1 cmPm-°-∑m¿

352
 353

1 cmPm-°-∑m¿
BapJw

""Zmhn-Zns‚ `cWw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂Xp apX¬,Al-kym-hns‚ `c-W-Øns‚ a≤y-Im-e-L´w hsc-bp-ff

bn{km-tb¬ P\-Øns‚ Ncn-{X-amWv Cu ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.-i-tem-tams‚ Iogn-ep-
ff AXns‚ AXn-a-l-Ømb {]Xm-]-Øn¬, B cmPyw kl-{km-_vZ-hm-gvN-bnse \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚
cmPy-Øn\p \ng-em-bn-cp-∂p.-cm-Pm-hn-t‚bpw Ahs‚ Bfp-If
- p-sSbpw kz`m-ha
- \
- p-kc
- n®v cmPy-Øns‚ t{ib v
h¿≤n-°p-Itbm,C-√m-XmbnXocp-Itbm sNøp-∂p-sh-∂-Xv, A\p-{K-l-Øn-\p-ff hyhÿ A\p-k-c-W-am-sW-
∂p-ff {][m-\-s∏´ Hcp XXzw \tΩmSp hnh-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂Xv''
F^v. _n. tab¿

I. Imt\m-\nse AXp-ey-ÿm\w Hcp ]mTw. sbl-kvIo-bmhpw, tbmio-bmhpw taev∏-d-™-

item-tams‚ `cWw apX¬ _m_n-tem\y ASn-aØw
hsc-bp≈ bn{km-tb-ens‚ \m\qdp h¿j-°m-e-sØ,
Hc‰w apX¬ at‰ A‰w hsc-bp≈ Ncn-{Xw, AXns‚
Ncn-{X-]-c-amb ho£-W-Øn-eqsS ImWp-hm≥ km[n-°p-
∂p-sh-∂X - m-W,v {]mcw-`Ø
- n¬ H‰ ]pkvXI- a
- m-bn-cp∂ cmPm-
°-∑m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ {]m[m-\yw. blq-Z-bpsS
`cWw am{X-a√ (Zn-\-hr-Øm-¥-ß-fn¬ sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-
Xp-t]m-se) "bn{km-tb¬' Ft∂m, hS°v ""F{^bow''
Ft∂m Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kzaXXymKn-I-fmb P\-X-bpsS
Ncn-{Xhpw AXn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. F¥m-bn-
cp-∂m-epw, CXv tIhew Hcp Ncn-{X-]p-kvXIw am{X-am-bn-
cn-°msX cmPm-°-∑m¿ btlm-h-sbbm-bn-cp-∂p-thm,
AtXm hn{K-l-ß-sf-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm tkhn-®n-cp-∂-Xv,
AYhm Ah¿ A¿≤a\-t m-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm ssZh-
tØmSp hniz-kX v X ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp-∂Xv F∂n-ßs\ cmPm-
°-∑m-sc-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp BX-aob hni-I-e\w Cu
]pkvXIw \ap°p \evIp-∂p.
{]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Gen-bm-hn-s‚bpw Xs‚ ]n≥Km-
an-bm-bn-cp∂ Feoim {]hm-N-I-s‚-bpw, BImw-£m-`-cn-
Xhpw AtXm-sSm∏w Bflo-tbm-∂-Xn-bn-te°p \bn-°p-
∂-Xp-amb ip{iq-j-I-fm-bn-cn°pw Hcp-]s£, thZ-]p-kvX-
I-hm-b-\-°m¿°v as‰-√m-Øn-s\-°mfpw IqSp-X¬ {]tbm-
P-\-{]-Z-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv.
ssZhw hniz-kvX-Xbv°v {]Xn-^ew \evIp-I-bpw,
kz[¿Ω ]cn-Xym-KsØ in£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p F∂-
Xp-amWv cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-Ønse {][m-\-s∏´
