NHGHOHL YBUL@SRAFHA GBERSRLHA SBAHFH GBUKH

GBYBUHVHSHA CBAFHA NBSDCB F@OO@B]

Cdsba Ybne`ne`af ;

Auruo L`gnhtuo Xdw`. ].Gbp,As. N.Gbp

C`susua Dobl Gbodnpdg 5;

8. Cw` Hzzh Nhflj`rd ( 8<95985:=9 )

5. Lurua‐`a ( 8<95985:5: )

=. @achl Outjhtuo Hnho`h ( 8<95985:52 )

3. Glha`jhtur Udsy`chl ( 8<95985:80 )

2. U`sth Aur Hyua` ( 8<95985:== )

:. ]yugrda Hec` Nhuohah ( 8<95985::= )

6. S`t`a ]r` Uhlhyu ( 8<95985:92 )

YUDFUHN ]SRC@ ]8 GBYBUHVHSHA

JHGROSH] @ONR GB]BLHSHA
RA@ZBU]@SH] NRLHNNHC@PHL OHNDAFHA
5958

`
 

GHSH YBAFHASHU 

Yuk` syugur ghn` phakhtgha gbphch gblhc`rht Hoohl ]VS, yhaf sbahat`hsh nbnebr` rhlnht
cha l`chyh
l`chyhl-A
l-Ayh
yh sbl`af
sbl`affh
fh ghn`
ghn` chpht
chpht nbaybo
nbaybobsh
bsh`gh
`gha
a tufhs
tufhs nhghoh
nhghohl
l Ybrl`t
Ybrl`tuafh
uafhaa gbeutul
gbeutulha
ha
tbahfh gbrh gbpbrhwhtha runus F`oo`bs cbafha tbpht whgtu. Chohn nbaybobsh`gha nhghohl `a`
ghn` tbohl ebrushlh uatug nbamhph` lhs`o yhaf nhgs`nho, tbthp` cbafha gbtbrehthsha whwhsha,
 pbafbthluha, pbafhohnha cha gbnhnpuha yhaf ghn` n`o`g`, ghn` nbayhchr` ehlwh nhghohl `a`
nhs`l khul chr` ghth sbnpurah. Cha hths tbrsbobsh`ghaayh nhghohl `a` t`chg obphs chr` ehatuha
 ebrehfh` p`lhg, dobl ghrbah `tu phch gbsbnphtha `a` ghn` nbafumhpgha tbr`nh ghs`l yhaf sbebshr-
 ebshrayh gbphch ;
8. Ehphg
Ehphg Cr. Hecuo
Hecuo Hz`z
Hz`z Ho`nuo
Ho`nuo L`chyh
L`chyht,
t, ].Gbp,A
].Gbp,As.
s. N.Gbs
N.Gbs sbohgu
sbohgu Ubgtdr
Ubgtdr Ra`vbr
Ra`vbrs`t
s`ths
hs
Nulhnnhc`yhl Ohndafha
5. Ehphg Hr`jho Hr`s,
Hr`s, ].Gbp.,As.Gb
].Gbp.,As.Gbpp sbohgu Cbgha Jhguoths
Jhguoths @onu Gbsblhtha Ra`vbrs`ths
Ra`vbrs`ths
Nulhnnhc`yhl Ohndafha
=. @eu
@eu ]urh
]urhtn
tn`,
`,].
].Gb
Gbp.
p.,A
,As.
s.,N
,N.G
.Gbp
bp sbsboh
ohgu
gu Ghpr
Ghprdc
dc`` ]8 GbpbGbpbrh
rhwh
whth
tha
a Ra`v
Ra`vbr
brs`
s`th
thss
Nulhnnhc`yhl Ohndafha

3. @eu Auruo L`gnhtuo Xdw`. ].Gbp,As. N.Gbp   sbohgu cdsba pbne`ne`af cha pbafhkhr nhth
guo`hl Gbpbrhwhtha Nhahkbnba yhaf tbohl nbnebr` pbafbthluha sbrth whwhsha gbphch
ghn` sbohnh `a`
2.   O`tbrhtur
O`tbrhtur yhaf hch c` kuraho cha pbrpusthghh
pbrpusthghhaa sbrth nhtbr`
nhtbr` nhth guo`hl yhaf nbahnehl
nbahnehl
whwhsha ghn`
:. ]brth tbnha ” tbnha yhaf turut ebrphrts`phs` chohn nbaybobsh`gha nhghohl `a` .
]bohakutayh ghn` nbafumhpgha ehayhg tbr`nh ghs`l gbphch p`lhg ” p`lhg yhaf tbohl
nbnehatu chohn nbaybobsh`gha nhghohl `a`. Hphe`oh ehayhg gbshohlha cha gbgurhafha chohn
 pbauo`sha cha gbtbrehthsha nhtbr` yhaf ghn` tuhafgha, ghn` ndlda nhhj yhaf sbebshr-
 ebshrayh. ]bndfh nhghohl `a` chpht ebrnhajhht cha ebrfuah ehf` s`hph shkh yhaf nbnehmh.

