Myanmasar

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZÆm)
E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmpm wuúodkvf
a&;om;jyKpkol
tvif;a&mifpmaywkduf
trSwf 188-29-vrf;?
&efuek Nf rdKU
jrefrmpmwuúokdvf
xkwaf 0ol
OD;wifat;(NrJ-0446)
tvif;a&mifpmay?
trSwf-103? jrefrmh*kPf&nfvrf;?
uefawmfuav;? &efukefNrdKU/
ykEH ydS o
f l
OD;qef;xGef;(0215)
e,l;ykHESdyfwkduf
trSwf-124? AkdvfcsKyfvrf;?
&efuek Nf rdKU/
jzefcY sdol
MunfMunfvidI pf may?
trSwf 82-27-vrf;? &efukefNrdKU/
zkH;-12452/
rmwdum
taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
rdwq
f ufpm 1
jrefrmpum;ajyESifhoHcdyfa&;enf; 3

jrefrmo'´gavhusifhenf; 7
tbd"mefokH;pGJavhvmenf; 10
jrefrmpum;ajyESifhpmpDpmukH;a&;enf; 16
bmomjyefjcif; 23
jrefrmpmta&;tom; 26
jrefrmpum;ajyavhvmenf; 28
okawoepmwrf;a&;enf; 31
1 OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZÆm)
rdwfqufpm
jrefrmpmayavhvm&mü taxmuftuljzpfap&ef &nf&, G v
f suf ]]jrefrmpm-wuú
okv
d }f }pmtkyu f kd xkwaf 0vku d yf gonf/ wuúov kd af usmif;om;rsm;wGif pHepfopfynma&;jzifh
oifMum;vsuf&Sd&m þodkYenf;ay;vrf;jy pmrsm; vkdvm;vdrfhrnf[k ,lqí wuúokdvfü pm
ayydkYcscJhaom A[kokwrsm;rS xkwfEIwfum pmwtkyf jyKpk&ayonf/
þpmtkyfü jrefrmpum;ajy a&;om;&mwGif avhusifhay;&ef vkdtyfaom-
1/ jrefrmpm oHcdyfa&;enf;?

2/ jrefrmo'´gavhvmenf;?
3/ jrefrmtbd"mef okH;pGJavhvmenf;?
4/ pmpDpmukH;a&;enf;?
5/ okawoepmwrf; a&;enf;?
rsm;udk t"duxm;í az:jyxm;ayonf/
,if;uJo h Ydk az:jyxm;&mü wwfprG ;f orQ tusOf;omaz:jyxm;ayonf/ avhusifh
enf; ocFPf;pmrsm; erlemykHpHpmrsm;jzifh pkHpkHvifvif rjy&ao;acs/ erlemykHpHpmrsm;rjy
ao;jcif;rSm pmtkyfudk tjrefqkH;xkwfa0&ef pDpOf&aomaMumifh jzpfonf/
waMumif;rSmvnf; txufyg pmaya&;enf;rsm;onf wuúodkvfü avhvmaom
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf xl;uJcufcJaom taMumif;rsm;r[kwf[k ,lqrday
onf/ rdrdbmomtavsmuf a&;wwfap&ef enf;rsm;udk pkHvifEkdiforQ pkHvifpGm jyxm;o
jzifh erlemykHpHrsm;vnf; rsm;pGmrvkd[k ,lqrdayonf/
xkdYjyifvnf; erlemykHpHonf ausmif;om;rsm;tm; ynmay;&mü udk,fpGrf;udk,fpç
udk,fh[efudk wkd;wufapjcif; r&SdEkdif[k ,lqrdayonf/ odkYaomf tcsdeftcgtavsmuf pm
tkyfudk wkd;csJUa&;om;&ef vkdtyfaomtcgwGif pkHvifEkdifatmif BudK;pm;&ef MuH&G,fxm;yg
onf/
txufü qkdcJhaom jrefrmpmoHcdyfa&;enf;rSm a&S;ursm;pGm avhvmcJhaom t
aMumif;w&yfr[kwfacs/ t*Fvdyfpmaya&;enf;rS a&;xkH;w&yfjzpfonf/ jrefrmrsm;wGif
oHcdyfoabmum;&Sdyg\/ odkYaomf pnf;pHepfOya'rsm; jyKxm;onfum; pkHvifatmif r&Sd
ao;yg/ odkYjzpfí t*Fvdyfpmayusrf;rsm;udk rSD;jiif;jyKí az:jy&ygonf/
jrefrmo'´gavhvmenf;ESifhywfoufí taxGaxGoabmrQom a&;om;xm;ay
onf/ xkw Yd pl mG yif bmomjyefjcif;taMumif;udv k nf; taxGaxG oabmrQ jyxm;ayonf/
þudpö&yfrsm;wGif (Theorising) pnf;rsOf;Oya'oabmxuf vufawGYusifhokH;avhvm
jcif;u ydkrkdatmifjrifayrnf/
jrefrmpmwuúokdvf 2
jrefrmtbd"mef okH;pGJavhvmenf;udkum; pkHvifpGm az:jyxm;ygonf/

pmpDpmukH;a&;enf;udkrlum; trsm;em;vnfNyD;udpöw&yfyif jzpfjim;aomfvnf;
txl;wvnf odtyfaomtcsufrsm;udk pkaqmif;um wifjyxm;ayonf/
,ckacwf wuúokdvfynma&;avmutwGuf ta&;tBuD;qkH; vkyfief;w&yfrSm
okawoepmwrf;a&;enf;yif jzpfygonf/ þynm&yfudkvnf; aemifjznfhpGufíjy&efrsm;
pGmvkdygao;onf/ odkYaomf ,cktcg pmayavhvmolrsm;twGuf þrQjzifhvnf; oifhawmf
avmufNyD[kvnf; ,lqEkdifygonf/ odkYjzpfí pmayavhvmvkdufpm;olrsm; tusKd;jzpfxGef;
aprnfh]]jrefrmpmwuúodkvf}}pmtkyfudk xkwfa0vkdufygonf/
OD;armifarmifwif
(r[m0dZÆm)
rEÅav;NrdKU
2/ jrefrmpum;ajyESifhoHcdyfa&;enf;
jrefrmpum;ajy oifMum;rIpeH pfwiG ]f ]oHcyd af &;enf;}}[lí xnfoh iG ;f xm;ayonf/
]]oHcdyfa&;enf;}}rSm ygVda0g[m& ]]oacFy-e,}}csKH;aomenf;[lí t"dyÜg,f&&Sd
ayonf/ ]]oacFy-e,}}pum;\rlv&if;jrpfrSm (oH+cdyf+P)tusOf;+csOf;jcif;+tvTm
[laomteufrsm;ay;onf/ ygVdbmompmayü ]]oacFye,=csKH;aomenf;}}[lí pma&;
om;enf;&Sdonf/ jrefrmpmayavmuüvnf; ]]csKH;aomenf;}}[lí &Sdaomfjim;vnf; pmpD

pmuk;H a&;om;rIü oifMum;rI tavhtvmenf;cJah vonf/ bmomjcm;pmayjzpfaom t*F
vdypf müum; (Summary Writing)[lí ]]tusOf;csKH;aom}}a&;om;enf;ukd avhvmMu&
ayonf/
]]tusOf;csKH;}}a&;om;jcif;rsm;udk (Precis) t*Fvdyfvkda&;Muonf/ (Sum-
mary) ac:]]tusOf;csKH;enf;}}rSm wkdwkdwkwfwkwfESifht"dutcsuftvufrsm; ygatmif
]]csKH;a&;jcif;}}jzpfonf/
(Summary) qkad ompum;rSm oabmw&m;rdí wu,ft h "dutcsufrsm; yg0if
atmif csKH;a&;jcif;jzpfonf/ wcgw&Hü (Substance) [lívnf; a&;Muí t"dyÜg,fudk
ay:vGifapaoma&;enf;yif jzpfonf/
t*Fvyd pf maya&;om;enf;t& (Precis) ac:]]oHcyd af &;enf;rSm}}rl&if;pmukd pm
vkH;enf;EkdiforQ enf;enf;jzifh oabmw&m;rysufapbJ t"dutcsufrsm; ygatmif a&;
enf;yifjzpfonf/ rlvpmudk a&;om;aompma&;q&m\pm[efudk vkdufívnf; oHcdyfa&;
&mü uGJjym;jcm;em;EkdifaMumif;udkvnf; owd&Sd&ayrnf/ pma&;q&monf wkdwkdwkwfwkwf
vk&d if;udk pum;vk;H enf;enf;ESifh a&;wwfov l nf;&S\
d / pum;wefqmqifí oG,o f ,
G 0f u kd f
0dkuf zGJYzGJYEGYJEGJY a&;wwfolvnf; &Sdayonf/ xkdYaMumifh oHcdyfa&;om;enf;oabmt&Snftwkd
twdtus uefo Y wfíum; rjzpfEidk af cs/ odaYk omf oHcyd \
f oabmyk[
H efrmS rl&if;pmuk,d \f
okH;ykHwykHrQ jzpf&ef csKHYí a&;om;&ayrnf/ tcsKdUpmrsm;wGifum; xkdyrmPxuf csKHUía&;
vQif &Ekdifavonf/
jrefrmpmwuúokdvf 4
oHcdyfa&;&mü owdxm;&rnfh
tcsufrsm;onfum;
1/ rl&if;pmudk wkdwkdowd&Sd&Sd aocsmpGmzwfyg? tu,fí vkdtyfygu tBudrfrsm;pGm zwfyg/
qkdvkd&if; oabmw&m;ESifht"dutcsufrsm;udkikHrdatmif od&Sdvmonfwkdifatmif zwfyg/
2/ ay;xm;aom rl&if;pmyk'd \ f t"dygÜ ,fjcKHrad paom acgif;pnf;wkw d w
dk w
k w
f w
k f ay;&ef a&G;
cs,fyg/
3/ ay;xm;aompmyk'frS pmvkH;ta&twGufudk ppfaq;,lNyD; okH;ykHwykH csJUEkdif&eftwGuf

pum;vk;H rsm;udk pOf;pm;yg/ tu,fí pum;vk;H 300-&Syd gu pum;vk;H 100-xuf rausmf
owdjyKyg/\
4/ oHcyd af &;&mü oabmw&m;rdrnft h "dutcsufom yg0if&rnf/ xkaYd Mumifh pmzwfaom
tcgü wu,ft h a&;BuD;aomtcsufukd rSwyf g? tus,fcsJx Y iG af &;om;csuf? ykOH ya'o xkwf
aqmifcsufESifhta&;rBuD;aom ao;zGJYonfhtcsufrsm;udk ausmfvTm;ypfyg/
5/ oHcdyfa&;om;&mwGif rl&if;pmudk,fpmykd'fykH[ef tawG;tac:twkdif; twdtus vkduf
em&efr[kw?f tu,fí pmyk'd yf gtaMumif;udk t"dygÜ ,fyí kd xif&mS ;ap&ef xdrad p&ef pmud, k f
rl&if;rS taMumif;t&m vTJajymif;a&;oifhu a&;Ekdifonf/
6/ oHcdyfa&;&mü pmykd'fyg taMumif;t&mrsm;udk wwfEkdiforQ rdrdpum;jzifh ydkrkdem;vnf
vG,fatmif &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; okH;ykHwykHcsJUí a&;om;Ekdifonf/
7/ yxroHcdyfa&;om;rIwGif tBudrfBudrf BudK;pm;jyKjyifa&;om;&ayrnf/ pum;vkH;tydk
tvkd&Sdrnf? jyefvnfzwf&INyD; ydkaompum;vkH;? ydkaom0gusudk xkwfypf&rnf? vkdtyfaom
tcsufrsm; yg0ifapí rvkdaomtcsufrsm; xkwfEIwfypf&rnf/
8/ oHcdyfa&;om;NyD;aomtcg trSm;rsm; jyifyg? pmvkH;aygif;? o'´g0guszGJYxkH;usrf;ESifhpmpD
yk'fjzwfrsm;udkyg pDppfjyifqifyg/
þum; t*Fvyd pf may]]oHcyd }f }a&;enf;rsm;rS jrefrmoHcyd af &;&mwGif vku d ef moifh
onfhtcsufrsm;udk az:xkwfjyoayonf/
oHcyd af &;om;enf;udk avhusif&h jcif;onf rsm;aomtm;jzifh pmzwf&mü *&krpku d ?f
owdrxm;bJ zwfavh&o dS nf/ xdaYk Mumifh zwfNyD;orQ todw&m;a&;a&;rQom usef&pfav
onf/ pmzwf&I&mü tcPf;wu@NyD;ygvQif pmtkyfydwfNyD; rdrdzwfNyD;aom taMumif;t
&mrsm;udk ta&;BuD;aomt"dyÜg,frsm;ygatmif a&;Munfhyg/
xkdtcgrS arharhavsmhavsmh jzpfcg ayghayghqq zwfcJhykHudk owd&Sdvmavonf/
owdarhwwfaomtavhaMumifu h m; r[kw?f pmzwf&mwGif tm&kpH ;l pl;pku d pf udk rf &Sd
aomaMumifhom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oHcdyfa&;enf;udk avhusifhygu pmudk *&kwpkdufzwf

vmrnfomjzpf\/ pmzwf&mü rsufaphEiS o hf mMunfzh wfonfr[kw?f pdwt f odjzifv
h nf; zwf
&rnfomjzpfonf/
vlYabmifavmuü oHcdyfa&;enf;onf rsm;pGm tokH;0ifvS\/ rdrdzwfaompmukd
rSwÓ f Pfü wdwu d susvsifvsifjrefjref vG,v f ,
G u
f ul l a&mufapí jyefvnfaz:xkw&f mwGif
&Si;f &Si;f vif;vif; wkw d wdk w
k w
f w
k f vk&d if;csKyfíjyEkid jf cif;onf oHcyd \ f tusKd;w&m;yifjzpf
onf/ EkdifiHtkyfcsKyfa&;? pD;yGm;a&;wGif þoHcdyfa&;enf;onf wu,ftaxmuftuljyK

