Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;F Xu; mwpKfk;

Kfhik nra;jy; vd;why; vd;d?

ngWNgw;iw Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l nraw;ghl;L elj;ij Kfhikj;JtkhFk;. xOq;fikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;s nraw;ghl;L elj;ij mtrpakhFk;.

 xU ghlrhiyapy; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jp> fy;tp milTfs;> khztu; mDkjp> Mrpupau; cl;gl tsq;fisg; gad;gLj;Jjy;> jfty; njhlu;ghly; njhopDl;gk; kw;Wk;
tFg;giw mgptpUj;jp> ghlrhiyiag; NgZjy; kw;Wk; tpUj;jp nra;jy; njhlu;gpy; ,yf;Ffs; tiuaWf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;
 ghlrhiyapd; nraw;ghl;Lj; jiytu; vd;w tifapy; mjpgu; ,t; ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;s jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> gzpahsu; epakdk;> jpirg;gLj;jy;>
njhlu;ghly; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gtw;iw cs;slf;fpa Kfhikj;Jtr; nrad;Kiwiaf; iff;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
 Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; gpujhd nraw;ghL jPu;khdnkLj;jy; MFk;. ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjpy; vjpu;nfhs;sg;gLk; gpur;rpidfs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfs;
njhlu;gpy; mjpgu; KbntLf;f Ntz;bapUf;Fk;. ,it mDkjp> Neu ml;ltiz> epjpg; gad;ghL> Mrpupau;-ngw;Nwhu; cwT> njhopyhsu; Cf;fk; vd;gd
gw;wpajhf ,Uf;fyhk;.
 KbntLg;gjpy; mjpgu;fs; jkJ mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu; ghlrhiy tpjpfSf;Fl;gl;L ele;Jnfhs;sTk; Ntz;Lk;.
 ,e; eltbf;ifapd; NghJ gpujhd Nehf;fk; nraw;ghLfs; kw;Wk; tsq;fspd; tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;l ngWNgWfis mile;Jnfhs;tjpy;
tpisjpwd; vd;gdthFk;.
 tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; tpisjpwd; tha;e;j ngWNgWfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ mjpgupd; nghWg;ghFk;. Njhy;tpf;fhfg; nghWg;Gf; $WtJk; mjpguJ gzp.

Kfhikj;Jtr; nrad;Kiw rpf;fy; tha;e;jnjhd;whFk;. ,jw;F elj;ij> nraw;ghLfs; njhlu;gpy; rpwg;Gj; Nju;r;rp mtrpak;. ,ij fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;s gy;NtW
Nehf;Ffspd; topahf tpsf;fyhk;.

1. nrad;Kiw Nehf;F
2. Kiwik Nehf;F
3. nraw;ghl;L Nehf;F
4. tpQ;Qhd Nehf;F
5. r%f Nehf;F
6. njhopy;-rl;l Nehf;F

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nrad;Kiw Nehf;F

Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf nraw;ghLfis xOq;FgLj;Jjy; kw;Wk; rpf;fdkhd kw;Wk; tpisjpwdhd jpl;lkpliy Nkw;nfhs;sy; Mfpad ,ize;j r
%f nrad;KiwahFk;. ,J gy mk;rq;fs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfisf; nfhz;l xU khWk; nrad;KiwahFk;. ,jpy; cs;slq;Ffpd;w nraw;ghLfs; re;ijg;gLj;jy;> epjp>
nfhs;Kjy; Nghd;wtw;wpypUe;J NtWgl;lit. ,r; nraw;ghLfs; Kfhikahsupd; jFjp kw;Wk; epiyf;F mg;ghw;gl;l midj;J Kfhikahsu;fSf;Fk; nghJthd
nraw;ghLfshFk;.

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; nraw;ghLfisg; gy;NtW mwpQu;fs; tifg;gLj;jpAs;sdu;. N[hu;[; kw;Wk; n[upapd; fUj;jpy; Kfhikj;Jtj; njhopw;ghLfs; ehd;F tifg;gLk;:
jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> KLf;fp tpLjy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

n`d;wp /gNahypd; fUj;jpy; Kfhikj;Jtk; vd;gJ “vjpu;T$wy; kw;Wk; jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> fl;lisapLjy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gdthFk;. Y}ju; vd;gtu;
Kfhikj;Jtj;ij POSDCORB vd;w nrhy;ypd; %yk; tpsf;fpAs;shu;.

P – jpl;lkply; (Planning)

– xOq;fikj;jy; (Organising)

– gzpahsu; epakdk; (Staffing)

– jpirg;gLj;jy; (Directing)

- ,izg;G (Coordination)

– mwpf;ifaply; (Reporting)

– ghjPL (Budgeting)

,Ug;gpDk; ngUksT Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l njhopw;ghLfshf jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> gzpahsu; epakdk;> jpirg;gLj;jy;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy; vd;gdthFk;. nfhs;if
Nehf;fq;fSf;fhf njhopw;ghLfs; ,t;thW gpupf;fg;gl;bUg;gpDk; mit xd;Wlndhd;W ,ize;jit. xd;W ,d;ndhd;wpd; kPJ jhf;fk;nrYj;Jk

1
 fl;Lg;gLj;jy;

xOq;fikj;jy;

jpirg;gLj;jy;
gzpahs; epakdk;

jpl;lkply;

Kfhikj;Jtj;jpd; mbg;gilj; njhopw;ghL jpl;lkplyhFk;. ,J Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;s kpfg; nghUj;jkhd nraw;ghLfis epu;zapj;jiyf;
Fwpf;fpwJ. $d;]pd; fUj;jpy; jpl;lkply; vd;gJ vij vg;NghJ vt;thW nra;tJ vd;gij Kw;$l;bNa jpl;lkplyhFk;. jw;NghJ cs;s epiyf;Fk; mile;J nfhs;s Ntz;ba
epiyf;Fk; ,ilapyhd ,ilntspia ,J epug;GfpwJ. jpl;lk; vd;gJ vjpu;fhy nraw;ghLfisf; Fwpf;Fk;. ,J gpur;rpid jPu;j;jy; kw;Wk; KbntLj;jy; njhlu;ghd
gapw;rpahFk;. vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpw ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;s nraw;ghLfis epu;zapj;jyhFk;. ,jd;gb jpl;lkply; vd;gJ Kd;$l;bNa jPu;khdpf;fg;gl;l ,yf;Ffis mile;J
nfhs;sj; Njitahd toptiffs; gw;wpa Kiwahd rpe;jidahFk;. kdpj kw;Wk; Vida tsq;fis Kiwahfg; gad;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s jpl;lkply; mtrpakhFk;. Fog;gq;fs;>
epr;rakw;w jd;ikfs;> ,lu;fs; vd;gtw;iwj; jtpu;f;fTk; ,J mtrpakhFk;.

Kiwik Nehf;F

,J epWtd uPjpahdJ. ,jd; ghu;itapy; ghlrhiyahdJ tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfj;jpd; xU cg gpupthff; fUjg;gLk;. tyaf;fy;tp mYtyfk; khfhz mYtyfj;jpd; cg gpupthff;
fUjg;gLk;. ghlrhiyapy; cs;sfr; #oy; kw;Wk; ntspafr; #oy; vd;git fhzg;gLk;. cs;sfr; #oypy; ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtk; ,lk;ngWk; mNjNtis ntspafr; #oy; (tya
mYtyfk;> ngw;Nwhu;> r%fk;) ghlrhiyf;F cs;sPLfis (khztu;> epjp> kf;fs;) toq;Fk;. epWtdnkhd;W ngupa KiwikaplkpUe;J vt;thW cs;sPLfisg; ngw;W
ntspaPLfis Kiwikf;F toq;FfpwJ vd;gJ fPo;tUk; cUtpy; fhl;lg;gl;Ls;sJ.

cau;kl;l Kiwik
jfty;
cq;fs; epWtd #oy; jfty;
c-k;: Nghf;F> Efu;Nthu;
tpUg;G c-k;: re;ijg;gLj;jy;

tsq;fs;: %yg;nghUs; tsq;fs;: cw;gj;jp> Nrit

cq;fs; Kiwik
cau;kl;l Kiwikf;F
cau;kl;l
ntspaPL nra;jy;
KiwikapypUe;J cg
cs;sPL ngwy; cg
Kiwik
Kiwik

ntspaPL cau;kl;l Kiwikapy; cq;fs;

Kiwikapd; Nehf;fj;ij G+u;j;jp nra;a
Ntz;Lk;

tpQ;Qhd Nehf;F

xU vz;zf;fU njhlu;ghd nghJ cz;ikfs; gw;wpa fw;ifAld; njhlu;Gila Kiwikahd mwpT tpQ;QhdkhFk;. ,J ,uz;L/,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;l khwpfSf;fpilNa fhuz-
fhupaj; njhlu;ig Vw;gLj;jp mj;njhlu;Gf;Ff; fhuzkhd nfhs;iffisAk; vLj;Jf; $WfpwJ. ,f; nfhs;iffs; tpQ;QhdG+u;tkhd mtjhdpg;G %yk; cUthf;fg;gl;L Nrhjid

2
%yk; ep&gpf;fg;gl;lit. F.W. nuapyu; Nghd;Nwhu; njhopyhsu;fspd; Neuk; kw;Wk; Kaw;rpapd; mtjhdpg;G> kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; gFg;gha;T %yk; epWtdk;
kw;Wk; mjd; nraw;ghLfis Kiwahff; fw;whu;fs;.

nuapyupd; fUj;Jf;fs; gpd;tUkhW:

 ngUtpuy; tpjpKiwfSf;Fg; gjpyhf tpQ;QhdG+u;t mZFKiw %yk; fw;wy;

 xt;nthU njhopyhsu;fisAk; tpQ;QhdG+u;tkhf njupTnra;J gapw;rpaspj;jy;
 tpQ;QhdG+u;t Kiwfs; filg;gpbf;fg;gLfpd;wdth vdf; fz;lwpa njhopyhsu;fSld; xd;wpizjy;
 Ntiyfisj; njhopyhsu;fSf;Fg; gfpu;e;jspj;jy;. Kfhikahsu;fs; tpQ;QhdG+u;t Kiwfisg; gad;gLj;jp jp;l;lkply; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu; nraw;ghl;il
mtjhdpj;jy;.

nuapyu; cw;gj;jp kw;Wk; cw;gj;jp rhu; $yp gw;wpNa rpe;jpj;jhu;. Ntiyia mstpLtjw;F Neuk; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila Vida cj;jpfis Kd;nkhope;jhu;.

,d;iwa tpQ;Qhd mZFKiw mstPL> Ntiy xOq;fikg;G> kw;Wk; ep&gzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; jPu;khdnkLj;jypy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

Vida Nehf;Ffs;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;l Vida Nehf;Ffs; r%f kw;Wk; njhopy; uPjpahdit. r%f Nehf;fpy;; njhopyhsu;fs; kdpj tskhf Nehf;fg;gLfpwhu;fs;. ,J FO Ntiy> njhopyhsu;
mgptpUj;jp> cau; ngWNgWf;fhd jiyikj;Jtk; vd;git njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. njhopy; Nehf;F epakq;fs;> elj;ijf; Nfhitfs; kw;Wk; epu;thfk;> Kfhikj;Jtk;
vd;gtw;wpd; rl;l mikg;G njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ.

Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs;

ngUk;ghyhd Kfhikj;Jtj; jpwd;fs; jpl;lkply;> xOq;fikj;jy;> njhlu;ghly;> jpirg;gLj;jy;> gzpahs; epakdk;> fl;Lg;gLj;jy; Mfpa MW gpujhd njhopw;ghLfSld;
,ize;jit.

jpl;lkply; jpwd;fs;

 Nehf;Fj; jpwd;fs;
 SWOT gFg;gha;itg; gad;gLj;jpg; ghlrhiy mgptpUj;jpj; njupTfis gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
 nryitg; gFg;gha;T nra;jy;
 tpku;rd uPjpahd rpe;jid
 Gjpa nraw;ghLfSf;fhd jpl;lkply;> tbtikg;G
 Mu;tq;fisAk; tpUg;gj; njupTfisAk; fz;lwpjy;
 jPu;khdg; gFg;gha;T
 Ma;Tj; jpwd;fs;> gz;Gj; jpwd;fs;> cj;jp njhlu;ghd jpl;lkply;
 jPu;khdnkLj;jiy ,yFthf;f jfty; njhopDl;gj;ijg; gad;gLj;jy;
 nraw;wpl;lq;fSf;fhd Kd;nkhopTfis vOJjy;

xOq;fikj;jy; jpwd;fs;

 xOq;fikg;Gg; gFg;gha;T
 mYtyf Kiwik tbtikg;G
 cw;gj;jpapy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk; fhuzpfis kjpg;gply;
 Fwpg;gpl;l mq;fj;jtUld; njhlu;ghliy tbtikj;jy;
 Gj;jhf;fk;> ju;f;fuPjpahd rpe;jid
 tiyaikg;G> J}z;ly;> Kd;itg;G
 Ngr;rhw;wy;
 cw;gj;jpia mjpfupf;f MNyhrid toq;Fjy;
 njhopDl;g mwpT kw;Wk; gpuNahfk;

njhlu;ghly; jpwd;fs;

 vOj;J> thrpg;G> nrtpkLj;jypy; njhlu;ghly; jpwd;

 juTj;jsj;ijg; NgZjy;
 mbg;gilj;; jfty; njhlu;ghy; njhopDl;gj; jpwd;fs;

3
  murpay; je;jpNuhghak;
 Gupe;Jzu;T
 FOf; fye;Jiuahliy Cf;Ftpj;jy;
 nefpo;Tj;jd;ik
 nghWik> Neue;jtwhik

jpirg;gLj;jy; jpwd;fs;

 jPu;khdnkLj;jy; jpwd;fs;> $l;lq;fis elj;jy;

 Kuz;ghl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;> Kuz;ghLfSf;Fj; jPu;Tfhzy;
 mjpfhug;gfpu;T> Kd;itg;G
 <LghL> nraw;gLj;jy;> ftdf; Ftpg;G
 jiyikj;Jtk;> Cf;fk;
 Mf;fG+u;tkhd tpku;rdk; toq;fy;
 nryTf; Fiwg;G MNyhridfis toq;fy;
 tpku;rdj;Jf;F rhjfkhd gjpyspj;jy;
 nghWg;Ngw;wy;> khw;wj;ij Nehf;fp topelj;jy;

gzpahs; epakdj; jpwd;fs;

 Ntiy tbtikg;G
 Ntiy tpguzk; vOJjy;
 mDkjp tpz;zg;gq;fis kjpg;gPL nra;jy;
 gpujhd Neu #rpif jahupj;jy;;
 gpujhd gapw;rpaspj;jy; jpwd;fs;
 jhf;fk; nrYj;Jjy;
 Neu Kfhikj;Jtk;
 Nju;r;rpfis kjpg;gpLjy;> ntspg;gLj;Jif kjpg;gPL
 Cf;fy; jpwd;fs;

fl;Lg;gLj;jy; jpwd;fs;

 ,yf;Ffis Nehf;fpa Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gply;

 ghjPl;L Kfhikj;Jtk;> tFg;giw Kfhikj;Jtk;
 ghlrhiy fw;wy; Kd;Ndw;w mwpf;iffis kjpg;gply;
 epjp mwpf;iffisj; jahupj;jy;
 njhopyhsu; ntspg;ghl;il kjpg;gply;
 fzf;fha;thsu;fspd; Nfs;tpfSf;Fg; gjpyspj;jy;

ghlrhiyf;F gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfis epu;zapj;jy;

gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; vdg;gLgit cq;fs; ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;Sk; nghUl;L ePq;fs; epr;rakhf epiwNtw;w Ntz;ba nghWg;Gf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;.
ve;jnthU epWtdj;jpYk; ,t;thwhd gFjpfs; Ie;J Kjy; VO tiu fhzg;gLk;. cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; vitnadj; jPu;khdpj;J mtw;iw
epiwNtw;w jpl;lq;fis tFj;J mtw;iw tpUj;jp nra;tJ cq;fs; nghWg;ghFk;. ehd; vij mile;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;? vd;w Nfs;tp %yk; ,ij Muk;gpf;fyhk;. NkYk;
epWtdj;ij ,aq;fr; nra;tJ Vd; Kf;fpak;? epWtdj;Jf;fhd cq;fs; nghWg;Gf;fis epiwNtw;Wtjd; %yk; vij mila epidf;fpwPu;fs;? Nghd;w Nfs;tpfSk; mtrpak;.
rpyu; ,Wjpg; ngWNgw;iw tpl ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspNyNa ftdk; nrYj;Jtu;. ehshe;j nraw;ghLfspy; %o;Fk; NghJ ngWNgW kwe;JtpLk;.

cq;fs; gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; njhlu;gpy; njspthf ,Uq;fs;

nraw;ghLfis tpLj;J ngWNgWfs; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;j rpwe;j top gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfis epu;zapg;gJk; mit njhlu;gpy; cq;fs; Nkyjpfhupfs;>
cq;fisnahj;j gjtpapypUg;Nghu; kw;Wk; cq;fSf;Ff; fPNo Ntiy nra;Nthu; Mfpa midtUk; njspthf cs;sduh vd mwpe;J nfhs;tJk; mtrpak;.

gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjp xd;W %d;W gpujhd gz;Gfisf; nfhz;lJ

 njspthdJ> Fwpg;ghdJ> mstplf;$baJ. ngWNgW milag; ngw;Ws;sjh? vt;tsT J}uk; milag; ngw;Ws;sJ vdj; Jy;ypakhff; fzpg;gplyhk;.

4
  KOtJkhf cq;fs; fl;Lg;ghl;by; ,Uf;Fk;. ePq;fs; ,ijr; nra;ahtpl;lhy; NtnwhUtUk; nra;akhl;lhu;fs;. ePq;fs; ,ijr; rpwg;ghf Nkw;nfhz;lhy; cq;fs;
njhopYf;F Fwpg;gplj;jf;f ngWkjpiaf; nfhLf;Fk;
 njhopypd; kpf Kf;fpakhd nraw;ghL. ,t; ntspaPL mLj;j ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpf;F cs;sPlhf mikAk;.

cjhuzkhf tpw;wy; eltbf;ifapy; gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjp tha;g;Gf;fs; - cq;fs; nghUs;/Nrit gw;wpg; Ngr Gjpa Mu;tKs;stu;fisj; njupe;njLj;jy;. nghUj;jkhd
Efu;Nthiuf; fz;lwptJ tpw;gidahsUf;F gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpahFk;.

Gjpa tha;g;Gf;fis fz;lwpe;j gpd; mtu;fSld; ek;gpf;if> ehzak; kw;Wk; ey;Ywitf; fl;bnaOg;gy; mtrpak;. mtu;fs; cq;fisg; gw;wp ey;nyz;zj;ij cUthf;f ,J cjTk;.
,t;thwhf xU gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjp epiwTw;wJk; mLj;j gFjp Njhd;Wk;. Efu;Nthupd; jpUg;jp kw;Wk; kPs; tpw;gidffhd tha;g;igg; ngWjYld; ,J
epiwtilAk;.

cq;fs; epWtdj;jpd; gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; gw;wpa gl;bay; xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;. ehd; vij mile;Jnfhs;s Ntz;Lk;? vd;w Nfs;tp %yk; ,ij
Muk;gpf;fyhk;.

