da kriminaluri istoriis CaTvliT.
araZaladobis pirobebSi biWebi uyurebdnen komikur da
araagresiuli programebis situaciebs. biWebis agresiu-
lobis done izomeboda skolis bavSvebis mier micemuli
SefasebebiT. molodinebis sawinaaRmdegod, mkvlevarebma
aRmoaCines, rom biWebi romlebsac aCvenebdnen Zaladobis
programebs ramdenadme dabal agresiulobas avlendnen
vidre is biWebi romlebsac araagresiul programas
aCvenebdnen. e.i. televiziiT Zaladobis Cveneba Canda rom
amcirebda agresiulobas. mkvlevarebma es faqti Semdeg-
nairad axsnes: maTi azriT biWebis umravlesoba upirate-
sobas aniWebda Zaladobis programebs. Sesabamisad, is
biWebi, romlebic miwerili iyvnen araZaladobis tele-
programaze, SesaZloa ufro iyvnen frustrirebulebi
vidre meore jgufis biWebi, radgan isini moklebulni
iyvnen maTTvis sasurveli programis yurebas. amdenad,
gaurkveveli rCeboda miRebuli Sedegebis mizezi iyo is
tele-sanaxaoba romelsac uyurebdnen biWebi Tu frus-
tracia. aseTi problema iSviaTad Tu SeiZleba dadges
laboratoriul kvlevebSi, radgan mkvlevarebs SeuZliaT
frustraciis xarisxis gakontroleba. meore upiratesoba
laboratoriisa aris is, rom is aris ufro mosaxerxebeli
da ara ZviradRirebuli. Cveulebriv mkvlevarisaTvis ufro
advilia da iafi dagegmos kvleva oTaxSi, Tavis ofisSi,
vidre wavides iq, sadac adamianebi TavianTi yoveldRiuri
cxovrebiT cxovroben.
nakli - laboratoriuli kvlevebis problemebi arsebi-
Tad koncentrirebulia or aspeqtze: 1. subieqtebma ician
rom maTze atareben kvlevas da 2. manipulaciis saxeebis
SezRuduloba, romelic SeiZleba iqnes gamoyenebuli.
roca individma icis, rom is eqsperimentis subieqtia,
yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba ar moiqces bunebrivad,
spontanurad. aRmoCnda rom is cdilobs asiamovnos an ar
asiamovnos eqsperimentators, rom is iqceva ise, rogorc
is fiqrobs rom unda moiqces, rom xSirad is ar Rebulobs

23
eqsperimentul manipulacias imitom, rom ar endoba da a.S.
yovelive es gvaZlevs SedegebSi gadaxras an arRvevs
urTierTobas. Tumca arsebobs am problemis minimumamde
dayvanis saSualebebi.
SezRuduloba gamoyenebuli cvladebis manipulaciaSi,
gulisxmobs imas, rom laboratoriuli kvlevebi Cveu-
lebriv exeba cvladebis araukidures doneebs. subieqtebi
ar SeiZleba terorizirebuli iyvnen an siciliT iste-
riamde miviyvanoT. es niSnavs imas, rom efeqti SesaZloa
nakleb gamokveTilia vidre iqneboda CarTuli cvladebi
rom ufro ukiduresi yofiliyo. Tumca unda aRiniSnos,
rom bazisuri urTierToba igive SeiZleba darCes.
velis kvlevebis upiratesoba aris is rom is aris rea-
listuri da amdenad SesaZleblobas iZleva Sedegebi
ganvazogadoT realur sasicocxlo situaciaze. amas uwo-
deben eqsternalur validurobas, riTac miuTiTeben im
faqtze, rom Sedegebi validuria im situaciebisaTvis,
romlebic TviT kvleviTi situaciis sferoebs scildeba
(mis gareTaa). eqsternaluri validuroba maRalia, roca
kvleviTi Sedegebis ganzogadoeba SeiZleba sxva popu-
laciaze. gavaanalizoT zemoT ganxiluli ori kvleva:
hartmanis laboratoriuli eqsperimenti tele-Zaladobaze
da feSbax-zingeris velis eqsperimenti amave sakiTxze.
hartmanis laboratoriul kvlevaSi gamoyenebuli cvla-
di - ojaxis Zaladobis situacia iyo xelovnuri. mkvleva-
ri qmnis films, romelic specialurad iqmneba kvlevisaT-
vis. feSbaxis da zingeris kvlevaSi, damoukidebeli cvla-
di, Zaladobis filmi, romelsac biWebs aCvenebdnen, kvle-
vamde faqtiurad televiziiT gadaicemoda mTels qveyanaSi.
hartmanis laboratoriul kvlevaSi damokidebuli cvladi,
agresiuli qceva iyo xelovnuri: eleqtroSokis inten-
sivoba, romelsac iyenebdnen 3maswavlebeli-moswavlis4
situaciaSi, specialurad iyo konstruirebuli am kvlevi-
saTvis. feSbax-zingeris velis kvlevaSi damokidebuli
cvladi iyo bunebrivi da warmoadgenda damkvirveblis