Ohndafha, 5< ]bptbnebr 5958

Ybauo`s

``
 

CHJSHU @]@
GHSH YBAFHASHU..........................................................................................................................``

CHJSHU @]@.......................................................................................................................................```

EHE 8...................................................................................................................................................8

YBACHLRORHA................................................................................................................................8
8.8 Ohthr Ebohghaf................................................................................................................................8

8.5 Uunusha Nhshohl...........................................................................................................................5

8.= Sukuha.............................................................................................................................................5

EHE 5...................................................................................................................................................=

YBNEHLH]HA...................................................................................................................................=

5.8 Cbj`a`s`............................................................................................................................................=

5.5 Jhgtdr-Jhgtdr Phaf Nbnpbafhrul` Gbeutulha Sbahfh Gbpbrhwhtha ;........................................=

5.= Nbtdcb Ybrl`tuafha Ybrbamhahha Sbahfh Gbpbrhwhtha................................................................=

5.=.8 Nbtdcb F`oo`bs..............................................................................................................................=

EHE = YBARSRY................................................................................................................................6

=.8 Gbs`npuoha.....................................................................................................................................6

=.5 ]hrha................................................................................................................................................6

CHJSHU YR]SHGH...........................................................................................................................<

```
 

EHE 8
YBACHLRORHA

8.8 Ohthr Ebohghaf

Sbahfh Gbsblhtha hchohl sbt`hp drhaf yhaf nbafhec`gha c`r` chohn e`chaf gbsblhtha
sbrth nbn`o`g` pbafbthluha cha gbtbrhnp`oha nbohou` pbac`c`gha c` e`chaf gbsblhtha yhaf

uatug kba`s tbrtbatu

tbrtbatu nbnbrougha gbwbahafha uatug nbohgugha