Kd;Dupikfis njspthf epu;zapAq;fs;

njhopypy; gpur;rpidfs; gy;NtW fhuzq;fshy; Vw;glyhk; .Kjyhtjhf jdpg;gl;ltu;fNsh / jiytNuh gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; ntw;wpf;Fj; Njitahd
ntspaPLfs; vit vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; njsptw;wpUj;jy;. ,uz;lhtjhf ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfspy; Kd;Dupikahdit njhlu;gpy; kf;fs; njsptw;wpUj;jy; mjd; tpisthf Fiwe;j
ngWkjpAs;s Ntiyfis nra;jy;. Kfhikj;Jt MNyhrfu; ngQ;rkpdpd; fUj;jpy; “Neuj;jpd; kpf Nkhrkhd gad;ghL vd;gJ vt;tifapYk; Njitaw;w xU tplaj;ij kpfr;
rpwg;ghfr; nra;jy;” MFk;.

gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; vd;gJ Kfhikj;Jt tpisjpwdpd; Kf;fpa Fwpfhl;bfshFk;. Vnddpy; cq;fs; 20% nraw;ghLfs; ePq;fs; nra;Ak; nray;fspd; 80%
ngWkjpia epu;zapf;Fk;. rpy Ntisfspy; ePq;fs; nra;Ak; 90% nraw;ghLfs; cq;fs; nray;fspd; 10%j;jhy; epu;zapf;fg;gLk;. cq;fs; nraw;ghLfspd; Kjy; 10% ,
20% vitnadj; njupahj gl;rj;jpy; cq;fs; nraw;ghL jpwikahf mikahJ. cq;fs; gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; vitnadj; njupahj NghJ ePq;fs; ngWkjpaw;w
nray;fspNyNa njhlu;e;J <LgLtPu;fs;.

ePq;fs; Nfl;ff; $ba kpfr; rpwe;j Nfs;tp “rupahfr; nra;ag;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ngWNgw;wpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;jf;$ba vd;dhy; kl;LNk nra;af;$ba nraw;ghL
vd;d?” vd;gjhFk;. ePq;fs; ,ijr; nra;ahtpby; NtnwhUtUk; nra;akhl;lhu;fs;> epWtd cw;gj;jp Fiwtilaj; njhlq;Fk;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; ,ijr; nra;jhy; cw;gj;jpapy;
Fwpg;gplj;jf;f khw;wk; Vw;gLk;.

rupahdtu;;fisf; fz;lwpAq;fs;

cjhuzkhf Kfhikahsupd; gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpapy; xd;W Ml;Nru;g;G kw;Wk; epakdk;: rupahd egu;fisf; fz;lwpjyhFk;. [pk; nfhypd;]pd; fUj;jpy;
rpwe;j Kfhikahsu;fs; vdg;gLgtu;fs; rupahdtu;fisj; Nju;e;njLj;J rupahd ,lj;jpy; mku;j;JtNjhL nghUj;jkw;wtu;fis tpyf;fptpLgtu;fshtu;.

rupahd egu;fisf; fz;lwpe;J Neu;Kfq;fz;L ftdkhfj; Nju;e;njLj;J gpujhd gjtpfspy; mtu;fis mku;j;JtJ Kfhikahsuhfpa cq;fshy; kl;LNk nra;af;$bajhFk;.
ePq;fs; ,ijr; nra;ahtpby; NtnwhUtUk; nra;akhl;lhu;fs;. Mdhy; ePq;fs; ,ijr; rupahfr; nra;jhy; cq;fs; njhopYf;F kpfr; rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig toq;fKbAk;.

njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd gpujhd ngWNgWfs;

ePq;fs; Vd; ,r; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpwPu;fs; vd;w Nfs;tpiaj; njhlu;e;J cq;fs; FOtpdu; Vd; ,r; nraw;ghl;by; <LgLfpwhu;fs; vd;gJ Kf;fpakhFk;. cq;fsplk;
Ntiyf;Fr; r%fkspg;gtu;fs; gw;wpa gl;bay; xd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;. xt;nthUtupd; ngaupw;FnkjpNu mtu;fshy; milag;gl Ntz;ba ngWNgWfis mtw;wpd;
Kf;fpaj;Jtj;jpd; gb Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;. Kfhikahsu;fs; xt;nthUtuplkpUe;Jk; vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Kf;fpa nraw;ghLfs; gw;wpj; njupe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;.

Kf;fpa ngWNgWfisg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s mtu;fSf;F cjTjy;

cq;fs; FOtpdu; midtUk; rpwe;j ntspg;ghLfis mile;J nfhs;sTk; jkJ Ntiyfis cau;thfr; nra;aTk; ePq;fNs nghWg;G. mtu;fSila kpf Kf;fpakhd gzpfs; vd;d vdTk;
mij ePq;fs; vt;thW mstpLtPu;fs; vdTk; mtu;fs; njupe;jpUe;jhy; kl;LNk ,J rhj;jpakhFk;. ePq;fs; mtu;fSf;F Ntiyapd; tpguj;ijAk; ntspg;ghl;bd; mstPL
gw;wpAk; njspthff; $Wk; gl;rj;jpy; mtu;fs; jkf;Fk; epWtdj;Jf;Fk; cau; ngWNgW ngw;Wf;nfhs;tij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ciog;ghu;fs;.

vdNt cq;fs; ghlrhiy Copau;fSf;F xU ,yf;F> mila Ntz;ba epakq;fs; vd;gtw;iw toq;Fq;fs;. cq;fs; Mrpupau;fs; jkJ ,yf;Ffs; kw;Wk; nraw;ghLfspd;
Kd;Dupikfs; gw;wpj; njupe;jpUe;jhy; kl;LNk mjpAau; ngWNgw;iw Nehf;fp Ntiy nra;thu;fs;.

jpwd; gpuNahfk; - mjpgu;fSf;fhd Ntiy tpguzk;

5
mwpTWj;jy;fs;

fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;stw;iw thrpj;J Ntiy tpguj;ijg; G+u;j;jp nra;J ghlrhiy mjpgUf;fhd G+uzkhd Ntiy tpguzj;ijj;; jahupAq;fs; (,g; gapw;rpf;fhf ehd;F
Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fshf ,izAq;fs;)

ghlrhiy mjpgu; fy;tpj; jiytuhfTk; ghlrhiyapd; epu;thf KfhikahsuhfTk; gzpahw;Wthu;.

fy;tpj; jiytuhf mtuJ nraw;ghLfs;:

 midj;J khztu;fsJk; fy;tp ntw;wpf;fhd xU Nehf;fj;ijj; jPu;khdpj;jy;

 khztu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FO ntspg;gLj;jy;fis Cf;Ftpj;jYk; mjD}lhfg; ghlrhiyapd; nkhj;jf; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;ij mjpfupj;jYk;
 kw;wtu;fspy; jiyikj;Jtj;ij tpijj;jy;
 ghlrhiyAld; njhlu;Ggl;l midtiuAk; Cf;Ftpj;J xd;wpizj;J ghlrhiyapd; nkhj;jf; fy;tp Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf xj;Jiof;fr; nra;jy;
 ghlrhiyapd; njhlu;r;rpahd tsu;r;rpf;fhf nghUshjhu tsq;fs;> mwpT jfty; kw;Wk; njhopDl;gj;ijg; ngw;Wf;nfhLj;jy;
 khztu;fspd; gy;tifj; jpwd;fis ntspg;gLj;jTk; jfty;fspd; Rje;jpukhd gupkhw;wj;jpw;fhfTk; Gj;jhf;fj;jpw;Fk; Vw;w rpwe;j #oiy cUthf;Fjy;

epu;thf Kfhikahsuhf mtuJ nraw;ghLfs;:

 nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nrad;KiwfSf;Nfw;g tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtijAk; mtw;Wf;nfd xJf;fg;gl;l nraw;ghLfSf;fhf mit gad;gLj;jg;gLtijAk;
cWjp nra;jy;
 cau;kl;l cw;gj;jpia mile;Jnfhs;Sk; nghUl;L nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk; nrad;KiwfSf;Nfw;g tsq;fs; tpidj;jpwdhfg; gad;gLj;jg;gLtij cWjp nra;jy;
 Mrpupau;fSk; Vida njhopyhsu;fSk; xU FOthf ,ize;J Ntiy nra;tjw;Fk; ghlrhiyf;F mtu;fsJ rpwe;j gq;fspg;ig toq;Ftjw;Fk; Vw;w Ntiyr; #oiy
jhgpj;jy;
 ghlrhiy khztu;> Mrpupau;> Vida njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila midtUf;Fk; xOf;fk;> ghJfhg;G> Nghriz kw;Wk; #oy; Rfhjhuj;ij cWjp nra;jy;

gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs;> mjpgupd; njhopw;ghLfs;> gpujhd ntspg;gLj;Jiff; Fwpfhl;bfs;

gpujhd
gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk; mjpgupd; njhopw;ghLfs; ntspg;gLj;Jiff;
Fwpfhl;bfs;
1. Mrpupau; 1.1 mLj;j tUlj;Jf;fhd
fs;> fw;wy; tsq;fs;> kw;Wk; khztu;fspd; fpilg;gdit cWjp nra;jy; epfo;r;rp epuiy
Kjy; tUlk;
khu;fop 10k;
jpfjpastpy;
ntspapLjy;
1.2 epfo;r;rp epuiy
cupathW
mKy;g;gLj;jy;
2. khztu;fSf; 2.1 fy;tp
F rkepiyf; fy;tp kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ Mw;wy;fis ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gk; tyaj;Jf;Fl;gl;l
vd;gtw;iw toq;Fjy; khztu;fSs; gy;
Nju;r;rpg;
gFjpfspy;
ruhrupf;F
Nkw;gl;l
ntspg;gLj;Jifiaf;

6
 nfhz;l khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
3. Mrpupau; 3.1 Mrpupau;fshy;
-khztu; nraw;ghLfis topelj;jy;> Cf;Ftpj;jy;> trjpg;gLj;jy; fiyj;jpl;lk;
tFg;giw nraw;ghLfs;> fiyj;jpl;lg; gpuNahfk; vd;gtw;iw Nkw;ghu;it nra;jy; G+uzg;gLj;jg;gL
fy;tp milit mstpLjy; k; tPjk;
3.2 fiyj;jpl;lj;jpw;Nf
w;g khztu;fspd;
ntspg;gLj;Jif

4. njhlu;Gila 4.1 nraw;wpl;lk; /

tu;fspd; xj;Jiog;Gld; epfo;r;rpfis xOq;Fnra;J khztupd; jiyikj;Jtk;> epfo;r;rpfspd;
Mf;fj;jpwd;> r%f czu;T kw;Wk; r%fg; ngWkhdq;fis tpUj;jp nra;jy; vz;zpf;if
4.2 ghlrhiy / r
%fj;jpy;
jiytu;fshf / r%f
Nritahsu;fshf
kpspUk;
khztu;fspd;
vz;zpf;if
5. Mrpupau; 5.1 elj;jg;gl;l
fs; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; tpopg;Gzu;T epfo;r;rpfis epfo;Tfspd;
xOq;F nra;jy; vz;zpf;if

6. Mrpupau; 6.1 Mrpupaupd;

ntspg;gLj;Jifiaf; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; gjpT Ngzy;> MNyhrid toq;Fjy; ntspg;ghL
tUlhe;jk; ntspg;gLj;Jifia kjpg;gply; kw;Wk; elj;ijia
cs;slf;fpajhd
tUlhe;j
ntspg;gLj;Jif
kjpg;gPL
7. ngw;Nwh 7.1 elj;jg;gl;l
u; kw;Wk; njhlu;Gila VidNahUld; $l;lq;fis elj;Jjy; $l;lq;fspd;
vz;zpf;ifAk;
njhlu;Gilatu;fspd;
jpUg;jp epiyAk;

gpujhd ngWNgw;Wg; gFjpfs; kw;Wk;

epu;thfj;jpy; cs;s njhopw;ghLfs;
1. ghlrhiyf; fy;tp> epu;thfk; kw;Wk;
mgptpUj;jp njhlu;ghd tUlhe;j jpl;lk; xd;iwj;
njhlu;Gilatu;fSila gq;fspg;Gld; jahupj;jy;
gpujhd ntspg;gLj;Jiff; Fwpfhl;bfs;
1.1 mLj;j tUlj;Jf;fhd tUlhe;j jpl;lj;ij Kjy; tUlk;
khu;fop 10k; jpfjpastpy; ntspapLjy;
1.2 jpl;lj;ij mKy;g;gLj;Jtjw;Fj; Njitahd tsq;fis
khu;fop 20k; jpfjpastpy; xJf;Fjy;

njhlu;f

7
ghlrhiy mjpgupd; mjpfhuj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ghlrhiy mjpgupd; nghWg;Gf;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ghlrhiy mjpgupd; mwpf;ifg;gLj;jy; Njitfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

ghlrhiy mjpgiu kjpg;gpLtjw;fhd epakq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLf.

juk;tha;e;j ghlrhiy MSif

Nju;r;rp:- jukhd fy;tpf;fhfg; ghlrhiyfis khw;Wjy;

jpwd; gpuNahfq;fs;> Nkyjpf thrpg;G> gapw;rpfs;

jiyg;G 01: jukhd fy;tpf;fhfg; ghlrhiyfis khw;Wjy;

fw;wy; Fwpf;Nfhs;fs;

 eltbf;ifj; jiytupd; tfpgq;iff; fw;wy;

 epiykhWk; jiytupd; tfpgq;iff; fw;wy;
 ,uz;L tfpgq;FfisAk; xg;gpl;L NtWghLfis mwpjy;
 ghlrhiy Kfhikj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; jiykj;Jtj;jpw;Fk; ,t; NtWghLfspd; Kf;fpaj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;

mwpKfk;

jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ xOq;fikg;gpd; Nehf;fq;fis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;fhf jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; elj;ij kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtjhFk;. elj;ij> ,ay;Gfs;> jd;ik vd;gtw;wpd;
mbg;gilapy; gy;NtW jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; Kfhikj;Jt mwpT[Ptpfshy; ,dq;fhzg;gl;Ls;sd. mjpfhuj;Jt jiyikj;Jtk;> [ddhaf jiyikj;Jtk;> eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk;>
epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;> je;ijtopj; jiyikj;Jtk;> gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gd mtw;Ws; rpythFk;. eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; (Kfhikj;Jtj; jiyikj;Jtk;) vd;gJ jiytu;-
njhopyhsu; cwtpd; Kfhikj;Jtj; jd;ikapd; kPJ mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nrYj;Jk; mNjNtis epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; khw;wj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;L ,aq;Fk;. ,q;F tpUk;gpa
khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;LtUtjw;fhf jiytu; fPOs;stu;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gLthu;.

eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk;

,yf;FfSk; Nehf;fq;fSk; Kd;$l;bNa epu;zapf;fg;gl;L jiytu; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf gupR toq;fy; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fy; vd;gtw;iwg; gad;gLj;Jk;
jiyikj;Jt tif ,JthFk;. gbKiwfis tFj;Jf;nfhz;L xOq;fikg;gpd; eltbf;iffisf; fl;Lg;gLj;JtjD}lhf mjd; jw;Nghija epiyia Kd;Ndw;WtJ ,jd; Nehf;fkhFk;. ,j;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; eilKiwapYs;s nfhs;iffisAk; nrad;KiwfisAk; tpUj;jp nra;jyhFk;. ,J Kjd;Kjypy; kf;]; ntguhy; 1947k; Mz;L mwpKfk;
nra;ag;gl;L 1982y; Ngu;zhl; gh]; vd;gtuhy; njhlu;e;J Ma;Tnra;ag; gl;lJ.

8
Kiwrhu; mZFKiwAld; $ba ,j; jiyikj;Jt tbtj;jpy; jiytu; jdJ mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fis jdJ rf;jpahfg; gad;gLj;Jthu;. jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfj; jiytu; gad;gLj;Jk; ,uz;L topKiwfs; gupR toq;fy; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fyhFk;. mjhtJ njhopyhsu; xUtu; Ntiyia Fwpf;fg;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fs;
epiwNtw;wpdhy; mjw;fhf mtUf;F Cf;fg;gupR toq;Fjy; kw;Wk; Ntiy Fwpf;fg;gl;l fhyj;Jf;Fs; epiwtilahtpl;lhy; jz;lid toq;Fjy; vd;gdthFk;.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;

,q;F jiytu; jdJ nry;thf;F kw;Wk; mjpfhuj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis Cf;fg;gLj;jp epWtdj;jpd; ed;ikf;fhf coif;fr; nra;thu;. ,q;F jiytuhdtu;
epyTfpd;w xOq;fikg;Gf; fyhrhuj;jpy; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;thu;> jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fSf;F xU J}u Nehf;fj;;ij toq;Fthu;> xU ,yf;if cUthf;fp
jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fspd; mu;g;gzpg;Gld; khw;wj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jthu;.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; jiytu; xU Kd;khjpupahfTk; Cf;fg;gLj;JgtuhfTk; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fSf;F Cf;fk;> J}uNehf;F> ePjp kw;Wk; jpUg;jpia
mspg;gtuhfTk; fhzg;gLthu;. jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fs; jkJ Mw;wy;fs;> jpwd;fis mjpfupf;fTk; jd;dk;gpf;ifia tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sTk; Cf;fkspg;ghu;. KO epWtdj;jpYk;
Gj;jhf;fj;ij tpUj;jpnra;thu;.

N[k;]; Ngu;z; jiyikj;Jt tbtk; njhlu;ghd jdJ nfhs;ifia Kjd;Kjypy; 1978k; Mz;L mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. ,jd; gpujhd vz;zf;fUthdJ “jiytUk; fPOs;stu;fSk;
xUtUf;nfhUtu; Kd;Ndw cjtp nra;J mjd; %yk; jkJ epWtdj;ij Kd;Ndw;Wjy;” MFk;.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs;

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; eltbf;if jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; gpd;tUkhW:

 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfj; jiytu; gad;gLj;Jk; ,uz;L topKiwfs; gupR toq;fy; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fyhFk;. epiykhWk;
jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; jiytu; jdJ Mw;wy; kw;Wk; ftUk; jd;ikiag; gad;gLj;Jthu;
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; jiytu; kw;Wk; fPOs;stu;fspw;fpilapyhd cwtpw;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. khwhf epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; ngWkhdq;fs;>
ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; NjitfSf;F mOj;jk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ.
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; vjpu;tpidahw;Wk;> epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; Kd;tpidahw;Wk;.
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l #oYf;F Vw;wJ> epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; nfhe;jspg;ghd #oYf;F Vw;wJ.
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F nraw;gLk;. epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyia khw;Wtjw;F
nraw;gLk;.
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; Kjyhspj;JtkhdJ> epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; jd;ik tha;e;jJ.
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; xU FOtpy; xU jiytu; kl;LNk fhzg;gLthu;. epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; xU FOtpy; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l jiytu;fs; fhzg;gLtu;.
 eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jjiy Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ> epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; Gj;jhf;fj;ij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ.