ayonf/
tpd;k &&k;H rsm;ü ay;pm;rsm;? rSww f rf;rsm;udk &k;H pma&;rsm;u (Precis) oHcyd af &;
NyD; txuft&mBuD;i,fxH wifjy&ayonf/ vkyfief;NyD;vG,fatmif pma&;? pmcsD? rif;rI
xrf;wdkYonf ay;pmrsm; rSwfwrf;pm&Gufrsm;ü oHcdyfoabma&;NyD; trdefYudk cH,l&onf/
txuft&m&Sdonfvnf; oHcdyfudkzwfNyD; rl&if;ay;pmrsm;ESifh,SOfum Munfh&Ippfaq;NyD;
a0befykdif;jcm;um trdefYudk a&;&onf/
jrefrmpum;ajyoifMum;rIü ]]pmpDpmukH;}}a&;om;rIudkom ta&;xm;cJhMuav
onf/ ,ckynma&;pepfopfü ]]oHcyd }f }a&;om;rIukd od&v dS mayNyD/ ausmif;olausmif;om;
rsm;onf rdrdwdkYjrefrmpmayü oHcdyfavhusifhrIr&Sdao;rD pepfuserI r&SdEkdifao;acs/ xkdY
aMumifh oHcdyfa&;enf;edó&nf;udk tusOf;rQ a&;jy&ayawmhonf/
Summary.
(1) Brief; giving brief points only.
(2) Prompt; without delay or ceremony, as summary justice (Punishment)* n. A brief
account giving the chief points of a matter.
Gist, (n) The real ground; the main point (s) of a matter; the essence.
Precis A summary of a letter, document, speech, etc.
Epitome (ipitami) - A short account or summary of the contents of a book or
speech; a thing or person that shows, on a small scale, the chief cha-
racteristics of another, much larger thing.
oHcdyfa&;enf; avhusifh&ef
1/ ]]wuúodkvf jrefrmpum;ajy aumufEkwfcsuf}} 1965-ck? &efukefNrdKUyg qkdif&mjy|mef;
csufrsm;rS aumif;Ekd;&m&mpmykd'frsm; a&G;cs,fNyD; oHcdyfa&;enf; avhusifhay;yg/
2/ aMu;rkH Z0eaqmif;yg;? vkyfom;jynfolYaeYpOfrS omu'kd;aqmif;yg;? vlxkowif;pm
acgif;BuD;ydik ;f ? bdw
k axmifrS OD;ode;f azjrifah qmif;yg;rsm;udk zwfNyD; tusOf;csKH; oHcyd af &;
jrefrmpmwuúokdvf 6
avhusifhay;yg/
3/ aeYpOf oifwef;rS q&mrsm;ydkYcsaom uxmrSwfpkrsm;udk a&;om;&mwGif oHcdyfoabm
tNrJokH;pGJum a&;om;avhusifhyg/
3/ jrefrmo'´gavhusifhenf;
OD;wk;d \&mr&uefü ]]u0dvu©Pm aocsmaphpyf? t&yf&yfyif? o'wfrwm pwfr
wmbl;}}[lí ynm&SdyDo&ef o'´gwwf&rnfhtaMumif; csJYxGifíqkdxm;avonf/
u0dvu©Pmynm&Sd yDo&eftwGuf-
1/ o'´gusrf;wwf&rnf/
2/ qef;usrf;wwf&rnf? toH\wk&d n S ef rd jhf rif?h wufo?H oufo?H toH\rMwmudk od&rnf/

3/ tvuFmusrf;wwf&rnf? tvuFmwefqmqifaomusrf; wwf&rnf/
4/ tbd"mefusrf; wwf&rnf/ pum;vkH;rsm;\avmuowfrSwfaom usrf;wwf&rnf/
5/ yd#uwfusrf;*efrsm;wwf&rnf/ þodkYaom yk*¾KdvfrsKd;udk pG,fpkHol[lívnf;aumif;?
tm0ifig;yg;q&mrsm;[lívnf;aumif; qkdMuavonf/
OD;wkd;jyqkdxm;aom o'´genf;rsm;rSm ygVdo'´genf;rQomjzpfonf/ a&S;acwft
cgu jrefrmvlrsKd;wkdYonf ygVdo'´gudk jrefrmo'´gtjzpf wpwp jyKjyifajymif;vJokH;pGJvm
onfudk awGY&ayonf/
a[mfvHjynfajrmufydkif; trfpwm'rfNrdKUrS xkwfa0aom (Lingua) ]]vif*Gg}}pm
apmiftwGJ 15? 1965-yg? vef'efwuúokdvf jrefrmpmuxdu *Reftkdu,f(udkvSodef;)\
]]edosjrefrmpmwrf;}}ü yk*Hacwf taemf&xmrif; oxkHjynfrS yd#uwfokH;ykH? tpkH 30-ukd
,laqmifvmonfrpS í ygVdjrefrm bmomjyefvyk if ef;wGif 15-&mpkü ]]edos jrefrmpm}}rsm;
udk a&S;OD;pGm avhvm&í þrSmyif bmompum;ESifhqkdif&m jrefrmo'´gtaMumif;? ,cifu
ravhvmcJhao;aom tcsufudk *Reftkd0ifu avhvmjyxm;avonf/
jrefrmo'´gudk taemufwidk ;f om;rsm;u txl;tavhtvmjyKcJMh uonf/ 1888-
ckEpS u
f &efuek w f iG f ykEH ydS af om (Grammar of Burmese Language) pmtkyf xkwcf o hJ nf/
1899-ckü? at'AvsLavmif(pf)a';vf\&efuek w f iG f ykEH ydS af om (Burmese-Grammar)
[líxkwcf o hJ nf/ 1955-ckü? a*satpwl;0yf\vef'efyEHk ydS af om (Manual of Coloquial
Burmese) udkxkwfcJhonf/
1944-ckü 'AvsLtufpaf umeif\ (Outline of Burmese Grammar) pmtkyf
xGufvmonf/ 1962-ckESifh1964-ckESpfrsm;ü csufwkdif;jynfü a&mufaeaom OD;rif;vwf
\ (Report on studies of Burmese Grammar) pmtkyfrsm; xGufvsuf&Sdonf/ þ
um; jrefrmpmayoifaom EkdifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf txl;vdktyfaom pmwrf;
rsm;jzpfonf/ jrefrmjynf&Sd ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tbdkYum; jy|mef;xm;aom q&m
BuD;OD;azarmifwif\jrefrmo'´gESijhf refrm0guszGx YJ ;Hk usrf;wko Yd nf &S\
d / ud,
k jhf refrmpmayukd
jrefrmpmwuúokdvf 8
jyefvnfo;Hk oyfppD pf&mrS ud,

k phf mayü o'´gpmtkyaf umif;aumif; r&Sad o;aMumif;? avhvm
qnf;yl;rIvnf; r&Sad Mumif; awG&Y MSd uojzifh ,ckwzef pHepfopf jyifqifNyD;? o'´gukd oifMum;
ydkYcsaejcif; jzpfonf/
*Reftkdu,f\edosjrefrmbmompmwrf;ü jrefrmpmudk avhvmjcif;jzifh-
1/ jrefrmo'´g
2/ jrefrm0guszGJYxkH;
3/ jrefrma0g[m&rsm;tbd"mefwkdYudk avhvmEkdifaMumif; qkdxm;onf/ edosjrefrmpmonf
o'´genf;t& avhvmMunfhygvQif t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhay;xm;&kHrQr[kwfrlbJ 0guszGJYrIrsm;udk

txl;vkHYvjyK zefwD;xm;aMumif; awGY&onf/
EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;onf jrefrmo'´gudk tavhtvmjyKvsuf&SdMuonf/ jrefrmEkdifiH
&Sd ausmif;rsm;ESifhwuúodkvfrsm;ü jrefrmo'´gudk jyefvnfaz:xkwfoifMum;MuonfrSm r
MumvSao;acs/ awmfvSefa&;tpkd;&onf jrefrmpmaywkd;wufa&;twGuf tzGJYtoD;oD;
zGJYpnf;ay;um jrefrmo'´g? jrefrmtbd"mef? jrefrmowfykHrsm;udk topfjyKpkaponf/
jrefrmpum;ajy ta&;tom;opf[í l a<u;aMumfMuaom þacwftcgü jrefrm
o'´gonfvnf; ta&;BuD;aom u@w&yfüygaMumif;? odtyfayonf/ xkjYd yif OD;rif;vwf
]]jrefrmo'´gusrf;}}onfyif? ]]owfyu Hk srf;}}ESiq
hf idk &f m towfrsm;udk (Phoentic) zked ufwpf
toHxGufESifh (Romanization) a&mrtu©&mzvS,faom toHxGufrsm;ESifhcGJum jyxm;
avonf/
OD;rif;vwfonf acwfopfjrefrmpm ta&;tom;ESiphf yfvsOf;í a&S;*E¦0ifjrefrm
pmrsm;udk vkH;0y,f&ef wkdufwGef;xm;avonf/ þü pmpum;qefqef ayg&mPpum;rsm;
ESifh a&maxG;aeaom jrefrmpmta&;tom; rwkd;wufrnfudk pkd;[efwlavonf/ pmtkyf
BuD;rS pmpum;qefqef okH;pGJonfwkdYum; trSefpifppf obm0rusvSacs/ ,kwådr&Sdygacs/
txl;ojzifh jrefrmpmoifMum;aom EkdifiHjcm;om;rsm;twGuf a&S;a[mif;pmudk vkH;0y,f
aomf jzpfaumif;onf/ acwfopfjrefrmpm ta&;tom;rsm;udk rsm;rsm;zwfapvQif jzpf
Ekdifonf/ þenf;udk jrefrmausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGufvnf; jyKjyifajymif;vJay;
oifhonf/ odkYaomf jrefrmpmay t"duxm;avhvmaom ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf a&S;
a[mif;pmayudk wu@cGJjcm;í xm;oifhayonf/
EkdifiHjcm;om;wOD;udk jrefpmydkYcs&mü acwfopfpmayrsm;udk zwfap&m waeYpm
rsufEmS 50-rQ zwfEidk íf pmrsufEmS 500-ygpmtkyu f kd 10-&ufEiS t
hf NyD; zwfavonf/ wv
udk acwfopfjrefrmpmtkyf 3-4tkyfrQ zwf&m 2-ESpfwmtwGif; acwfopfjrefrmpmtkyf 70
ausmf 100-eD;yg;zwfí NyD;avonf/
xkdYaMumifh OD;rif;vwf\acwfopfjrefrmpmavhvmjcif;ESifhywfoufaom ol\

]]o'´gusrf;}}ygtcsufudk ESpfoufrdayonf/
xkrd w
S yg; jrefrmpmudk t"duxm; avhvmolrsm;onf ygVdwuúwo'´grsm;udv k nf;
tenf;i,ftavhtvm wwfuRrf;xm;&ayrnf/ þtwGufvnf; pHepfopfynma&;tpD
tpOfü yg0ifNyD;jzpfaMumif; od&onf/ odkYjzpfí ]]jrefrmo'´gusrf;}}udk avhvmenf;[lí
qkxd m;apumrl avhvmenf;u enf;í vrf;nTeo f abmu rsm;oGm;ayonf/ avhvmenf;
rSm pmtkyfukd oifMum;ydkYcs&mrSom tao;pdwfí jyEkdifrnfjzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh vrf;nTef

a&;om;onfudk cGifhvTwf&ef awmif;yeftyfayonf/
jrefrmpmwuúokdvf 10
4/ tbd"mefokH;pGJavhvmenf;
]]tbd"mef}}[laom aumousrf;vufudkifr&Sdygrl awGYorQaom yk'fwkdYcsD teuf
udk rodEkdifí vkdtyfaom udpörNyD;pD;&Sdav&m\}}[lí tb,m&mrq&mawmf jyKpkaom
tr&aumoygXf edosusrf;ed'gef;ü a&;om;xm;avonf/ xkdYaMumifh ynm&SdBuD;yif jzpf
jim;aomfvnf; tbd"mefukd vufuikd x f m;&avonf/ ,cktcg wuúov kd rf sm;pHepfopf jref
rmpmayoifMum;&mwGif ]]tbd"mefo;Hk pGaJ vhvmenf;}}udyk g xnfo h iG ;f xm;ojzifh a&SUtbkYd
ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; A[kokwyGg;rsm; ÓPftajrmftjrif wkd;wufvmnfrSm rkcsjzpf

ayonf/
ajymqkad eMuaom bmompum;wkid ;f onf aeYpOfEiS t hf rQ wk;d yGm;vsuf&o dS nf/ bm
ompum;rsm; wkd;yGm;vmonfom awGY&onfr[kwf? bmompum;rsm; ajymif;vJaerI
aysmufjy,fz,f&mS ;rIrsm;udv k nf; MuKHawGMY u&avonf/ b0opfEiS t hf nD pum;vk;H topf
tqef;rsm;vnf; wDxGifMuonf/ tcsKdUpum;vkH;rsm;onf ,m,DacwårQomcHí jy,f
aysmufvG,favonf/
yxrESifh'kwd,urÇmppfBuD;jzpfvkduf&mwGif bmompum;rsm; obm0tavsmuf
wa&GUa&GU xGef;um;wkd;wufrIESifh,kd,Gif;ysufpD;aprI ESpf&yfudk w&Sdefxkd;jzpfapcJhonf/ xkdY
aMumifh tbd"mefavhvmaomyk*K¾ v d wf oYkd nf acwfEiS t
hf nD bmompum;twk;d tqkwrf sm;
udk avhvmMu&rnf/
a'gufwmvSaz\]]jrefrmpmay {nfcHpmwrf;}} (10)wGif bmompum;t"dyÜg,f
ajymif;ykHESifhywfoufí þuJhodkY a&;om;cJhonf/
jrefrmpmwGifom r[kwfao;? t*FvdyfpmaywGifvnf;-
a&S;tcgu (Fellow) qkad ompum;onf vl*P k w
f ef[al om aumif;onft"dygÜ ,f
udk&ygonf/ ,cktcgürlum; omrnt"dyÜg,fudk trsm;tm;jzifh ,lqwwfMu\/
jrefrmrSmvnf; xked nf;wlwyl if a&S;tcgu ]]nH}}qkad ompum;onf ]]wdwq f wd }f }
onfudkjy\/ ,cktcgum; qlnHonf[k ,lqMu\/
xkdenf;wl ]]&GHUonf? vlyg;0onf}}qkdaompum;wkdYonf rlvu ]]aMumuf&GHUonf?
vltaMumif; em;vnfonf}}[lí toD;oD; teuf&ygjim;vnf; ,ckacwfwGif ]]pufqkyf
&GH&Smonf? aoG;BuD;onf}}[k toD;oD; t"dyÜg,faumuf,lMuawmh\/
pmayvnf; t"dyÜg,fajymif;? pma&;q&mwkdYvnf; ta&;tom;ajymif;? acwf
vnf; ajymif;vmMuonfrmS ocFg&avmuBuD;\"r®wmayuk;d ...[kom xifjrif,q l rdyg
awmhwnf;...[lí 1938-ckESpfu a'gufwmvSaz\ta&;tom;udk awGY&ayonf/
jrefrmtbd"meforkid ;f wGif a'gufwm-*s'fqif\tbd"mefonf a&SUajy;tbd"mef