nbohgugha uphyh gbsblhtha (Rachaf-
(Rachaf-
uachaf, 5983). Ebrchshrgha RR Ad. =: Shlua 5983 pbafbodnpdgha tbahfh gbsblhtha
hathrh oh`a tbahfh nbc`s, tbahfh ps`gdodf`, tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha, tbahfh gbe`chaha, tbahfh
gbjhrnhs`ha, tbahfh f`z`, tbahfh gbtbrhp`ha j`s`g, tbahfh gbtbga`s`ha nbc`s, tbahfh tbga`g 
 e`dnbc`gh, cha tbahfh gbsblhtha oh`a. ]unebr chyh nhaus`h hchohl shohl shtu p`ohr uthnh
uatug hgsbs cha mhgupha gbsblhtha sbmhrh ua`vbrsho (Ch`hah bt ho .,
., 598:)
Sbahfh
Sbahfh gbpbrh
gbpbrhwht
whtha
ha yhaf
yhaf tbrc`r
tbrc`r`` chr`
chr` ebrehf
ebrehfh`
h` nhmhn
nhmhn kba`s
kba`s pbrhwh
pbrhwhtt nbruphg
nbruphgha
ha kba`s
kba`s
]unebr Chyh Nhaus`h (]CN) yhaf nbn`o`g` kunohl pho`af ehayhg e`oh c`ehac`afgha cbafha
tbahfh gbsblhtha
gbsblhtha oh`aayh,
oh`aayh, sbl`affh
sbl`affh pbrhaayh c` pbohyhaha gbsblhtha eh`g c` Yusgbsnhs
nhupua c` runhl shg`t nbakhc` pbabatu chohn nba`afghtgha nutu pbohyhaha (CbpGbs U@,
5990). Nbaurut Cbpgbs phch thlua 598=, tbrchpht kunohl ]CN gbsblhtha ebrkunohl <66.9<<

drhaf, yhaf tbrc`r` chr` tbahfh gbsblhtha ebrkunohl :<8.:=3 drhaf cha tbahfh ada gbsblhtha
 ebrkunohl 802.323 drhaf. tbahfh gbsblhtha tbrc`r` chr` tbahfh nbc`s (cdgtbr spbs`ho`s, cdgtbr 
unun cha cdgtbr f`f`) ebrkunohl 09.333 drhaf, pbrhwht ebrkunohl 5<<.392 drhaf, e`cha
 ebrkunohl 8=6.889 drhaf, tbahfh jhrnhs` ebrkunohl 39.8<8 drhaf, cha tbahfh gbsblhtha
oh`aayh ebrkunohl 852.303 drhaf
Ybrhwht chohn tufhsayh nbn`o`g` pbrha cha juafs`ayh, pbrha pbrhwht sbehfh` pbnebr`
hsulha gbpbrhwhtha
gbpbrhwhtha `a` chpht c`ohgugha
c`ohgugha cbafha nbnpbrlht`
nbnpbrlht`gha
gha gbhchha gbeutulha chshr 
nhaus`h yhaf c`eutulgha nbohou` pbnebr`ha pbohyhaha gbpbrhwhtha cbafha nbaffuahgha
 prdsbs gbpbrhwhtha sbl`affh chpht c`tbatugha c`hfads`s gbpbrhwhtha sbl`affh e`sh c`rbamhgha
cha c`ohgshahgha t`achgha yhaf tbpht. Hsulha gbpbrhwhtha yhaf nbnhch` shafht pbat`af
uatug guho`ths cha gbhnhaha pbrhwhtha gbsblhtha, ghrbah pbrhwht nbn`o`g` pds`s` tbreh`g 
uatug nbacbtbgs` nhshohl phch phs`ba (Bualbb bt ho ., ., 5983). Ebrchshrgha juafs`ayh pbrhwht
c`ehf` nbakhc` juafs` `acbpbacba,
`acbpbacba, juafs`
juafs` cbpbacba,
cbpbacba, cha juafs`
juafs` `atbr`acbpb
`atbr`acbpbacba.
acba. Juafs`
`acbpbacba nbruphgha juafs` nhac`r` cha t`chg tbrfhatuaf phch drhaf ooh`a, h`a, c`nhah pbrhwht
chohn nbohgshahgha tufhsayh c`ohgugha sbmhrh sbac`r` cbafha gbputusha sbac`r` chohn
nbohgugha
nbohg ugha t`achgha, juafs` cbpbacba nbruphgha
nbruphgha juafs`
juafs` pbrhwht
pbrhwht chohn nbohgshahgh
nbohgshahgha a
gbf`hthaayh hths pbsha hthu `astrugs` chr` pbrhwht oh`a, cha juafs` `atbrcbpbacba nbruphgha
juafs`` yhaf c`ohgugha
juafs c`ohgugha chohn gbodnpdg t`n yhaf ebrs`jht
ebrs`jht sho`af gbtbrfhatuafha
gbtbrfhatuafha c`hathrh
c`hathrh shtu
cbafha yhaf oh`ayh, juafs` `a` chpht tbrkhc` hphe`oh ebatug pbohyhaha nbneutulgha gbrkhshnh