Xg;gPl;Lf;fhd mbg;gil Transaction jiyikj;Jtk; epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;

fUj;J jiytu; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis jiytu; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf gupR toq;fy; Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf jdJ Mw;wy;
kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fiyg; kw;Wk; ftUk; jd;ikiag;
gad;gLj;Jthu; gad;gLj;Jthu;
vz;zf;fU jiytu; jdf;Fk; kw;Wk; jdf;Ff; jiytu; ngWkhdq;fs;> ek;gpf;iffs;
fPOs;stu;fspw;fpilapyhd cwtpw;F kw;Wk; Copau;fspd; NjitfSf;F
mOj;jk; nfhLg;ghu; mOj;jk; nfhLg;ghu;.

jd;ik vjpu;tpidahw;Wk; Kd;tpidahw;Wk;

gad;gLk; #oy; epiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l #oy; nfhe;jspg;ghd #oy;

nraw;gL Nehf;fk; epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyia epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija epiyia

Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F khw;Wtjw;F
tbtk; Kjyhspj;JtkhdJ ftu;e;jpOf;Fk; jd;ik tha;e;jJ
xU FOtpy; fhzg;gLk; xUtu; kl;Lk; xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l
jiytu;fspd; vz;zpf;if
,yf;F jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; nraw;gLj;Jjy; Gj;jhf;fk;

Cf;fy; cgfuzk; jkJ Ra Mu;tj;ij Kd;dpWj;jp FO Mu;tj;ij Kd;dpWj;jp

Copau;fisf; ftu;jy; Copau;fisj; J}z;Ljy;

9
tpisjpwdhd ghlrhiyj; jiytupd; Fztpay;Gfs;

ghlrhiyia Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;fhf Vida fhuzpfNshL Kf;fpakhd ,d;ndhU fhuzpahf jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; juj;ij Ma;thsu;fs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;. mt;thW If;fpa ,uhr;rpaj;ijr;
Nru;e;j Ma;thsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;l Fztpay;Gfs; gpd;tUkhW:

 mtu;fs; cau; vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fisf; nfhz;ltu;fs;. khztu;fspd; ntw;wpf;fhf Kidg;Gld; nraw;gLtu;

 jPikfs; rhjidf;Fj; jilahfhJ vd;gij ed;F czu;e;jtu;fs;
 Mrpupau;fsJ tpidj;jpwdhd njhopy;thz;ik tpUj;jp kw;Wk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jiy Kd;Ndw;Wtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;ltu;fs;
 khztu;fsJ Kd;Ndw;wj;ij kjpg;gpLtjpy; jpwikahdtu;fs;.
 xt;nthU khztuJk; jdpg;gl;l tpUj;jp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wk; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiwahdtu;fs;.
 tFg;giwf;F cs;NsAk; ntspNaAk; fw;wYf;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fis toq;fp khztu;fis Kd;Ndw;Wthu;fs;
 khztupd; fw;wy; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhf ngw;Nwhu;> tu;j;jfu; kw;Wk; r%fj;NjhL ey;y cwTKiwiag; NgZthu;fs;
 Ra kjpg;gPL kw;Wk; juTg; gFg;gha;T vd;gtw;wpy; cWjpahf ,Ug;ghu;fs;. Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd cj;jpfisj; njupe;jpUg;ghu;fs;

,f; Fztpay;Gfs; Fwpg;gpl;l re;ju;g;gq;fspy; ,Ue;J ngwg;gl;lhYk; gy;NtW #o;epiyfSf;Fk; nghUj;jkhf mikfpd;wd.

tpisjpwd; tha;e;j mjpgu;fs; Gj;jpf;$u;ik kw;Wk; ,ilj;njhlu;Gj; jpwd;fisAk; nfhz;bUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlrhiy mjpgu;fsJ tpisjpwd; mtu;fspd; nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk;
Mw;wy; kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpf;Fk; Mw;wypNyNa ngUksT jq;fpAs;sJ. Nltpl; vd;gtu; “ePq;fs; kf;fis cq;fSld; vLj;Jr; nry;y Ntz;Lk;> mtu;fSf;fpilapy; ,izg;ig
cUthf;fp mtu;fis xd;whf Ntiy nra;AkhW J}z;l Ntz;Lk;” vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;.

NtWgl;l ghlrhiy mjpgu;fs; gy;NtW Fztpay;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtu;. ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;ltw;iwAk; rpyu; ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. NtW rpyu; ,jw;F NkyjpfkhfTk;
ntspg;gLj;jyhk;. ,Ug;gpDk; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gl;Ls;sit kpfg; gpujhdkhd Fztpay;GfshFk;.

KbTiu

NtWgl;l Ma;thsu;fspd; fUj;jpy; epiykhWk;> eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtq;fs; Kf;fpak; ngWfpd;wd. vJ rpwe;j tifj; jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gjw;fhd tpthjk; Kbtw;Wj;
njhlu;fpwJ. vdJ fUj;jpd; gb vy;yhr; #oy;fSf;Fk; nghUe;jf;$ba jiyikj;Jtk; vd;W xd;iwAk; epr;rakhff; $w KbahJ. MfNt xOq;fikg;G xd;W xNu jiyikj;Jt
tifapy; vg;NghJk; jq;fpapUg;gijj; jtpu;j;J Njitf;Fk; epyTk; epiyikfSf;Fk; Vw;g jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; gpuNahfpf;f Ntz;Lk;.

epiykhWk;> eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtq;fspy; rpwe;jJ vJ vd;w Nfs;tpf;F ,uz;LNk gy;NtW rpwg;Gf;fisAk; rpy gpujp$yq;fisAk; nfhz;Ls;sd vd;gNj gjpyhFk;. vJ
kpfg;nghUj;jkhdJ vd;gJ epyTk; #oypy; jq;fpAs;sJ.

gapw;rp

1. FOf;fshf ,ize;J ghlrhiy mjpgu;fspilNa fhzg;gLk; ehd;F gpujhd jiyikj;Jtf; Fztpay;Gfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jf. mtw;iw xU jhspy; vOjp FOj; jiytu;
tFg;gpYs;s VidNahUf;F thrpj;Jf; fhl;l Ntz;Lk;. tsthsu; midj;Jj; jhs;fisAk; Nrfupj;J mtw;wpypUe;J nghJthd Ie;J Fztpay;Gfisf; $Wthu;.

2. xt;nthU FOTk; mt; Ie;J Fztpay;Gfisg; gw;wpAk; fye;Jiuahb mtw;iw epiykhWk;> eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtq;fspd; Fztpay;GfNshL xg;gpLtu;. ,jd; KbT
ahJ?

ntw;wpfukhd ghlrhiyfis cUthf;Ftjw;fhd jiyikj;Jt khjpupfs;

“khztu; fw;wypy; ngUk;ghyhd ghlrhiy khwpfs; rpwpjsT jhf;fj;ijNa nrYj;Jfpd;wd. ,ij mjpfupg;gjw;F fy;tpapayhsu;fs; nghUj;jkhd khjpupfspilNa ,izg;ig
Vw;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;. ,ij cWjpg;gLj;Jtjw;F khztu; fy;tpia Kd;Ndw;wg; ghLgLk; ngw;Nwhu;> Mrpupau;fs;> nfhs;if tFg;Nghu; kj;jpapy; jiyikg; nghWg;gpy;
,Ug;gtu;fNs kpfTk; nghUj;jkhdtu;fs;.”

Nkw;gb fUj;jhdJ “jiyikj;Jtj;jpypUe;J fw;Wf;nfhs;sy;: khztu; fw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;Ak; njhlu;Gfis Ma;T nra;jy;” vd;w jiyg;gpy; tl mnkupf;fhtpd; 43 ghlrhiy
khtl;lq;fisr; Nru;e;j 180 ghlrhiyfspy; Ma;T Nkw;nfhz;l Ma;thsu;fshy; Kd;itf;fg;gl;lJ. jhk; Ma;T nra;j xU ghlrhiyapNyDk; jpwikahd jiyikj;Jtkpd;wp
khztu; milTkl;lk; cau;e;jpUe;jjhfj; jhk; mwpatpy;iy vd mtu;fs; Mzpj;jukhff; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sdu;.

Nkw;gb fw;ifahdJ gy;NtW milnkhopfshyhd 21 jiyikj;Jt mZFKiwfisf; nfhz;l jiyikj;Jtf;nfhs;ifapd; kPsha;it Fwpg;gpl;Ls;sJ. cjhuzkhf “khw;wj;Jf;fhd
jiyikj;Jtk;” (change leadership) “fw;wy; jiyikj;Jtk;” (learning leadership) “[ddhafj; jiyikj;Jtk;” (democratic leadership) kw;Wk; “Mrpupau; jiyikj;Jtk;”
(teacher leadership) vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

10
,f;fw;ifapd; KbTfis ,d;ndhU fw;ifAk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. mjd;gb khztu;fspd; fw;wypy; jiytu;fs; NeubahfNth kiwKfkhfNth jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;wdu; vd ,f;
fw;if fz;lwpe;Js;sJ. Neubr; nry;thf;fhdJ “Mrpupau; FOTld; ,ize;J Ntiy nra;jy; kw;Wk; fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypy; njspthd Nehf;fk; nfhz;l jiyikj;Jt Mw;wy;
vd;gtw;wpD}lhf xOq;fikg;G rhu; fw;wiyf; fl;bnaOg;Gj”ypD}lhf nraw;gLj;jg;gLk; mNj Ntis kiwKfkhf “khztuJ Cf;fk;> <LghL> elj;ij> fw;wy; kw;Wk;
miltpy;” jhf;fk; nrYj;Jfpd;whu;fs;. mT];jpNuypah kw;Wk; ,q;fpyhe;J njhlu;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fw;iffSk; ,k; KbitNa ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wd. RUq;ff;
$wpd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpd; tpisT fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jypy; gpujpgypf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,t; tpisTfs; ,uz;L tpisjpwdhd jiyikj;Jt khjpupfs;/nfhs;iffshf Kd;itf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

,t; Ma;tpy; epiykhWk; kw;Wk; fl;lisj; jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;iffs; Mfpa mt;tpuz;ilg; gw;wpAk; Muhag;gLfpd;wJ. ,t;tpuz;Lk; jw;fhy $l;Lj; jiyikj;Jtj;Jld; neUq;fpa
njhlu;igf; nfhz;Ls;sd.

“mjpfhutu;f;f fl;Lg;ghl;bypUe;J tpyfp tiyaikg;Gf; fl;Lg;ghl;il Nehf;fp efu;jy; mjhtJ njhopyhsu;fs; jPu;khdnkLj;jypy; RWRWg;ghf ,aq;fTk; kw;Wk;
Ntiyg; gha;r;riy ,izf;fTk; njhopDl;g gpur;rpidfisj; jPu;f;fTk; njhopyhsu; xj;Jiog;Gf; fhzg;gLk; fl;Lg;ghL”

,t; tiutpyf;fzKk; epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jt kw;Wk; fl;lisj; jiyikj;Jt ,izg;G vd;git Fwpg;gpLtJ ahnjdpy; ,U jrhg;j fhykhf mjpgu; tfpj;j Kfhikahsu; vd;w
gjtpapypUe;J Kfhikahsu;; kw;Wk; jiytu; vd khw;wkiltjhFk;.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;

,j; jiyikj;Jtk; Nehf;F> jpirg;gLj;jy;> epWtdj;ij kPs;fl;likg;Gr; nra;jy;> fiyj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mrpupau;fspd; tpUj;jp kw;Wk; ntspr; r%fj;Jldhd <LghL
vd;gtw;NwhL njhlu;Ggl;lJ.

Nehf;fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;GjYk; jpirg;gLj;jYk;

,J jiytu;fSld; Ntiy nra;gtu;fis Cf;Ftpj;jYld; njhlu;Ggl;lJ. xUtuJ Ntiyf;fhf Nehf;fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;Gtijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,jd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gzpfshf nghJ
Nehf;nfhd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> FO ,yf;Ffis Vw;Wf;nfhs;sr; nra;jy;> kw;Wk; cau; ntspg;gLj;Jif vjpu;ghu;f;iffis epu;zapj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
,it Kfhikj;Jt tifg;ghl;bd; %d;W njhopw;ghLfshd Cf;fkspj;jy; kw;Wk; J}z;LNfhyhf ,Uj;jy;> tfpgq;FfisAk; Nehf;fq;fisAk; njspTgLj;Jjy;> jpl;lkply;
kw;Wk; xOq;fikj;jy; vd;gtw;NwhL ,ize;jit. ,tw;Ws; xd;whd Mrpupau;fSf;F nghJ Nehf;iff; fl;bnaOg;g cjTjyhdJ Mrpupaupd; nraw;ghl;il Nkk;gLj;j
cjTfpwJ. fhuzkw;w vjpu;ghu;f;iffs; vjpu;kiw tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

kf;fisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sYk; Kd;Ndw;WjYk;

,g; gzpfs; Cf;fYf;F JizGupe;jhYk; mtw;wpd; gpujhd Nehf;fk; epWtd ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd mwpT> jpwd;fis tsu;j;Jf;
nfhs;sYk; mtw;iwg; gpuNahfpj;jYkhFk;. ,q;F kpfTk; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f gzpfshf jdpg;gl;l ftdk; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G toq;Fjy;> nghUj;jkhd elj;ijfs; kw;Wk;
ngWkhdq;fis tpijj;jy; vd;gtw;iwf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,it Kfhikj;Jt tifg;ghl;bd; Kfhikj;Jtg; gzpfis (xj;Jioj;jy;> tpUj;jp nra;jy;> topfhl;Ljy;> epidT$Ujy;>
ntFkjpaspj;jy;) gpujpgypg;gNjhL jw;fhy Ma;thsu;fspd; fUj;jpy; ,it ntw;wpfukhd jiytu;fs; njhopy; kw;Wk; jdpg;gl;l tplaq;fis xd;wpizffg; gad;gLj;Jk;
topfshfTk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,g; gzpfspy; cs;slq;Fgit: xj;Jiog;G> ftdnkLj;jy;> Mrpupau;fspd; fUj;Jf;fisr; nrtpkLj;jy; Nghd;wdthFk;.

Mrpupau;fspd; rpwg;ghd nraw;ghLfis epidT$u;e;J ntFkjpaspj;jy; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ Ntiy njhlu;gpy; gpd;D}l;ly; toq;fy; vd;gdTk; Mrpupau;fSf;F rhjfkhd
Ntiyr; #oiy Vw;gLj;Jk; fhuzpfshFk;. jiyikahrpupau;fs; Mrpupau;fspd; Ntiyfspy; xj;Jiog;G toq;FtNjhL njhopy;Kiwf; fw;wy; kw;Wk; mgptpUj;jpapy;
gq;nfLf;fg; NghJkhd re;ju;g;q;fisAk; toq;f Ntz;Lk;. NkYk; mtu;fs; jiyikj;Jtj;ijg; gfpu;e;jspg;gNjhL jhk; Mrpupau;fSf;F toq;Fk; mwpTiufisj; jhKk;
gpd;gw;wp ele;J xU Kd;khjpupahfj; jpfo Ntz;Lk;.

xOq;fikg;ig kPs;tbtikj;jy;

Mrpupau;fs; jkJ Cf;fy;> mu;g;gzpg;G kw;Wk; Mw;wy;fis Kbe;jsT mjpfkhfg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba tifapy; Ntiy epiyikfisf; fl;bnaOg;g Ntz;Lk;. jkJ Ntiyr; #oy;
njhlu;gpyhd Mrpupau;fspd; ek;gpf;iffs; kw;Wk; Jyq;fy;fs; njhlu;gpy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f NtWghLfis ghlrhiyj; jiyikj;Jtg; gof;fq;fs; tpsf;Ffpd;wd. Fwpg;ghf
$l;Lf; fyhrhuq;fisf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;> xOq;fikg;ig kPs; fl;likg;G kw;Wk; kPs; fyhrhuj;Jf;Fl;gLj;Jjy;> ngw;NwhUld; tpisjpwd; tha;e;j njhlu;Gfisf;

11
fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyia mjd; gue;j #oNyhL ,izj;jy; Nghd;w gof;fq;fisf; Fwpg;gplyhk;. Kfhikj;Jt tifg;ghl;bd; xg;gplj;jf;f gof;fq;fshf Kuz;ghl;L
Kfhikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; FOf;fisf; fl;bnaOg;gy; njhlu;ghd Kfhikj;Jtk;> gfpu;T> tiyaikg;ghf;fy; kw;Wk; MNyhrid Nfl;liyf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.

fw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; epfo;r;rpfis Kfhik nra;jy;

,t; tifg;gLj;jypd; Fwpg;ghd gof;fq;fs; xOq;fikg;gpd; epiyahd jd;ikiag; Ngzy; kw;Wk; ghlrhiyapd; cl;fl;likg;igg; gyg;gLj;jY}lhf Mrpupau;fSf;F
tpisjpwdhd Ntiyr; #oiy cUthf;Ftij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lit. fw;gpj;jy; epfo;r;rpfis xOq;fikj;jy;> fw;gpj;jYf;F cjtp nra;jy;> ghlrhiy nraw;ghLfisf; fz;fhzpj;jy;>
Mrpupau;fis NtiyapypUe;J jpir jpUg;Gk; fhuzpfspypUe;J mtu;fis kPl;nlLj;jy; vd;git mtw;Ws; rpythFk;. ,t;tifg;ghL “fz;fhzpj;j”iy ntw;wpfukhd
jiytu;fspd; Kf;fpa ,ay;ghff; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. Mrpupau;fSf;F tsq;fis toq;Fjy;> khztu;fspd; jPa elj;ijfisf; Fiwj;jy; MfpadTk; jiyikahrpupau;fshy;
epiwNtw;wg;gl Ntz;ba Kf;fpakhd gzpfshFk;.