Xn-\p≈ hy‡-amb DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm-Wv (2-cm-P. 18:3, 22:2).
c≠m-a-tØ-Xns‚ tZiob Xe-Øn-ep≈ hy‡-amb DZm-
l-c-W-߃ {]hm-k-ß-fm-Wv ˛ BZyw hSt° cmPy-Øn-
s‚bpw (_n.-kn. 722), ]n∂oSv sXt°-cm-Py-Øn-s‚bpw
(_n.-kn. 586).
II. {KŸ-I¿ØrXzw
BcmWv cmPm-°∑ - m-cpsS ]pkvXIw Fgp-Xn-bXv F∂-
dn-bn-√. ImgvN-bn¬, Cu ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ Gdn-b-]¶pw
hnhn[ tcJ- I - f n¬\n∂pw kam- l - c n- ® n- ´ p- ≈ - X m- W v .
F∂m¬ ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ \S-Øn-∏n-emWv AXp
sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂X - v. ]utcm-lnXy ip{iq-jb
- n-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂
Btcm Bbn-cn°pw CXns‚ Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ F∂v Nne¿
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. ]t£, kz[¿Ω-]-cn-Xym-Kn-I-fmb
hS-t°-cm-PysØ ]utcm-lnXy ip{iq-j-bn-ep-≈, A\p-
tbm-Py-\mb GXp Fgp-Øp-Im-c-s\-bmWv e`y-am-Ip-∂-
sX∂v Hcp-h≥ A¤pX-s∏-t´-°mw. {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp∂
Hcp Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cn-°m-\mWv IqSp-X¬ km[y-X.
BXy-¥n-I-am-bp≈ AXns‚ FUn-‰¿ (]-cn-tim-[-I≥),
Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂p F¶n¬ AXv F{km-bpw,
AYhm Hcp {]hm-N-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXv sbl-
kvtI-tem, bnc-aymthm Bbn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
III. Fgp-Xn-b- Imew
blq-Z-cm-Pm-hmb btlm-bm-°os\ ap∏-Øn-tbgp
h¿jsØ XS-hn-\p-tijw (B.C. 560), _m_n-tem\y
cmPm-hmb Ghn¬ satcm-ZIv Zb sNbvXv Db¿Øn-sb∂
354 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿
{Inbm-fl-I-amb kulm¿± Adn-bn-t∏m-sS-bmWv cmPm-°- D≈-S°w
∑m-cpsS c≠mw ]pkvXIw Ah-km-\n-°p-∂-Xv. AXn-s\-
°m-fp-]-cn-bm-bn, blq-Z-cpsS ]ekvXo\n-te-°p≈ aS-ßn- I. Zmho-Zns‚ A¥y-\m-fp-Iƒ (1:1˛2:11)
h-c-hns‚ XpS°w, t{]m’m-l-\m--fl-I-amb Hcp Ncn{X a. knwlm-k\w ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m-\p≈ AtZm-\n-bm-
kw`hw F∂ \ne-bn¬, AXns‚ Akm-∂n≤yw sIm≠p hns‚ {iaw (1:1˛38)
{it≤- b - a m- b n- c p- ∂ p. (B.C. 536), cmPm- ° - ∑ m- c psS
b. Kotlm-\n¬ sh®p≈ item-tams‚ A`n-tjIw
]pkvXIw Fgp-Xnb hy‡n-b-t∏m-se, tZi-`-‡n-bp≈ (1:39˛53)
Hcp Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥, CXn-t\m-SIw XpS-ßn-°-gn-™n-cp∂
B aS-ßn-h-chv kqNn-∏n-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ aSn ImWn- c. item-tam-t\m-Sp≈ Zmho-Zns‚ A¥y-\n¿t±iw