jzpfí csD;usL;xkdufaMumif; qkdMuavonf/
jrefrmtbd"meforkdif;tcsKyfudk jrefrmEkdifiHokawoetoif;? *sme,ftwGJ 47?
tydkif;-1? 1964-ck? ZGefvwGif OD;wifvSu pkHvifpGm a&;om;xm;onfudk qufvufavh
vmoifhayonf/ OD;wifvSu ]]tbd"mefqkdonfrSm ygVdpum;tbd"mefrS qif;oufvmí
trnfwkdYudk a[maomusrf;}}[k t"dyÜg,f&onf[k qkdavonf/
xkrd w
S yg; ]]tbd"mefukd a,bk,soabm? þuJo h zYkd iG q
hf Edk idk yf gao;onf/ tbd"mef

usrf;qko d nfrmS bmompum;wckwiG &f adS om pum;vk;H wku Yd kd tu©&m0vdpOfum rlvbmom
pum;jzifhjzpfap? tjcm;bmompum;wrsKd;rsKd;jzifhjzpfap teufzGifhqkdxm;aomusrf;rsKd;
jzpfonf}}[lí wrsKd;jyxm;jyefavonf/
tbd"mefudk okH;pGJavhvm&mwGif tbd"mefü atmufygtcsufrsm;udk txl;*&kjyK
avhvm&ayrnf/
1/ pum;vkH;\pmvkH;aygif;?
2/ pum;vkH;\AsLyÜwådt"dyÜg,f? pum;vkH;\teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdcsuf?
3/ pum;vkH;\t"dyÜg,fwlpum;rsm;?
4/ pum;vkH;\toHxGufykH xGufenf;?
5/ pum;vkH;\rlvç &if;jrpf jzpfay:ykH?
6/ pum;vkH;\qif;oufay:aygufvmykHrsm;yif jzpfonf/
t"dygÜ ,fziG q hf &dk mwGif ykMH urf;ç "mwfyçHk &kyyf rHk sm;ESi&hf iS ;f vif;xm;onfrsm;udv k nf;
awG&Y w
Sd wfayonf/ xkrd w S yg; o'´gpnf;rsOf;rsm;? pum;vk;H ? a&G;cs,fo;Hk rIrsm;? pum;ajym
[efESifhpma&;[efjcm;em;rIrsm;? bef;pum;ESifh&yfpum;ç &Gmpum;ç "avhpum; uGJjym;ykH
rsm;udkvnf; avhvmawGY&Sd&ayrnf/
OD;wifv\ S tbd"meft*Fg&yfrsm; az:jy&mwGif az:jyaom atmufygtcsufonf
vnf; rSwfom;xkdufvSayonf/
]]tbd"mefvyk if ef;\ta&;tBuD;qk;H vkyif ef;rSm tbd"mefwiG f xnfo h iG ;f az:jy&
rnfph um;vk;H udk a&G;cs,fonfv h yk if ef;yif jzpfonf/ tbd"mefusrf;jyKyk*K¾ v d o
f nf t"dygÜ ,f
jynfhpkHaompum;vkH;rSeforQudk pDppfa&G;cs,f teufaz:&onf/ ,if;uJhodkYaom pDppfa&G;
cs,f&mü &kid ;f pdik ;f aompum;vk;H ? ,Ofaus;awmf0ifaom pum;vk;H ? a&S;usvGe;f aompum;
vkH; opfvGifqef;Mu,faom aemufrSay:onfha&TMumyifpum;vkH;? tokH;rsm;onfhpum;
vkH;? tokH;yg;onfhpum;vkH;? t&Sif-uRefponfuJhodkY acwfESifhravsmfaom pum;vkH;wkdYudk
zufrvkduf r,drf;-r,dkif? twåaem rwd rygyJ a&G;cs,f&onf}}[lí qkdxm;avonf/
tbd"mefrsm;udk avhvmaomtcgü jrefrmpmayavmuwGif atmufygtbd"mef

rsKd;rsm;udk cGJjcm;odxm;&monf/
1/ ygVdouúwqkdif&mtbd"mef?
2/ ayg&mPtbd"mef?
3/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrmESifhjrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mef?
4/ jrefrm-jrefrmtbd"mefrsm; jzpfayonf/
jrefrm-jrefrmtbd"mefrsm;wGif zsmykHNrdKU toQifMobmbd0HojyKpkaom jrefrmt
bd"mefonf tapmqkH;jzpfonf/
q&m,k'oeftbd"mefESifhOD;xGef;Nidrf;tbd"mefwkdYonf jrefrmpmayavmuü t
xl;xif&Sm;aomusrf;rsm;jzpfonf/
ouú&mZf 1841-ckESpfu tdE´d,jynf umvuwåm;NrdKUü ykHESdyfaom rpöwmcsm;vf
vde;f \t*Fvyd -f jrefrmtbd"mefonfum; ru©&mrif;om;BuD;\ulnrD rI sm;pGmygaomtbd
"mefusrf;jzpfonf/ &efukefNrdKU jrefrmEkdifiHawmf pmMunfhwkdufüom awGYEkdifavonf/
,ckausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; vufvrS ;f rSrD DS avhvmEkid af om tbd"mefusrf;rsm;
rSm wuúodkvftbd"mefrsm;yif jzpfonf/ (u) rS (q) txdom NyD;ao;í ,cktcg &yfqkdif;
xm;onf/
jrefrmEkid if H awmfveS af &;tpk;d &\pepfopfynma&;pDru H ed ;f t& ]]jrefrmtbd"mef
csKyf}}wapmif jyKpkvsuf&adS vonf/ ndE§ idI ;f NyD; pHxm;tyfaom owfyrHk sm;ESit hf nD jyKpkxm;
aom tbd"mefpmtkyjf zpfí wwkid ;f wjynfv;Hk tnDpu H ukd xf m;ok;H &rnfu h srf;vnf; jzpfay
onf/
xkpd mtkyrf sm;rxGurf D wuúov kd jf refrmtbd"mefuo kd m ok;H pGMJ u&rnfjzpfonf/ þ
tbd"mefESifhywfoufí q&mOD;wifvS\a0befxm;csufrSm-
]]wuúodkvfjrefrmtbd"mefwGif pum;vkH;wkdY\toHxGufudk az:jyxm;jcif;r&Sd/
,if;uJhodkY az:jyrxm;jcif;rSm þtbd"mefonf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jrefrmrsm; tokH;jyKrnfh
tbd"mefjzpfí toHxGufaz:jy&efrvkd[k ,lqojzifh az:jyrxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ tu,f
í toHxGufukdyg az:jy&efvkdonfqkdtHh? urÇmokH;toHxGufvu©Pmrsm;jzifh az:jy&rnf
vm;? odkYwnf;r[kwf rnfonfhtoHxGufvu©PmrsKd;jzifh az:jy&rnfenf;/ þonfrSm jy
óemopfw&yfom jzpfonf}}[lí a&;om;xm;avonf/
vef'efwuúodkvfüvnf; jrefrm-t*Fvdyftbd"mefwapmifjyKvsuf&Sdonf/ (t)
o&yif rNyD;ao;? 4-wGrJ QxGuaf vNyD/ xkt d bd"mefrmS ESp&f n
S v f rsm; MumOD;rnf[k od&onf/
acwfrsm;ajymif;vJvsuf&&dS m tcsKdUpum;rsm;onf acwfaemufususefrnfyif pd;k &dr&f av
onf/
rnfodkYyif qkdapumrl (Tongues like government have a natural ten-
dency to degeneration) [líbmompum;onf jynfydkiftpkd;&uJhodkY "r®wmtavsmuf
ysufpD;&mbufodkY a&S;&IoGm;MupNrJwnf;}}[lí t*Fvdyfpum;onf&Sd\/ þtaMumif;udk
ayg&mPrsm;ESiahf &;xm;aom r[moDv0Ho\]]ayg&m,e0w¬K? &mZ0ifausmf}}pmtkyrf sm;
u oufaocHvsuf&Sdavonf/ xdkYaMumifh bmompum;tcsKdUonf aysmufysufvsuf&SdNyD;
bmompum;topftopfrsm;vnf; wk;d yGg;vsuf&adS vonf/ ,ckacwftcgü awmfveS af &;

tpk;d &\tm;ay;ulnrD jI zifh bmom&yftoD;oD;rS pmtkyrf sm;udk bmomjyefqv dk suf&MdS u&m
bmompum;topfwnfxGifrIrsm; ykdírsm;vmavonf/
xkdrSwyg; jrefrmhqkd&S,fvpfvrf;pOfudk csrSwfum jrefrmrsm; c&D;qufoGm;aeMu
ojzifh awmfveS af &;tpd;k &acwf jrefrma0g[m&topfrsm; wk;d yGg;vsuf&o dS nf/ þodaYk om
a0g[m&rsm;udk woD;woefY ppfwrf;xkwfum okawoe jyKxm;oifhvSayonf/
avhvm&ef tbd"mefqkdif&mpmayrsm;
1/ wuúokdvf jrefrmtbd"mef(OD;0ef-OD;wifvS)
2/ ygVd-jrefrmtbd"mef(OD;[kwfpdef)
3/ owfykHtbd"mef rdwfvifpkH(OD;tkef;a&T)
4/ ,k'oeftbd"mef
5/ jrefrmt*Fvyd t f bd"mef(a*s-at-pwl;0yf? pD'AvsL-'ef;? OD;cifarmifvwf a'gufwm
vSaz? tdwf(csf)tuf(z)pm;vf)
6/ wuúokdvf t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef(a'gufwmb[ef)
7/ t*Fvdyf-jrefrmtbd"mef(OD;xGef;Nidrf;)
8/ ayg&mPtbd"mef (OD;zkd;usm;)
9/ a0g[m&w¬yumoeDusrf;
10/ tbd"meyÜ'dydumedó,(awmifaygufq&mawmfOD;puúygv)
11/ jrefrmEkdifiHokawoe*sme,f? (1964- ZGef twGJ-1)
12/ ¤if;...1962- ZGef twGJ-1/ Some of the Problem of a Lexicographer by Dr.Ba
Han.
13/ 1958-arv? twGJ-2(u) Some Ean; by Reformecy to the Fit of Burmese English
Dictionary of 1826-E.P.Quingcy.
tbd"mefokH;pGJavhvmenf; oifcef;pm
wuúodkvfjrefrmtbd"mef (u-rS-q)txd tokH;jyK&efjzpfonf/
(u) pum;vkH; pmvkH;aygif;rsm; þt&mü jrefrmpma&;xkH;ESifhowfykHusrf;rsm;
vnf; nd§EIdif;avhvmMu&ayrnf/ odkYaomf EkdifiHawmftpdk;&\pH-owfykHcsKyfxGufNyD;ygu
xdkpHowfykHt&omvQif vufcH&rnfomjzpfonf/
ykHpHqkd&aomf ]]u}}tbd"mef pmrsufESm 84-ü
usufoa& - eH=r*Fvm? r*Fvm&Sjd cif;? wifw

h ,fjrihjf rwfjcif;/ (a0gvD 230&I)
Muufoa&-&I? yk*Hausmuf? rGef? *smf*sD
jrefrmusufoa&/
þü tyifht&pf 2-rsKd;&SdaMumif;jyum tbd"mefq&mu twåaemrwdjyKí wck
omrjyacs? zufrvkdufvJ/ t&pfMuufoa&rSmvnf;-
]]u}}tbd"mefpmrsufESm-121/
Muufoa& - eH 1/ aumif;jrwfxl;jcm;aom*kPfwkdYESifhjynfhpkHjcif;? wifhw,f
jcif;? r*Fvm&Sdjcif;/
2/ bkef;wefckd;tpkd;&aomtjzpf/ ajrjyiftvkH;ü? bkef;Muuf
oa&awmfudk ESYHapvwånf;(&mausmf 82?)
3/ *kPf,lbG,f *kPfwufbG,f tcsufwkdYESifhjynfhpkHaom ouf&Sd
owå0goufrJht&m/ awm&aumifnGefY? pdkabmifuGefYom;?
awmifuRefYMuufoa&? (Adrmef-12)jynfBuD;Muufoa&? rwf
acgifawGwGif? (aum-38?)
4/ bkef;ynm]]yknm ynm? ESpfjzmcGJa0? Muufoa&xGef;nd§? t
euf&Sdom;? oD&dwwef}}(yOömed*Hk;-7)usufoa&&I-í[lvnf;
qkdxm;onf/
þü - (u) pum;vkH;\pmvkH;aygif;/
(c) pum;vkH;\AsLyÜwådt"dyÜg,f?
pum;vkH;\teuft"dyÜg,fzGifhqkdcsuf?
(*) pum;vkH;\t"dyÜg,fwlpum;rsm;?
(C) pum;vkH;\rlv&if;jrpf jzpfay:vmykH?
(i) pum;vkH;\qif;oufaygufyGm;vmykHrsm;udkjyxm;avonf/
,kwådwefonfhusufoa&\rlv&if;jrpfESifhpum;vkH;qif;oufay:aygufvmykH
rsm;ukdom t>rufrQ az:jyavonf/
xkdrSqufí &Gm"avh &yf"avh tokH;tEIef;jzpfaom Muufoa&cef;? Muufoa&
wkud u
f q
kd ufí awG&Y rnfMh uufoa&aqmifrmS xl;jcm;aom *kPEf iS jhf ynfph aHk omyk*K¾ v
d [
f k awGY
&onf/
jrefrmo'´genf;t& eH=emrf/ Bud=Bud,m? Budypönf;=Bud,mypönf;? Bud0d=Bud,m
0daooe/ eHpm;=emrfpm;ponf &Sif;vif;csufrsm;udkvnf; awGY&rnf/