NtW gzpfs;

Nkw;Fwpg;gpl;l gpujhd tifg;ghLfSf;Fs; mlq;fhj jiyikahrpupau;fspd; rpy gof;fq;fs; ,q;F Fwpg;gplg;gLfpd;wd. Mrpupau;fspd; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; $l;L
tpidj;jpwdpd; kPJ Neuhd jhf;fk;> xOq;fikg;gpd; kPjhd mu;g;gzpg;G kw;Wk; mOj;jk; vd;gd tpidj;jpwdhd (tpisjpwd; tha;e;j njhlu;ghly;> rpNefG+u;tkhd
nraw;ghLfs; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l) jiyikahrpupau;fspd; Fztpay;Gfshff; $wg;gl;Ls;sd. khwhf njhlu;r;rpaw;w elj;ij> jPu;khdq;fis nraw;gLj;Jtjpy; Njhy;tp
vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l jiyikahrpupau;fspd; fPOs;s Mrpupau;fspilNa mjpfsT kd mOj;jk; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifapd;ik fhzg;gl;lJ.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; cwTfSf;F Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjhf rpy fw;iffs; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;s NghjpYk; ,f; fw;if %yk; epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;> fl;lisj; jiyikj;Jtk; Clhf
khztuJ ntspaPLfis cau;j;JfpwJ vd;gJ njspthfpwJ. ,J “fw;wYf;fhfj; jiyikNaw;wy;” vdTk; miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

juk;tha;e;j ghlrhiy MSif

Nju;r;rp:- jukhd fy;tpf;fhfg; ghlrhiyfis khw;Wjy;

jpwd; gpuNahfq;fs;> Nkyjpf thrpg;G> gapw;rpfs;

jiyg;G 02: jiyik: Ntiyfs; vjpu; cwTfs;

mwpKfk;

,f;fw;ifapd; Nehf;fk; mjpgu;fSf;F rhjfkhd cwTfs;> $l;LwT> Mrpupau;fs;> khztu;> ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; r%fj;Jld;; gu];guk; ed;ik tha;e;j gq;FwT
vd;gtw;iw tsu;f;fj; Njitahd jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjhFk;> ghlrhiyr; r%fj;jpw;F xU J}uNehf;if toq;fTk; kf;fisAk; tsq;fisAk; xd;wpizf;fTk; ,t;
cwTfs; mtrpakhFk;. ,g; gFjpapy; Kfhikj;Jt/jiyikj;Jt rl;lfk;> tiyaikg;gpy; tY vd;Dk; vz;zf;fU kw;Wk; jiytu;-mq;fj;jtu; gupkhw;wk; vd;git gw;wp
tpsf;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,jd; mbg;gilapy; gq;Nfw;gtu;fs; cwitf; fl;bnaOg;gy; njhlu;gpy; gapw;rpfis Nkw;nfhs;tu;.

jiyikj;Jt rl;lfk;: kf;fis topelj;jYk; ngWNgWfis cUthf;fYk;

,q;F jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ kf;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiy Mfpa ,uz;L khwpfspdJk; $l;L MFk;. vy;yhr; #o;epiyfSf;Fk; xNu jiyikj;Jtk; nghUj;jkhf mikahJ. vdpDk; ,t; ,uz;L
khwpfSk; tpisjpwd; tha;e;j jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sTk; cUthf;fTk; mtrpakhdit. ,tw;wpy; xd;iwNaDk; myl;rpag;gLj;jy; $lhJ. vdpDk; ,it ,uz;bdJk;
,ize;j gq;fspg;G ruhrup tpisitNa Vw;gLj;Jk;> Vnddpy; ,q;F KOikahf kf;fs; Njitia epiwNtw;WjNyh mjpAau; Nritia toq;f Cf;Ftpj;jNyh eilngwhJ. ,t;
mku;tpy; nwhNgl; gpNsf; kw;Wk; N[d; kTl;ldpd; jiyikj;Jt rl;lfk; (1964) gw;wp Nehf;fg;gLfpwJ.

rl;lf khjpup ,uz;L elj;ijg; gupkhzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lJ

kf;fs; njhlu;ghd mf;fiw: jiytu; xU Ntiyia rpwg;ghf epiwTnra;tJ njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; NghJ jdJ FO mq;fj;jpdupd; Njitfs;> Mu;tq;fs; kw;Wk;
jdpg;gl;l mgptpUj;jpg; gug;Gf;fs; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk; msT

ngWNgW njhlu;ghd mf;fiw: jiytu; xU Ntiyia rpwg;ghf epiwT nra;tJ njhlu;gpy; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; NghJ epiyahd Nehf;fq;fs;> xOq;fikg;gpd;
tpidj;jpwd; kw;Wk; cau; tpisjpwd; vd;gtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk; msT

ghlrhiy mjpgu; vd;w tifapy; Mrpupau; xUtupd; yPT tpz;zg;gk; njhlu;gpy; KbntLf;Fk; NghJ cq;fs; ftdj;Jf;F Kjypy; tUtJ vJ? yPT vLg;gjw;fhd
Mrpupaupd; Njit (ngw;Nwhupd; RftPdk;> fy;tp Nghd;wit) / ghlrhiyapy; Mrpupau; ,y;yhjpUj;jypd; tpisT (NtnwhU Mrpupaiu epakpj;jy;> Mrpupau;
$l;lj;jpw;F/ ngw;Nwhu; re;jpg;gpw;F Mrpupau; ,y;yhjpUj;jy; Nghd;wd). ,uz;Lk; vd;gJ cq;fs; gjpyhf ,Uf;ff;$lhJ. Vnddpy; ,uz;by; Vjhtnjhd;W Kjypy;
,ay;ghf cq;fs; kdjpy; Njhd;Wk;.

ePq;fs; nray; jiytuh? kf;fs; jiytuh? cq;fs; tsthsNuhL rpy rk;gtq;fs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;.

xU rl;lf khjpupAk; mJ njhlu;ghd tpsf;fKk; fPNo nfhLf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

12
 ehL fof Kfhikj;Jtk; FO Kfhikj;Jtk;

mjpfk;

kf;fs;

mf;fiw ,ilg;gl;l Kfhikj;Jtk;

cUthf;F/mop
gpd;jq;fpa Kfhikj;Jtk;
FiwT Kfhikj;Jtk;

FiwT ngWNgw;W mf;fiw mjpfk;

%yk;: gpNsf;> nwhNgl; kw;Wk; N[d; nksl;ld; (1985). Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lfk;

1. gpd;jq;fpa Kfhikj;Jtk; - Fiwe;j ngWNgW/Fiwe;j kf;fs;

,J ngUk;ghYk; tpisjpwdw;w Kfhikahsiuf; nfhz;lJ. ghlrhiy Ntiyfis epiwT nra;tjw;fhd Kiwikfis cUthf;Fjy; njhlu;gpy; Fiwe;j <LghL> ghlrhiyapy; Cf;fy;
kpFe;j FOnthd;iwf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjpy; Fiwe;j Mu;tk; vd;gtw;iwf; nfhz;l Kfhikahsuhy; xOq;fw;w fw;gpj;jy;> Mrpupau;> Vida CopaupilNa ,zf;fg;ghbd;ik>
jpUg;jpapd;ik vd;gtw;iwNa nfhLf;f KbAk;.

2. cUthf;F/mop Kfhikj;Jtk; - cau; ngWNgW/Fiwe;j kf;fs;

mjpfhutu;f;fj; jiytu;fs; vd miof;fg;gLk; ,j;jifa mjpgu;fs; jkJ FOtpYs;Nshiu Njitia epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;sg; gad;gLj;Jk; fUtpfshf kl;LNk fUJtu;. cw;gj;jpAld;
xg;gpLkplj;J FOtpdupfd; Njitfs; ,uz;lhk; gl;rkhdit. ,j;jifa mjpgu;fs; ru;thjpfhupfshff; fhzg;gLtu;. mtu;fsplk; fLikahd njhopy; tpjpfs;> nfhs;iffs; kw;Wk;
nrad;Kiwfs; fhzg;gLk;. mq;fj;jtu;fis Cf;Ftpf;f rpwe;j topKiwahf jz;lid toq;fiyf; iff;nfhs;tu;. ,t; tif Kfhikj;Jtk; Muk;gj;jpy; ey;y tpisTfisf; nfhLj;jhYk;
rpwpJ fhyj;jpd; gpd;du; Fiwe;j Cf;fk; kw;Wk; FOg; Gupe;Jzu;tpd;ik fhuzkhf Mrpupaupd; nraw;gLjpwd; FiwtilAk;. mjpgu;fs; rpwe;j ngWNgw;iwg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpy; rpukq;fis vjpu;Nehf;Ftu;.

,t;tif mjpgu;fis nkf; fpnwfupd; Cf;fy; njhlu;ghd X nfhs;ifAld; xg;gplyhk;. njhopyhsu;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa Cf;fkw;wtu;fshfTk; Ntiyapy; tpUg;gkw;Wk;
fhzg;gLtu; vd;gJ ,f; nfhs;ifapd; mDkhdkhFk;.

,jw;F khwhf Y nfhs;ifahdJ njhopyhsu;fs; jd;D}f;fKk; Ntiyapy; Mu;tKk; nfhz;ltu;fs; vdf; Fwpg;gpLfpwJ. (X nfhs;if , Y nfhs;if gw;wp Nkyjpfkhf thrpj;Jj;
njupe;J nfhs;f)

3. ,ilg;gl;l Kfhikj;Jtk; - eLj;jug; ngWNgW/eLj;ju kf;fs;

,t; tif KfhikahdJ ngWNgw;iwAk; kf;fisAk; rkepiyf;Fl;gLj;j Kay;fpwJ. vdpDk; ,J Fwpg;gpl;Lr; nrhy;yf;$ba msT tpisjpwd; tha;e;jjy;y. jiytu;fs;
njhlu;r;rpahd rkurq;fspd; tpisthy; cau; ntspg;ghl;il milaj; jtwptpLfpd;wdu;. NkYk; kf;fspd; Njitfis KOikahf epiwNtw;Wtjpy; Njhy;tpailfpd;wdu;. ,jd;
tpisthf mtuJ FO eLj;ju tpisTfisNa mspf;Fk;.

4. ehL fof Kfhikj;Jtk; - mjpf kf;fs;/Fiwe;j tpisT

,t; tif Kfhikj;Jtj;jpy; kf;fspd; Njitfs;> czu;TfSf;F mjpf Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLf;fg;gLfpwJ. ,q;F mjpgu; jdJ FOtpdu; vt;tsTf;nft;tsT kfpo;r;rpahfTk;
ghJfhg;ghfTk; czu;fpwhu;fNsh mt;tsT fLikahf ciog;ghu;fs; vd ek;Gfpd;whu;. ,jd; tpisthf rpwe;j Ntiyr; #oy; (kfpo;r;rpahdJk; ,yFthdJk;) cUthfpdhYk;
jpirg;gLj;jy; kw;Wk; fl;Lg;gLj;jypy; FiwghL fhuzkhf tpisjpwdhd fy;tpg; ngWNgW fpl;lhJ.

5. FO Kfhikj;Jtk; - mjpf kf;fs;/mjpf tpisT

nksl;ld; kw;Wk;gpNsf;fpd; Kfhikj;Jtr; rl;lfj;jpy; ,JNt kpfTk; tpisjpwd; tha;e;j Kfhikj;JtkhFk;. ,q;F jiytu; jdJ Ntiy njhlu;gpy; kpFe;j gw;Ws;stuhfTk; jdJ
FOtpdUf;fhf kpfr;rpwe;jtw;iw Nkw;nfhs;gtuhfTk; fhzg;gLthu;.

,j;jifa Kfhikahsu; jdJ epWtd ,yf;F kw;Wk; gzpf;F jd;id KOikahf mu;g;gzpg;gJld; kpfr; rpwe;j ngWNgw;Wf;fhf fbdkhf ciog;ghu;. mNj Neuk; jdJ FO
mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F Cf;fkspg;gtuhfTk; fhzg;gLthu;. ,j;jifatu;fshy; topelj;jg;gLNthu; kupahijf;Fupatu;fshfTk; tYTs;stu;fshfTk; ,yf;FfSf;fhfj; jk;ik
mu;g;gzpg;gtu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLtu;.

13
,j;jifa mjpgu;fs; ghlrhiyapd; cw;gj;jpj; Njit kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fspd; Njit Mfpa ,uz;Lf;Fk; Kd;Dupikaspg;gu;. FO mq;fj;jtu;fs; xOq;fikg;gpd; Nehf;fj;ij
mwpe;jpUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gijAk; khztu; Njitfspy; jk;ik <LgLj;jpAs;sdu; vd;gijAk; cWjpg;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; mtu;fs; ,ij epiwNtw;Wfpwhu;fs;.

khjpupiag; gpuNahfpj;jy;
cq;fs; jiyikj;Jt/Kfhikj;Jt tbtk; gw;wp ePq;fs; tpsq;fpf;nfhs;s Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. ,jd; gpwNf jiytUf;fhd epr;rapf;fg;gl;l gjtpepiyia miltjw;fhd topfis
ePq;fs; fz;lwpa KbAk;.

gbKiw 01 cq;fs; jiyikj;Jt tbtj;ij fz;lwpjy;

 mz;ikf;fhyj;jpy; ePq;fs; jiytuhf ,Ue;j 5/6 re;ju;g;gq;fisg; gl;baypLq;fs;

 xt;nthU re;ju;g;gj;jpYk; ePq;fs; rl;lfj;jpd; ve;jf; fl;lj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;JfpwPu;fs; vd fz;lwpAq;fs;
 cq;fs; Fzg;gz;Gfis fz;lwpa jiyikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd Ra kjpg;gPl;L tpdhf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jq;fs; (tsthsu; tFg;giwapy; cq;fSf;F xU gapw;rpia toq;Fthu;)

gbKiw 02 cq;fs; jiyikj;Jtj; jpwd;fspy; tpUj;jp nra;tjw;F/Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;Fupatw;iwf; fz;lwpjy;

 cq;fs; jw;Nghija mZFKiwia mtjhdpAq;fs;. ePq;fs; ,ilg;gl;l Kfhikj;Jtj;Jld; jpUg;jpailfpwPu;fsh? cq;fSila jw;Nghija #oYf;F cq;fs; jiyikj;Jtk;
nghUj;;jkhdjh vd rpe;jpAq;fs;
 ePq;fs; Ntiyf;F mjpfsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjhf vz;ZfpwPu;fsh? mt;thnwdpd; cq;fs; FO mq;fj;jtu;fis gpur;rpid jPu;j;jypy; <LgLj;Jq;fs;>
mtu;fSldhd cq;fs; njhlu;ghliy tpUj;jp nra;Aq;fs;/cq;fs; topfhl;ly; jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;Aq;fs;. ePq;fs; kf;fSf;F mjpfsT Kf;fpaj;Jtk; nfhLg;gjhf
epidj;jhy; nraw;ghL njhlu;ghd jpl;lkply; kw;Wk; fz;fhzpj;jy; njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jq;fs;/ cq;fs; jPu;khdk; vLf;Fk; jpwid Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy;
<LgLq;fs;.

gbKiw 03 rl;lfj;ijg; gpuNahfpj;jy;

FOj; jiytu; KiwahdJ kpfTk; tpidj;jpwd; tha;e;j mZFKiwahFk;. ,Ug;gpDk; xd;iw tplg; gpwpnjhd;wpy; $ba ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;ba #oy; Vw;glyhk;. cjhuzkhf
ePq;fs; ghlrhiyapd; nraw;gLjpwid Kd;Ndw;Wtjpy; kpfTk; mf;fiwAld; ,Ue;jhy; kf;fis tplg; ngWNgw;wpy; mjpf ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;.

jiytu;fspdhy; cwitf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

xOq;fikg;nghd;wpd; rfy nraw;ghLfSf;Fk; mbg;gilahdJ cwTKiw MFk;. ghlrhiyfSf;fpilapy; tpisahl;Lg; Nghl;bfis elj;jNth tFg;giwapy;; ePjpaw;w
nraw;ghLfspypUe;J tpLglNth cq;fSf;F ey;y cwTfs; Njit. vkJ ,yf;Ffis mile;J nfhs;tjw;F vkf;F njhopyhsu;fSldhd cwTKiw> ehk; Nritahw;Wk; r
%fj;jpDldhd cwTKiw kw;Wk; vkJ vjpupfSldhd cwTKiw $l mtrpakhFk;.

kf;fshy; jdpj;jpaq;f KbahJ. vkJ cwTKiwfspd; xd;wpize;j Kaw;rp %yNk khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j KbAk;. jkJ fUj;Jf;fisg; gfpu;e;Jnfhs;sTk; Ntiyfisr; nra;J
Kbf;fTk; kf;fspd; xj;Jiog;G mtrpak;.

jiytu;-gpd;njhlu;gtu;fSf;fpilapyhd cwTKiwapd; Fwpg;gplj;jf;f mk;rq;fshdit: ek;gpf;if> kupahij> Gupe;Jzu;T> nghWik> rfpg;Gj;jd;ik> cjtp> ftdpg;G>
,yf;if Nehf;fpa jpirg;gLj;jy;

fy;tpapd; ,yf;Ffis mile;Jnfhs;tjw;F vk;ikj; J}z;Lgtu;fSk; kf;fshtu;. ghlrhiyiaf; fl;bnaOg;Ggtu;fs; vd;w tifapy; kf;fs; njhlu;gpy; ehk; Mokhff; ftdk; nrYj;j
Ntz;Lk;. ,J fLikahf Ntiy nra;a vk;ik Cf;Ftpf;Fk;. ghlrhiy khztu;fs;> njhopyhsu;fs; kw;Wk; maytu;fspd; MNuhf;fpak;> kfpo;r;rp njhlu;ghd vz;zq;fNs vkJ
kdjpy; Kf;fpa ,lk; ngWfpd;wd. ,tw;why; ce;jg;gl;L ehk; rthy;fis vjpu;nfhs;sTk; jilfis cilf;fTk; tpisfpNwhk;.

gyk; tha;e;j cwTfis tpUj;jp nra;J nfhs;tJ mjpgu;> Mrpupau;fSf;F kpFe;j tpisjpwidf; nfhLf;Fk;. ,t; mku;tpy; cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; epiyg;gLj;jy;
njhlu;gpy; Ma;T nra;tJld; mJ njhlu;ghd Fwpg;Gf;fs; kw;Wk; nghJ tpjpfisAk; toq;FfpNwhk;.

cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy; kw;Wk; epiyg;gLj;jy; Vd; mtrpak;? ,t; cjhuzj;ij Nehf;Fq;fs;.

ePq;fs; ngw;Nwhu; kw;Wk; r%fj;jpd; gq;fspg;Gld; rpNu\;l ghlrhiy khztu;fs; %yk; jpwd; fhz; epfo;r;rp xd;iw elj;jTs;sPu;fs; vd vz;zpf;nfhs;Sq;fs;. mij
elj;Jtjw;F vj;jifa cwTfs; cq;fSf;Fj; Njit?

jpl;lkpLjypy; ahu; cq;fSf;F cjTthu;fs;?

ePq;fs; jdpnahUtuhf KOj; jpl;lkpliyAk; Nkw;nfhs;sj; Njitapy;iy. rpy Mrpupau;fs; kw;Wk; ngw;NwhUld; ,ize;J ,e; epfo;it elj;Jjy; ,yF.

r%fj;jpd; xg;Gjy; kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;ig vt;thW ngw;Wf;fhs;tJ?