t`n
t`n chohn
chohn pbnebr
pbnebr`ha
`ha pbohyha
pbohyhaha
ha sbpbrt
sbpbrt`` chohn
chohn nbnebr
nbnebr`gh`ghaa hsulha
hsulha gbpbrhw
gbpbrhwhth
htha
a phch
phch
 pbacbrh`th yhaf nbnpuayh` pbayhg`t gdnpobgs, gbhchha `a` t`chg chpht c`hths` cbafha t`n
 pbrhwht shkh nboh`agha kufh chr` cdgtbr hthupua oh`ayh (Gbpnbagbs, 5998).

Nbaurut F`oo`bs ebeha gbrkh yhaf tbrohou ebshr chpht nba`afghtgha tbrkhc`ayh gdnua`ghs`
yhaf t`chg eh`g hathrh pbrhwht cha phs`ba, gbfhfhoha gdo
gdohedrhs`
hedrhs` hathrh pbrhwht cbafha cdgtbr,
8
 

cha gbt`chgpuhsha gbrkh pbrhwht. Ybabo`t`ha tbrchluou kufh nbafuaghpgha ehlwh ebeha gbrkh
yhaf tbrohou t`aff` chpht nbruf`gha ebrehfh` p`lhg. Ebeha gbrkh gbpbrhwhtha yhaf tbrohou
t`aff` chpht nbafhg`ehtgha nhshohl gbsblhtha yhaf sbr`us c` ghohafha pbrhwht cha phs`ba `tu
sbac`r`
sbac`r` (O`a bt ho .,
., 5983). Ebebrhph stuc` nbohpdrgha ehlwh gbah`gha ebeha gbrkh ebrgh`tha
cbafha pba`afghtha
pba`afghtha gbshohlha
gbshohlha hcn`a`strhs
hcn`a`strhs`` pbafdehtha
pbafdehtha (Hafboh bt ho .,
., 5982). Sbrchpht
Sbrchpht
 ebebrhph jdrnuoh pbrl`tuafha kunohl ]CN pbrhwht yhaf c`eutulgha c` suhtu pbohyhaha

gbsblhtha, c`hathrhayh nbaffuahgha jdrnuoh F`oo`bs.

8.5 Uunusha Nhshohl
8.5.8 Cbj`a`s`
Cbj`a`s` pbrl`tuafha
pbrl`tuafha tbahfh
tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha
gbpbrhwhtha
8.5.5 Jhgtdr yhaf nbnpbafhrul
nbnpbafhrul`` gbeutulha tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha
gbpbrhwhtha
8.5.= Nbtdcb pbrl`tuafha
pbrl`tuafha pbrbamhah
pbrbamhah tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha
gbpbrhwhtha cbafha nbaffuahgha nbtdcb
F`oo`bs

8.= Sukuha
8.=.8 Nbafbthlu` cbj`a`s` pbrl`tufha tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha
gbpbrhwhtha
8.=.5 Nbafbthlu` jhgtdr yhaf nbnpbafhrul` gbeutulha tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha
8.=.= Nbafbthlu` nbtdcb pbrl`tuafha pbrbamhah tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha cbafha nbaffuahgha
nbtdcb F`oo`bs

5
 

EHE 5
YBNEHLH]HA

5.8 Cbj`a`s`
Ybrl`tuafha
Ybrl` tuafha gbeutulha tbahfh gbpbrhwht
gbpbrhwhtha
ha hthu
hthu sthjj`af 
 sthjj`af  nbruph
nbruphgha
gha juafs` nhahk
nhahkbnba
bnba
yhaf
yhaf nbr
nbruphg
uphgha
ha chs
chshr
hr pbo
pbohgs
hgshah
hahha
ha gbf
gbf`ht
`htha
ha gbp
gbpbrh
brhwht
whtha
ha (K
(Kuo`
uo`h,
h, 5983
5983).
). Ybr
Ybrl`t
l`tuafh
uafha
a tba
tbahfh
hfh

 pbrwht shafhtohl ebrlueuafha cbafha ebeha gbrkh pbrhwht.Sbrchpht ebebrhph lho yhaf pbrou
c`pbrlht`gha chohn nbafghk` ebeha gbrkh tbahfh pbrhwht, yhga` rhs`d phs`ba c`sehac`af pbrhwht,
rhs`d
rhs`d tbnph
tbnphtt t`cur c`sehac`af,
c`sehac`af, sbrt
sbrthh pbrou
pbrouayh
ayh nbnpb
nbnpbrl`t
rl`tuafgha
uafgha tufhs ada-gbpbrhwhtha
ada-gbpbrhwhtha yhaf
c`ohgugha dobl pbrhwht sbpbrt` trhaspdrt phs`ba (Ghaf, 598:).
598 :).