ayg&mPpum;ESifhywfoufí tbd"mefpmrsufESm-60 ü-
ukef;apm=eH(ayg)nDnGwfjcif;? puf&kH? oif;csyfwD;(ayg=189)[lí awGY&ayrnf/
pmrsufESm-16 ü-
umwpf=eH(umvokH;pum;&kdif;)rdef;rwkdY\wifyg;qkH(rEÅav;qkHwHqdyfaq;qkdif\trnf)
'DqlZmaq;wkduf\trnfvnf; jzpfonf? umwpfwkduf[k ,ckwkdifac:Muonf/
u pmrsufESm 6-
uepkd;=eH(bef;)Zmwfrif;om;?
pmrsufESm 25
umeD(eD) aum-Bud? (bef;) vifr,m;tjzpfaygif;oif;onf/
]]wumav;ES,?f acsmvkud af v? umeDaumvku d &f ? ta[m0w aMomfaumif;av
pG aumif;avpG?}} ([H 2-648)
]]pdwfomvufajz? aygifwkdabESifhumeDauma&my}}(y'k 15)
þbef;pum;rSm a&S;acwfokH;bef;pum; jzpfonf/ ,cktcg jrefrmbef;pum;
pmtkyfrsm; xGufaeayonf/ vSordef\jrefrmbmomjzifhjyKpkaom pmtkyfrsm;&Sdonf/
jrefrmtbd"mefavhvm&mü &ckdif? [dE´L? yg&Sif? w&kyf? *syef? rGef? ,kd;',m;rS &&Sd
aom pum;rsm;udk awGY&SdMu&ayrnf/
jrefrmpum;ajyESifhpmpDpmukH;a&;enf;
(0g)
a&TpmrnfodkY rIef;rnfenf;
tprf;pm
jrefrmpmayavmuwGif uAsmvuFm? pum;ajyESiv hf uFmpum;ajyESpaf xGa&m&m
[lí okH;rsKd;cGJjcm;xm;&mwGif jrefrmpum;ajya&;&mü Ak'¨0if? r[m0if? &mZ0if? orkdif;?
0w¬K? "r®owf? avQmufxkH;w&m;pm? armfuGef;pm? aqmif;yg;pm? rSwfwrf;? trdefYawmfjyef

wrf;? tw¬KyÜwådpmwrf;ponfjzifh awGY&Sd&aomfvnf; ]]pmpDpmukH;}}[lí od&SdMuaom ]]t
prf;pm}}rsm;onfum; aemufacwfraS y:aygufvmaom jrefrmpum;ajywrsKd;jzpfayonf/
þpmpDpmuk;H onf t*Fvyd b f momjzifh ]]tufaq;}}[kac:ojzifh q&mwufw;dk u
jrefrmpmaywGifr&Sdaom pmwrsKd;jzpfjcif;aMumifh wkduf&kdufbmomjyefqkdum]]tufaq;}}
[kac:&ef ESpfNcdKufonf/
rEÅav;NrdKU? vSciftifqef;ydik &f iS f q&mBuD;OD;yef;&nfurlum; tprf;pm[lí rSnhf
ac:xm;avonf/ ,cktcg tcsKdUu ]]pmuGefY}}[k ac:Mujyefonf/
rnfokdYyif trnfay;Muapumrl jrefrmpmayavmuwcGif ausmif;rsm;ESifhwuú
okdvfrsm;wGif ]]pmpDpmukH;}}[líomvQif ac:a0:a&;om;vsuf&Sdavonf/
odkYaMumifh a0g[m&tm;jzifh tufaq;tprf;pm pmpDpmukH;[lí trsKd;rsKd;&Sdjim;
aomfvnf; a&;ykHa&;enf;pm[efrsm;onfum; jrefrmpmayavmuü opfqef;vsuf a&;
enf;wrsKd;jzpfaMumif; ,cktcg trsm;em;vnf od&SdMuNyD;jzpfayonf/
ausmif;wGif;ocFPf;pm
]]tufaq;}}ac: pmpDpmuk;H onf wenf;tm;jzifq h adk omf ]]tEkpmay}}ü ouf0if
avonf/ tb,fhaMumifhqkdaomf *&dwfynm&Sif tJ&pf(p)awmw,f (Aristotle) \rdefYqkd
onfhpum;w&yfwGif ]]tEkynm\vkyfief;wckonf p-v,f-qkH; okH;yg;vkH;ESifhnDnTwf&
rnf}}[lí awG&Y &dS onfEiS t
hf nD ]]qufaq;}}ac: pmpDpmuk;H aumif;aumif; a&;vkyfd gu ]]p-
v,f-qkH; okH;yg;vkH;jzifh nDnTwfpGma&;om;&rnfhtaMumif; atoifwuúodkvf t*Fvdyfpm
ayygarmu© bm;e'fboufpwkef;u pmpDpmukH;a&;enf; pmtkyfwtkyfwGif a&;om;xm;
avonf/
þ]]tufaq;}}ac: a0g[m&\t*Fvyd b f momt& t"dygÜ ,ftzGirhf mS ]]pum;ajy
jzifh taMumif;t&mwpkHwckudk rus,fvGef;bJ cyfusOf;usOf; EIef;zGJYpDukH;aompmay}}[lí
jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYa&;om;aompmaywGif a&;om;aomtaMumif;t&mü rdrd\udk,fydkif

tawG;tac: ,lqcsufrsm;udk az:xkwfa&;om;Ekdifayonf/ xkdrSwyg; taMumif;t&m
ESifhqkdif&m tajctaeoabmw&m;rsm; tao;pdwfzGJYEGJYpDukH;&efrsm;ESifho&kyfaz:zGJYEGJYaom
pmrsm;onf þpmpDpmukH;ü tusKH;0ifavonf/
]]tufaq;}}[laom a0g[m&udk Bud,mtjzpf (To essay) ok;H aomtcgwGif (To
attempt, to try) vkHYvjyKonf? BudK;pm;tm;xkwfonf[lí t"dyÜg,f&avonf/ ausmif;
rsm;wGif a&;aom ]]tufaq;}}onf vkHYvjyKrI? BudK;pm;rIjyKí rdrd\tawG;tac:udkjy

aom ocFP;f pmrsm;jzpfavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh ausmif;wGif (Trial) tprf;a&;aom]]tprf;
pm}}[líqkdaomf qkdEkdifayonf/
o&kyfcGJaomf
jrefrmpmpDpmukH;onf t*FvdyfpmpDpmukH;udkrSDum ay:aygufvmonfhtwkdif; pm
pDpmukH;trsKd;trnfrsm;udk ydkif;jcm;&mü-
1/ taMumif;t&maz:jyonfhpmpDpmukH; (Narrative Essays)
2/ o&kyfaz:pmpDpmukH; (Descriptive Essays)
3/ csJUxGifaz:xkwfjyonfhpmpDpmukH; (Expository Essays)
4/ tawG;tac:wifjyonfhpmpDpmukH; (Reflective Essays)
5/ pdwful;,OfpmpDpmukH; (Imaginative Essays) [lí cGJjcm;awGY&Sd&ayrnf/
rsufvSnfhq&m\zefrD;tdrf
pmpDpmukH;a&;enf; (Essay Writing) rSwyg; pmyef;csDzGJYenf; (0g) o&kyfaz:pm
pDpmukH;enf; (Descriptive Writing) [lívnf; u@cGJjcm;&Sdavonf/ pmyef;csD\o
abmrSm ÓPfrsufprd aemü &kyyf u Hk m; xifvmap&ef pDu;Hk EIe;f zGjYJ cif;rsKd;jzpfonf/ xkpd w d u
f ;l
ÓPfyef;csDum;onf omref rHopu©Kjzifh Munfh&aom ypönf;rsKd;r[kwf? ÓPfrsufpdraem
"mwfjzifhMunfh&aom ypönf;rQjzpfonf/ rsufvSnfhq&m\zefrD;tdrfaMumifh jrifawGY&aom
&Icif;rsm;uJhodkYyif &Sdonf? pmyef;csDum;udk aeYcif;tvif;a&mifwGif &IMunfh&onfxuf t
arSmifcef;wcktwGi;f &IMunf&h jcif;onf ydí k xif&mS ;aponf/ xkaYd Mumifh pmyef;csDzq YJG &dk mwGif
tao;pdwfjrifwwf&rnf? omrefjrifwwf&kHrQjzifh pmyef;csDorm; rjzpfEkdifacs/ Munfhwwf
jrifwwfatmifvnf; avhusifh&ayrnf/
pmyef;csDonf "mwfykHr[kwf
,if;odYk Munfw
h wfjrifwwfí awGaY wGo Y rQ tm;vk;H udvk nf; pmzG&YJ rnfrqkv d adk cs/
xkdodkYawGYorQtm;vkH; ykHcsa&;ygu &Snfvsm;NiD;aiGYbG,f jzpfwwfonf/ xkdYaMumifh tao;
pdwf awGYorQwkdYrS a&G;cs,fí wzefpDppf&ayrnf/ pDppfa&G;cs,f&mwGifvnf; rdrdjc,frIef;
rnfph myef;csD\taMumif;t&mESin hf n
D w
T &f ayrnf/ rdrad &;jc,faompmyef;csDonf b0\
o&kyfvu©PmwkdYESifhjynfhpkH&ayrnf/ rvkdonfrsm;udk y,fxkwfí vkd&if;ESifhta&;BuD;aom
taMumif;rsm;udk az:xkwf&rnf/
wzeftEkynmonf "mwfykHynmESifhjcm;em;aMumif; owdxm;&rnf/ tEkynm

oabmjzifh pmzGJY&mü "mwfykHwGif tao;pdwfyg&SdouJhodkY awGYjrifEkdifrnfr[kwfacs/ pmyef;
csDq&monf rvkdaomtao;pdwftzGJYudk csefvSyfí pmyef;csDq&mjrifouJhodkY pmzwfoljrif
awGaY p&ef pmyef;csDq&mawGx Y cd pH m;&ouJo h Ykd pmzwfoal wGx Y cd pH m;apEkid &f ef a&;om;&ay
rnf/ b0o&kyfaz:rIpmyef;csDa&;&mwGif pma&;&mwGif pma&;ol\a&G;cs,faom t
aMumif;&yfonf t"duta&;BuD;avonf/
pmyef;csD ta&;BuD;onf
pmyef;csDzGJYqkd&mwGif pum;a&G;cs,frIonf txl;ta&;BuD;avonf/ xkdYaMumifh
t*Fvdyfpmayü pmyef;csDudk (Word Picture) [ka&;avonf/ yef;csDorm;onf pkwfwH
jzifh aq;a&mifpkHjc,fa&;onfhenf;wl pmayorm;onfvnf; pum;vkH;a&G;cs,frIü txl;
ta&;BuD;ayonf/
]]o'´gvuFm&}}ESijhf ynfph aHk ompum; ]]tw¬mvuFm&}}ESijhf ynfph aHk ompum;rsm;jzpf
ap&rnf/ jrefrmpmaywGif uAsmjzifh pmyef;csDzGJYqkdMuaom &wkq&mrsm;jzpfonfh e0a';
BuD;? ewfoQifaemif rif;aZ,s&EÅrdwf? &SifoHckd? vuf0JokE´&paom olwkdY\&wkrsm;udk avh
usufygu pmyef;csDoabmudk tvG,fwul odvmayrnf/
Oyrm - OypmwkdYjzifh vIdifvIdifBuD;wifpm;zGJYqkdwwf&ayrnf/ r&Sif;-r&Sif; rjywf
rom; auGYvnfacsmifywf rjzpfap&/ þtcsufudk txl;owd&oifhvSonf/ pmyef;csDzGJY
a&;om;rIrsm;udk ,cktcg wuúodkvfrsm; txl;avhvmapvsuf&Sdonf/ xkdYaMumifh pmpDpm
ukH;a&;enf;\t*Fgw&yfjzpfaom pmyef;csDzGJYenf;udk nTefjy&jcif;jzpfayonf/ ]]yef;vuf
aqmiftprf;pm}}rsm;wGif pmyef;csD\oabm pDukH;xm;aompmrsm; yg&Sdayonf/
xkdYaMumifh pmyef;csDzGJY&mwGif tcsKyfoabmrSm-
1/ tao;pdwfavhvm&IMunfhyg/
2/ xkdYaemuf ta&;BuD;qkH;tcsufrsm; pDppfa&G;cs,fyg/
3/ ,if;odkYpDppfa&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf wifjya&;om;rnfhtcsufrsm;udk tpDtpOfjyKvkyfyg/