14
ngUk;ghyhd efuq;fspy; efu rig my;yJ Vida mur FOf;fisg; gq;Fgw;wr; nra;aNtz;bapUf;Fk;. cs;ehl;L murhq;fj;jpy; XupUtiuj; njupe;jpUj;jy; ,t;Ntiyia
,yFthf;Fk;. cq;fSf;F ahiuAk; njupahjtplj;J Gjpa cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;g Kaw;rp Nkw;nfhs;syhk;.

NtW ahu; cjTthu;fs;?

rpw;Wz;b tiffis jahu; nra;jy;> kioapypUe;J ghJfhf;fg; ge;jy; NghLjy;> Njitnadpd; thzNtbf;iffis xOq;F nra;jy; Nghd;wtw;wpw;F cs;Su; tpahghupfspd;
cjtpAk; ghJfhg;Gf;F fhty; mjpfhupfspd; xj;Jiog;Gk; mr;rpLk; Ntiyf;fhf mr;rfj;jpdupd; cjtpAk; Ntz;Lk;.

ahu; epfo;Tf;Fr; r%fkspg;gu;?

epfo;tpd; ntw;wpf;F mjpfsthd kf;fspd; tuT mtrpak;. cq;fisNah/cq;fs; FOtpdu;fspy; ahuhtijNah kf;fSf;Fj; njupe;jpUg;gpd; mtu;fs; jaf;fkpd;wp epfo;tpy;
fye;Jnfhs;thu;fs;. vdNt vt;tsTf;nft;tsT mjpfkhdtu;fis cq;fSf;Fj; njupe;jpUf;fpwNjh mt;tsT ,yFthf xU epfo;it cq;fshy; xOq;fikf;f KbAk;.

cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd mbg;gilf; fhuzq;fs;

 r%f czu;itf; fl;bnaOg;gy;: cq;fs; FOtpy; my;yJ epWtdj;jpy; kf;fs; ,iza Ntz;Lnkdpy; mtu;fs; xt;nthUtUlDk; ePq;fs; cwitg; Ngz Ntz;Lk;. xU FOtpy;
jk;ik ,izj;Jf;nfhs;s kf;fs; tpUk;Gtjw;F mf;FOtpy; jkf;Fj; njupe;j xUtu; Vw;fdNt ,ize;jpUg;gJ xU fhuzkhFk;.
 vkJ Nehf;fj;jpw;Fj; Njitahd xj;Jiog;G toq;ff;$batu;fis ,izj;Jf; nfhs;tjw;F: epWtdj;Jf;F ntspapYs;stu;fspd; xj;Jiog;igg; ngWtjw;F mtu;fSld; cwitg;
NgZjy; mtrpakhFk;.
 cwTfs; vkJ Ntiyf;F mu;j;jj;ijAk; ngWkjpiaAk; nfhLf;Fk;: xOq;fikg;G rhu; ,d;gJd;gq;fis gfpu;e;J nfhs;sTk; fy;tpapy; mgptpUj;jpia Nkw;nfhs;sTk;
r%fk; mtrpak;.

cwTfs; Njitg;gLk; Kd; mtw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

cwTfs; Njitg;gLk; Kd;/Kuz;ghLfs; Njhd;Wk; Kd; mtw;iwf; fl;bnaOg;gy; kpf Kf;fpakhdJ. cjhuzkhf cq;fSf;Fk; cq;fs; gFjpapYs;s gyruf;Ff;fil
cupikahsUf;Fkpilapy; ey;y cwTKiw fhzg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; mtUf;Fk; mg;gFjp ,isQu;fSf;Fkpilapy; jfuhnwhd;W Vw;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; cq;fshy; mijj; jPu;f;f cjt
KbAk;. cq;fs; gFjp tyaf;fy;tpg; gzpg;ghsiu cq;fSf;Fj; njupe;jpUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; tpNrl fy;tp njhlu;ghd cq;fs; MNyhridfSf;F mtu; Jyq;fiy ntspg;gLj;Jthu;.

gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

gpur;rpidfspd; NghJ cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy; rhj;jpakw;wnjhd;wy;y. ePq;fs; cq;fis xU Neu;ikahd> J}u Nehf;Fs;s ftdpg;Gld; $ba jiytuhf
Kd;dpiyg;gLj;jpapUf;Fk; gl;rj;jpy; gpur;rpid Vw;gLk; NghJ kf;fs; midtUk; xd;wpize;J cq;fis ehLthu;fs;. cq;fs; miog;Gf;F nrtpkLg;ghu;fs;. cq;fSf;F
Njitg;gLk; NghJ cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;. Vnddpy; kf;fs; ngUk;ghYk; cjTtjpy; tpUg;gKs;stu;fs;.

cwTfis vt;thW fl;bnaOg;GtJ?

cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ njhlu;gpy; rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs; fpNo jug;gLfpd;wd.

 xU jlitf;F xU cwitf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;: ,jw;F FWf;Ftop VJkpy;iy. xU fbjk; gyNgUld; cwitf; fl;bnaOg;g cjTk; vdpDk; mJ xUtiu Neubahfr; re;jpj;J
cwthLtjw;F <lhfhJ.
 el;ghf ,Uj;jy; kw;Wk; ,izg;ig Vw;gLj;jy;: el;ghd xU thu;j;ij my;yJ Gd;dif rpwe;j tpisTfis Vw;gLj;Jk;. cq;fSf;fpilapy; nghJ mk;rq;fis fz;lwpAq;fs;.
kf;fs; xj;j ,ay;Gs;stu;fSld; cwit Vw;gLj;j tpUk;Gthu;fs;.
 Nfs;tp Nfl;ly;: kf;fs; jk;ikg; gw;wpAk; jhk; epidg;git gw;wpAk; ciuahl tpUk;Gthu;fs;. mtu;fsplk; Nfs;tp Nfl;L mtu;fs; $Wtijf; ftdkhfr;
nrtpkLj;jhy; tpiuthf el;ghthu;fs;
 cq;fisg;gw;wpf; $Wjy;: ePq;fs; mtu;fis ek;ghj gl;rj;jpy; kf;fs; cq;fis ek;gkhl;lhu;fs;. cq;fisg; gw;wp cz;ikiag; gfpu;e;J nfhs;Sq;fs;
 Njbr; nry;Yjy;: kf;fs; ,Uf;Fk; ,lq;fSf;Fr; nry;Yq;fs; (Rw;Wyh> khehL> epfo;Tfs;)
 kf;fis mtu;fSf;fhfNt Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sq;fs;: vy;yhr; re;ju;g;gq;fspYk; mtu;fSila fUj;Jf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;s Ntz;bajpy;iy. jhk; kjpg;gplg;gLtij xUtUk;
tpUk;gkhl;lhu;fs;
 kw;wtu;fSk; cwit Vw;gLj;j tpUk;Gfpwhu;fs; vd mDkhdpj;jy;: jdpikapy; fhzg;gLk; xt;nthU egUf;Fs;Sk; cwit Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s tpUg;gk; ,Uf;Fk;
 epuhfupf;fg;gLjy; njhlu;ghd gaj;ijg; Nghf;Fjy;: cwit Vw;gLj;jpf;nfhs;s tpUk;Gk; xt;nthUtUk; epuhfupf;fg;gLjy; njhlu;ghd gaj;ij cjwpj;js;s
Ntz;Lk;. cwTfis cUthf;Fk; NghJ epuhfupf;fg;gLjy; njhlu;gpy; ed;F jpl;lkpl;Lf;nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
 njhlu;r;rpiag; NgZjy;: kf;fs; $r;rk; kw;Wk; re;Njfj;jhy; gPbf;fg;glf; $Lk;. xUtupd; ek;gpf;ifiag; ngw ehshFk;.
 kf;fis <LgLtjw;F mioj;jy;: kf;fs; jkJ MSikia tplg; ngupa tplaq;fspy; <Lgl tpUk;Gtu;. kf;fs; jk;NkhL xj;j ,ay;Gs;stu;fSld; ,ize;J nraw;gl tpUk;Gtu;.
 cjtp nra;jy;: kf;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; Neuj;jpy; cjTjy;. VidNahupd; cz;ikahd Njitfis fz;lwpjy;. (kh];Nyhtpd; Njitf; nfhs;ifia mwpe;J nfhs;f) cjtpf;fhf
cq;fis ehLk; Kd; ePq;fshfNt cjtpia toq;Fjy; rpwe;jJ
 kf;fis mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;: jhk; nra;jtw;iw/rhjpj;jtw;iw kw;wtu;fs; mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lnkd kf;fs; tpUk;Gthu;fs;. kf;fis xd;W$ly;fSf;F mioj;J
mtu;fSf;F Kf;fpa tfpgq;if toq;Fq;fs;

15
  fle;j fhyj;ij epidtpw; nfhs;sy;: cwtpd; fle;j fhyj;ij kwf;fhJ mjd; njhlu;r;rpahf cwitf; fl;bnaOg;gy;
 top fhl;Ljy;: Nju;r;rpAk; J}u Nehf;Fk; nfhz;l jiytu; fz;fhzpj;jy; kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;Jf;fhd topfhl;lY}lhf kw;wtu;fSf;F ,yf;if mila cjtpnra;thu;
 kf;fSld; kfpo;thf ,Uj;jy;: ePq;fs; cz;ikapy; kf;fSld; kfpo;thf ,Ue;jhy; cq;fs; kdg;ghq;fhy; <u;f;fg;gl;L cq;fSldhd cwit tpUk;Gthu;fs;

gy;NtW fyhrhug; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;ltu;fSld; vt;thW cwitf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ?

,J njhlu;ghd rpy topfhl;ly;fs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd

 me; egupd; fyhrhuj;ijg; gw;wp mwpe;Jnfhs;sy;: ,d;ndhUtupd; tho;f;if Kiw njhlu;gpy; xUtu; mwpe;Jnfhs;s vLf;Fk; Kaw;rpfs; ngWkjp kpf;fit
 me; egupd; fyhrhuj;jpd; ikakhf cq;fis khw;wpf;nfhs;Sjy;: tpNrlkhf rpWghd;ik ,dj;jtu; xUtupd; fyhrhuj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;Sk; NghJ mf; fyhrhuk;
njhlu;ghd epfo;TfSf;Fr; r%fkspj;jy; (mq;F ePq;fs; rpWghd;ikahff; fhzg;gLtPu;fs;) jdf;F mnrsfupakhd #o;epiyapy; jd;id <LgLj;Jk; xUtiug; gw;wp
mwpe;J nfhs;s kf;fs; tpUk;Gthu;fs;
 me; egupd; vjpu;g;Gf;nfjpuhf xU thjj;ij vLj;Jf;nfhs;sy;: thu;j;ijfis tpl nraw;ghLfs; mjpfk; NgRk;. vjpu;g;Gf;F Kfq;nfhLf;Fk; egu; jdf;Fr; rhu;ghff;
fijf;f ez;gu;fisj; NjLthu;
 jtWfs; rf[khdit: gy;NtW fyhrhug; gpd;dzpiaf; nfhz;ltu;fSld; cwitf; fl;bnaOg;Gifapy; jtWfs; Vw;gLtJ ,ay;G. ,Ug;gpDk; cq;fs; Nehf;fk;
cau;thdnjdpd; kf;fs; kd;dpf;fj; jaq;fkhl;lhu;fs;
 nkhopiaf; fw;Wf;nfhs;sy;: mf; fyhrhuf; FOtpdu; NtW nkhop NgRgtu;fshapd; mk; nkhopapd; rpy thu;j;ijfisNaDk; fw;Wf;nfhs;Sjy; (xU rpwpa
ciuahliy elj;Jk; mstpw;NfDk;) ed;W.
 Vidait: cq;fs; tsthsUld; Vida topfs; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;

murpay; nry;thf;F nfhz;ltu;fSld; vt;thW cwitf; fl;bnaOg;GtJ?

,J njhlu;ghd rpy topfhl;ly;fs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd

 gak; nfhs;tijj; jtpu;j;jy;: cau; gjtpapy; ,Ue;jhYk; mtu;fSk; kdpju;fNs. VidNahiug; Nghd;Nw cwitf; fl;bnaOg;g mtu;fSk; tpUk;Gthu;fs;
 nrtpkLj;jYk; jPu;g;ig ,ilepWj;jp itj;jYk;: cau; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; nrtpkLf;fg;gLtjw;fhd re;ju;g;gq;fs; kpf mupJ. mtu;fSld; el;ig Vw;gLj;j rpwe;j
top mtu;fs; $Wtijr; nrtpkLj;jyhFk;. mtu;fSf;F vk;khy; (murpay; uPjpahfNth kdpjhgpkhd uPjpahfNth) vtw;iw toq;f KbAnkdf; fz;lwpjy;. mtu;fis
tpku;rpf;fNth mtu;fisg; gw;wp kw;wtu;fSld; mtJ}whff; fijf;fNth $lhJ
 me; egiu Mr;rupag;gLj;jy;: cau; gjtpapy; ,Ug;gtu;fs; Gjpa fUj;Jf;fs;> ey;y fUj;Jf;fis tuNtw;ghu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F GJikahd fUj;Jf;fis toq;Fjy;
 cwtpy; ,Uj;jy;: me; egiu ,ilf;fpilNa re;jpj;J ePq;fs; ,Ug;gij epidTgLj;Jjy;
 Nfl;gij tpLj;J toq;Fjy;: Njitahd re;ju;g;gq;fspy; nghUj;jkhd cjtpia toq;fy;. cjtp Nfl;gijj; jtpu;j;jy; (mJ cq;fis jq;fpapUg;gtuhfr; rpj;jupf;Fk;)

cq;fs; tsthsUld; gpd;tUtd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;

 cwTfis vt;thW NgZtJ

 mope;J nry;Yk; cwTfis vt;thW mZFtJ
 vjpupfSldhd cwTfis vt;thW mZFtJ

vjpupfSldhd cwTfis vt;thW mZFtJ vd;gJ njhlu;ghf rpy Fwpg;Gf;fs; fPNo jug;gLfpd;wd

 vjpupfSf;F ed;ik nra;Aq;fs;

 vjpupfisg; Gwtaj; jd;ikAld; mZFq;fs;
 gpbthjj;ij/cWjpia ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs;
 vjpupfSila gytPdj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jq;fs;
 cq;fs; ngWkjp kpf;f jfty;fs; vjpupfspd; iffSf;Fg; Nghfhky; ghu;j;Jf;nfhs;Sq;fs;
 vjpupf;F vjpuhfg; ghJfhg;Gr; Rtu; xd;iw vg;NghJk; vOg;Gq;fs;
 vjpupfs; tfpf;Fk; gjtpfSf;F epahakhfTk; KiwahfTk; Nghl;bapLq;fs;

RUf;fk;

16
xOq;fikg;gpd; gpujhd mk;rk; cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gYk; NgzYkhFk;. xt;nthUtUlDk; ehk; NgZk; njhlu;Ng vkJ r%fj;jpd; gykhFk;. gykhd cwTfs; %yk;
cz;ikahd khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;j Kbk;. cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;F mjpf fhyk; vLj;jhYk; mJ gaDs;s xU nraw;ghlhFk;.

vkJ kfpo;r;rpf;Fk; rthy;fSf;Fk; gpujhd fhuzk; cwTfshFk;. cwTfisg; Gupe;Jnfhs;sy; ,yFthd fhupakd;W. kf;fs; xt;nthUtUk; jdp;j;Jtk; tha;e;jtu;fs;.

xt;nthU kjj;jpdJk; ikaf; fUj;J “ehk; vt;thW elj;jg;gl tpUk;GfpNwhNkh mt;thW ehk; kw;wtu;fis elj;j Ntz;Lk;” vd;gjhFk;. ,f; fUj;ij kdjpypUj;jpf; nfhz;lhy;
ntw;wpfukhf cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;g KbAk;. ePq;fs; xU jiytuhfNth gpd;njhlu;gtuhfNth ,Uf;fyhk;. ahuhf ,Ue;jhYk; xU r%fj;ij/gq;fhsu;fis/rfghbfis Nru;j;Jf;
nfhs;Sk; Mw;wy; cq;fsplk; fhzg;gLk;. ePq;fs; xd;wpize;J tpisjpwd; tha;e;j jiyikj;Jtj;ij cq;fs; ghlrhiyf;Fk; mjd; r%fj;jpw;Fk; nfhLf;f KbAk;.

jpwd; gpuNahfk; - cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

ghiytdj;jpy; capu;tho;jy;: cwitf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd gapw;rp

tsthsUf;Fk; gq;Fgw;WNthUf;Fkhd topfhl;ly;

“ghiytdj;jpy; capu;tho;jy;” vd;w tpisahl;L (fpNsl;ld; kw;Wk; y/Ngl;b> gw;wpf; kw;Wk; nghz;l; 1970) cq;fs; FO $l;bizTld; cs;sjh vdf; fz;lwpa
cjTfpwJ. ,uz;L/ ,uz;Lf;F Nkw;gl;Nlhupd; ,iltpidahw;Wif %yk; mtu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l jPu;Tfis tplr; rpwg;ghd jPu;Tfs; vl;lg;gLk; NghJ mq;F $l;bizT
cUthfpwJ. xU nraw;ghl;bd; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FO ntspg;ghLfspd; juj;ij mstpLtjd; %yk; mf;FOtpYs;stu;fs; vt;tsT J}uk; $l;bizit mile;Js;sdu; vdf;
fz;lwpayhk;.