24
Sefasebas Tu ra raodenobis fizikur da verbalur
agresias avlendnen biWebi TavianT TanatolebTan da
maswavleblebTan urTierTobaSi. rogorc vxedavT, velis
kvlevebSi saqme gvaqvs Cveulebriv telegadacemasTan,
yoveldRiur agresiul qcevasTan da interesebis realur-
cxovrebiseul situaciasTan. Sesabamisad, velis kvlevas
aqvs meti eqsternaluri validuroba.
velis kvlevebis meore upiratesoba aris is, rom
zogjer SesaZlebelia ukiduresad Zlieri cvladebis da
situaciebis kvleva, romelTa Seswavla laboratoriul
pirobebSi SeuZlebelia. SesaZlebelia adamianebze eqstre-
malur situaciaSi dakvirveba - rodesac isini arian
operaciisaTvis saavadmyofoSi, an roca TavSeyrilni arian
saartilerio bombardirebis gamo. zogjer gonier mkvle-
vars SeuZlia miiRos 3bunebrivi eqsperimentis4
upiratesoba - roca damoukidebeli cvladebis
manipulireba xdeba ufro bunebrivad vidre eqsperimentSi.
nakli, velis kvlevebis ZiriTadi nakli momdinareobs
situaciaze kontrolis naklebobidan. saerTod Znelia
subieqtebis SemTxveviTobis principiT pirobebisadmi
miwera, miviRoT zusti gazomvebi damokidebuli cvlade-
bisa da a.S. velis kvlevebSi xSirad ereva SemTxveviTi
movlenebi da pirobebi da zegavlenas axdens sakvlevi
cvladis moqmedebaze.
gansakuTrebiT Znelia miRweul iqnas damoukidebeli
cvladebis manipulacia da damokidebuli cvladebis
gazomva.
rogorc vxedavT, velis da laboratoriul kvlevebs
tendencia aqvT gansxvavdebodnen erTmaneTisagan im
saSualebeSi rogorzec zemoT gvqonda saubari, magram miu-
TiTeben, rom garkveul xarisxSi es gansxvaveba gada-
Warbebuladaa Sefasebuli. mTeli rigi mkvlevarebi aRniS-
naven, rom SesaZlebelia cvladebis mniSvnelovani kontro-
li iqnas miRweuli velis kvlevebSi da aseve SesaZlebelia

25
laboratoriuli situacia realisturi gavxadoT. arsebobs
am mosazrebis mxardasaWeri gamokvlevebi.
velis kvlevebis erT-erT kerZo SemTxvevas warmoadgens
e.w. arqivis kvleva. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom
mkvlevari TviTon ki ar agrovebs monacemebs, aramed
iyenebs monacemebs romlebic Sesrulebulia sxvis mier,
Semonaxulia mTel rig CanawerebSi. es warmoadgens velis
kvlevis erT-erT saxes im ZiriTadi gansxvavebiT, rom
viRaca sxvas Cautarebia garkveuli Sroma. arqivis kvlevis
kargi magaliTia searsis (Sears, 19..) mier frustracia -
agresiis fenomenis dadastureba arqivis kvlevebiT.
mkvlevari iwyebs hipoTeziT, rom frustracias mivyavarT
agresiamde da uSvebs, rom bambis fasis dacema gamoiwvevda
frustracias, romelic Tavis mxriv gazrdida agresias
linCirebis formiT. monacemebi bambis fasisa da linCi-
rebis SemTxvevebis Sesaxeb 1880-1930 ww. aiRo statistikuri
monacemebidan amerikis da sxva samxreT amerikis qveynebSi.
mkvlevarma ubralod gaakeTa is, rom Caixeda statistikur
monacemebSi da gamoiyvana korelacia am or cvlads Soris.
amrigad, socialuri fsiqologia ZiriTadad iyenebs
eqsperimentul da korelaciur meTodebs. kvlevebi xorci-
eldeba rogorc laboratoriul ise velis situaciaSi.