4/ wdusaompum;rsm; a&G;cs,fum Oyrm-OypmwkjYd zifh EIid ;f ckid ;f NyD; &Si;f &Si;f oefo
Y efMY unf
vifxif&Sm;aom pmyef;csDo&kyfaz:um;tjzpf a&;om;yg/
taMumif;t&m b,fvkd&Smrnf
tjcm;aom pmpDpmukH;a&;om;&mwGifvnf; pmyef;csDzGJYykHzGJYenf;rsm;twkdif;yif
a&;om;&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; vkdtyfaom tcsufrsm;udk xyfavmif;í nTefjy&ayrnf/

pmpDpmuk;H a&;&mwGif txl;ta&;BuD;qk;H taMumif;w&yfrmS pDu;Hk rnft h aMumif;
t&ma&G;cs,fjcif;yif jzpfonf/ tb,fah Mumifq h adk omf pDu;Hk a&;om;rnfah usmif;om;onf
udk,fodxm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm; jynfhpkHjcif;r&SdaomaMumifhomjzpfonf/ ausmif;
om;rsm;tbkYd tawGt Y MuKHA[kow
k tMum;tjrifEiS phf mzwfrrI sm; enf;yg;ojzifh a&;om;
&ef taMumif;t&m&Sm;yg;jcif;jzpfonf/ xkdYaMumifh yxrOD;qkH;vkdufem&rnfhtcsufonf
pmrsm;rsm;zwf&rnf/ &Iwwfjrifwwfatmif avhusif&h rnf/ pmzwf&mwGiv f nf; 0w¬Krsm;
udk taysmfoufoufzwf&kHrQjzifh rNyD;acs/ &mZ0ifpmay c&D;oGm;rSwfwrf; tw¬KyÜwåd pm
wrf;ESifhavmu"mwftaMumif;pmrsm;udkyg avhvm&rnf/ &IjrifwwfrIrSmvnf; ywf0ef;
usifavmuBuD;rS todÓPfrsm;ukd ,l&rnf/ oGm;&mvm&m em;ç rsufpdzGifhxm;NyD;aemuf
ud,
k rf odaom t&mrsm;ukd ar;jref;yg? ar;jref;í &orQudrk w S o
f m;í avhvmvsuf&adS om
taMumif;w&yftay:wGif taz:taygif;rsm;ESifh aqG;aEG;yg/ þum; pmpDpmukH;a&;
om;&ef yxrjyifqifrIw&yfyif jzpfayonf/
vlvJav avmuDom;ayrkdY
'kwd,jyifqifrIonfum; pmpDpmukH;a&;&ef ay;xm;aom taMumif;t&mrsm;
teuf udk,fESpfouf&mudk a&G;cs,frIyifjzpfonf/ pmpDpmukH;a&G;cs,frIESifhpyfvsOf;í rdrd
tESpfNcdKufqkH;taMumif;t&mudk vufOD;qkH;a&G;cs,f&rnf/ odkYaomf pmpDpmukH;ppfrnfhpm
ppfol NiD;aiGYavmufaprnfhtcsufrsm;ukdvnf; owdxm;oifhvSonf/ xkdYaMumifh-
"O poor Examiner! O foolish candidates! who has be withched
you? will no one tell you that examiners are human, made of flesh and
blood like yourself that they can get tired, bored irritable and unfair?"
]]tk-d oem;bG,af umif;aom pmppfrsm;? tkd em;rvnf&mS aom pmajzolrsm;? oif
wkt
Yd m; b,fou l jyKpm;xm;avbd? oifwt Ydk m; pmppfow
l o
Ydk nf vlom;pifppfjzpfaMumif;?
oifwkdYuJhodkY aoG;ESifhudk,f om;ESifhudk,f jzpfaMumif;? wOD;wa,mufrQ rajymwkHavm/ pm
ppfowl o Ydk nf armyef;wwf\/ NiD;aiGw Y wf\/ pdwq f ;dk wwf\/ xkaYd Mumifh rQwrIr&Sjd zpfwwf
avonf/}}ponfjzifh pmpDpmukH;a&;enf;usrf;wapmifü awGY&Sd&avonf/
þtcsufukd axmufxm;NyD; yltu dk af om aEG&moDOwkü ajzqkMd u&aom ausmif;
om;rsm;\pm ppfMu&onfhyk*¾Kdvfrsm;\ta&;udk awG;qNyD;vQif a&;om;rnfhtaMumif;
t&m a&G;cs,f&mü txl;*&kpu dk &f ayrnf/ pmtkyw f tkyw f iG f ]]rsKd;cspfpw
d }f }taMumif; pmpD
pmukH;zwf&I&mrS aemufwtkyfwGif ]]qdyfurf;om}}taMumif;a&;onf/ pmpDpmukH; ul;
ajymif;zwf&I&vQif pmppfolraemü MunfEl;wwfavonf/ trSwfay;pHepfwGifvnf; xl;
jcm;ykrd &dk wwfavonf/ tu,fwnfh a&;om;ykH pm[efç owfyHk vGepf mG raumif;aomfvnf;

tjcm;pmrsm;zwfí NiD;aiGaY e&mrSm wrsKd;wzkH ajymif;vJawG&Y aomtcg t&omwrsKd;awGY
&aom pmppfolonf tm&kHwrsKd; ajymif;NyD; trSwfykdí&wwfaMumif;? a&;om;xm;av
onf/ þonftcsufrSm pmppfolwkdif; r[kwfygacs/ jrefrmjynfü usif;yaom pmar;yGJ
BuD;rsm;wGifum; pHepfwus nTefMum;rIrsm;aMumifh þodkYrrQwrIrsm;? uif;wefoavmuf
uif;&Sif;Ekdifayonf/ odkYaomf pmajzolrsm;tm; jzpfwwfysufwwfaom oabmw&m;udk
om odtyfapayonf/ xkdYaMumifh ]]vlwum ololç igig a&;rnfhtaMumif;udk a&Smifyg}}[l
í owday;xm;avonf/
odkYaomf ukd,fydkifEkdifaomtaMumif;w&yfudkum; a&SmifvGJra&;om;&ef EId;aqmf
tyfayonf/
pmpDpmukH; aumif;atmif
pmpDpmuk;H a&;aom;aomtcg vku d ef m&rnfph nf;urf;rsm; &Sad vonf/ a&S;OD;pGm
a&G;cs,fxm;aom taMumif;w&yfudk &Sif;vif;az:jy&rnf/ tpçed'gef;yif jzpfonf/ ]]t
paumif;rS taESmif;aocsmonf}}qkdouJhodkY ed'gef;a&;&mü owdxm;&rnf/ tvGefvG,f
ulaom ]]cvkwfxdrS trdw}}qkdaompum;udk tus,fcsJUí ed'gef;wGif &Sif;vif;jy&ef rvkd
acs/ ]]uRefawmf\&nf&, G cf suf}}qdyk gu a0hvnf a0hvnfEiS rhf a&;&? tjrefv&dk if;odaYk &muf
atmif az:jy&rnf/
rdrad &;om;rnft h aMumif;udk awG;ac:NyD;aemuf a&;om;rnft h csuftvufrsm;
udk &SmazG&rnf/ csufcsif;aumufí ra&;om;ygESifhOD;? yXr pOf;pOf;pm;pm; jyKNyD;rSom p
ía&;yg/ rdrb d mudk qufía&;&rnfudk rodbJ a&;rdvQif trSm;awGí Y tcsdeu f ek w
f wfonf/
xkdYaMumifh a&;om;rnfhtcsufESifhqkdif&mtaMumif;rsm; pkaqmif;&SmazGpOf;pm;jcif;? pDppf
a&G;cs,fjcif;? pHepfwus pDpOfjcif;? jyKNyD;aemuf ykHMurf;xkwf&ayrnf/ ykHMurf;qGJNyD;vQif
vkdaomtcsufrsm;&Smí jznfhpGuf&rnf/ tcsuftvufjynfhpkHaomtcg pmpDpmukH;udk a&;
ygav/ odkYrSomvQif ]]p-v,f-qkH;}}okH;yg;vkH; nDnTwfpGm pmpDpmukH; jzpfvmayrnf/

pmpDpmukH;a&;om;aomtcg ta&;BuD;aom pnf;rsOf;rsm;&Sdao;onf/ yxr
tcsufrSm pma&;aomtcg pmykd'frsm;cGJí a&;om;&rnf/ wavQmufBuD; qufí ra&;&
a&;ygu &Iyaf xG;NyD; NiD;aiGb Y ,
G f jzpfonf/ pmyk'd zf &YJG mrSmvnf; aphpyfaocsm&rnf/ qDavsmf
aom taMumif;rsm;udk u@jcm;NyD; pmydk'fzGYJ&rnf/ ykHMurf;a&;xm;onfhtwkdif; pmydk'fwck
ESifhwck tquftpyf &Sdap&rnf/
wkdaompmydk'frsm;jzifh aygif;pnf;a&;om;aom pmpDpmukH;wGif ed'gef;? ukd,fwGif;

jznfh pmpDpmukH;ESifhed*kH; p-v,f-qkH;okH;yg; jynfhpkH&rnf/ pmpDpmukH;\ed'gef;taMumif;udk
txufüvnf; jyqkdcJhayNyD/ ed'gef;wGif pmpDpmukH;taMumif;t&m\t"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;vif;
az:jy&rnf/ ykHjyif0w¬KtusOf;? om"uaqmifyk'f? rdrdxifjrifcsuf ponfwkdYudk a&;om;&
rnfhtaMumif;ESifhqDqkdif&mrsm;udk a&;om;&rnf/
udk,fwGif;jznfh pmpDpmukH;rSm ed'gef;? tdrfa&SUwHcg;BuD;rS 0ifa&mufvmaomtdrfr
BuD;yif jzpfonf/ ed*kH;onfum; tdrfaemufrS wHcg;aygufobG,f jzpfayonf/ pmpDpmukH;
&mü tydkpum;rsm;udk a&Smif&rnf/ pum;rsm; rxyfap&ef owdxm;&rnf? vkd&if;xdrdap
&rnf/
ed*kH;onf ed'gef;uJhodkYyif pdwf0ifpm;bG,f jzpfap&rnf/ raphpyf ra&&m tm;enf;
enf;csdeJYeJYa&;om;aom ed*kH;onf pmpDpmukH;aumif; rjzpfEkdifacs/
udk,fydkifpmwrf;
pmpDpmuk;H a&;om;&mwGif pm[efvnf; vkt d yfaomtcsufw&yfjzpf\/ &k;d &k;d oefY
oefY xdxdrdrd wdusaom pm[efonf avhusifhí,lMu&rnf/ obm0tavsmuf þodkYpm
[efrsKd;&&ef cJ,Of;bdonf/
&Sif;&Sif;a&;wwf&efrSm &Sif;&Sif;awG;ac:wwf&rnf/ rdrdajymvkdaomtaMumif;
t&mudk &Sif;&Sif;odjrifu wdusjywfom;&Sif;vif;pGm a&;Ekdifonf/ yxra&S;OD;pGm *&kjyK&
rnft
h csufonfum; pkwcf sufrEkid af o;rDumv aumufaMumif;&k;d &k;d yef;csDvuf&mudk vku d f
&rnf/ uEkwyf ef;? jcL;yef;jcL;EG,rf sm;udk avhvmí roifah o;acs/ tqifwefqmESiphf um;
oG,f0,frIrsm;udk a&Smif&rnf/ udk,fydkifpm[ef&Sdygap? wyg;ola&;NyD; pm[efudk rwkygESifh?
wyg;ol\pm[efonf rnfrQtxufwef;usapumrl twlwkí rjyKygESifh/ rdrdyifudk,fo
abmudkom xkwfaz:Ekdifygap/ odkYrSomvQif pmpDpmukH; aumif;rGefayrnf/
tcsKyfoabm
pmpDpmukH;a&;enf;tcsKyfoabmrSm-
1/ a&;om;rnfhtaMumif;t&mudk a&S;OD;pGm &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; MuHpnfpdwful;Munfhyg/
2/ wzef MuHpnfawG;awmí pdwful;ÓPfü tcsuftvufrsm;udk jynfhpkHatmif jyKyg/
3/ awG;qxm;aom tcsufrsm;udk &kH;pnf;NyD; qkdif&mtcsufrsm;udk pkaygif;í u@cGJjcm;
yg/ rvkdaom tcsufrsm;udk a&G;EIwfypfyg/
4/ pDppfa&G;cs,fNyD; pDpOftcsufrsm;udk ykHMurf;a&;yg/
5/ ykHMurf;a&;qGJNyD; jznfhwefonfrsm;udk jznfhpGufyg/

6/ pmykd'frsm; toD;oD;cGJjcm;NyD; pmpDpmukH;pwifa&;yg/
7/ pmpDpmukH;wGif ed'gef;ç pmudk,fç ed*kH;pkHvifatmif a&;om;yg/
(u) ed'gef;udk pdwf0ifpm;bG,fjzpfatmif a&;yg/
(c) pmpDpmukH; 0rf;wGif;jznfhpmukd,fudk rusOf;rus,f a&;yg/
(*) ed*kH;udk xdrdwdusatmif a&;yg/
8/ a&;om;NyD;aomtcg wdw k wkd w
k w f w k f &Si;f vif;jywfom;pGm ud,
k phf m[efEiS u
hf ,
kd f a&;om;
yg/
tcsuftvufrsm;udk rSwo f m;í pmpDpmuk;H tEIe;f tzGYJ ÓPfxufoefatmif avh
usifo h ifMh uayonf/
pmpDpmukH;a&;&mwGif rdrdwkdY\tawG;tMuH txiftjrif tawGYtMuKH zG,fzG,f
&m&mESifhpDumywfukH; jzpfatmif? a&;wwfbkdYvkdayonf/ þodkYaom tprf;pmrsm;ESifhxyf
wlxyfrQ waoGrwdrf; a&;&efrvkday/
udk&if*srf; odkYr[kwf tjcm;pmpDpmukH;a&;olwOD;OD;\tawG;tMuH txiftjrif
onf rdrw d EYdk iS rhf nfonft
h cgrS wlEidk rf nfr[kwo f nfukd owdr&l ayrnf/ vlwOD;ESiw hf OD;onf
tjrifcsif; tawGYtMuKHcsif; rnfonfhtcgrS ykHpHwlrusEkdifonfudk txl;*&kjyK&ayrnf/
okdYjzpf&m tprf;pmrsm; a&;om;&mü rdrdrnfodkYawG;onf? rnfokdYjrifonfrsm;udk
pDukH;EIef;&rnf jzpfaMumif; owdjyKMu&rnf/
bmomjyefjcif;
wuúokdvfynma&;avmuü ]]bmomjyef}}vkyfief;udk tm;ay;tm;ajr§mufvkyfcJh
onfrSm umvMumayNyD/ ,cktcg bmom&yfwkdif; jrefrmbmomjzifh oifMum;ydkYcsvsuf&Sd
&m ]]bmomjyefvkyfief;}}onf txl;yifta&;BuD;vmavonf/ bmomjyefXme oD;jcm;
xm;&Sdaomfvnf; Xmewkdif; Xmewkdif; rdrdwkdYqkdif&m pmayrsm;udk bmomjyefqkdvsuf vuf
awGYvkyfief;rsm;udk xrf;aqmifvsuf &SdMuonf/

jy|mef;pmtkyrf wS yg; qufpyfaom A[kow k jzpfz, G pf mtkyrf sm;udk zwf&mü tcsKdU
bmomjcm;pmrsm;jzifo h m zwfrw S Mf u&avonf/ xkaYd Mumifh pmar;yGaJ jzqkad omtcg jrefrm
bmomjzifh ajzqk&d mü A[kow k tjzpf zwfrw S x
f m;aompmrsm;udk wifjyajzqkMd u&ayonf/
xkaYd Mumifh bmomjyefvyk if ef;udk (Theorising) ]]oDt&dk }D }pmawGo Y abmrsKd; a[majymoif
Mum;onfxuf vufawGo Y ifcef;pmrsm;jzifv
h nf; avhusifah y;oifah yonf/ okrYd v S nf; usif
vnfvmrnftrSefyif jzpfonf/
pmayAdrmefxw k f ]]bmomjyef}}taMumif; a[majymcsufrsm;rSm txl;aumif;rGef
yg\/ ocifbaomif; ygarmu©O;D azarmifwif ygarmu©O;D {armifEiS q hf &mOD;0efw\
Ydk a[m
ajymcsufrsm;rS pkaygif;NyD; vkdtyfaom tcsufrsm;pGm &Sdonf/ xkda[majymcsufrsm;rS pk
aygif;NyD; vkdtyfaomtcsufrsm; jznfhpGufum az:jytyfygonf/ tusOf;csKyf þodkYavh
vmEkdifayonf/
bmomjyefvkyfief;wGif
1/ bmomjyefrnfholonf rdrdbmomudk Ekdifeif;ouJhodkY bmom&if;pum;udkvnf; Ekdifeif;
wwfuRrf;&rnf/ t*FvdyfpmrS bmomjyefygu bmom&if;t*Fvdyfpmudk aumif;aumif;
wwf&rnf/ rdrdjyefqkdaom jrefrmpmudkvnf; aumif;aumif;wwf&rnf/
2/ (u) vkH;aphyXfaph bmomjyefjcif; wdwdusus bmomjyefqkdjcif;? wkduf&kdufjyefqkdjcif;/
(c) qDavsmfatmif bmomjyefjcif;? þqDavsmfatmif bmomjyefqkdjcif;qkd&mwGif
csefoifhonfcsefí t"dyÜg,fudk ikHrdapí jcKHrdatmif bmomjyefjcif;rsKd;jzpfonf/
qDavsmfatmif bmomjyef&mü tydkjznfhjcif;rsm; rjyKtyfacs/
(*) rSD;um bmomjyefjcif; þü rSDckdjirf;jyK&kHrQomjzpfonf/ t*Fvdyfbmomjzifh (Trans
-lation, adoption, Adaption) [líawGY&rnf/ þenf;rsm;udk bmomjyef&mü
rdrdjyKpkaomusrf;pmtkyfESifhtnD a&G;cs,fbmomjyefoifhonf/
3/ bmomjyef&mü rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmukd em;vnfvG,fatmif jyefa&;NyD;rS tcsKdUbmomjyef

