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Góc và khoảng cách
Góc và khoảng cách
KHOẢNG CÁCH
Lưu ý. Khoảng cách giữa hai đường thẳng d1 và d2 song song là khoảng cách từ một
điểm trên đường thẳng này đến đường thẳng kia. Tức d (d1, d2 ) d(M , d2 ) với M d1.
GÓC
Cho hai đường thẳng d1 : a1x b1y c1 0 và d2 : a2x b2y c2 0. Góc giữa hai đường
Daïng toaùn 1: Khoaûng caùch töø 1 ñieåm ñeán ñöôøng thaúng – Goùc giöõa 2 ñöôøng thaúng
1. Tìm khoảng cách từ một điểm đến đường thẳng trong các trường hợp sau:
4.3 3.5 1 28
a) A(3;5), d : 4x 3y 1 0 Khoảng cách d(A, d )
32 42 5
x 6 5t
g) A(2; 7), : . ..........................................................................................................
y 7 12t
x 6 3t
h) A( 1;5), : . .............................................................................................................
y 7 4t
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
2. Tìm khoảng cách giữa hai đường thẳng d1 và d2 trong các trường hợp sau:
a) d1 : x y 2 0, d2 : x y 1 0.
1 1 1 3 3 2
Ta có: M (1;1) d1 d(d1, d2 ) d(M , d2 )
12 2
1 2 2
b) d1 : 3x 4y 5 0, d2 : 3x 4y 5 0. ...............................................................................
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c) d1 : 2x 3y 5 0, d2 : 2x 3y 1 0. ................................................................................
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3. Xác định góc giữa hai đường thẳng trong các trường hợp sau:
a) d1 : 2x y 3 0 và d2 : x 3y 1 0.
H-íng dÉn gi¶i
d1 có VTPT là nd (2; 1) và d2 có VTPT là nd (1; 3). Gọi là góc giữa d1 và d2 .
1 2
b) d1 : x 2y 1 0 và d2 : x 3y 11 0.
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c) d1 : 2x y 5 0 và d2 : 3x y 6 0.
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d) d1 : 2x 5y 5 0 và d2 : x 7y 6 0.
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e) d1 : 3x 4y 5 0 và d2 : 5x 12y 6 0.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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c) d1 : 3x y 7 0 và d2 : mx y 1 0 bằng 30 .
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3
Đáp số: m . .......................................................................................................................
3
Trang - 43 -
H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
Daïng toaùn 2: Baøi toaùn tìm ñieåm lieân quan ñeán khoaûng caùch
x 2 2t x 4t
1. Cho đường thẳng d : . Tìm 2. Cho đường thẳng d : . Tìm
y 3 t y 3 3t
điểm M thuộc d và cách điểm A(0;1) điểm M thuộc d và cách gốc tọa độ một
một khoảng bằng 5. khoảng bằng 4.
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3. Cho đường thẳng d : x y 3 0 và hai điểm A(1;1), B( 3;4). Tìm điểm M d sao
cho khoảng cách từ điểm M đến đường thẳng AB bằng 1.
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Trang - 44 -
H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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43 27
Đáp số: M ; hoặc M ( 7; 3). ...............................................................................................
11 11
6. Tìm điểm A thuộc trục hoành và điểm B thuộc trục tung sao cho A và B đối xứng với
nhau qua đường thẳng d : x 2y 3 0.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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10. Tìm điểm M (d ) : 3x 4y 12 0 và cách đều hai điểm A(5; 0), B(3; 2).
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11. Tìm điểm M (d ) : x 2y 2 0 để MA 2.MB là nhỏ nhất, với A(0;1), B(3; 4).
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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12. Tìm điểm M Ox để AD BD 3CD là nhỏ nhất, với A( 1;1), B(1;2), C (3;2).
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13. Cho điểm A(2;2) và hai đường thẳng: (d1 ) : x y 2 0, (d2 ) : x y 8 0. Tìm tọa
độ điểm B và C lần lượt thuộc (d1 ) và (d2 ) sao cho tam giác ABC vuông cân tại A.
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Daïng toaùn 3: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng lieân quan ñeán goùc vaø khoaûng caùch
Nhoùm 1. Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng lieân quan ñeán goùc
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
1. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua 2. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
A(2;1) và d tạo với d : 2x 3y 4 0 M (1;2) và d tạo với d : 3x 2y 1 0
một góc bằng 45 . một góc bằng 45 .
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Nhận xét: ..............................................................................
Cần nhớ cách giải của phương trình đẳng cấp ..............................................................................
bậc hai dạng: .a 2 .ab b 2 0. ..............................................................................
Vì có vô số VTPT cùng phương với d, nên sau ..............................................................................
khi tìm được mối liên hệ a kb, ta có thể chọn
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b, rồi suy ra a và thế vào phương trình d .
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d : x 5y 9 0
Đáp số: .
d : 5x y 7 0
Trang - 48 -
H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
3. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua 4. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
A(5;1) và d tạo với : 2x y 4 0 M (4;1) và d tạo với trục tung Oy một
một góc bằng 45 . góc bằng 60 .