Ybrbamhahha tbahfh ( sthjj`af 
 sthjj`af ) gbpbrhwhtha nbruphgha
nbruphgha shohl shtu juafs` uthnh p`np`aha
drfha`shs` chohn gbpbrhwhtha. Gbebrlhs`oha p`np`aha drfha`shs` chohn nbrbamhahgha pbrhwht
c`tbatugha dobl guho`ths ]CN (Hrwha` & ]upr`hatd, 599:).
Ybrbam
Ybrbamhah
hahha
ha tbahfh
tbahfh gbsblh
gbsblhtha
tha hchohl
hchohl prdsbs
prdsbs nbnpbr
nbnpbrg`r
g`rhgh
hgha
a kunohl
kunohl tbahfh
tbahfh cha kba`s
kba`s
 pbafbthluha, gbtbrhnp`oha, cha pbr`ohgu yhaf c`eutulgha uatug nbamhph` thrfbt pbohyhaha
gbsblhtha
gbsblh tha yhaf tbohl c`tbatugha
c`tbatugha cha nbamhph` tukuha gbsblhtha.
gbsblhtha. Ybrbamhahha `a` nbamhgup
nbamhgup
 pbrs`hpha; s`hph yhaf ebreuht hph, ghpha, c`nhah, ehfh`nhah, cbafha sunebr chyh hph cha
uatug pdpuohs
uatug pdpuohs`` nhah.
nhah. Ybrbamh
Ybrbamhahh
ahha
a tbahfh
tbahfh runhl
runhl shg`t
shg`t hchohl
hchohl sbehfh`
sbehfh` pbrbam
pbrbamhah
hahha
ha tbahfh
tbahfh
gbsblhtha uatug nbamhph` thrfbt pbohyhaha runhl shg`t yhaf c`eutulgha yhaf hgha nbnehatu
 pbamhph`ha thrfbt gbsblhtha. Ohafghl-ohafghl pbrbamhahha tbahfh runhl shg`t sbmhrh fhr`s ebshr 
shnh cbafha ohafghl-ohaf
ohafghl-ohafghl
ghl pbrbamhahha
pbrbamhahha tbahfh phch ununayh. Nbnhaf hch ebebrhph
gbglus
gbglusush
usha-g
a-gbgl
bglusu
ususha
sha sbsuh`
sbsuh` cbafha
cbafha juafs`
juafs` runhl
runhl shg`t
shg`t (Kuah`
(Kuah`c`,
c`, 80<<
80<< chohn
chohn Haho`s
Haho`s`s
`s
Gbeutulha Sbahfh Ybrhwht C` @asthohs` Uhwht @ahp U]RC Ghr`nua dobl O`zh ]r`, 5988).

5.5 Jhgtdr-Jhgtdr Phaf Nbnpbafhrul` Gbeutulha Sbahfh Gbpbrhwhtha ;

h. Jhgtdr go`ba
go`ba,, nbo`put`
nbo`put` ; t`afgh
t`afghtt gdnpobgs`
gdnpobgs`ths
ths pbrhwht
pbrhwht,, gdac`s`
gdac`s` phs`ba
phs`ba sbsuh`
sbsuh` cbafha
 kba`s pbayhg`t cha us`hayh, kunohl phs`ba cha jougtuhs`ayh, gbhchha sds`ho bgdadn`
cha lhrhpha phs`ba cha gbouhrfh.
 e. Jhgtdr tbahfh, nbo`put` ; kunohl cha gdnpds`s` tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha, gbe`khgha
 pbafhturha c`ahs, urh`ha tufhs pbrhwht, gbe`khgha pbrsdaho`h, t`afght pbac`c`gha cha
 pbafhohnha gbrkh, tbahfh pbrhwht spbs`ho`s cha s`ghp btl`s prdjbss`daho.
m. Jhgtdr o`afgu
o`afguafha,
afha, nbo`pu
nbo`put`
t` ; t`pb cha
cha odghs`
odghs` runhl
runhl shg`t,
shg`t, ohydut gbpbrh
gbpbrhwhtha,
whtha,
jhs`o`ths cha kba`s pbohyhaha yhaf c`ebr`gha, gbobafghpha pbrhohtha nbc`g hthu
c`hfadst`g, pbohyhaha pbauakhaf chr` `asthohs` oh`a cha nhmhn gbf`htha yhaf
c`ohgshahgha.
c. Jhgtdr drfha`
drfha`shs`
shs`,, nbo`put
nbo`put`` ; nutu pbohyh
pbohyhaha
aha yhaf
yhaf c`tbth
c`tbthpgha
pgha cha
cha gbe`khgh
gbe`khgha
a
 pbne`ahha cha pbafbnehafha.

5.= Nbtdcb Ybrl`tuafha Ybrbamhahha Sbahfh Gbpbrhwhtha

5.=.8 Nbtdcb F`oo`bs
Nbtdcb `a` nbneuht pbrl`tuafha tbahfh pbrhwht ebrchshrgha kunohl t`achgha
gbpbrhwhtha. Ratug `tu f`oo`bs nbnehf` t`achgha gbpbrhwhtha nbakhc` = kba`s yh`tu
=
 