Muonf/ þenf;rSm txl;aumif;rGeo f nf/ tu,fí aumif;aumif;em;vnfv, G Nf yD;qkyd g
u xkdenf;udk vkduf&ef rvkdacs/
4/ bmomjyef&mwGif rdrdEkdifeif;aom bmom&yftaMumif;udkom jyefqkdoifhonf/ rdrdr

wwfuRrf;aombmom&yfynmü oGm;a&mufjyefqydk gu oufqidk &f m tok;H tEIe;f a0g[m&
rsm; &SmazG&ef rvG,fulacs/
5/ ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufí bmomjyef&mwGif vkd&if;ay:vGifatmif wkdwkdwkwfwkwf

&Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; a&;wwf&rnf/ 0guswkdwkdwkwfwkwf a&;u ydkaumif;onf/
6/ jrefrma0g[m&rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí bmom&yftvku d f t*Fvyd jf refrma0g[m&bPfpmtkyf

2-wG?J pmayAdrmefrS xkwaf 0NyD;jzpfonf/ bmomjyef&mwGif jrefrmtoHjrefrmenf;ESiu hf u
kd f
nDaomtoHvS,fpepft& tcsKdUtcsKdUaom bmomjcm;? a0g[m&rsm;udk vufcH,l&efjzpf
onf/ a&S;ygVdouúwbmomrsm;rS jrefrmbmomjyef,lpOfuyif jrefrmha0g[m&xkxnf;ü
ygVdç ouúwrsm;a&mufaeavonf/ xkaYd Mumifh tdE, d´ ? t*Fvyd ?f jyifopf? rav;? ,d;k ',m;
paomwkdif;jcm;pum;tcsKdUudkvnf; jrefrma0g[m&jzpfaeonfudk awGY&rnf/
7/ "avho;Hk pum;rsm;ESiphf um;ykrH sm;udk bmomjyefq&dk mü tcuftcJawG&Y wwfavonf/

t"dyÜg,frysufap&ef jyefqkd&ef ta&;BuD;aMumif; owd&Sd&rnf/
8/ tMurf;bmomjyefNyD;aemuf xyfum xyfum jyKjyifa&;om;tacsmudkifí taumif;
qkH;jzpfatmif BudK;pm;&rnf/
9/ pum;vkH; a&G;cs,f&mü xdrdaom t"dyÜg,fay:vGifaomqufpyfonfhtokH;tEIef;udk

a&G;cs,f&ef ta&;BuD;onf/
10/ tbd"mefudk tNrJrjywf avhvmMunfh&Iyg/
11/ bmomjyefqkdaomtcg txl;ta&;BuD;qkH;rSm rl&if;pmudk ydkifydkifzwfNyD;rS bmomjyef

jcif;onf taumif;qkH;jzpfonf/
12/ ,cktcg (Forward) a&SUodEYk iS hf (Working People Daily, Guardian) rsm;udzk wf

&Ijcif;jzifh bmomjyefyHk jyefenf;ESifhtokH;tEIef;a0g[m&twGuf taxmuftul &&Sdygvdrfh
rnf/

jrefrmpmta&;tom;
OD;wkd;\&mr&uefrSmyif pum;wckudk ajymygu 0gust*Fg&yf tpdwftykdif;ig;ck
&aMumif;? ]]enf;y#dnmOf,OS &f efw&JG ef}}ponfjzifh zGx YJ m;aompum;udk awG&Y ayrnf/ ab'
pdEÅmo'´gi,fusrf;ü ygVd0gustpdwftydkif;ig;rsKd; jyavonf/ þrSmvnf; OD;wkd;onf jref
rmpma&;om;rItwGuf ygVdo'´gudk jrefrmrI jyKay;xm;onf/
1/ y#dnmOf=rlwnfpum;
2/ Oyrm=EIdif;,SOfcsuf
3/ a[wk=taMumif;jycsuf
4/ O'g[&kPf=ykHaqmifcsuf
5/ ed*kH;=tqkH;owf[líjzpfonf/
pum;ajya&;&m pum;ajym&mwGif pum;zef pum;tdrfuav;rsm; yg&rnf/ O
yrmxnfhíajym&rnf/ ajymaomtcg ckdifvkHaom taMumif;jycsufay;&rnf/ oabmr
aygufao;ygu vlwkdif;rjiif;qkdEkdifonfudk ,ljyouJhokdY wifaqmifjy&rnf/ rlvZ&mwnf
aomtaMumif;udk acgif;pOfESifhtnD a&;&rnfhtwGif; 0rf;pmxnfhay;&rnf/ xkdtcg ckdif
rmatmif ykpH x H nfíh jy&rnf/ aemufq;Hk ü acgif;pOfukd arhaysmufroGm;rlbJ jyeftyk &f rnf/
þum; ed*;Hk jzpfí acgif;pOfEiS jhf yefpyf[yfMunfv h Qif rlwnfajymaompum;tcsufEiS t hf nD
yif jzpf&rnf/
xkdYaMumifhyif OD;wkd;u wzefqufvufí orÁefajcmufyg;? tpyfajcmufyg;udk jref
rmpma&;om;&mwGif enf;,l&ef nTefqkdjyefonf/
1/ orÁE¨=tquftpyf&Sd&rnf/
2/ y'pdEÅm=yk'fudk MuHpnf&rnf/
3/ y'w¬=yk'fteufudk az:xkwf&rnf/
4/ y'0d*¾[=yk'fudk 0dN*dK[fjyKjcif;? teufenf;ESifhMuHpnf&rnf/
5/ apm'em=ar;jref;&rnf/
6/ y&d[m&=tajzoabm&Sd&rnf/
þonfwkdYudk axmuf&Iygu okawoevkyfief;ESifhokawoepmwrf; a&;om;Mu
&mwGif Ekid if jH cm;rS enf;edosrsm;ESihf rnforYkd Q jcm;em;rIr&Sad Mumif; awG&Y ayrnf/ txufyg
jrefrmpma&;enf;ESit hf *Fg&yfrsm;udk vku
d ef musifoh ;Hk olrsm;um; &Syd gonf/ vef'efwuúovdk f
jrefrmpmygarmu©a'gufwmvSaz\]]jrefrmpmay {nfhcHpmwrf;}}rsm;udk zwf&Iygu rlwnf
pum;ckdif;EIdif;csuf? taMumif;jycsuf? ykHaqmifcsuf? ed*kH;ponfjzifh tydwftzkH;pkHpGm a&;
onfudk avhvmEkdifayonf/ þenf;rsm;onf jrefrmusrf;jyKq&mrsm; okH;pGJvmaomenf;

a[mif;yifjzpfí tvGeaf umif;rGeaf om ykpH aH [mif;w&yftjzpf vku
d ef musifo
h ;Hk tyfayonf/

8/ jrefrmpum;ajy avhvmenf;
]]&mZukrm&fausmufpm}}
jrefrmpum;ajytwGuf 1965-ckESpfrSpí wuúodkvfrsm;wGif oifMum;rIpHepfopf
wck wDxGifxm;avonf/ a&S;acwfpum;ajyrS ,ckrsufarSmufacwfpum;ajyxd avhvm
&efjzpfonf/ pum;ajyrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mü ]]a&S;acwfpum;ajytjzpf? yk*Hacwfa&;xkd;
aom &mZukrm&fausmufpm}}udk avhvmMu&ayrnf/
þausmufpmudk a&S;OD;pGm jrapwDausmufpm[k todrsm;cJah vonf/ ausmufpm

\trnfudk ay;Mu&mwGif-
1/ ausmufpmawGY&mae&m?
2/ ay;vSLolukodkvf&Sif?
3/ tvSLcH,lol?
4/ tvSLypönf;?
5/ ausmufpma&;xkd;ol um,uH&Sif[lí awGYMu&ayonf/
rlvü þausmufpmudk yk*HNrdKUjrif;uyg *lajymufBuD;ESifhuyfvsuf&Sdaom jrapwD
\ajrmufbufü ouú&mZf 1248-ckESpftwGif;u awGY&Sdojzifh ]]jrapwDausmufpm}}[lí
trnfay;Muavonf/
wzef ouú&mZf 1266-ckEpS w f iG f *lajymufBuD;bk&m;Oypmü ausmufpmwkid t
f usKd;
tyJhrsm; awGY&Sdavonf/ a&;xkd;cJholrSm &mZukrm&fjzpfí usefppfom;rif;\om;awmfjzpf
onf/ ausmufwkdif 2-ckvkH;wGif rsufESmav;bufpD&Sdí ysL-jrefrm rGef-ygVdbmomrsm; w
nDwoefYpD awGYEkdifonf/ yxrawGYaom ausmufwkdifudk yk*HNrdKUjywkdufwGif xm;í 'kwd,
awGY&Sdaom ausmufwkdifudk jrif;uyg&Gm jrapwDbk&m;yk&0kPftwGif; pdkufxm;onf/
tcsKdUuvnf; &mZukrm&fwnfxm;aom ]]*lajymufBuD;bk&m;}}udk tpGJjyKí ]]*l
ajymufBuD;}}ausmufpm[lí trnfajymif;ac:Muavonf/ odkYaomf a&;xkd;olukokdvf&Sif
]]&mZukrm&f}}ukd xif&mS ;ap&eftwGuf ]]jrapwD}}[laomtrnfuakd jymif;í ]]&mZukrm&f}}
[laomtrnfudk wyfxm;jcif;jzpfonf/
jrefrmpum;ajyESifhpyfvsOf;í avhvm&mwGif q&maZmf*sD\]]pmayavmu}}ü-
]]jrapwDausmufpmyg pum;ajytm; a&S;tusqk;H jzpfaom jrefrmpum;ajyw&yf
[kqadk omf qko
d ifv
h o
S nf/ pum;tok;H tEIe;f onf tcsKdUaomae&mrsm;wGif ,ckumvESihf
rwljzpfavonf/ odkY&mwGif ,ckumv tokH;tEIef;onf trsm;tm;jzifh a&S;a&;tokH;t
EIef;rS qif;oufvm&onfudkrl owdrl&monf}}[líqkdxm;avonf/
jrefrmpmESiyhf wfoufí jrefrmEkid if üH ay:xGe;f vmaompma&;enf;rSm tdE, d´ wGif

jrpfzsm;cHaMumif;? jrefrmEkdifiHodkY pma&;enf;a&mufonfrSm yk&mavcynmt& av;&mpk
[k cefYrSef;í ajrmufydkif;tdE´d,tu©&ma&;enf;tygt0if *krÇESifhem*&Dta&;tom;rsm;
udk &ckid af usmufpmESiahf jrykb H &k m;rsm;üawG&Y NdS yD; av;&mpkawmifyidk ;f tdE, d´ \u'HrESiyhf v’0
a&;enf;rsm;udk tjcm;ausmufpmrsm;ü awGY&SdaMumif;? a'gufwmoef;xGef;\]]jrefrm&m
Z0ifpmwrf;trSwf 1? pma&;enf;ynmtcef;}}ü qkdxm;avonf/
jrefrmpmayoifMum;&mü rdr\ d pmjzpfay:vmyk?H tu©&myk?H pmvk;H aygif;a0g[m&

