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Anten-Truyen-Song - Trinh-Xuan-Dung - Chuong - 3 - Ly - Thuyet - Anten - 4 - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
Anten-Truyen-Song - Trinh-Xuan-Dung - Chuong - 3 - Ly - Thuyet - Anten - 4 - (Cuuduongthancong - Com)
om
1. CAÙC PHÖÔNG TRÌNH MAXWELL VAØ QUAN HEÄ NGUOÀN - TRÖÔØNG
.c
ng
E (r ) j B (r ); H (r ) j D(r ) J (r )
co
an
.B(r ) 0; .D(r ) (r )
th
E (r ) - vectô cöôøng ñoä ñieän tröôøng V / m
ng
H (r ) - vectô cöôøng ñoä töø tröôøng A / m
o
du
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- Theá vector quan heä vôùi tröôøng: H (r ) A(r )
- Qua caùc bieán ñoåi suy ra phöông trình soùng cho theá vector A:
2 A(r ) 2 A(r ) J (r )
om
- Nghieäm cuûa phöông trình soùng:
.c
ng
1 J (r ').e jkR
co
A( r )
4 R
dv '
an
V' V’
R r r '
th
o ng
du
jk r r '
1 J (r ').e
A(r ) dv '
u
4 r r '
cu
V'
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jk r r '
1 J (r ').e
A(r )
4
V'
r r '
dv '
z
J r1 '
om
jk r ri '
1 J (ri ').e
.c
A(r ) .vi M
4 i 1, N r ri '
ng
J r2 '
co
r
an
r1 ' r2 ' J r3 '
th
r3 '
o ng
du
y
u
cu
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jk r r '
1 J (r ').e
A(r )
4
V'
r r '
dv '
om
R r r ' r r '.rˆ
.c
- Ñoái vôùi heä soá ôû maãu soá coù theå xaáp xæ:
ng
co
R r r ' r r
an
th
1 J (r ').e
jk r
.e jk .r '.rˆ R r r '
ng
A( r ) dv '
4 r
o
V' r' r
du
r r '.rˆ
e jkr 1
u
.dv '
r 4 V'
Khoâng phuï thuoäc vaøo khoaûng caùch r thuï thuoäc vaøo höôùng: rˆ , hay : ,
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2. DIPOLE HERTZ (anten nguyeân toá thaúng) l
z
2
1 I .e jkR
A
4 C ' R dl '.zˆ I
om
I0
- Vôùi ñieàu kieän ñieåm quan saùt raát xa anten:
.c
r r'
ng
R r r ' r r '.rˆ
co
l
2
an
- Vôùi ñieàu kieän: l z
th
A
A
R r r ' r r
ng
r̂
o
Ar
I .e jkr I .l.e jkr
du
1 M
A
4 C ' r dl '.zˆ 4 .r .zˆ
R
u
ˆ
cu
r
dl '
l O
I
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- Vôùi H (r ) A(r )
I .l jk 1 jkr ˆ
H (r ) e .sin .
4 r r 2
om
.c
1
E (r ) H (r )
j
ng
co
I .l j 1 jkr
E (r ) 3
e .sin .ˆ
an
4 r r 2
j .r
I .l
th
1 jkr
r 2 j .r 3 e .cos . rˆ
ng
2
o
du
u
cu
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I .l jk 1 jkr ˆ
H (r ) e .sin .
4 r r
2
om
.c
ng
co
I .l j jkr
an
E (r ) e .sin .ˆ E (r ).ˆ
4 r
th
ng
I .l jk jkr ˆ H (r ).ˆ E (r ) .ˆ
H (r )
o
e .sin .
4 r
du
u
cu
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* Caùc ñaëc tröng cuûa truôøng böùc xaï töø dipole Hertz:
. I .l 2 .sin 2
2
1 k
- Cöôøng ñoä böùc xaï: U ( , )
2
2
F ( , ) F ( , )
2. 32. 2
om
2
k 2 .
- Coâng suaát böùc xaï: PR U ( , ).d .d .d
2 3
I .l .sin
0 0 32.
2
.c
k 2 .