laboratoriuli velis

eqsperimenti laboratoriuli velis

eqsperimentebi eqsperimentebi
korelaciuri korelaciuri
kvlevebi kvlevebi
korelaciebi ganxorcielebuli ganxorcielebuli
lab-Si (mag. pirov- velis situaciaSi.
nebis kvlevebi)

unda aRiniSnos, rom saerTod mecnieruli kvleva da

miTumetes socialur-fsiqologiuri kvleva, SeiZleba

26
orientirebuli iyos rogorc problemis (anu fenomenis)
ise procesis Seswavlaze. mag. SeiZleba kvleva miznad isa-
xavdes iseTi fenomenis Seswavlas, rogoricaa prejidusebi.
amasTan mkvlevari SeiZleba dainteresdes im safuZvelad-
mdebare meqanizmiT, romelic pasuxismgebelia am fenomeni-
saTvis. Tumca es gansxvaveba SeiZleba pirobiTi iyos,
radgan am ori midgomis miznebi urTierTgadamkveTia. saqme
imaSia, rom prejidusis fenomenis Seswavla gulisxmobs
imis kvlevasac Tu rogor SeiZleba is Seicvalos rac misi
meqanizmis SeswavliTaa SesaZlebeli.
fenomenze da procesze orientirebuli kvlevebs Soris
gansxvaveba Seicavs agreTve bazisur da gamoyenebiT
kvlevebs Soris gansxvavebas. bazisur kvlevaSi mkvlevari
cdilobs ipovos pasuxi kiTxvaze, ratom iqcevian indi-
videbi ise rogorc iqcevian da es keTdeba inteleqtu-
aluri cnobismoyvareobisaTvis - e.i. SeiZleba ar warmo-
adgendes romelime socialur an fsiqologiur problemis
gadawyvetis mcdelobas. amisagan gansxvavebiT gamoyenebiTi
kvlevis mizania romelime specifikuri problemis (mag.
rasizmis an seqsualuri Zaladobis) gadawyveta.

Teoriis mniSvneloba kvlevisaTvis

sakiTxi exeba imas Tu rogor yalibdeba idea socialur

-fsiqologiuri kvlevisaTvis. Cveulebriv miuTiTeben ideis
Camoyalibebis sam wyaroze: pirveli - socialur samyaroze
uSualo dakvirveba. mkvlevari amCnevs socialuri qcevis
zogierT aspeqtebs romelic gaocebas iwvevs da gegmavs
kvlevas raTa naTeli mohfinos mas. meore, fsiqologe-
bisaTvis cnobili faqtia, rom nebismier warmatebul
eqsperiments tendencia aqvs warmoSvas meti sakiTxi, vidre
eqsperimenti aqlevs pasuxs. amitom mkvlevari eqsperimentis
mier dasmuli axali sakiTxebidan axdens arCevans Tu ra
ikvlios. mesame - romelic Teoriis mniSvnelobaze miu-
TiTebs. CaTvlilia, rom Teoria warmoadgens socialur-