ESizhf EYJG aYJG &;om;enf;wkYd acwftqifq h ifah jymif;vJvmyku H kd odtyfonf/ þ&mZukrm&fausmuf
pmudk avhvmaomtcgü jrefrmpmayta&;tom; pcgpyif&Sdao;í pmvkH;aygif;0gust
xm;tokd tokH;tEIef;vG,fulí o'´genf;tm;jzifh 0dygwfu&ur&Sdoavmuf awGY&rnf/
uwåm;ç 0gpuç uHç nDnTwfaomfvnf; rpkHvSao;ojzifh o'´genf;rusao;aMumif; awGY&
ayrnf/
q&mBuD;OD;xGe;f az\]]jrefrmpmed'gef;}}ü jrefrmjzpfay:vmykt H aMumif;? ppfaq;
Munfhaomtcg awGY&onfhtcsufrsm;udk þodkYwifjyxm;ayonf/
(u) jrefrmtu©&mrsm; a&GUvsm;vmjcif;/
(c) toHrsm;yg a&GUavsmvmjcif;/
(*) tjcm;bmompum;rsm;udk wkduf&kduf,lí okH;pGJjcif;/
(C) tjcm;bmompum;rsm;udk zsufí wkid ;f &if;om; bmomqifw&l ;kd rSm; jzpfay:vmjcif;/
(i) tjcm;bmompum;rsm;ESifhwkdif;&if;om;bmomt"dyÜg,fwl pum;rsm; qufpyfa&m
>yrf;vmjcif;[lí jyxm;avonf/ þtcsufrsm;udk ]]&mZukrm&fausmufpm}}pum;ajy
avhvm&mü a&SU&IoifhvSayonf/
]]&mZukrm&fausmufpm}}\orkdif;aMumif;udk þodkYtusOf;rSwf&ayrnf/
&mZukrm&f\zcifrmS usefppfom;rif;jzpfí trdrmS aMumif;jzL&yf rxD;wlrç orÇL
vjzpfonf/ aemifaomf orÇLvonf usefppfom;rif;\rdbk&m; ]]okH;avmuOD;aqmuf
yef;}}jzpfonf/
taemf&xmrif;vufxuf usefppfom;onf tdrfedrfhb0wGif &Sdckduf? OómyJcl;rS
qufoaom rPdpE´mtrnf&adS omrif;orD;ESio hf o H ,jzpfum rif;rsufoifah v\/ xkt d cg
aMumif;jzLt&yf wdrf;a&Smifykef;aepOf orÇLvESifhawGYqkHaygif;oif;í &mZukrm&fudk 0rf;
wGif;y#doaE¨ &&Sdavonf/
taemf&xmrif; vGeaf wmfrí l apmvl;rif;eef;wufaomtcg usefppfom;rif;onf
orÇLvtm; om;a,musfm;arG;ygu vufpyG Ef iS t hf wl yk*oH v
Ykd u
dk yf cYkd &hJ ef rSmMum;NyD; apmvl;
rif;xHodkY 0ifa&mufcpm;avonf/
apmvl;rif;vGefav&m usefppfom;rif;onf ouú&mZf 446-ckESpfü ]]oD&dBwdb0
em'Dws"r®&mZm}}bGu YJ kd cH,u
l m rif;jyKav\/ 2-ESpaf jrmufaomtcg orÇLvonf om;i,f
ESifhtwl usefppfom;rif;xH a&mufav\/ orÇLvtm; ]]Bwdavmu0#Houma'0DbGJY}}ESifh
rdbk&m;ajr§mufNyD; om;awmf]]&mZukrm&f}}tm; ta&mufaESmif;í ]]aZ,sacwå&m}}bGJYjzifh
"n0wDEiS ahf wmifpOfcek pfc&kid u f pkd m;ap\/ taMumif;qkad omf usefppfom;rif;\ajr;awmf
tavmif;pnfoltm; rif;tjzpf uwday;NyD;í jzpf\/
&mZukrm&f\r,fawmfonf tedpaö &mufNyD;aemuf ouú&mZf 474-ckwiG f usefppf

om;rif;BuD; emrusef;jzpfav\/ &mZukrm&fonf jrif;uygt&yfü a&Tqif;wkbk&m;ukd
xmyemí a&TtxGwf&Sdaom *lbk&m;wqludk wnfav\/ xkd8lbk&m;ü rdciftm;ay;aom
rdrd&onfhtarGjzpfonfhuRefokH;&Gmudk vSLav\/
&mZukrm&fonf rdrd\0rf;enf;ausuGJbG,ftjzpf crnf;awmftwGuf jyK&aom
ukodkvftwGuf 0rf;ajrmuf&onfhtjzpf taMumif;oepfwkdYudk ausmufpma&;xkd;xm;jcif;
jzpfavonf/ ausmufpmESiu hf o k vdk t f zkYd qkawmif;í ukov kd u
f kd zsufq;D olrsm;tm; usdepf m
qkcd ahJ vonf/
yk*Hacwfpmayonf omoema&;ESifhET,fvsuf&Sdavonf/ yk*Hom;wkdY\pmayrS
vnf; ywf0ef;usiftay: trSjD yKvsuf&adS vonf/ xkaYd Mumifh yk*aH usmufpmrsm;wGif tvSL
twef;taMumif; qkawmif;pmESiu hf sdepf mrsm;ygavh&o
dS nf/ ausmufpmrsm;udk avhvmjcif;
jzifh a&S;acwforkdif;udkvnf; wduspGm az:xkwfEkdifayonf/ &mZukrm&fausmufpm\xl;
jcm;csufrSm ygVd-rGef-ysL-jrefrm bmomav;rsKd;jzifh bmoma&;tqifhtwef; wajy;
wnf;xm;&SdaMumif; awGYEkdifayonf/
csufjynfa&muf OD;rif;vwf\]]jrefrmpmay\pD;aMumif;BuD;rsm;pmwrf;}}ü edAmÁ ef
ESifhpnf;pdrfcsrf;omudk vkdí jyKMuaom aumif;rIukokdvfa&;udpötaMumif; yg0ifaom
ausmufpmrsm;udk jrefrmpmay[lí ,lqoifh r,lqoifhudk wifjyaqG;aEG;xm;ayonf/
yk*Hacwfpmayudk avhvmrnfqkdygu eH&Ha&;rifpmrsm;udkvnf; avhvm&ayrnf/ xkdacwf
tcg ayyk&ykdufwdkYudkum; ,ckcg ,ckacwfü rawGYEkdifMuawmhacs/ ]]&mZukrm&f}}ausmuf
pmudk jrefrmpmaytjzpf wifjyEkdifaom pmrsm;udk pmayavmurS q&maZmf*sD\jrapwD
ausmufpmtaMumif;udk zwf&o I ifah yonf/ &mZukrm&fonf rdzudk cspfjrwfE;dk yk?H teEÅaus;
Zl;*kPfodwwfykH? usefppfom;rif;BuD; twkdif;rod0rf;ajrmufyDwdjzpfí auseyfESpfoufpGm
om"ktEkarm'em ac:ykHrsm;udk awGY&SdEkdifayonf/
þodkYvQif jrefrmpmayü xif&Sm;aom ]]&mZukrm&fausmufpm}}tajccHavhvmrI
udk az:jytyfayownf;/
9/ okawoepmwrf;a&;enf;
wuúov kd f ynma&;wGif okawoevkyif ef;onf t"duvkyif ef;w&yftjzpf yg0if
onf/ bmom&yftoD;oD;twGuf vlwkdif;vlwkdif;tbdkY okawoetaMumif;t&mtcsuf
tvufrsm; &SmazG&ef vkt d yfvsuf&o
dS nf/ xkaYd Mumifh ,ckacwfvw l \
Ydk vkyaf qmifrw I idk ;f wGif
pmtkypf mwrf;rsm; &SmazGavhvmrIrygvQif rNyD;acs/ wuúov kd rf sm;ü]]okawoepmwrf;}}
tokH;0if ta&;BuD;vmaMumif; pHepfopfynma&;u az:jyvsuf&Sdonf/

okawoevkyfief;onf pHepfopfynma&;ü tusKd;rsm;pGmjzpfaponf/ yxrt
csufrSm ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;tm; oifq&mwOD;\tmabmfESifhjy|mef;aompmw
tkyfrQavmufom oiftHonfhtusifhavmif;&dyfatmufrS vGwfajrmufapjcif;jzpfonf/
'kwd,tcsufrSm udk,fydkif? udk,fenf;? udk,fh[efjzifh avmu"mwfenf;ususawG;
ac:aprI&apjcif; jzpf\/
wwd,tcsufrSm tusKd;taMumif; qifjcifawG;ac:rItusifh zGHYNzdK;wkd;wufí
pHepfwuszGJYpnf; vkyfudkifwwfapjcif;jzpfonf/
okawoevkyfief;ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;Ekdifayonf/ avmu"mwfynmESifhpmay
ynm[lí ykid ;f jcm;Ekid of nf/ avmu"mwfenf;okawoerSm prf;oyfwx D iG f pDppf&aomvkyf
ief;jzpfí rvG,fulvSacs/ pmayqkdif&m okawoevkyfief;onfomvQif wuúokdvfynm
oifrsm;twGuf vG,fvG,fulul xrf;aqmifEkdifayrnf/
pmayynmokawoevkyif ef;rSmvnf; wDxiG rf yI g&onfyif? xdaYk Mumifh pmwrf;a&;
om;&mü tcsuftvuftenf;i,ftay: wkd;csJU&SmazGwifjy&kHrQom rjzpfap&ef owd&Sd&
rnf/ ysif;&dNiD;aiGYaompmwrf;rsKd; rjzpf&ef? a&Smif&Sm;&rnf/ tcsKdUa&S;qefolrsm;um; pm
wrf;qkod nfEiS thf nD ysif;p&mjzpf&rnf[k ,lqaumif; ,lqrnf/ pmwrf;a&; uRrf;usifyg
vQif pdwf0ifpm;bG,f jzpfatmif a&;wwf&rnf/ pum;okH;&kd;om; vG,fulap&rnf/ Oypm
Oyrmpum;rsm;jzifh jyEkdif&rnf/ ykHMurf;yef;csDqGJjyoifhu jy&rnf/ taumiftxnfzrf;í
r&aom pum;tokH;tEIef;rsm; pdwful;&wkdif; ra&;&ef owd&Sd&rnf/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif;
wwfEkdiforQ BudK;pm;a&;&rnf/
okawoepmwrf;onf rdru d ,
kd yf ikd rf [
l efukd ay:vGiaf p&rnf/ þuk, d yf ikd [f efay:
vGifaprnfhtaMumif;onf taMumif;t&m (Topic) acgif;pOfa&G;cs,frIay:ü wnfav
onf/ taMumif;t&mta[mif;yif jzpfjim;aomfvnf; MuHpnfzefw;D rIay:ü trSjD yKNyD; opf
qef;vmEkdifonf/ udk,fydkifrl[efudk taMumif;t&m a&G;&mwGifomr[kwf? tcsuftvuf
pkaqmif;í aygif;pnf;a&;om;ed*kH;csKyf&mrSmvnf; ta&;BuD;aMumif; owd&Sd&rnf/
]]okawoepmwrf;}}rsm;onf ynmydkif;qkdif&m jyóem&yfwckudk tajytvnf

ajz&Sif;EkdifpGrf;&Sd&rnf/ jyóemw&yfudk ajyvnf&kHomr[kwfao;bJ ynma&;avmut
wGuf ausmif;om;q&m avhvmoltm;vkH;tusKd;udk jyKap&rnf/
xkdYaMumifh okawoepmwrf;a&;&mrSm tcsdef,la&;&rnf/ ajz;ajz;ESifh'ku©cHNyD;
&SmazGpak qmif;&rnf/ wdusrSeu f efap&rnf/ jyKpka&;om;rnfph mwrf;udk rnfrQMum&Snpf mG
&SmazG&rnfudk tcsdwkdif;wm a0befydkif;jcm;wwf&rnf/ rdrda&;om;rnfhtaMumif; jynfhpkH
vkHavmufaomtcsdefudk Mumanmif;apNyD; tcsdefwkdwkdESifh pdwf0ifpm;rIay;EkdifpGrf;&rnf/
rdrdjyKpkrnfhpmwrf; tcsdefrnfrQMumrnfudk tMurf;oabm cefYrSef;wGuf,l&rnf/ (em&D

aygif; rdepfaygif; rnfrQ[k twdtusajym&rnfhudpör[kwfyg/) tcsKdUusrf;jyKyk8¾Kdvfrsm;
onf tm;vyfaomtcsdefydkif;rSmyif tokH;csum pmtkyfaumif;rsm; a&;oGm;Muonf/
tcsdefuefYowf&mwGif taMumif;t&m? tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;&eftwGuf 3-
ykH 2-ykHxm;í usef 1-ykHrSm pmwrf;a&;om;csdeftjzpf xm;oifhonf/
yxrykdif;tcsuftvuf pkaqmif;jcif;vkyfief;
(u) pmwrf;acgif;pOf taMumif;t&ma&G;cs,fjcif;/
(c) a&G;cs,faomtaMumif;t&mESifhywfoufonfhqkdif&mpmwrf;rsm; zwfjcif;/
(*) pmtkyfpmwrf; pm&if;tif;jyKjcif;/
(C) a&;om;rnfhtaMumif;t&m? rmwdumykHMurf;avmif; jyKpkjcif;/
(i) pmtkyfrsm; zwfí rSwfpkxkwfjcif;/
(p) rSwfpkrsm; aygif;pkzGJYpnf;jcif;/
'kwd,pmwrf;a&;om;vkyfief;
(u) a&;om;rnfhtaMumif;t&mudk pDppfNyD; oabmw&m; rdrdjzpfap&ef pDpOfjcif;/
(c) a&;om;rnfhtaMumif;t&m? rmwdumudk twdtus aemufqkH;jyifqifjcif;/
(*) pmrlMurf;a&;om;jcif;/
(C) jyifqifa&;om; tacsmudkifjcif;/
(i) udk;um;aomusrf;pmtkyfrsm; pm&if;tif;twdtus aemufqkH;jyifjcif;/
(p) pmrlMurf;udk aemufqkH;jyifqifjcif;/
ponfjzifh tao;pdwfvkyfief;rsm;udk od&Sdxm;&rnf/
taMumif;t&m a&G;cs,fjcif;ESifhywfoufí pdwfat;at;xm;um a&G;cs,f&ef
ta&;BuD;\/ rdrdpdwf? rdrd0goemtvkduf nDnTwfatmif a&G;cs,fwwf&rnf/
(þum; bGJYxl;? *kPfxl;twGuf pmwrf;rsm; a&G;cs,faomudpöjzpfonf/) wjcm;

olwyg;a&;oGm;NyD; taMumif;t&mrsKd; rxyfrdap&ef *&kpkduf&rnf/ *kPfxl;bGJYxl;twGuf
r[kwb f J wuúov kd o f cFP;f pmtjzpf ,cifpma&;bl;aomtaMumif;t&mpmwrf;rsm; a&;
om;apjcif;onf okawoetavhtusifh&ap&efom jzpfonf/
txl;aumif;rGefonfrSm q&mu taMumif;t&m 4-5rsKd;ay;í udk,fhpdwfBudKuf
a&G;cs,fa&;om;&aom pmwrf;jzpfonf/ rdrBd udKuf&mpmwrf;ESiahf &G;cs,fciG &hf aomtcgü
a&;om;&rnfhtcsdeftuefYtowf? pmwrf;t&SnftwkdESifhtnD pkHvifaom pmwrf;jzpf