“ghiytdj;jpy; capu;tho;jy;” gpd;tUtdtw;Wf;F cgNahfg;gLk;

 xU FO czu;Ts;s #oiyf; fl;bnaOg;g

 kf;fs; kw;Wk; Ntiy njhlu;ghd elj;ijfisf; fw;gpg;gjd; %yk; FO Ntiyia ntw;wpfukhdjhf Mf;f
 fl;likf;fg;gl;l FOf;fspd; tbtq;fs; ntspg;ghl;bd; kPJ Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s
 FOthf ,ize;J gpur;rpid jPu;f;Fk; Mw;wy; kw;Wk; jPu;khdnkLj;jypd; tpisjpwid mjpfupf;f
 FO mq;fj;jtupilNa $l;LwT kw;Wk; njhlu;ghliyg; gyg;gLj;j

tsthsupd; gzpfs;

 tpisahl;ilAk; mjd; Nehf;fj;ijAk; RUf;fkhf mwpKfg;gLj;jy;

 tpisahl;bd; tpguq;fis toq;Fjy;
 xt;nthUtiuAk; capu;tho;tjw;fhd VjhtnjhU cj;jpia thrpj;J tpUj;jp nra;a Ntz;LNfhs; tpLj;jy;. mtw;iw jug;gLj;jy; (,j;jdpg;gl;l nraw;ghl;Lf;F 12
epkplq;fs; toq;fg;gLk; - ml;ltiz 1)
 ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fis cUthf;fp mtu;fSila Fwpg;Gf;fis xg;gpl;L ml;ltiz 2 Ig; G+uzg;gLj;jr; nrhy;Yjy;
 nraw;ghl;il epWj;JkhW $Wjy;
 jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; FOj; jug;gLj;jy;fisg; gw;wp FOf;fs; fye;JiuahLtu;
 tsthsu; jdJ jug;gLj;jiyAk; mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; $Wjy;. FOtpdu; mj; jfty;fis ml;ltiz 2 ,y; Fwpj;Jf; nfhs;tu;
 tsthsupdJk; FOtpdJk; jug;gLj;jy;fspw;fpilapyhd NtWghLfs; gw;wp FOf;fs; fye;JiuahLtu;
 mt; NtWghLfis tpsf;Fjy; kw;Wk; FOf; fl;bnaOg;gy; njhlu;gpy; fw;Wf;nfhs;sy;

jpwd; gpuNahfk; 2

cq;fspd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;

cq;fspd; jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;fhd tY %yk; ahJ?

xU tpisjpwd; tha;e;j jiytuhf cUthFtjw;F ePq;fs; Kjypy; cq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; tY vq;Fs;sJ vd mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cq;fSf;fhf Ra
kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyg; gbtk; xd;W jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; 18 tplaq;fisAk; xd;wpypUe;J Ie;J tiuahd vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ePq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwPu;fsh/
epuhfupf;fpwPu;fsh vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

1 - epuhfupf;fpNwd;

3 – eLepiy

17
 5 – Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd;

,Wjpapy; cq;fs; Gs;spfisf; fzf;fpl;L nkhj;jg; Gs;spfSk; xt;nthU tY %yj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU epwf;FwpaPLfSk; toq;fg;gLk;. Ntiyg; gbtk; cq;fis 6 tY %yq;fs;
njhlu;gpy; kjpg;gPL nra;Ak;. ,t;topfhl;bapd; Nkyjpf thrpg;G 2Ig; ghu;itaplTk;.

1. cq;fs; tsthsu; cq;fSf;Fupa Ntiyg; gbtk; kw;Wk; Gs;spfis toq;Fthu;

2. cq;fs; FOtpYs;stu;fSld; cq;fs; Gs;spfisg; gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLq;fs;
3. tsthsu; fye;Jiuahlypy; <LgLthu;

gapw;rp 01 – tpisjpwdhd topfhl;Ljy;

Njit: ,J gq;Fgw;Wgtu;fSf;fhd Kjy; tPl;LNtiyahFk;. tpiliaf; fz;lwpe;J (rpq;fsk;/jkpo;/Mq;fpyj;jpy;) jl;lr;R nra;J ,uz;lhk; thuj;jpd; Kjy; ehspy; epfo;r;rp
xUq;fpizg;ghsuplk; ifaspf;Ff.

1. jw;NghJ cau;jug; guPl;irg; ngWNgW fpilf;fg;ngw;W gy;fiyf;fofj;Jf;Fj; jFjp ngwhj gps;is xd;wpd; ngw;Nwhu; mg; gps;isf;F rpwpJ fhyk;
topfhl;bahf ,Ue;J mjd; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;F cjTkhW cq;fsplk; Ntz;LNfhs; tpLf;fpd;wdu;
2. fPNo Fwpg;gplg;gLk; jfty;fisAk; Nkyjpf jfty;fisAk; fw;Wf;nfhz;L xU topfhl;ly; epfo;r;rpj;jpl;lj;ij cUthf;Fq;fs;
3. jl;lr;R nra;ag;gLk; tpilapd; msT – 800 nrhw;fSf;Ff; Fiwahky;

topfhl;ly; vd;gJ topfhl;liy ehLgtupd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tpUj;jpia Nehf;fhff; nfhz;l ePz;lfhy cwTKiwahFk;. topfhl;Lgtu; mwptpd; %yhjhukhfTk; fw;gpj;jy;
kw;Wk; xj;Jiog;G toq;FgtuhfTk; fhzg;gLthu;. mtu; topfhl;liy ehLgtupd; ehshe;j nraw;ghLfis/ elj;ij khw;wq;fis mtjhdpj;J MNyhrid toq;Fgtuhf ,Uj;jy;
$lhJ.

topfhl;liy ehLgtupw;F topfhl;Lgtu; vd;d nra;a Ntz;Lk;?

 topfhl;liy ehLgtupd; tsu;r;rp kw;Wk; tpUj;jpapy; gue;j ghu;itiaf; nfhz;bUj;jy;

 topfhl;liy ehLgtu; mila Ntz;ba ,yf;if mila cjTjy; (mijr; nrd;wila KOg; ghijiaAk; mtu; fhl;lf; $lhJ)
 Cf;fj;ijAk; cj;Ntfj;ijAk; toq;fy; (mwpTiu toq;ff; $lhJ)

fPNo Ie;J tpisjpwd; tha;e;j topfhl;ly; jpwd;fs; tpgupf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. ,it midj;ijAk; xNu ehspy; fw;Wj; Njwp tpl KbahJ. ,tw;Ws; rpy ehk; md;whl tho;tpy;
Vw;fdNt gad;gLj;Jgit. ,j; jpwd;fis fw;Wj; Njwpatu;fs; topfhl;Ljypy; rpwe;J tpsq;Fthu;fs;.

jpwd; 01 jpwe;j kdj;Jld; ,Uj;jy;

,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhd jpwdhFk;. ehk; topfhl;liy Muk;gpf;f tpisAk; NghJ vkJ nrhe;jr; rpe;jidfs;> ngWkhdq;fs;> epahaq;fs; vd;git vkJ kdjpy; ,Uf;Fk;. ,J
rhjhuz kdpj ,ay;G. Mdhy; topfhl;lypd; Nehf;fk; topfhl;liy ehLgtu; kw;Wk; topfhl;Lgtu; Mfpa ,UtupYk; khw;wj;ij Vw;gLj;JtjhFk;. ,jw;F xt;nthUtUk; jkJ
kdij Gjpa rpe;jidfspw;fhfj; jpwe;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. ,J ,yFthdjy;y. ,Ug;gpDk; topfhl;Lk; nrad;Kiwapd; njhlu;r;rpapd; NghJ ,J ,lk;ngwNtz;Lk;. ePq;fs;
vijg;gw;wpr; rpe;jpf;fpwPu;fs; vd;gJk; mJ cwTKiwia vt;thW ghjpf;fpwJ vd;gJk; ePq;fs; ftdpf;f Ntz;ba tplaq;fshFk;.

jpwd; 02 ed;F nrtpkLj;jy;

nrtpkLj;jy; ,uz;Ltifg;gLk;: nrayhd kw;Wk; nrayw;w nrtpkLj;jy;. nrayhd nrtpkLj;jypd; NghJ ePq;fs; kw;w egNuhL KOikahd <Lghl;Lld; ,Ug;gPu;fs;.
mtu; nrhy;tjpd; kPJ cq;fs; ftdj;ijf; Ftpj;J ghu;it> jiyairg;G %yk; mtuJ fUj;Jf;fis kPstypAWj;JtPu;fs;. nrtpkLg;gtu; RWRWg;ghff; fhzg;gLthu;> Nfs;tp
Nfl;ghu;> jkJ Mu;tj;ij ntspg;gLj;Jthu;. topfhl;liy ehLgtu; kw;Wk; topfhl;Lgtu; Mfpa ,UtUk; ,r; nraw;ghl;by; <Lgl Ntz;Lk;.

jpwd; 03 Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; jpwd;

xU tplaj;jpd; Moj;ij mwpe;J nfhs;s ,j;jpwd; mtrpak;. rpy Kf;fpakhd Nfs;tpfs; Nfl;gjw;F fbdkhf ,Ue;jhYk; mtrpak; Vw;gLk; NghJ mtw;iwf; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.
,tw;iwf; Nfl;Fk; NghJ je;jpNuhghakhd Kiwapy; Nfl;f Ntz;Lk;.

jpwd; 04 Neu;ik

,J Nfs;tp Nfl;Fk; jpwNdhL xj;jpirthdJ. cq;fis ahuhtJ fbdkhd Nfs;tp Nfl;lhNyh / ePq;fs; ahiuahtJ fbdkhd Nfs;tp Nfl;lhNyh Neu;ikahd gjpiy toq;Fq;fs; /
vjpu;ghUq;fs;. KOikahd Neu;ikiaf; filg;gpbj;jy; ,yFthdjy;y vdpDk; mJ Kf;fpakhdJ. Neu;ikahf ,Ug;gjw;F ePq;fs; Kjypy; ghJfhg;ghf czu Ntz;Lk;.

jpwd; 05 Mokhd gpujpgypg;G kw;Wk; Ra tpopg;Gzu;T

18
ePq;fs; ahiuahtJ fbdkhd Nfs;tp Nfl;L Neu;ikahd gjpiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhz;l gpd; Mokhd gpujpgypg;G kw;Wk; Ra tpopg;Gzu;T vd;gtw;wpd; Njit
Vw;gLfpwJ. ciuahliy xU rthy; kpf;f fbdkhd jiyg;gpypUe;J ,yFthd jiyg;Gf;F khw;WtJ vspJ. ,Ug;gpDk; xU rpwe;j topfhl;b mij mDkjpf;fkhl;lhu;. gjpyhf
mtu; topfhl;liy ehLgtUld; ,ize;J Neuk; vLj;J mijg;gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLthu;. ,J kpfTk; Kf;fpakhdJ Vnddpy; gpur;rpidf;Fupa tplaj;ijf; fye;JiuahLk; NghJ
ehk; ghJfhg;Gf; fUjp ,yFthd topfis ehlf;$Lk;.

jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F Xu; mwpKfk;

mwpKfk;
jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ epWtdj;ij tpUk;gpa jpirapy; nfhz;LnrYj;Jtjw;fhf jdpg;gl;ltu;fs;/ FO/ KO epWtdj;jpdJk; elj;ij kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;JtjhFk;.

jiyikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd fPioj;Nja-Nkiyj;Nja mZFKiw kw;Wk; INuhg;gpa-mnkupf;f mZFKiw njhlu;ghf mwpQu;fspilNa NtWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; fhzg;;gLfpd;wd.
mnkupf;ff; fy;tpapaypy; jiyikj;Jtk; vd;gJ “nghJ Ntiynahd;iw epiwNtw;Wk; nghUl;L xUtu; Vidatu;fspd; cjtpiaAk; xj;Jiog;igAk; ehLk; r%fr; nry;thf;Fs;s
nraw;ghlhFk;. INuhg;gpa kw;Wk; fy;tp rhuh tpsf;fj;jpd; gb jiytu; xUtu; nghJ ,yf;Ffshy; kl;Lkd;wp Ra rf;jp njhlu;ghd NjlyhYk; J}z;lg;glyhk;.

jiyikj;Jtk; njhlu;ghd fw;iffs; gz;Gfs;> #o;epiy ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs;> njhopw;ghL> elj;ij> tY> J}u Nehf;F> ngWkhdq;fs;> ftu;r;rp kw;Wk; mwpT njhlu;ghd
nfhs;iffisj; Njhw;Wtpj;Js;sd.

nfhs;iffs;

gz;Gf; nfhs;if

,f;nfhs;ifapd; gb gpd;tUk; tplaq;fs; Kd;itf;fg;gl;Ls;sd

 jdpg;gl;ltu;fs; gy;NtW #o;epiyfspy;/ nraw;ghLfspy; jiytuhf cUntLf;fpwhu;fs;

 jiyikj;Jtk; cUthFtjw;Fk; jdpg;gl;ltu;fspd; gz;GfSf;Fkpilapy; gy;NtW njhlu;Gfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd
 mwpT
 rupnra;jy;
 ntspKfk;
 ru;r;ir
 mDgtq;fSf;fhd jpwe;j kdg;ghd;ik
 Ra G+u;j;jp epiy

gz;Gf;nfhs;if gpugykhdjhf ,Ue;jhYk; mJ gpw;fhyj;jpy; mjpfk; Ngrg;gltpy;iy. ]f;fhNuh (2007) vd;gtupd; fUj;jpy;

 ,f;nfhs;if kpfr; rpwpasthd jdpahs; gz;GfspNyNa ftdk; nrYj;JfpwJ. rpe;jpf;Fk; Mw;wy;> vz;zq;fs;> ngWkjpfs;> r%fj;jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; gpur;rpid
jPu;f;Fk; jpwd;fs; Nghd;wtw;iwf; fUj;jpy; nfhs;stpy;iy
 gy;jug; gz;Gfspy; ftdk; nrYj;jj; jtwpAs;sJ
 Neuj;Jld; khw;wkilahj jiyikj;Jtg; gz;Gfs; kw;Wk; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g khw;wpaikf;fg;gLk; gz;GfSf;fpilNa cs;s NtWghLfs; gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy
 tpisjpwd; tha;e;j jiyikj;Jtj;jpw;F Njitahd elj;ijg; gy;tifikf;F epiyahd jiyikg; gz;Gfs; vt;thW fhuzkhfpd;wd vd;gJ gw;wpf; Fwpg;gpltpy;iy

tYf; nfhs;if

N[hd; gpnuQ;r; kw;Wk; Ngw;whk; uhtdpd; fUj;jpy; jiytu;fs; jkJ FOit topelj;jg; gad;gLj;jf;$ba 6 tY %yq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

rl;l tY

xU jiytu; vt;thW njupT nra;ag;gLfpwhu; vd;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ: Nju;jy;> epakdk;> jhdhf Kd;tUjy;> thliff;F njupT nra;jy; Nghd;wd. ngUk;ghYk; ,g; gjtp
xU jiyg;G/ rPUil my;yJ mjpfhuj;ijf; fhl;Lk; NtNwJk; FwpaPLfshy; Fwpf;fg;gLk;. epWtdk; cq;fis rl;l uPjpahd jiytuhf Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;. mjd; gpd;G
Kiwahd mjpfhuk; kw;Wk; nghWg;Gf;fs; cq;fsplk; toq;fg;gLk;

ntFkjp tY

xUtuJ xj;Jiog;Gf;F gpujpAgfhukhf ntFkjpaspg;gijf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ngUk;ghYk; ,J epWtd tsq;fs;/gzj;Jld; njhlu;GgLj;jg;gLk;. ntFkjpfs; vJthfTk; ,Uf;fyhk;:
gjtpAau;T> mjpf tpLKiw> tpLKiw Cjpak;

mjpfhu (Coercive) tY

19
nraw;gl epu;g;ge;jpf;Fk;/jz;lid toq;Fk; Mw;wiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. cq;fs; mjpfhuk; %yk; xUtiu Ntiyia tpl;L ePf;fNth gjtpapwf;fNth rYiffis epWj;jNth mtuJ
tUl ,Wjp kjpg;gPl;by; Fiwe;j Gs;sp toq;fNth KbAk;.

Nkw;Fwpj;j 3 tYf;fspdJk; ,izT xUtUf;F jiyikj;Jtg; gjtpapd; Kiwahd mjpfhuj;ij toq;FfpwJ. ,Ug;gpDk; vdJ fUj;jpy; tYtpd; cz;ikahd fdk; ,tw;wpy; ,y;iy.
jiyikj;Jtj;ijr; rhuhj ,d;Dk; 3 tYf;fs; cs;sd. ,it jdpg;gl;l tY %yq;fs;. ,tw;iw ePq;fs; ve;NeuKk; (jiyikj;Jtg; gjtpapy; ,y;yhj NghJk;) tpUj;jpnra;a KbAk;.

epGzj;Jt tY

,J mwpT> tpNrl jpwd;fs; kw;Wk; mDgtj;ijr; rhu;e;jJ. ,J gy topfspy; czug;gLk;: kUj;Jt rhd;wpjo;/jiljhz;ly; guPl;irapy; rpj;jpailjy; Nghd;wd. ,ij ep&gpf;f
rhd;wpjo;fs; Njitapy;iy. xU tplak; njhlu;gpy; kw;wtu;fis tpl cq;fSf;F mjpfk; njupe;jpUg;gpd; ePq;fs; mt; tplaj;jpy; epGzj;Jtk; ngw;Ws;sPu;fs; vd
mu;j;jk;. ,J mDgtj;jpYk; Vw;gLk;.

jfty; tY

kw;wtu;fSf;Fj; Njitg;gLk; jfty;fis toq;ff;$ba Mw;wiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. ,J jftiyg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s cq;fSf;F ,Uf;Fk; Mw;wiyf; Fwpf;fpaNjad;wp epGzj;Jtj;ij
my;y. cjhuzkhf mLj;j $l;lk; vg;NghJ vdj; njupe;jpUj;jy;/ jiyikafj;jpy; fhzg;gLk; ghjPl;Lg; gw;whf;Fiwapd; jhf;fk; njhlu;gpy; mwpe;jpUj;jy;/ Gjpa
Nghf;Ffs; cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; Vw;gLj;Jk; jhf;fj;ij mwpe;jpUj;jy;.

Fwpg;gPL (Referent) tY

jiytu; jk;kplKs;s ftUk; jd;ikapdhYk; kjpg;ghYk; VidNahupd; kPJ nry;thf;Fr; nrYj;Jk; Mw;wiyf; Fwpf;fpwJ. kf;fs; mtiug; Nghy; Mf Ntz;Lk; vd
tpUk;Gk; tpjkhf jiytu; fhzg;gLthu;. kpfTk; tpUk;gg;gLfpd;w> ftUk; jd;ikAs;s rpwe;j kf;fs; jpwd;fisf; nfhz;l jiytUld; Ntiy nra;a kf;fs; tpUk;Gtu;. ,t; tYit
ePz;l fhyk; epiyj;jpUf;fr; nra;a Mokhd elj;ijg;gz;G kw;Wk; ehzak; mtrpak;.

cq;fs; jiyikj;Jt tY %yk; ahJ?

xU tpisjpwd; tha;e;j jiytuhf cUthFtjw;F ePq;fs; Kjypy; cq;fis mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cq;fs; tY vq;Fs;sJ vd mwpe;J nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;. cq;fSf;fhf Ra
kjpg;gPl;L Ntiyg; gbtk; xd;W jug;gl;Ls;sJ. mjpy; fhzg;gLk; 18 tplaq;fisAk; xd;wpypUe;J Ie;J tiuahd vz;fisg; gad;gLj;jp ePq;fs; Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpwPu;fsh/
epuhfupf;fpwPu;fsh vdf; Fwpg;gpLq;fs;.

1 - epuhfupf;fpNwd;

3 – eLepiy

5 – Vw;Wf;nfhs;fpNwd;

,Wjpapy; cq;fs; Gs;spfisf; fzf;fpl;L nkhj;jg; Gs;spfSk; xt;nthU tY %yj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU epwf;FwpaPLfSk; toq;fg;gLk;.

cq;fs; tsthsu; cq;fSf;Fupa Gs;spfis toq;Fthu;

elj;ijthjf; nfhs;iffs;: jiyik tbtq;fs;> Nfl; nytpd;

Nfl; nytpDk; mtuJ rfhf;fSk; ,ize;J jiyikj;Jtj; jPu;khdk; njhlu;gpy; 1939 ,y; Ma;T nra;J jPu;khdk; vLj;jy; njhlu;gpy; %d;W NtWgl;l jiyikj;Jt tiffis
,dq;fz;ldu;.

mjpfhutu;f;f jiyikj;Jtk;

jiytu; kw;wtu;fSld; fye;JiuahlhJ jhNd jd;dpr;irahf KbntLg;ghu;. nytpd; jdJ Ma;tpy; ,J kpfTk; jpUg;jpaw;w jiyikj;Jtk; vdf; Fwpg;gpl;Ls;shu;.