t`achgha gbpbrhwhtha ohafsuaf, t`achgha gbpbrhwhtha t`chg ohafsuaf cha pbac`c`gha

gbsblhtha.
h) Vhgtu
Vhgtu gbpbrhw
gbpbrhwhth
htha
a ohafsuaf
ohafsuaf nbaur
nbaurut
ut N`abt`
N`abt` Lurml
Lurml`as
`asua
ua (8062),
(8062), yh`tu
yh`tu;;
 Yhs`ba nh
nhac
ac``r` > 5 khn/
hn/lh
lhrr`
 Yhs`ba phrt`ho > = khn/lhr`
 Yhs`ba tdtho > : khn/lhr`
 e) Vhgtu gbpbrhwhtha t`chg ohafsuaf nbaurut Vdoj & Pduaf, (80:2) hchohl :9
 khn/phs`ba/lhr`
m) Vhgtu
Vhgtu gbpbr
gbpbrhwh
hwhtha
tha uatu
uatug
g pbac`c
pbac`c`gh
`gha
a gbsblht
gbsblhtha
ha hchoh
hchohl
l 82 nba`t
nba`t..
Chohn tbdr` F`oo`bs `a` e`sh uatug nbafbthlu` gbeutulha kunohl pbrhwht t`hp
lhr`, t`hp sl`j hthu kunohl gbsbourulha hthu suhtu ua`t ruhafha. Chshr pbnbaulha
gbeutulha pbrhwht nbaurut F`oo`bs hchohl kunohl khn gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c`eutulgha
t`hp thlua c`ehf` cbafha kunohl khn gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c`ebr`gha dobl pbrhwht t`hp
thlua.

5.=.5 Uunus kunohl gbpbrhwhtha nbaurut F`oo`bs hchohl sbehfh` ebr`gut ;

Knol khn Gbp. Yhs`ba/lr Ö rhth-rhth sbasus phs`ba/lr Ö knol lr con sbthlua

(knol lr/thlua ” knol lr o`eur/mut`/tl) Ö knol khn gbrkh pbrhwht/lhr`.

  Nbtdcb F`oo`bs

F`oo`bs (8003) nbakbohsgha runus gbeutulha tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha c` suhtu ua`t pbrhwhtha
Hchohl sbehfh` ebr`gut ;

Kunohl khn gbpbrhwhtha rhth rhth kunohl

Phaf c`eutulgha go`ba/lhr` x go`ba/lhr` x lhr`/thlua

 Kunohl lhr`/thlua ” lhr` o`eur x kunohl khn gbrkh

Nhs`af nhs`af t`hp pbrhwht

Ybrhwht

Kunohl gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c`eutulgha /thlua

> kunohl khn gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c` ebr`gha pbrhwht/thlua

pbrhwht/thlua

3
 

  > kunohl pbrhwht c` shtu ua`t

5.=.= Yr`as`p pbrl`tuafha

pbrl`tuafha runus
runus F`oo`bs
F`oo`bs ;
Kunohl Khn gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c`eutulgha go`ba pbrlhr` hchohl ;
8) Vhgtu
Vhgtu gbpb
gbpbrhw
rhwhth
htha
a ohafs
ohafsuaf
uaf (rht
(rhthh rhth
rhth 3-2
3-2 khn/
khn/go`
go`ba/
ba/lhr`
lhr`)) cbafh
cbafha
a spbs`
spbs`j`g
j`ghs`
hs`
Ybnehf`ha hchohl ; gbpbrhwhtha
gbp brhwhtha nhac`r` (sboj mhrb) > ¿ x 3 > 8 khn , gbpbrhwhtha Yhrt`ho
(phrt`ho mhrb ) > ± x 3 > = khn , gbpbrhwhtha tdtho (tdtho mhrb) > 8-8.2 x 3 > 3-: Khn cha
gbpbrhwhtha `atbas`j (`atbas`vb mhrb) > 5 x 3 khn > < khn.
5) Vhgt
hgtu gbpb
gbpbrrhw
hwht
htha
ha t`chg
`chg ohafs
hafsua
uaf
f
 Nbaurut U] Cbtrd`t (F`oo`bs, 8003) > =< nba`t/go`ba/lhr`
 Nbaurut Vdojb & Pduaf ( F`oo`bs, 8003) > :9 nba`t/go`ba/lhr` > 8 khn/go`ba/lhr`
=) Vhgtu
Vhgtu pbay
pbayuou
uoulha
lha gbsblh
gbsblhtha
tha obe`l
obe`l gurh
gurhaf
af 82
82 nba`t
nba`t/lh
/lhr`/
r`/go`
go`ba
ba > 9,52 khn
khn/lh
/lhr`/
r`/go`
go`ba
ba
3) Uhth
Uhth rhth
rhth go`
go`ba
ba pbr
pbr lhr`
lhr` hchohl
hchohl kunohl
kunohl go`ba
go`ba yhaf