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d : 3x y 14 0 d :x y 3 4 3 0
Đáp số: . .......................... Đáp số: . ...............
d : x 3y 8 0 d :x y 3 4 3 0
Trang - 49 -
H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
5. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua 6. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
A(1; 3) và d tạo với : x y 0 một A( 1;2) và d tạo : 2x 3y 4 0
góc bằng 30 . một góc bằng 60 .
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
Nhoùm 2. Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng lieân quan ñeán khoaûng caùch
1. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d song 2. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d song
song với : 4x 3y 13 0 và d cách song với : 3x 4y 1 0 và d cách
một khoảng bằng 5. một khoảng bằng 1.
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3x 4y 4 0
Đáp số: d : . ..........................
3x 4y 6 0
3. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d song 4. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d song
song với : 2x y 3 0 và d cách song với : 2x 5y 1 0 và d cách
một khoảng bằng 5. một khoảng bằng 11.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
9. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua 10. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
điểm A(2; 2) và d cách điểm B(3;1) điểm A( 1; 3) và d cách điểm B(4;2)
một khoảng bằng 3. một khoảng bằng 5.
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11. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua 12. Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
điểm A(1;1) và d cách điểm B(3;6) một điểm A(4;1) và d cách điểm B( 2; 3)
khoảng bằng 2. một khoảng bằng 6.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
13. Cho ba điểm A(3;0), B( 5;4), M (10;2). 14. Cho 3 điểm A( 2;2), B(2; 1), M (3;2).
Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
M , đồng thời d cách đều A và B. M , đồng thời d cách đều A và B.
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d :x 2y 7 0
Đáp số: . ............................
d :x 4y 5 0
15. Cho ba điểm A( 1;0), B(2;1), M ( 2;3). 16. Cho 3 điểm A(5; 1), B(3;7), M ( 2; 3).
Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua Viết phương trình đường thẳng d đi qua
M , đồng thời d cách đều A và B. M , đồng thời d cách đều A và B.
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Đáp số: x 3y 11 0, x y 1 0. ....... Đáp số: 4x y 5 0, y 3 0. ...............
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
a) Lập phương trình các đường phân giác của góc tạo bởi d1 và d2 .
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Đáp số: 2x 6y 11 0, 6x 2y 1 0. .....................................................................................
b) Phương trình đường phân giác của góc nhọn tạo bởi d1 và d 3 .
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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Đáp số: y 1 0. .................................................................................................................................
19. Cho hai đường thẳng d1 : 2x y 1 0, d2 : x 2y 7 0. Hãy viết phương trình
đường thẳng d đi qua gốc tọa độ O sao cho d cắt d1, d2 tại A, B và ABI cân tại I ,
với I là giao điểm của d1 và d2 .
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d1 d2
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A B d
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Đáp số: d : 3x y 0 hoặc d : x 3y 0. .....................................................................................
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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Đáp số: AC : 17x 7y 24 0. .......................................................................................................
21. Cho hình vuông đỉnh A( 4;5) và một đường chéo đặt trên đường thẳng 7x y 8 0.
Lập phương trình đường thẳng AB và AD.
22. Cho hình chữ nhật ABCD có diện tích bằng 16, các đường thẳng AB, BC , CD, DA
lần lượt đi qua M (4;5), N (6;5), P(5;2), Q(2;1). Viết phương trình đường thẳng AB.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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Đáp số: AB : 3x 4y 32 0, AD : 4x 3y 1 0 hoặc ngược lại. ......................................
23. Cho hình chữ nhật ABCD có điểm H (1;2) là hình chiếu vuông góc của A trên BD .
9
Điểm M ; 3 là trung điểm cạnh BC , phương trình đường trung tuyến kẻ từ A của
2
tam giác ADH là 4x y 4 0. Viết phương trình cạnh BC .
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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Đáp số: BC : 2x y 12 0. ............................................................................................................
24. Cho hình vuông ABCD. Điểm E (2; 3) thuộc đoạn thẳng BD, các điểm H ( 2; 3) và
K (2; 4) lần lượt là hình chiếu vuông góc của điểm E trên AB và AD. Xác định toạ độ
các đỉnh A, B, C , D của hình vuông ABCD.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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Đáp số: A( 2;4), B( 2; 1), C (3; 1), D(3;4). .............................................................................
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25. Cho hình thang ABCD với AB CD có diện tích bằng 14, điểm H ; 0 là trung
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điểm của cạnh BC và I ; là trung điểm của AH . Viết phương trình đường thẳng
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AB biết đỉnh D có hoành độ dương và D thuộc đường thẳng d : 5x y 1 0.
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H×nh häc 10 Ch-¬ng 3. Ph-¬ng ph¸p täa ®é trong mÆt ph¼ng
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Đáp số: AB : 3x y 2 0. ..............................................................................................................
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