ng
PR
2
I .l
12
co
PR k 2 . 2
an
- Ñieän trôû böùc xaï: RR 2 l
th
Ing 6
2
U ( , )
o
3
- Ñoä ñònh höôùngï: D( , ) sin 2
du
PR 2
u
4
cu
2
- Dieän tích hieäu duïng: Ae , , pˆ inc .G , . pˆ , . pˆ inc
2
, (m 2 )
4
2 3 2 ˆ
Ae , , pˆ inc
2
.e. sin . . pˆ inc
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3. ANTEN DIPOLE NGAÉN
Giaû söû anten coù chieàu daøi raát nhoû so vôùi böôùc soùng vaø coù phaân boá doøng
daïng tam giaùc: L
2z L
L L 1 , z
om
I I 0 .T ( z, ).zˆ T ( z, ) L 2
2 2
,
.c
0
L
ng
jkr
1
2
e
L
z
A( r ) I ( r ').dl '. ˆ
z
r 4
co
L
2
an
2
th
e jkr 1
A( r ) I 0 .L.zˆ
ng
I0
r 8 L
I
o
du
u
cu
L
2
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e jkr 1
A( r ) I 0 .L.zˆ
r 8
e jkr jk e jkr jk
E (r ) I 0 .L.sin .ˆ H (r ) I 0 .L.sin .ˆ
om
r 8 r 8
.c
k 2
ng
U , ( I .L ) 2
.sin 2
128 2 0
co
an
k 2
PR ( I 0 .L)2
th
48
So saùnh vôùi ñieän trôû
ng
k 2 . böùc xaï cuûa dipole
o
RR L
2 k 2 . 2
l
du
Hertz: RR
24 6
u
cu
-> Ñeå taêng ñieän trôû böùc xaï caàn phaûi thay ñoåi phaân boá doøng ñieän
treân anten: duøng caùc taûi khaùng gaén theâm vaøo anten.
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4. ANTEN DIPOLE NGAÉN COÙ TAÛI KHAÙNG L
z z z
L L L
2 2 2
om
.I 0
.c
L
.
ng
2
I0
co
I0 I0
I
an
I I
th
o ng
du
L L
L
u
2 2 2
cu
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L
Phaân boá doøng treân anten: I I 0 .R( z, , ).zˆ
2
z
2(1 ) z
L
L
1 , z . 2
L
om
2
.I 0
L 2 z L L
.c
R( z, , ) , . z L
2 1 L(1 ) 2 2 .
ng
2
0 , I0
co
I
an
th
jkr
L
e 1 2
ng
r 4 L
A( r ) I ( r ').dl '. ˆ
z
o
2
du
L
u
2
e jkr 1
cu
A(r ) K . I 0 .L.zˆ
r 4 Taûi khaùng keát hôïp
1
K ( )
2
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jk e jkr
E (r ) K . . .I 0 .L.sin .ˆ
4 r
jk e jkr
.I 0 .L.sin .ˆ
om
H (r ) K . .
4 r
.c
ng
k 2
U , K 2 . ( I .L ) 2
.sin 2
co
32 2 0
an
k 2
th
PR K . 2
( I 0 .L)2
12
o ng
du
k 2 .
RR K . L
2 2
u
6
cu
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5. ANTEN DIPOLE COÙ CHIEÀU DAØI HÖÕU HAÏN (so saùnh ñöôïc vôùi böôùc soùng)
* Söï phaân boá doøng treân anten
om
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
.c
0
-0.2
-0.4
ng
-0.6
-0.8
-0.6
-0.4
-0.2
-0.8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-1
1
-1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
L/2
co
~
1
an
2
th
z
3
o ng
4
du
5
L I
u
I I 0 .sin k z .zˆ ~
cu
6
2 L
7
8
9
10
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jk r r '
1 J (r ').e z
A(r )
4
V'
r r '
dv '
Do : L , r L
om
R r r ' r r '.rˆ M
R r r '
.c
- Ñoái vôùi heä soá ôû maãu soá coù theå xaáp xæ:
ng
r
R r r ' r r r'
co
L 0 r r '.rˆ
- Ñoái vôùi heä soá pha khoâng theå boû qua thaønh
an
phaàn : r '.rˆ r '.rˆ
e jkr
th
L/2
ng
A(r ) I .e
jk .r '.rˆ
.dz.zˆ
4 .r L / 2
o
du
e jkr L jk .r '.rˆ
L/2
u
4 .r L / 2 2
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e jkr jk ˆ 2 cos (kL / 2).cos cos(kL / 2)
E (r ) . .I 0 .sin . . .
r 4 k sin
2
e jkr jk ˆ 2 cos (kL / 2).cos cos(kL / 2)
H (r ) . .I 0 .sin . . .
om
r 4 k sin 2
.c
Tröôøng ñöôïc dieãn taû bôûi 2 heä soá:
ng
co
e jkr jk Gioáng tröôøng ñöôïc sinh ra bôûi
. .I 0 .sin
r 4 anten dipole Hertz.
an
th
ng
2 cos (kL / 2).cos cos(kL / 2)
o
.
k sin
2
u
cu
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Cöôøng ñoä böùc xaï:
om
.c
Coâng suaát böùc xaï:
ng
PR U ( , ).d
co
an
I 02 .