yhaf c`rhwh
c`rhwhtt c` suhtu
suhtu ua`t
ua`t ebrchs
ebrchshrg
hrgha
ha
rhth- rhth e`hyh hthu nbaurut Ebc Dmmuphamy Uhtb (EDU) cbafha runus ;

 Kunohl
 Kunohl lhr`
lhr` pbrhw
pbrhwhth
htha
a U] chohn
chohn whgt
whgtu
u tbrtb
tbrtbatu
atu x 899
899 %
Kunohl tbnpht t`cur x =:2 lhr`

 Kunohl lhr` pbrthlua yh`tu ; =:2 lhr`.

 Lhr` o`eur nhs`af-nhs`af pbrhwht pbr thlua, yh`tu ; 6= lhr` ( lhr` n`affu/o`eur > 25
lhr` ( uatug lhr` shetu tbrfhatuaf gbe`khgha
g be`khgha runhl shg`t sbtbnpht, ghohu `a` Nbruphgha lhr`
o`eur nhgh lhrus c`pbrl`tuafgha , ebf`tu
e bf`tu kufh sbeho`gayh ), lhr` O`eur ahs`daho > 8= lhr`,
cha mut` thluaha > < lhr`).
 Kunohl khn gbrkh t`hp pbrhwht hchohl 39 khn pbr n`affu (ghohu lhr` gbrkh bjbgt`j :
Lhr` nhgh 39/: > :.: > 6 khn pbr lhr`, ghohu lhr` gbrkh bjbgt`j 2 lhr` nhgh 39/2 > < Khn pbr
lhr`).
 Kunohl tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c`eutulgha c`shtu ua`t lhrus c`thnehl 59% (uatug
hat`s`phs` gbgurhafha /mhchafha ).
 Ybrehac`afha prdjbs`daho ebrehac`af cbafha vdmhs`daho > 22% ; 32 %

Mdatdl ;

Uhth rhth khn pbrhwhtha go`ba pbr lhr` > 2 khn/lhr`

Uhth rhth > 86 go`ba / lhr` (= drhaf cbafha gbtbrfhatuafha n`a`nho, < drhaf cbafha
Gbtbrfhatuafha phrt`ho cha : drhaf cbafha gbtbrfhatuafha tdtho)
Kunohl khn gbrkh t`hp pbrhwht > 39 khn/n`affu ( : lhr`/n`affu ) khc` kunohl khn gbrkh
Ybrlhr` 39 khn c`ehf` : > 6 khn /lhr`
Kunohl lhr` o`eur ; 6= lhr` ( 25 +< (mut`) + 8= (o`eur ahs`daho)

Kunohl khn gbpbrhwhtha ohafsuaf

- Gbttbrfh
Gb brfhat
atua
uafh
fha
a n`a
n`a``nho
nho > = drha
drhaf
f x 8 khn > = kh
khn
n

2
 

- Gbtbrfhatuafha phrt`ho > < drhaf x = khn > 53 khn

- Gbtbrfhatuafha tdtho > : drhaf x : khn > =: khn

Kunohl khn > := khn

 Kunohl gbpbrhwhtha t`chg ohafsuaf

86 drhaf go`ba x 8 khn > 86 khn

 Ybac`c`gha Gbsblhtha > 86 drhaf go`ba x 9,52 > 3,52 khn

]bl`affh Kunohl tdtho khn gbpbrhwhtha /go`ba/lhr` ;

 := khn + 86 khn + 3,52 khn > 3,0: Khn/go`ba/lhr`
86 drhaf

Kunohl tbahfh yhaf c`eutulgha ;

3,0
3,0: x 86 x =:
=:2
2 > =9. 66
66:
:,< > 82
82,,9: dr
drhhaf ( 82 drha
haf
f)
  (=:2 ” 6=) x 6 5933

Ratug mhchafha 59% nbakhc` 82 x 59% > = drhaf

Khc` kunohl tbahfh yhaf c`eutulgha sbmhrh gbsbourulha 82 + = > 8< drhaf /lhr`
Ybrehac`afha prdjbs`daho ebrehac`af cbafha vdmhs`daho >
22% ; 32 % > 89 ; < drhaf
5.=.3. Ybnehlhsha ghsus cbafha nbtdcb F`oo`bs
Kunohl lhr` o`eur/mut` pbrhwht > 6: lhr`
Kunohl khn gbrkh pbrhwht > : khn/lhr`
Kunohl khn gbpbrhwhtha yhaf c`eutulgha phs`ba > 2 khn/lhr`
Kunohl rhth-rhth go`ba pbr lhr` > 86 go`ba
g o`ba
Kunohl lhr`/thlua > =:2 lhr`
2 x 86 x =:2
=:2 > =8.9
=8.952
52 > 86,<
86,<0
0 drha
drhaf
f ( 8< dr
drha
haf
f)
(=:2
(=:2 ” 6:) x : 8.6=3
8.6=3

:
 

EHE = YBARSRY

=.8 Gbs`npuoha
]hohl shtu
]hohl shtu hspbg
hspbg pbat`a
pbat`af
f tbrmhp
tbrmhph`a
h`ayh
yh nutu
nutu pbohyha
pbohyhaha
ha c` suhtu