27
fsiqologiuri kvleviTi ideis Camoyalibebis erT-erT
mniSvnelovan wyaros.
Teoria warmoadgens mcdelobas pasuxi gasces kiTxvaze
3ratom?4. am azriT is scildeba movlenebze an procesebze
dakvirvebis da maTi aRweris miznebs. Teoria cdilobs maT
axsnas. amdenad nebismieri mecnieris mizania 3kargi4 Teo-
riis Camoyalibeba. raTqmaunda amaSi gamonaklisi arc
socialuri fsiqologiaa. ufro zustad, ras warmoadgens
Teoria? raSi mdgomareobs misi Rirebuleba socialur
fsiqologiaSi?
vTqvaT, fsiqologia amCnevs, rom rodesac adamianebi
muSaoben erTad jgufSi TiToeuli wevri nakleb
Zalisxmevas amJRavnebs samuSaos Sesasruleblad, vidre
roca isini muSaoben individualurad (es faqti socialur
fsiqologiaSi cnobilia 3socialuri sizarmacis4 sazel-
wodebiT). TviT am faqtis SemCneva TavisTavad albaT aris
sasargeblo. yovel SemTxvevaSi, is SesaZleblobas
gvaZlevs viwinaswarmetyveloT Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes,
roca individebi muSaoben erTad, da agreTve is gvaZlevs
garkveul Sanss mivceT rCeva, raTa Tavidan aicilon es
efeqti. swored es winaswarmetyveleba da rCeva (zogjer
cnobilia rogorc kontroli) - warmoadgens mecnierebis
mTavar mizans. Tumca, rom socialur sizarmacis faqts
aqvs adgili ar xsnis imas Tu ratom aqvs mas adgili. am
sakiTxis gasarkvevadaa Camoyalibebuli Teoria.
mecnierebis iseT sferoebSi rogoricaa fizika da qimia,
Teoria, xSirad sakmaod warmatebiT, Camoyalibebulia
maTematikuri tolobis saxiT. socialur fsiqologiaSi ki
isini Cveulebriv verbaluri debulebebis an mtkicebebis
saxiTaa warmodgenili. mag. Teoria romelic xsnis
socialur sizarmaces SeiZleba Semdegnairad Camovaya-
liboT: roca individebi muSaoben erTad, isini acno-
biereben, rom maTi Zalisxmevis identificireba individu-
alurad ar xdeba, rom yvela monawile Tanabrad inawilebs
pasuxismgeblobas finaluri SedegisaTvis. aqedan gamom-

28
dinare isini askvnian, rom SeuZliaT 3saqme gaiadvilon4
da naklebi Zalisxmeva gamoavlinon. rogorc vxedavT,
Teoria, rogorc yvela Teoria, Sesdgeba ori nawilisagan:
ramodenime bazisuri fenomenisagan (Cvens SemTxvevaSi indi-
vidualuri Zalisxmeva da ganawilebuli pasuxismgebloba)
da debulebisagan, romelic exeba am fenomenebs Soris
urTierTobas (am SemTxvevaSi, roca pasuxismgeblobis
ganawilebaze rwmena izrdeba - individualuri Zalisxmeva
mcirdeba).
roca Teoria Camoyalibebulia, iwyeba kritikuli
procesi: 1. winaswarmetyvelebis gamoyofa Teoriisagan.
winaswarmetyveleba formulirebulia logikis principebis
Sesabamisad da cnobilia rogorc hipoTeza. mag. soci-
aluri sizarmacis Teoriidan SeiZleba viwinaswar-
metyveloT (rac gaxdeba kvlevis hipoTeza), rom ra inten-
siobiTac jgufis wevrebs swamT, rom maTi Zalisxmevis
identificireba moxdeba, socialuri sizarmace Semcirdeba.
aseTi winaswarmetyveleba mowmdeba faqtiur kvlevebSi. Tu
is dadasturdeba Teoriisadmi ndoba izrdeba. es
ganixileba rogorc im fenomenis adeqvaturi axsna, romel-
sac Teoria exeba. Tu winaswarmetyveleba (hipoTeza) ar
dadasturda, Teoriisadmi ndoba mcirdeba. maSin, Teoria
ise unda Seicvalos rom SesaZlebeli iyos axali
hipoTezis Camoyalibeba - e.i. es gaxdeba Semowmebis sagani
da a.S.
mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT, Teoria sasargebloa
mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac SesaZlebelia misgan gamom-
dinare hipoTezebis Semowmeba. Tu Teoriidan ar gamomdina-
reobs hipoTeza, romlis Semowmeba SeiZleba kvlevebiT,
aseTi Teoria Tavisi niuansebiT ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos
mecnierulad.