Kbtpy; ve;jtpj cs;sPLfSk; Njitg;glhjtplj;J ,j; jiyikj;jtj;ijg; gad;gLj;j KbAk;. ,q;F cs;sPLfspd; tpisthf Kbtpy; khw;wk; vJTk; Vw;glhJ. NkYk; kf;fs;
jPu;khdnkLj;jypy; gq;Fnfhs;shikahdJ mtu;fspd; njhopy; Cf;fj;ijg; ghjpf;fhJ. ,j;jifa #oypNyNa mjpfhutu;f;f jiyikj;Jtk; gad;gLk;.

[ddhaf jiyikj;Jtk;

jiytu; kw;wtu;fSld; fye;Jiuahb KbntLg;ghu;. vdpDk; ,Wjpj; jPu;khdk; vLg;gJ KOikahfj; jiytiur; rhu;e;jpUf;Fk;.

,j; jiyikj;Jtk; kf;fshy; (tpNrlkhf mjpfhutu;f;f jiyikj;Jtj;jhy; mjpUg;jpaile;jtu;fshy;) tuNtw;fg;gLk;. vdpDk; fUj;Jf;fs; gue;j mstpy; fhzg;gLk; NghJ
KbntLg;gJ rpukkhf ,Uf;Fk;.

jhuhska jiyikj;Jtk; (Laissez-Faire)

KbntLj;jypy; jiytupd; gq;F Fiwthf ,Uf;Fk;. kf;fs; KbTfisj; jhNk vLf;ff; $bajhf ,Uf;Fk;. ,Ug;gpDk; mjd; tpisTfSf;Fk; mtu;fNs nghWg;ghthu;fs;.

20
 kf;fs; KbntLf;Fk; Mw;wy; kw;Wk; Cf;fk; nfhz;bUg;gpd; ,j; jiyikj;Jt tif nghUj;jkhdJ. cjhuzkhf tsq;fisg; gy;NtW FOf;fspilNa gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; nraw;ghl;ilf;
$wyhk;.

fye;Jiuahly;

nytpd; jdJ Ma;tpy; kpfr; rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtkhf [ddhaf jiyikj;Jtj;ijf; Fwpg;gpLfpwhu;. mjpfsthd mjpfhutu;f;f jiyikj;Jtk; Gul;rpf;F ,l;Lr; nry;Yk; mNj Ntis
jhuhska jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; kf;fs; jkJ Ntiyapy; njhlu;r;rpahd jd;ikiag; NgZtjpy;iy. mtu;fs; ,d;ndhUtuhy; topelj;jg;gLk; NghJ ntspg;gLj;Jk; Mw;wiy tplf; Fiwthd
Mw;wiyNa ntspg;gLj;Jtu;.

,t; Ma;T rpWtu;fis itj;J Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l NghJk; mf;fhyj;jpy; kpfTk; gpugykhdjhff; fhzg;gl;lJ.

jiyik tbtk; njhlu;ghd gapw;rp

ehd;F Ngu; nfhz;l FOf;fis mikj;J gpd;tUtd gw;wpf; fye;JiuahLf.

 xt;nthU mjpguJk; jdpg;gl;l nray;tbtk; - ngwg;gl;l ngWNgW

 khfhzq;fspYs;s mjpgu;fspd; Nkyjpfhupfspd; Fztpay;Gk; mtu;fspd; tpisjpwDk;

,g; gapw;rp tFg;gpNyh tFg;G Kbtile;j gpd;dNuh nra;ag;glyhk;

jiyik tbtq;fspd; njhlu;r;rp

nwhNgl; undd;ghk; kw;Wk; tnud; ];kpl; VO jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fisf; fz;lwpe;Js;sdu;. mit fLikahd mjpfhutu;f;fj;jpypUe;J KOj; jhuhskakhd jiyikj;Jtk; tiuahd xU
njhluhf mike;Js;sd.

$Wk; jiytu; KbTfisf; $wp VidNahu; mijg; gpd;gw;w Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;g;ghu;. cq;fsplk; gy Gjpa cj;jpfs; fhzg;gLk; gl;rj;jpy; ,J gydspf;Fk;.
,Ug;gpDk; ,ijj; njhlu;r;rpahfg; gpd;gw;wpdhy; kf;fspilNa (tpNrlkhf mDgtrhypfsplk;) Vkhw;wKk; tpuf;jpAk; Vw;gLk;. vdNt epr;rakhfj; Njitg;gLk; NghJ
kl;Lk; ,ijg; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

tpw;Fk; jiytu; KbTfisf; $WtNjhL mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; vLj;Jiug;ghu;. Kbtpy; khw;wkpUf;fhJ vdpDk; jkJ Njitfs; fUj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtJ njhlu;gpy;
FOtpdu; jpUg;jpaila KbAk;.

MNyhrid toq;Fk; jiytu; KbTf;fhd khjpupiaf; $wp mjw;fhd fhuzq;fisAk; vLj;Jiuj;J FOtpdUf;F Nfs;tp Nfl;fr; re;ju;g;gk; toq;Fthu;. jhk; KbntLg;gjpy;
gq;Fgw;wpAs;Nshk; vd;w vz;zk; FOtpdUf;F ek;gpf;ifia tsu;f;Fk;.

MNyhrid Nfl;Fk; jiytu; xU Kbit Kd;nkhope;J mJ njhlu;gpy; fye;Jiuahl FOit miog;ghu;. ,J ,Wjp KbntLg;gjpy; FOtpdUila nry;thf;iff; fhl;LfpwJ. ,q;F
jiytu; FOtpduhYk; ngWkjpkpf;f jfty;fis toq;f KbAnkd;gij epidtpy; nfhs;thu;.

,izAk; jiytu; gpur;rpida Kd;itj;J mijj; jPu;f;ff; FOtpduplk; MNyhrid Nfl;ghu;. KbntLj;jy; xU $l;Lr; nraw;ghL. FOtpdu; ngWkjpahdtu;fshfTk;
ek;gpf;iff;Fupatu;fshfTk; czug;gLthu;fs;.

gfpu;e;jspf;Fk; jiytu; gpur;rpidapd; jd;ikiaf; $wp jPu;itf; fz;Lgpbf;Fk; nghWg;ig FOtpduplk; tpLthu;. FO ,Wjp KbntLj;jhYk; mjd; tpisTfSf;Fj; jiytNu
nghWg;ghthu;.

uh[pdhkh nra;Ak; (Abdicates) jiytu; gpur;rpidia Kd;itg;gJ njhlf;fk; mijj; jPu;g;gJ njhlu;gpy; MNyhrpj;J jPu;T fhZk; tiu midj;ijAk; FOtpduplk;
xg;gilg;ghu;. FO ,Wjp KbntLj;jhYk; mjd; tpisTfSf;Fj; jiytNu nghWg;ghthu;.

,t; VO tiffSk; xU epWtdj;jpd; tsu;r;rp epiyNahL njhlu;GgLfpd;wd. ek;gpf;ifAk; Nju;r;rpAk; mjpfupf;Fk; NghJ FOtpdUf;F toq;fg;gLk; Rje;jpuk;
mjpfupf;Fk;.

jiytu; ika jiyikj;Jtk; njhopyhsu; ika jiyikj;Jtk;

Kfhikahsu; njhopyhsu;fSf;fhd

mjpfhuj;ijg; Rje;jpuk;

gad;gLj;Jjy;

21
 $Wk; tpw;Fk; MNyhrid jiytu; gpur;rpidia njhopyhsu;fSf;F

jiytu; jiytu; toq;Fk; $Wk; KbT $wp MNyhrid vy;iyf;Fl;gl;l

ru;thjpfhu jiytu; khwyhk; Nfl;L mtNu Rje;jpuk;

jiytu; KbntLg;ghu;

Rakhf

KbntLj;jy;

gq;Fgw;Wif

FiwT mjpfk;

XfpNah gy;fiyf;fofj;jpdhy; 1945 ,y; jiyikj;Jtk; njhlu;gpy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;l fw;iffspy; jiytu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l Fztpay;Gfis tpl mtjhdpf;ff;$ba elj;ijfs; kPJ mjpf
ftdk; nrYj;jg;gl;lJ. mt;thwhd ,uz;L elj;ijfis mf;fw;if fz;lwpe;jJ. jiytu; kw;Wk; njhopyhsu;fSf;F tpdhf;nfhj;J toq;fg;gl;L Ma;T Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;lJ. ,t;
tpdhf;nfhj;Jf;fs; jiytu; elj;ij tpguz tpdhf;nfhj;J kw;Wk; Nkw;ghu;itahsu; elj;ij tpguz tpdhf;nfhj;J vd miof;fg;gLfpd;wd. ,f;fw;if jiytu;fspd; xl;Lnkhj;j
elj;ijia ,uz;L gupkhzq;fshf mwpKfg;gLj;jpAs;sJ.

1. fl;likg;ig Muk;gpf;Fk; elj;ij

jiytu; - njhopyhsu; tfpgq;F njhlu;gpy; jiytu; Muk;gj;jpNyNa tpgupg;ghu;. ,jdhy; xt;nthUtUk; jd;dplkpUe;J vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpwJ vd
mwpe;Jnfhs;sTk; Kiwahd njhlu;ghliyf; fl;bnaOg;gTk; nraw;ghLfis vt;thW Nkw;nfhs;tJ vdj; jPu;khdpf;fTk; KbAk;.

2. fUj;jpy; nfhs;Sk; elj;ij

njhopyhsu; njhlu;gpy; mf;fiw fhl;LtJld; mtu;fSld; ey;nyz;zj;ij tsu;j;Jf;nfhs;sy;.

XfpNah gy;fiyf;fof Ma;tpd; %yk; Nkw;$wg;gl;l ,U gupkhzq;fSk; NtWgl;lit vdTk; gu];guk; njhlu;gw;wit vdTk; fz;lwpag;gl;lJ. xd;wpy; Fiwe;j Gs;spfisg;
ngWtjhy; kw;iwajpy; mjpf Gs;sp ngw Ntz;Lnkd;gjpy;iy. gpw;fhyj;jpy; ,t;tpuz;L gupkhzq;fSk; nraw;ghl;L gupkhzk; kw;Wk; kf;fs; gupkhzk; vd khw;wk;
ngw;wd. ,jd;gb jiyikj;Jtk; xU njhlu;r;rpahf my;yhky; ,uz;L NtWgl;l mr;Rf;fspy; fhl;lg;glyhk;.

mjpfk;
mjpf ftdk; kw;Wk; mjpf
mjpf ftdk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j fl;likg;G
fl;likg;G
ftdk;

Fiwe;j ftdk; kw;Wk; mjpf

Fiwe;j ftdk; kw;Wk; Fiwe;j fl;likg;G
fl;likg;G

FiwT

FiwT fl;likg;G mjpfk;

jiyikj;Jt elj;ijapd; gupkhzq;fs;

NkNy fhl;lg;gl;Ls;s ehd;F fl;lq;fSk; jiyikj;Jt elj;ijapd; gy;NtW gupkhzq;fisf; Fwpf;fpd;wd. xt;nthU fl;lKk; ,uz;L gupkhzq;fspdJk; fyitahyhdit. VjhtnjhU
tbtj;ij jiytu; Nju;e;Jnfhs;s KbAk;. ,J fhyj;jhy; Ke;jpa fw;if vdpDk; ,g;NghJk; gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.

jiytu;fs; VidNahUld; Ntiy nra;Ak; Mw;wy; ngw;wtu;fs; vd;gJk; rkepiyg;gLj;jg;gl;l cU FOitf; fl;bnaOg;g ty;ytu;fs; vdTk; XfpNah gy;fiyf;fof Ma;tpd;
%yk; njspthfpwJ.

#o;epiyj; jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;if: N`u;]p-gpsd;fhu;l;

#o;epiyj; jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;if vd;gJ “N`u;]p-gpsd;fhu;l; #o;epiyj; jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;if” vd;gjd; RUf;fkhd tbtkhFk;. ,J jw;nray; rpe;jidapd; fUj;Jf;fisg;
ngUk;ghYk; gpujpgypf;fpwJ. ,f; nfhs;ifapd; gb jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fs; #o;epiyf;Nfw;g khWgLk;> rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtk; vd;W xd;iw kl;Lk; Fwpg;gpl;Lf; $w KbahJ.
N`u;]p-gpsd;fhu;bd; fUj;jpy; xt;nthU nraw;ghLfSk; NtWgl;litahjyhy; mtw;Wf;F ntt;NtW jiyikj;Jtq;fs; Njitg;gLk;. ey;y jiytu; ,yf;FfSf;F jd; jiyikj;Jtj;ij

22
,irthf;fpf; nfhs;thu;. ,yf;if epu;zapj;jy;> nghWg;Ngw;Fk; Mw;wy;> fy;tp kw;Wk; mDgtk; vd;git ntw;wpfukhd jiytiu cUthf;Fk; fhuzpfs;.
topelj;jg;gLgtu;fspd; Kjpu;r;rp kw;Wk; Mw;wYk; kpf Kf;fpakhd fhuzpfshFk;.

N`u;]p-gpsd;fhu;l;bd; #o;epiyj; jiyikj;Jtf; nfhs;if ,uz;L gpujhd mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;lJ: jiyikj;Jt tbtk; kw;Wk; topelj;jg;gLgtu;fspd; Kjpu;r;rp vd;gd. `u;]p-
gpsd;fhu;l;bd; fUj;jpy; jiyikj;Jtk; ehd;F gpujhd elj;ijfspypUe;J Njhd;WfpwJ:

 S1 – nrhy;Yjy; (topelj;jy;)
 S2 – tpw;wy; (gapw;Wtpj;jy;)
 S3 – gq;Fgw;Wjy; (xj;Jioj;jy;)
 S4 – gfpu;jy; (gfpu;e;jspj;jy;)

N`u;]p-gpsd;fhu;l; “FOtpd; Kjpu;r;rp kl;lq;fs;” ehd;iff; Fwpg;gpLfpd;wdu;

 M1 – mbg;gilj; Nju;r;rpapd;ik/Ntiy nra;a tpUg;gkpd;ik

 M2 – Ntiy nra;a tpUg;gkpUe;Jk; nra;a Mw;wypy;yhik
 M3 – Ntiy nra;Ak; jpwikapUe;Jk; jd;dhy; Kbahnjd epidj;jy;
 M4 – FOtpdu; Ntiy nra;a tpUg;gkhfTk; jahuhfTk; ,Uj;jy;> nra;jy;

xt;nthU Ntiyf;Fk; Kjpu;r;rp kl;lq;fs; NtWgLk;. xUtupd; xl;Lnkhj;j Kjpu;r;rp kl;lk; M3 Mf ,Ug;gpDk; Fwpg;gpl;l xU Ntiyapy; mtuJ Kjpu;r;rp kl;lk; M1
Mf ,Uf;fyhk;.

N`u;]papd; fUj;jpy; xU ey;y jiytu; cau;e;j vjpu;ghu;g;Gf;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjd; %yk; Mw;wy; kl;lk; kw;Wk; Ntiyapy; tpUg;gj;ij Vw;gLj;jyhk;. gpsd;fhu;l;
Nju;r;rp – mu;g;gzpg;G njhlu;gpy; ehd;F tplaq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;whu;.

 S1 – Fiwe;j Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; Fiwe;j mu;g;gzpg;G

 S2 – Fiwe;j Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; $ba mu;g;gzpg;G
 S3 – $ba Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; Fiwe;j/khWgLk; mu;g;gzpg;G
 S4 – $ba Nju;r;rp kw;Wk; $ba mu;g;gzpg;G

mjpfk;

$ba xj;Jiog;G $ba xj;Jiog;G

Fiwe;j topfhl;ly; $ba topfhl;ly;
xj;Jiog;G
elj;ij elj;ij
elj;ij Fiwe;j xj;Jiog;G Fiwe;j xj;Jiog;G

FiwT Fiwe;j topfhl;ly; $ba topfhl;ly;

elj;ij elj;ij
FiwT topfhl;ly; elj;ij mjpfk;

ehd;F jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fs;

eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;JtKk; epiykhWk; jiyikj;JtKk;

eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk;

nraw;ghLfspd; rhjhuz gha;r;riyg;; NgZtij Nehf;fhff; nfhz;lJ. ,j; jiyikj;Jtj;ij “fg;giy kpjf;Fk; epiyapy; itj;jpUj;jy;” vd tpgupf;fyhk;.

,j; jiyikj;Jtk; njhopyhsu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;F xOf;fhw;W tY kw;Wk; Cf;Ftpg;Gf;fisg; gad;gLj;Jk;. eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis
Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhfj; jiytu; rpwg;ghd ntspg;ghLfSf;Fg; gupR toq;Fthu;. jiytu; Kd;Ndhf;fpg; ghu;f;fkhl;lhu;> khwhf ,d;iwa epiyia ed;whfg; NgZtij
Kf;fpakhff; fUJthu;.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;

23
jiytu; ehshe;j nraw;ghLfis Kfhik nra;tjw;F Nkyjpfkhf epWtdj;ij ntspg;ghL kw;Wk; ntw;wpapd; mLj;j fl;ljij Nehf;fp efu;j;Jtjpy; Kidg;ghf ,Ug;ghu;.
khw;wj;ij mile;Jnfhs;Sk; nghUl;L FO czu;itf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy; kw;Wk; Cf;fkspj;jy;> njhopyhsu;fSld; $l;bizT vd;git njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;.
njhopyhsu;fis cau;e;j nraw;ghLfis Nehf;fp efu;j;Jtjw;fhf ,yf;Ffis tFj;Jf; nfhs;thu;. mj;NjhL njhopyhsu;fspd; jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; njhopy; tsu;r;rpf;F cjTthu;.

epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; mbf;fb xg;gPl;Lf;Fs;shFk;. N[k;]; fpnwfu; ,uz;L jiytu;fisAk; NtWgLj;jpAs;shu;. ,tuJ fUj;jpy; eltbf;ifj;
jiytu;fs; njhopyhsu;fspd; tpRthrk; kw;Wk; Ntiyf;fhf njhl;Lzuf;$ba ntFkjpfis toq;Fthu;fs;. epiykhw;Wj; jiytu;fs; njhopyhsu;fSld; ,ize;J gzpahw;Wthu;fs;.
cau;kl;lj; Njitfs; njhlu;gpYk; ntspaPLfis mile;J nfhs;tjpd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; njhlu;gpYk; mtw;iw mile;J nfhs;Sk; topfs; njhlu;gpYk; ftdk; nrYj;Jthu;fs;. eltbf;ifj;
jiytu;fs; nrayw;w jd;ikAs;stu;fs;> epiykhw;Wj; jiytu;fs; nraw;gLjpwd; tha;e;jtu;fs;.

eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtk; epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtk;

jiytu; jdf;Ff; fPOs;stu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf njhopyhsu;fs; cau; rpe;jidfs;> ngWkhdq;fs;
gupR toq;fy; kw;Wk; jz;lid toq;fiyg; %yk; Nehf;fq;fis mile;J nfhs;thu;fs;
gad;gLj;Jthu;
epWtd fyhrhuj;Jf;Fs; ,aq;Fk; epWtdj;jpd; jw;Nghija fyhrhuj;ij
khw;Wtjw;F nraw;gLk;
vjpu;tpidahw;Wk; Kd;tpidahw;Wk;
jkJ Ra Mu;tj;ij Kd;dpWj;jp Copau;fisf; FO Mu;tj;ij Kd;dpWj;jp Copau;fisj;
ftu;jy; J}z;Ljy;
ntspg;ghl;il Kd;Ndw;Wtjw;F nraw;ghLfisj; gpur;rpid jPu;f;f Gjpa Nahridfisg;
jpUj;jpaikj;jy; gad;gLj;jy;> jdpg;gl;l ftdk;

X nfhs;if kw;Wk; Y nfhs;if

lf;s]; nkf; fpnwfupd; X nfhs;if kw;Wk; Y nfhs;ifia ,t;tpuz;L jiyikj;Jt tbtq;fNshLk; xg;gplyhk;. njhopyhsu;fs; ,aw;ifapNyNa Cf;fkw;wtu;fshfTk;
nghWg;igj; jtpu;g;gtu;fshfTk; fl;lisfSf;fhff; fhj;jpUg;gtu;fshfTk; Ntiyapy; tpUg;gkw;Wk; fhzg;gLtu; vd;gJ X nfhs;ifapd; mDkhdkhFk;.