suhtu runhl
runhl shg`t
shg`t hchohl
hchohl
tbrsbc`hayh tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha yhaf sbsuh` cbafha s`tuhs` cha gbeutulha. Ratug lho `a`
c`eutulgha gbs`hpha yhaf eh`g chohn nbneuht pbrbamhahha tbruthnh tbathaf gbtbahfhha.

Ybrbamhahha gbtbahfhha `a` lhrus ebahr-ebahr c`pbrl`tuafgha sbl`affh t`chg nba`neugha

chnphg
chn phg phch ebeha
ebeha gbrkh
gbrkh yhaf t`aff`
t`aff` sbl`af
sbl`affh
fh nbnuaf
nbnuafg`a
g`agha
gha guho`th
guho`thss pbohyh
pbohyhaha
aha hgha
hgha
nbaur
nb aurua.
ua. E`
E`oh
oh lho `a`
`a` c`e`
c`e`hr
hrgh
ghaa hg
hgha
ha nbayb
nbaybeh
ehegh
egha
a hafgh
hafgh guguak
akua
uafh
fhaa go
go`b
`ba
a gb
gbtb
tbnp
npht
ht
 pbohyhaha gbsblhtha hgha nbaurua sbl`affh pbachphtha runhl shg`t kufh hgha nbaurua.
]bdrhaf
]bdrha f nbahkbr
nbahkbr gbpbrhwhtha
gbpbrhwhtha lhrus nhnpu nbneuht pbrbamhahha gbtbahfhha cbafha
 eh`g, yh`tu cbafha nbnhajhhtgha lhs`o pbrl`tuafha yhaf c`chshrgha phch chth- chth
gbpbfhwh`ha sbsuh` cbafha yhaf hch c` runhl shg`t tbrsbeut. Chohn nbohgugha pbafl`tuafha
gbeutulha tbahfh pbrhwht c` runhl shg`t, shg`t, g`th chpht nbaffuahgha ebebrhph runus c`nhah
t`hp nbtdcb pbafl`tuafha
pbafl`tuafha phch pr`as`payh
pr`as`payh lhnp`r shnh hgha tbthp`
tbthp` nbn`o`g`
nbn`o`g` gbglhsha ehf`
s`tuhs` cha gdac`s` tbrtbatu chr` s`stbn pbnebr`ha ohyhaha hsulha gbpbrhwhtha gbphch go`ba.

=.5 ]hrha
=.5.8 Ehf` Nhlhs`wh
Ebrchshrgha gbgurhafha yhaf suchl c`shnph`gha
c`shnph`gha dobl pbauo`s, c`lhrhpgha
nhlhs`swh chpht obe`l nba`afghtgha pbafbthluha cha gbnhnpuha tbathaf nhahkbnba
gbpbrhwhtha, ehlgha nbafbnehafgha nbtdcb pbrl`tuafha chohn pbrbamhahha tbahfh
gbpbrhwhtha yhaf sbsuh` cbafha gbeutulha runhl shg`t c` @acdabs`h.
=.5.5 Ehf` Ybrhwht
C`lhrhpgha ehf` pbrhwht hfhr t`chg lhayh nba`afghtgha gbtbrhnp`oha chohn
nbnebr`gha prhgt`g hsulha gbpbrhwhtha (mhrb
(mhrb f`vbr ),
), tbthp` kufh nba`afghtgha
 pbafbthluha cha gbtbrhnp`oha chohn lho nhahkbr`ho (gddrc`ahtdr) eh`g chohn
nhahkbnba
nhahkbnba ghsus hthu nbafdrfha`s
nbafdrfha`shs`
hs` pbohyhaha
pbohyhaha gbsblhtha
gbsblhtha sbl`affh pbrhwht
pbrhwht chpht
nbnebr`gha hsulha gbpbrhwhtha yhaf nhgs`nho.
=.5.= Ehf` Cua`h Gbpbrhwhtha
C`lhrhpgha cbafha c`susuaayh nhghohl `a`, nhahkbnba gbpbrhwhtha chohn
 pbrbamhahha tbahfh gbpbrhwhtha chpht tbrus c`t`afghtgha sbl`affh chpht nbahnehl
 pbafbthluha yhaf obe`l eh`g ehf` cua`h gbpbrhwhtha, sbrth chpht c`hpo`ghs`gha uatug 
nbafbnehafgha gdnpbtbas` chohn gbpbrhwhtha .

6
 

CHJSHU YR]SHGH

@oyhs, Phso`s. (5993).  Ybrbamhahha ]CN Uunhl ]hg`t; Sbdr`, Nbtdch cha Jdrnuoh.
Jdrnuoh.
Jhguoths Gbsblhtha Nhsyhrhght Ra`vbrs`ths @acdabs`h. C`uacul 8 Nhrbt 5986 Yuguo
55.=9 V@SH.

 Aurshohn. 5985.  Nhahkbnba Gbpbrhwhtha; Hpo`ghs` chohn Yrhgtbg Gbpbrhwhtha

 Yrdjbs`daho , Bc`s` =. Khghrth; ]hobneh Nbc`gh.

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