atmif BudK;pm;&rnf/
a&;om;&rnfhpmwrf;twGuf taMumif;t&mrsm; tajccH&&Sdap&ef pmtkyfrsm;
zwf&rnf/ xkt d cg pmMunfw h u dk rf sm;onf txl;vkv d mavonf/ &efuek rf mS qkyd gu NrdKUawmf
cef;r&Sd Ekid if aH wmfpmMunfw h u dk ?f A[kw d uúov
dk rf sm;yd#uwfwu
dk ?f urÇm{Ak'w ¨ uúov dk yf #d uwf
wku
d f ponfjzifh rsm;pGmawGEY idk o f nf/ rEÅav;NrdKUawmfwiG u
f m; Ekid if aH wmfpmMunfw h u dk ?f wuú
okdvfrsm;pmMunfhwkdufESifhacwfpmaytwGuf jynfolYpmMunfhwkduf[lí awGY&avonf/ rdrd
a&;om;rnfhtaMumif;t&m e,fy,ftwGif;&Sd pmrsm;ESHYESHYpyfpyf Mum;bl;? jrifbl;? rSwfbl;
&ayrnf/ tusOf;csKyfoabmodxm;&rnf/ rdrad &;om;rnf&h nf&, G cf sufvnf; taMumif;
t&mESit hf NrJnn D w T af e&rnf/ xdak emuf pmtkyrf sm;pm&if;Z,m;jyK&rnf/ rdru d ,
kd yf ikd (f u'f?
u'fwavmuf)rsm; xm;oifhonf/
tu©&m0vdtpOftwkid ;f xm;&ef 3"_5" uyfjym;rsm;tqifo h ifh &Sx
d m;&rnf/ pm
a&;q&m? uyf? acgif;pOfuyf? taMumif;t&muyf[lí okH;rsKd;cGJxm;xkdufonf/ pma&;ol
trnf? ykHESdyfxkwfa0ol? ykHESdyfwkduf? rlydkif? ykHESdyfouú&mZf? aeYpGJ xkdYaemufrS pmtkyfyg t
aMumif;t&mtusOf;rSwf&rnf/ ,if;odkY pmtkyfpm&if;t& zwf&I&aom pmrsm;udk rSwfpk
xkw&f jyefonf/ xkt d cg 4"_6" jzpfap? 5"_8" jzpfap rSwpf pk m&Gurf sm;xm;í tu©&m0vd
pOfxm;NyD; rSwfpkrsm; a&;rSwf&rnf/
okawoepmwrf;jyK&mwGif vkdufem&rnfh
pnf;urf;rsm;
(1) a&;om;rnfhpmwrf; taMumif;t&mESifhqkdifaom usrf;*efA[kokwus,fus,fjyefYjyefY
A[kow k jynfph &Hk rnf/
(2) a&;om;aompmwrf;ü taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm; jcKHrdikHrdatmif xnfhoGif;

Ekdif&ef rmwdumjzifhtnD a&;pGrf;&rnf/
(3) a&;om;&mü acwfESifhtnDtnTwf&Sd&rnf/ acwfaemufjyefaom pmwrf;rjzpfap&/
(4) tjiif;yGm;p&m ryg&SdapbJ tjypftemuif;í a0befrIcHEkdifpGrf;&nf&Sd&rnf/ tjcm;u

rSDjirf;jyKavmufap&rnf/
(5) ygoifah omtcsuftvufrsm; jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk yg0if&rnf/ <uif;usefraeap&? tcsuft

vufpkHí qDavsmfaumif;rGefap&rnf/
(6) rdrdusrf;onf wcsufvGwfrSefuefonf[k twåpGJrsKd; rjzpfap&? ynmrmefr0ifh&? orm

orwf&Sd&rnf/ wyg;olpmudk txifao;jcif; rjyK&? cGJjcm;a0befí a&;wwf&rnf/
(7) rdrad &;om;&rnft

h aMumif;t&mrSveG í
f e,fruRHap&ef owdxm;&rnf/ acwfyikd ;f ESihf
a&;vQif olYacwftaMumif; pkHyg&rnf/
(8) rdrda&;aompmonf pHepfwus &Sdap&rnf/ olYu@ESifhol a&;í a&maxG;&IyfayGrjzpf

ap&ef owdxm;&rnf/
(9) rdrdukd;um;aom usrf;rsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mü rlvpmykHyef; [efrysufap&? rl&if;pmukd

rjyKjyif&? twdtus&Sdwkdif; jy&rnf/
(10) vkdtyfygu rdrdusrf;ü ykHMurf;"mwfykHrsm; ajrykHrsm; xnfhoGif;jyyg/ ykHtrnfrsm;ESifh

pm&if;Z,m;yg xnfhoGif;az:jyyg/
(11) ud;k um;aomusrf;rsm; pm&if;az:jy&mü usrf;trnf? pma&;olxw

k af 0olyEHk ydS w
f u
dk ?f
xkwfa0aomckESpfouú&mZfrsm;yg jy&rnf/
(12) tMurf;a&;om;jyKpkNyD;wkid ;f roifo h nfrsm;udk y,fí usef&pfonfrsm;udk jznf&h rnf/

tcef;wkid ;f tcef;wkid ;f jyefvnfzwfNyD; jyifoifo
h nfukd jyif&rnf/ usrf;pmwrf;\atmuf
ajcrSwfcsuf (Foot note) rsm; xnfhoGif;oifhonfhae&mü xnfhoGif;az:jy&rnf/
(13) okawoepmwrf;usrf;\txltyg;onf t"dur[kw?f pmwrf;\rSeu f efrI qGaJ qmif
Ekdifaom a&;om;rIonfom okawoepmwrf;\wefbkd;udk tuJjzwfayonf/
okawoejyK&mü a&SmifMuOf&rnfhtcsufrsm;
(1) tjiif;yGm;aprnfhtcsufrsm;udk a&Smifyg/
(2) ruRrf;usifaom taMumif;t&mrsm; rygygapESifh/
(3) rdrdpmwrf;onf bmomjyefpmwrf; rjzpfygapESifh/
(4) pmzwfow l uYdk kd iku
d rf sOf;xkid ;f rIid ;f apaomusrf; rjzpfygapESi/hf pmzwfopl w
d &f iT v
f ef;ap
í &oajrmufaom pmjzpf&ef BudK;pm;yg/
(5) rdrjd yKpka&G;cs,faom taMumif;t&monf &SmazG&ef cufcaJ om udprö jzpfygapESi/hf vG,f

vG,fulul &SmazG&Ekdifaom pmjzpfNyD; udk,fwkdifvnf; ydkifydkifEkdifEkdif uRrf;usif&rnf/ acwf
ESifhvnf; vufcHEkdifp&m jzpf&rnf/
(6) us,fjyefYvGef;aom taMumif;t&mudk ra&G;ygESifh/ odyfodyfonf;onf; ydyd&d&d a&;Ekdif
rnft h aMumif;t&mudk a&G;cs,fyg/ us,fjyefaY omtaMumif;t&mjzpfygrl acwfuckd NJG yD; ykid ;f
jcm;a&;yg/
(7) awGa0xkdif;rIdif;aompmrsKd;udk a&Smifyg/ NiD;aiGYaompmrsKd; rjzpfap&ef owd&Sdyg/
okawoepmwrf;a&;&mwGif txl;ta&;BuD;qkH;tcsufrSm
udk,fhrlydkifa&;om;rI? &SmazGrIrsm; jzpf&rnf/ c&D;vnf; rMumrMum xGuf&rnf/
ar;oifhaom yk*¾Kdvfrsm;xHvnf; rMumrMum oGm;a&mufqnf;uyf&rnf/ owif;pm? *sm
e,fr*¾Zif;rsm;wGif ygNyD;om;taMumif;rsm;udk zwful;pkaygif;a&;om;wifjyaom okaw
oersKd;um; wefbdk;r&SdvSacs/ udk,fhtqkH;tjzwf ay;Ekdifaom tcsufryg&SdvQif vkH;0yif
wefb;kd r&Sad cs/ xkaYd Mumifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;ESix
hf u
dk w
f efoifah vsmf&rHk Qom þwGif
az:jytyfayonf/
OD;armifarmifwif
(r[m0dZÆm)

Myanmasar

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Myanmasar

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

OD;armifarmifwif(r[m0dZÆm)

E-book is created by shanyoma

E-book is created by shanyoma

E-book is created by shanyoma

jrefrmtbd"mef okH;pGJavhvmenf;udkum; pkHvifpGm az:jyxm;ygonf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

3/ ay;xm;aompmyk'frS pmvkH;ta&twGufudk ppfaq;,lNyD; okH;ykHwykH csJUEkdif&eftwGuf

aomaMumifhom jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh oHcdyfa&;enf;udk avhusifhygu pmudk *&kwpkdufzwf

E-book is created by shanyoma

E-book is created by shanyoma

jyefvnfo;Hk oyfppD pf&mrS ud,

o'´genf;t& avhvmMunfhygvQif t"dyÜg,fudk zGifhay;xm;&kHrQr[kwfrlbJ 0guszGJYrIrsm;udk

xkdYaMumifh OD;rif;vwf\acwfopfjrefrmpmavhvmjcif;ESifhywfoufaom ol\

E-book is created by shanyoma

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm; A[kokwyGg;rsm; ÓPftajrmftjrif wkd;wufvmnfrSm rkcsjzpf

jrefrmtbd"meforkid ;f wGif a'gufwm-*s'fqif\tbd"mefonf a&SUajy;tbd"mef

E-book is created by shanyoma

tbd"mefrsm;udk avhvmaomtcgü jrefrmpmayavmuwGif atmufygtbd"mef

E-book is created by shanyoma

usufoa& - eH=r*Fvm? r*Fvm&Sjd cif;? wifw

E-book is created by shanyoma

0w¬K? "r®owf? avQmufxkH;w&m;pm? armfuGef;pm? aqmif;yg;pm? rSwfwrf;? trdefYawmfjyef

jzpfonf/ ,if;odkYa&;om;aompmaywGif a&;om;aomtaMumif;t&mü rdrd\udk,fydkif

E-book is created by shanyoma

wzeftEkynmonf "mwfykHynmESifhjcm;em;aMumif; owdxm;&rnf/ tEkynm

3/ ,if;odkYpDppfa&G;cs,fNyD;aemuf wifjya&;om;rnfhtcsufrsm;udk tpDtpOfjyKvkyfyg/

E-book is created by shanyoma

jcm;ykrd &dk wwfavonf/ tu,fwnfh a&;om;ykH pm[efç owfyHk vGepf mG raumif;aomfvnf;

ygav/ odkYrSomvQif ]]p-v,f-qkH;}}okH;yg;vkH; nDnTwfpGm pmpDpmukH; jzpfvmayrnf/

E-book is created by shanyoma

5/ ykHMurf;a&;qGJNyD; jznfhwefonfrsm;udk jznfhpGufyg/

E-book is created by shanyoma

3/ bmomjyef&mü rl&if;t*Fvdyfpmukd em;vnfvG,fatmif jyefa&;NyD;rS tcsKdUbmomjyef

4/ bmomjyef&mwGif rdrdEkdifeif;aom bmom&yftaMumif;udkom jyefqkdoifhonf/ rdrdr

5/ ta&;tom;ESifhywfoufí bmomjyef&mwGif vkd&if;ay:vGifatmif wkdwkdwkwfwkwf

6/ jrefrma0g[m&rsm;ESiyhf wfoufí bmom&yftvku d f t*Fvyd jf refrma0g[m&bPfpmtkyf

7/ "avho;Hk pum;rsm;ESiphf um;ykrH sm;udk bmomjyefq&dk mü tcuftcJawG&Y wwfavonf/

9/ pum;vkH; a&G;cs,f&mü xdrdaom t"dyÜg,fay:vGifaomqufpyfonfhtokH;tEIef;udk

10/ tbd"mefudk tNrJrjywf avhvmMunfh&Iyg/

11/ bmomjyefqkdaomtcg txl;ta&;BuD;qkH;rSm rl&if;pmudk ydkifydkifzwfNyD;rS bmomjyef

12/ ,cktcg (Forward) a&SUodEYk iS hf (Working People Daily, Guardian) rsm;udzk wf

E-book is created by shanyoma

onfudk avhvmEkdifayonf/ þenf;rsm;onf jrefrmusrf;jyKq&mrsm; okH;pGJvmaomenf;

E-book is created by shanyoma

þausmufpmudk a&S;OD;pGm jrapwDausmufpm[k todrsm;cJah vonf/ ausmufpm

jrefrmpmESiyhf wfoufí jrefrmEkid if üH ay:xGe;f vmaompma&;enf;rSm tdE, d´ wGif

E-book is created by shanyoma

&mZukrm&f\r,fawmfonf tedpaö &mufNyD;aemuf ouú&mZf 474-ckwiG f usefppf

E-book is created by shanyoma

]]okawoepmwrf;}}rsm;onf ynmydkif;qkdif&m jyóem&yfwckudk tajytvnf

rdrdjyKpkrnfhpmwrf; tcsdefrnfrQMumrnfudk tMurf;oabm cefYrSef;wGuf,l&rnf/ (em&D

(þum; bGJYxl;? *kPfxl;twGuf pmwrf;rsm; a&G;cs,faomudpöjzpfonf/) wjcm;

E-book is created by shanyoma

(2) a&;om;aompmwrf;ü taMumif;t&mtcsuftvufrsm; jcKHrdikHrdatmif xnfhoGif;

(3) a&;om;&mü acwfESifhtnDtnTwf&Sd&rnf/ acwfaemufjyefaom pmwrf;rjzpfap&/

(4) tjiif;yGm;p&m ryg&SdapbJ tjypftemuif;í a0befrIcHEkdifpGrf;&nf&Sd&rnf/ tjcm;u

(5) ygoifah omtcsuftvufrsm; jynfjh ynfph pHk Hk yg0if&rnf/ <uif;usefraeap&? tcsuft

(6) rdrdusrf;onf wcsufvGwfrSefuefonf[k twåpGJrsKd; rjzpfap&? ynmrmefr0ifh&? orm

(7) rdrad &;om;&rnft

(8) rdrda&;aompmonf pHepfwus &Sdap&rnf/ olYu@ESifhol a&;í a&maxG;&IyfayGrjzpf

(9) rdrdukd;um;aom usrf;rsm;udk az:xkwfjy&mü rlvpmykHyef; [efrysufap&? rl&if;pmukd

(10) vkdtyfygu rdrdusrf;ü ykHMurf;"mwfykHrsm; ajrykHrsm; xnfhoGif;jyyg/ ykHtrnfrsm;ESifh

(11) ud;k um;aomusrf;rsm; pm&if;az:jy&mü usrf;trnf? pma&;olxw

usufoa& - eH=rFvm? rFvm&Sjd cif;? wifw