,ij eltbf;ifj; jiyikj;Jtj;Jld; xg;gpl KbAk;. ,q;F Kfhikahsu;fs; tpisTfs; kw;Wk; gaj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; ,aq;Fthu;fs;. ,j; jiyikj;Jtk; kw;Wk; nfhs;ifapy; kiw
elj;ijfs; jz;bf;fg;gLk;. njhopyhsu;fs; ntFkjpfs; %yk; Cf;Ftpf;fg;gLtu;. ,jw;F khwhf Y nfhs;ifahdJ epiykhWk; jiyikj;Jtj;ij xj;jJ. ,jd; gb Kfhikahsu;fs;
njhopyhsu;fis Cf;Ftpg;gjw;fhf nraw;gLthu;fs;. njhopyhsu;fs; jd;D}f;fKk; Ntiyapy; Mu;tKk; nfhz;ltu;fs; vd Kfhikahsu;fs; ek;Gthu;fs;. njhopyhsu;fSf;F
Kd;Ndwj; Njitahdtw;iw toq;Fthu;fs;.

gzpahs; jiyikj;Jtk;

,q;F jiytuhdtu; Kjypy; xU Nrtfu;. jkJ nrhe;jj; NjitfSf;F Kjypy; VidNahupd; (Fwpg;ghf FOtpdupd;) Njit njhlu;gpy; ftdk; nrYj;j Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fSila
Nehf;fq;fis mwpe;J mtu;fsJ jdpg;gl;l kw;Wk; Ntiy njhlu;ghd ,yf;Ffis mila xj;Jiog;G toq;f Ntz;Lk;. mtu;fSf;Fj; jPu;khdnkLj;jypd; NghJ re;ju;g;gk;
toq;FtJld; r%fj; jd;ikia cUthf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,J FOtpdu; kw;Wk; Vidatu;fSld; cau; <LghL> ek;gpf;if> kw;Wk; gyk; tha;e;j cwTfisf; fl;bnaOg;g cjTk;. NkYk;
Gj;jhf;fj;ij mjpfupf;fTk; gad;gLk;.

gzpahs; jiyikj;Jtk; xU jiyikj;Jt tbtNkh njhopDl;gNkh my;y. khwhf ,J ePz;l fhyj;Jf;F nraw;gLj;jty;y xU elj;ij tbtkhFk;. ,J [ddhaf jiyikj;Jtk;> Ie;jhk; kl;l
jiyikj;Jtk; (jiytu;fs; Ntiyapy; fPo;g;gbTs;stuhf ,Ug;ghu;) kw;Wk; epiykhw;W jiyikj;Jt (kpfr; rpwe;j jiyikj;Jtk;) gz;Gfisnahj;jJ.

,Ug;gpDk; ,j; jiyikj;Jtk; mjpfhutu;f;f #oypw;F (jiytu;fs; vy;yh KbTfisAk; vLg;gu;) nghUj;jkw;wJ. ,q;F gzpahs; jiytu;fs; kupahijiag; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tJ
fbdk;. gzpahs; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; kf;fspd; NjitfSf;Nf Kjyplk;> mtu;fspd; czu;TfSf;fy;y. MfNt gpugykw;w jPu;khdq;fis vLg;gJk; FOtpdUf;F vjpu;kiw
gpd;D}l;liy toq;FtijAk; jtpu;f;ff;$lhJ.

mj;Jld; ,j; jiyikj;Jtj;jpy; kl;LNk jq;fpapUf;ff;$lhJ> epiykhw;W jiyikj;Jtk; Nghd;wtw;Wld; ,izj;J vjpu;fhy Nehf;fq;fis tpUj;jp nra;a> mtw;iw mile;J nfhs;s
kf;fis Cf;fg;gLj;j FO czu;itf; fl;bnaOg;g gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

gzpahs; jiytu;fshf khWtJ vt;thW?

yhup ];gpau;]pd; (Kd;dhs; jiytu;> nwhgu;l; fpwPd;yP/g; gzpahs; jiyikj;Jt ikak;)fUj;jpy; gzpahs; jiytu;fspw;F ,Uf;f Ntz;ba 10 Fztpay;Gfs;:

 nrtpkLj;jy;
 ,uf;fk;
 Fzg;gLj;jy;
 tpopg;Gzu;T
 J}z;ly;
 fUj;JUthf;fk;

24
  njhiyNehf;Fg; ghu;it
 gzpahsupd; Fzk;
 kf;fspd; tsu;r;rpf;fhfj; jd;id mu;g;gzpj;jy;

 r%fj;ijf; fl;bnaOg;gy;

jiytu; - mq;fj;jtu; gupkhw;wf; nfhs;if (LMX nfhs;if)

mwpKfk;

FO mq;fj;jtu;fspd; mjpAau; gq;fspg;igg; ngw;Wf;nfhs;s jiytu;-mq;fj;jtu; gupkhw;wf; nfhs;if gw;wpa fw;if mtrpakhFk;. ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ cq;fs; FO
mq;fj;jtu;fSf;F cq;fs; ftdk; kw;Wk; Neuj;ijr; nrytpl kWj;Js;sPu;fsh? jiytu;/Kfhikahsu; vd;w tifapy; midj;J mq;fj;jtu;fisAk; xNu khjpup elj;JtJ vg;NghJk;
rupahf mikahJ. cjhuzkhf cq;fs; ghlrhiyapy; cq;fSld; Mokhd cwitg; NgZfpd;w> ed;F coif;fpd;w ePq;fs; mjpfk; ek;Gfpd;w> xUNghJk; cq;fisf; iftplhj
mq;fj;jtu;fs; fhzg;gLtu;. mNj Nghy cq;fshy; Fiwthf ek;gg;gLfpd;w mq;fj;jtu;fSk; fhzg;gLtu;. ,tu;fs; Fiwe;j Nju;r;rp nfhz;ltu;fshfNth cau;e;j
,yf;Ffsw;wtu;fshfNth fhzg;glyhk;.

,Ug;gpDk; ePq;fs; vg;NghjhtJ rpy mq;fj;jtu;fs; kPJ Fiwthd ek;gpf;if nfhs;tjw;fhd fhuzq;fs; gw;wp rpe;jpj;jJz;lh? rupahfNth jtwhfNth cs;s me;
ek;gpf;ifapd; tpisthf Fwpg;gpl;l mt; mq;fj;jtu;fis ePq;fs; elj;Jk; tpjk; khWgl;Ls;sjh? ,jd; fhuzkhf mtu;fs; Kd;Ndwf; $ba tha;g;Gf;fis njupe;Nj mtu;fSf;Ff;
fpilf;fhky; jLj;jpUf;fpwPu;fsh?

,r; #oNy jiytu;-mq;fj;jtu; gupkhw;wf; nfhs;ifapd; ikakhFk;. ,f;nfhs;if jiytu;/Kfhikahsu; mq;fj;jtu;fSld; vt;thW cwit tpUj;jp nra;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ gw;wpAk;
mJ vt;thW mq;fj;jtu;fspd; tsu;r;rp/tPo;r;rpf;Ff; fhuzkhFk; vdTk; tpsf;FtjhFk;.

nfhs;ifia tpsq;fpf;nfhs;sy;

jiytu;-mq;fj;jtu; gupkhw;wf; nfhs;if Kjypy; 1970fspy; Njhd;wpaJ. ,J jiytu; -mq;fj;jtu; vt;thW cwit tpUj;jp nra;tJ vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; Nehf;FfpwJ. ,t;
cwTKiw tpUj;jpahdJ 3 fl;lq;fspD}lhf Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ.

 gq;nfLj;jy;
 gq;FUthf;fy;
 kPsg; gad;gLj;jy;

gq;nfLj;jy;

mq;fj;jtu;fs; FOtpy; ,izAk; NghJ ,J epfOk;. Kfhikahsu;fs; ,f; fhyj;ij Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fspd; jpwd;fisAk; Mw;wy;fisAk; kjpg;gplg; gad;gLj;Jtu;.

gq;FUthf;fy;

Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fs; nghWg;Gf;fis Vw;Wf;nfhs;thu;fs;. ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fs; fLikahf ciog;ghu;fs;> tpRthrkhfTk; ek;gpf;iff;Fg; ghj;jpukhfTk;
ele;Jnfhs;thu;fs; vd;gJ Kfhikahsu;fspd; nghJthd vjpu;ghu;g;ghFk;. ,f;nfhs;ifapd; gb ,e;jf; fl;lj;jpy; Kfhikahsu;fs; Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fis gpd;tUk; ,uz;L
FOf;fshf tifg;gLj;Jtu;.

1. cl; FO: Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fs; jhk; jpwd; tha;e;jtu;fs;> tpRthrkhdtu;fs; kw;Wk; ek;gpf;ifahdtu;fs; vd ep&gpj;jhy; mtu;fs; cl;FOTf;Fs;
,izj;Jf;nfhs;sg;gLthu;fs;. ,f; FO Kfhikahsuhy; ngupJk; ek;gg;gLk; mq;fj;jtu;fisf; nfhz;lJ. Kfhikahsu;fs; ,f; FOTf;F rthyhd Ntiyfis toq;FtNjhL
Nkyjpf gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fisAk; toq;Fthu;fs;. ,f; FOtpd; mq;fj;jtu;fs; ngUk;ghYk; Kfhikahsu;fspd; MSik kw;Wk;
njhopy; Neu;j;jpia xj;jpUg;gu;.
2. ntspf; FO: Gjpa mq;fj;jtu;fs; Kfhikahsupd; ek;gpf;ifisg; ngwj; jtwpdhy; / tpRthrkw;wtu;fshfNth Nju;r;rp/Cf;fkw;wtu;fshfNth fhzg;gl;lhy;
mtu;fs; ,f; FOTf;Fs; cs;slf;fg;gLthu;fs;. ,f; FOtpd; nraw;ghLfs; ngUksTf;F kl;Lg;gLj;jg;gl;bUf;Fk;. mq;fj;jtu;fs; KfhikahsUld; Fiwe;j njhlu;igNa
NgZthu;fs;. mtu;fSf;F gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; fpilg;gjpy;iy.

25
kPsg; gad;gLj;;jy;

,f; fl;lj;jpy; KfhikahsUf;Fk; mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fkhd ehshe;j nraw;ghLfs; jPu;khdpf;fg;gLk;. cl;FO mq;fj;jtu;fs; Kfhikahsupd; ey;nyz;zj;ij ngWtjw;fhf
ek;gpf;if> kupahij nghWik kw;Wk; rfpg;Gj; jd;ik vd;gtw;iw ntspg;gLj;jpf; fLikahf ciog;ghu;fs;.

ntspf; FOtpdu; Kfhikahsu; kPJ mtek;gpf;if / tpUg;gkpd;ikia ntspg;gLj;Jthu;fs;. Vnddpy; xUKiw mtu;fisg; gw;wpa vz;zk; cUthf;fg;gl;lhy; mij khw;wp
ntspf;FOit tpl;L ePq;FtJ fbdkhFk;. vdNt mtu;fs; NtW epWtdq;fisj; Njbr; nry;y Ntz;ba #oy; Vw;gLk;.

xUKiw mq;fj;jtu;fis cl;FO> ntspf;FO vd tifg;gLj;jpdhy; mt; tifg;gLj;jyhdJ mjd; gpd; Kfhikahsu;fs; mq;fj;jtu;fis elj;Jk; tpjj;jpy; jhf;fk; nrYj;Jk;. cjhuzkhf
cl;FO mq;fj;jtu;fs; Kfhikahsu;fspd; ek;gpf;ifia mjpfk; ngw;W mjpf vjpu;ghu;g;ig Vw;gLj;Jthu;fs;. ,f; FOtpdUlNdNa Kfhikahsu; mjpfsT njhlu;ghliyg;
NgZtu;. Nkyjpf gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fSk; ,tu;fSf;Ff; fpilf;Fk;. vdNt ,tu;fspd; tsu;r;rp epr;rakhdJ.

ntspf;FOTf;Fk; ,J nghUj;jkhdJ. ,tu;fs; njhlu;gpy; Kfhikahsu; kpff; Fiwe;j Neuj;ijNa nrytpLthu;. Nkyjpf gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd
tha;g;Gf;fs; kpf mupjhfNt fpilf;Fk;. mtu;fsJ jpwd;fs; xUNghJk; guprPypf;fg;gLtjpy;iyahjyhy; mtu;fs; njhlu;gpy; Kfhikahsupd; vz;zq;fis khw;WtJ fbdk;.

nfhs;ifiag; gad;gLj;jy;

ePq;fs; jiytu;-mq;fj;jtu; gupkhw;wf; nfhs;ifia cq;fs; FO mq;fj;jtu;fisj; njupe;njLg;gjw;Fg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

1. ntspf; FOit ,dq;fhZq;fs;

cq;fs; mq;fj;jtu;fspy; ntspf; FOtpdiu Vw;fdNt ePq;fs; mwpe;jpUf;fyhk;. mtu;fSila ngau;fisf; Fwpj;Jf; nfhz;L mtu;fs; Vd; ntspf; FOtpy;
cs;slf;fg;gl;bUf;fpwhu;fs; vd;gJ njhlu;gpy; rpe;jpAq;fs;. cq;fs; ek;gpf;ifia ,of;Fk; tifapy; mtu;fs; Fwpg;ghf VjhtJ jtW nra;jhu;fsh? Ntiyapy; Nkhrkhd
elj;ijia ntspg;gLj;jpdhu;fsh? mtu;fs; cz;ikapNyNa jpwikaw;wtu;fsh / Cf;fk; Fiwe;jtu;fsh? mtu;fs; cz;ikapy; vd;d nra;jhu;fs; vd gFg;gha;T nra;J cq;fs;
vz;zq;fSld; xg;gpl;Lg; ghUq;fs;. mit xd;Wf;nfhd;W njhlu;GgLfpd;wdth? my;yJ cq;fs; fzpg;G jtwhdjh?

2. cwit kPsf; fl;bnaOg;Gjy;

jiytu; vd;w tifapy; ntspf; FOtpdNuhL rpwe;j cwitf; fl;bnaOg;g Kaw;rp vLf;f Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;. 1995k; Mz;L ntspahd “jiyikj;Jtk;” fhyhz;L ,jopy;
gpuRupf;fg;gl;l Ma;nthd;W gpd;tUkhW $wpAs;sJ: jiytUld; cau;thd cwitg; NgZfpd;w mq;fj;jtu;fs; cau; rpe;jid nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; Vidatu;fis tplf; $ba
tpisjpwd; nfhz;ltu;fshfTk; fhzg;gLthu;fs;. vdNt ey;YwT cq;fSf;Fk; cq;fs; epWtdj;Jf;Fk; ed;ik gaf;Fk;.

Kjypy; xt;nthU mq;fj;jtiuAk; jdpj;jdpNa re;jpAq;fs;. mtu;fs; Ntiyapy; kfpo;r;rpahf ,Uf;fpwhu;fsh? mtu;fSila ,yf;Ffs; vd;d? mtu;fSila <Lghl;il mjpfupf;f
ePq;fs; vd;d nra;a KbAk;? vd mwpe;Jnfhs;s NeunkhJf;Fq;fs;. jdpj;jdpahf rq;jpg;gjhy; mtu;fs; cq;fsplk; vd;d vjpu;ghu;f;fpwhu;fs; vdTk; mwpe;Jnfhs;s
KbAk;.

mtu;fSf;F Cf;fkspg;gJ vJ vdf; fz;lwpa Ntz;baJk; cq;fs; flikahFk;. mtu;fis ntw;wpia Nehf;fpj; J}z;LtJ vJ vdf; fz;lwpa nkf; fpnsyhd;l;bd; kdpj Cf;fy;
nfhs;if/n`u;];Ngu;f;fpd; Cf;fy; kw;Wk; Rfhjhuf; fhuzpfs; Nghd;wtw;iwg; gad;gLj;jyhk;. jdpj;jdp re;jpg;Gf;fSf;Fg; gpd;du; mtu;fSld; njhlu;r;rpahf cwitg;
Ngz vd;d nra;ayhk; vdr; rpe;jpAq;fs;. mtu;fSf;F cjtp Njitah vd mbf;fb fz;fhzpj;Jf; nfhs;Sq;fs;.

3. gapw;rp kw;Wk; Kd;Ndw;wj;jpw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fis toq;fy;

,f; nfhs;ifapd; gpujhd ed;ik ,J Fwpg;gpl;l rpyUf;F ePq;fs; Kd;Dupik toq;FtJ njhlu;gpy; cq;fis vr;rupf;if nra;fpwJ. ,J cq;fis midj;J mq;fj;jtu;fSf;Fk;
gapw;rpf;fhd tha;g;ig toq;Ftjw;F cjTfpwJ. ntspf;FO mq;fj;jtu; gapw;rp %yk; gadilayhk;. ePq;fs; mtu;fSf;F Fiwthd rthy;fis toq;f Ntz;Lnkdpd; gzp xJf;fy;
cj;jpfisg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.

26
27