. ln(kL) Ci (kL) 0.5sin(kL). Si(2kL) 2 Si(kL)
th
4 ng
0.5cos(kL) ln(kL / 2) Ci(2kL) 2Ci(kL)
o
du
x
u
cos y sin y
Ci( x) ; Si( x)
cu
dy dy
x
y 0
y
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Ñieän trôû böùc xaï:
2 PR
RR 2
I0
om
. ln(kL) Ci(kL) 0.5sin(kL). Si(2kL) 2 Si( kL)
2
.c
0.5cos(kL) ln(kL / 2) Ci(2kL) 2Ci(kL)
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
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DIPOLE NÖÛA BÖÔÙC SOÙNG:
cos 2 cos
j ˆ eikr
E (r ) I o
om
2 r sin
.c
ng
ikr cos 2 cos
j ˆ e
H (r ) I o
co
2 r sin
an
th
2
cos cos
ng
2
2
U ( , ) I o
o
8
2
sin
du
u
cu
2
PR I 2
y ln(2 ) Ci(2 2.435Io
8 8
o
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Ñoä ñònh höôùngï:
2
cos cos
4 2
D( , )
om
2.435 sin
.c
: 1.643
ng
Ñoä ñònh höôùng toái ña khi
co
2
an
Ñieän trôû böùc xaï:
th
ng
2 PR
RR 73
o
2
du
I0
u
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6. ANTEN KHUNG TROØN NHOÛ
z
e jkr 1 ˆ
A(r ) jkS .I 0 . . 1 .sin .
4 .r jkr
om
I0 y
.c
S .a 2 a
ng
co
e jkr jk 1
E (r ) j S .I 0 . . 2 .sin .ˆ x
4 r r
an
e jkr j th
1
ng
1 ˆ
H (r ) j S .I 0 . . 2 .sin .
4 r r j r 3
o
du
e jkr 1 1
u
j S .I 0 . . 2 3
.cos .rˆ
cu
2 r j r
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Tröôøng ôû vuøng xa:
k 2 S .I 0 e jkr
E (r ) .sin .ˆ
4 r
om
k 2 S .I 0 e jkr
.c
H (r ) .sin .ˆ
4 r
ng
co
k 4 2 ( SI 0 )2
an
U ( , ) sin 2
32
th
2
ng
PR 10 k 2 SI 0
2
o
du
2
S
RR 20 k 2 S
u
2
31200. 2
cu
3
D( , ) sin 2
2
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2
S
RR 31200. n.core 2
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
u
cu
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7. AÛNH HÖÔÛNG CUÛA MAËT PHAÚNG ÑAÁT
z z
om
I
.c
I
ng
H H
x x
co
an
th
Tröôøng sinh ra do dipole bò phaûn xaï taïi beà maët cuûa maët phaúûng ñaát
ng
do ñoù tröôøng khoâng xuaát hieän taïi mieàn z<0.
o
du
Theo lyù thuyeát aûnh göông, tröôøng böùc xaï töø nguoàn cô baûn ñaët treân
u
moät maët daãn ñieän lyù töôûng thì gioáng nhö tröôøng ñöôïc böùc xaï töø 2
cu
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Xeùt tröôøng sinh ra töø 2 anten: primary dipole vaø image diople:
Giaû söû tröôøng sinh ra töø 2 anten z
gioáng tröôøng ôû vuøng xa: 1
Primary
Dipole
jk .r1 r1
om
jk I l e
Ep 0
.sin 1.ˆ1 H
4 r1
.c
ng
jk I 0l e jk .r
i
i ˆi r2
E .
co
i
.sin 2
4 r i H Ep Ei
an
E
jk I 0l e jk .r1
th
Image
E 2. .sin 2 1.zˆ Dipole
4
ng
r1
o
du
z
Nhö vaäy taïi vò trí beà maët maët phaúng
u
om
.c
ng
co
an
th
o ng
du
jk .r
.sin e jkh cos e jkh cos
kI l .e
E ˆ. j 0
4 .r
u
cu
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z
jk I l e jk .r1
Ep 0
.sin 1.ˆ1
4 r1 I
om
jk .r2
jk I l e
Ei 0
.sin 2 .ˆ2 H
x
4
.c
r2
ng
jk I 0l e jk .r1
co
E 2. .sin 2 1.zˆ z
4 r1
an
Primary
th
Dipole 1
r1
ng
H
o
du
u
r2
cu
H 2 Ep Ei
Image
E
Dipole
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z z
I +
om
~
H
.c
x x
ng
co
z
z
an
th
Primary
Dipole +
ng
~
H
o
du
u
cu
+
H
~
Image
Dipole
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Monopole:
L
Trôû khaùng vaøo cuûa anten:
om
V 1 2V 1 dipole
Z monopole
. .Z A
.c
A
I 2 I 2
ng
L I
Tröôøng böùc xaï töø monopole vaø dipole laø
co
gioáng nhau ôû moät nöûa maët phaúng z>0. +
an
~ V
Tuy nhieân toång coâng suaát böùc xaï töø dipole
thì gaáp ñoâi monopole. Suy ra:
th
o ng
I
( , ) L
du
monopole
4 .
U
D monopole ( , ) +
PRmonopole
u
~ 2V
cu
~ +
4 .U ( , )
dipole
2.D dipole ( , )
1 dipole L
PR I
2
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