kvlevis eTika

29
 eqsperimentebis da sistematuri dakvirvebebis gamo-
yenebasa da misi Teoriisadmi mimarTebaSi, socialuri
fsiqologia ar gansxvavdeba sxva mecnierebisagan, magram
mas aqvs Tavisi specifika, riTac is unikaluria. jer erTi,
radgan socialuri fsiqologia ikvlevs adamians socia-
lur situaciaSi, e.i. misi kvlevis sagania adamiani, dgeba
mTeli rigi eTikuri sakiTxebi. kvlevebSi, adamians amyofe-
ben garkveul pirobebSi da akvirdebian mis reaqcias. aseT
situaciaSi xSirad sakiTxi exeba adamianis pirad sai-
dumloebebs da im pirobebs romelSic ayeneben subieqts.
pativi unda vceT individis uflebas mis pirad
saidumloebebze. TiToeulma individma TviTon unda
gadawyvitos ramdenad gaunawilos sxvebs Tavisi azrebi,
grZnobebi da pirovnuli cxovrebis faqtebi. e.i. unda
davicvaT individis saidumloebac da amave dros unda
vikvlioT kidec. raTqmaunda es ar aris ioli, magram
miTiTebulia ramdenime gza mis dasaZlevad. pirvel rigSi
subieqtis monawileoba unda iyos nebayofilobiTi da unda
emyarebodes informirebul Tanxmobas. e.i. subieqtebis
Tanxmoba unda iyos imis Sesaxeb, razec isini zustad
iqnebian informirebulni Tu ra procesebs eqneba adgili
kvlevis ganmavlobaSi.
zogjer SeuZlebelia subieqtebs vuTxraT yvelaferi
kvlevis Sesaxeb. aseT SemTxvevaSi kvleva xSirad azrs
kargavs. e.i. raRaca unda davumaloT subieqts. aseT
SemTxvevaSi eqsperimentatorma unda misces subieqts imdeni
informaciis ramdenic SesaZlebelia. amitom sruli
informaciis ararsebobisas Tanxmoba unda emyarebodes
ndobas - rogorc eqsperimentatoris mimarT, ise im soci-
aluri institutis mimarT, sadac tardeba kvleva.
zogjer kvleva gamoricxavs Tanxmobas - maSin Tu es
erTaderTi SesaZlebeli saSualebaa kvlevisaTvis da
kvlevidan miRebuli Sedegebi didi mniSvnelobisaa, im
garantiiT rom raime uaryofiTi Semdgom efeqti kvlevas
subieqtisaTvis ar eqneba, es dasaSvebia.

30
 meore eTikuri sakiTxi exeba pirobebs, romelSic unda
CavayenoT subieqti, radgan eqsperimentul pirobebs mkvle-
vari gansazRvravs mTeli pasuxismgebloba mas ekisreba.
amitom arsebobs kategoriuli moTxovna, rom subieqti,
Tundac misi nebarTviT, ar unda CavayenoT iseT pirobebSi,
romelmac SeiZleba mas vneba miayenos. amasTan dakav-
SirebiT dgeba sakiTxi, ramdenad dasaSvebia subieqts
mivayenoT garkveuli intensivobis tkivili, Tu mas ara aqvs
Semdgom efeqti an Tu is ar aris ukiduresi? es dasaSvebad
miaCniaT mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu yvela sxva
SesaZlebeli pirobebi ganxilulia da CaTvlilia, rom
alternatiuli eqsperimentuli situacia sakvlevi proble-
misTvis ar arsebobs. amasTan, TviTon sakvlevi problemis
mniSvnelobac unda iqnas mxedvelobaSi miRebuli. rac
ufro met darRvevas iwvevs procedura subieqtSi, miT
ufro meti gamarTleba unda hqondes mas problemis
mniSvnelobis TvalsazrisiT.
daSveba, rom ar arsebobs sxva proceduris SesaZ-
lebloba mocemuli mniSvnelovani problemis sakvlevad,
mkvlevarisagan moiTxovs im proceduris dawvrilebiT
ganxilvas, romlis gamoyenebasac apirebs. amasTan
dakavSirebiT ganixileba sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu
laboratoriulad Seqmnili pirobebi ramdenad emsgavseba
situacias, romelic xdeba subieqtis normalur cxovre-
baSi. mag. garkveuli wamlebis ineqciiT gamowveuli ara-
sasiamovno pirobebis Seqmna ar iqneba imdenad saSiSi, imis
gamo, rom adamianebi cxovrebaSi xSirad iyeneben mas.
magram,xangrZlivi totaluri izolaciis pirobebi subi-
eqtisaTvis arabunebrivia da misi efeqti subieqtisaTvis
ufro mtkivneuli iqneba. amrigad, ramdenadac es SesaZ-
lebelia, situacia unda iyos imis msgavsi rac bunebrivad
xdeba. amasTan, xazgasmulia, rom subieqts unda surdes
rom is ikvlion. misi Tanxmoba aucilebelia.
bolos, eqsperimentebSi gansakuTrebuli yuradReba
unda gamaxvildes imaze, rom subieqtebs eqsperimentis

31
Semdeg ar SemorCeT is usiamovnebis gancda, romelic
eqsperimentis dros ganicades. es SeiZleba ganxorcieldes
imiT, rom subieqtebs avuxsnaT kvlevis mizani, mniSvneloba
da a.S. da a.S.

32