°m≥ km[y-X-bn-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm-≠v, cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS (2:1˛11)
]pkvXIw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-®Xv GXm≠ BC. 560- \pw 536 II. item-tam≥ cmPm-hns‚ kph¿Æ `cWw
-\pw at≤y-bp≈ Ime-Øm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p. (2:12˛11:43)
a. itemtam≥ sshcn-Isf \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNøp∂p
(2:12˛46)
IV. ]›m-Ø-ehpw hnj-bhpw
b. item-tams‚ ⁄m\w (A.3)
cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬, {]Xn-]m-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-
°p∂ {][m-\-s∏´ c≠p-Iq-´¿ cmPm-°-∑m-cpw, {]hm-N-I- c. item-tams‚ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ (4:1˛19)
∑mcpw BWv. Hcp cmPm-hn-s‚-ta¬ \ymb-hn[n \S-∏m-°n- d. item-tam≥ Xs‚ kI-e-hn[ {]Xm-]-Ønepw
bn-cp-∂Xv btlm-h-tbm-Sp≈ Ahs‚ A\p-k-c-W-Øn- (4:20˛34)
s‚tbm [n°m-c-Øn-s‚tbm t]cn-em-bn-cp-∂p. btlm-h-
e. item-tams‚ Bebw (A. 5-˛7)
bn-¶¬ \n∂pw A\y-s∏-´p-t]m-Ip∂ P\sØ F√m-
bvt∏mgpw btlm-hb - n-¶t- e°p aSßn hcp-hm≥ Blzm\w 1. locmw cmPm-hp-am-bp≈ item-tam-s‚ Icm¿
sNøp∂ ip{iq-j-bm-bn-cp∂p {]hm-N-I-cp-tS-Xv. (A. 5)
H.-sP. Kn_vk¨ Xmsg-°m-Wpw-hn[w Cu ]pkvX- 2. Be-bsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ hnkvXrX hnh-c-W-
IsØ kwt£-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. hpw, AXns‚ \n¿Ωm-Whpw (A.6)
hnh-c-W-Øn¬, cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imem-\p-{I-a-am-bp≈ c≠p- 3. a‰p ku[-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw (7:1˛12)
hw-im-he - n-Isf XΩn¬ Iq´n-bn-W® - n-cn-°p-Ib
- mWv. ]ØptKm-
4. Be-b-Øns‚ k÷o-I-c-W-߃ (7:13˛51)
{X-ß-f-S-ßp∂ bn{km-tb¬, Nne-bn-S-ß-fn¬ hS-t°-cmPyw
F∂mWv Adn-bs - ∏-Sp-∂X
- ,v ImcWw Ah-cp-sS `q{]-tZiw sbcp- f. Be-b-Ønse {]XnjvT (A. 8)
i- t e- a ns‚ hS- ° p- ` m- K - Ø m- b mWv ÿnXn sNøp- ∂ - X v .
g. item-tams‚ {]ikvXn (A. 9˛10)
BZysØ cmPm-hmb sbmtcm-_bmw apX¬ Ako-cn-b≥
ASn-a-Øhpw \mihpw hsc Ime-a-{Xbpw Ah¿ btlm-h- 1. Ah-\p-am-bp≈ ssZhoI DS-ºSn (9:1˛9)
bpsS apºmsI \nc-¥cw hn{K-lm-cm-[n-Ifpw A\p-k-cWw 2. locmw cmPm-hn-\p≈ Ahs‚ kΩm-\-߃
sI´-h-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. sbcp-itew tI{µ-am-°n-bn-cp-∂, sXt° (9:10˛14)
cmPyw F∂-dn-b-s∏-´n-cp∂ blq-Z, btlm-h-tbmSp Xo¿Øpw
3. Ahs‚ hnt[-b-Xzhpw XymK-ßfpw (9:15˛25)
hniz-kvXc - m-bn-cp-∂n√ F¶n-epw, hniz-kvXX ]pe¿Øn-bn-cp∂
Hcp \yq\-]-£-Øn¬ A\p-k-c-W-Øns‚ Hcp _mly {]I- 4. Ahs‚ I∏¬]S (9:26˛28)
S\w F¶nepw Ah¿ ImgvN-h-®n-cp-∂p. A°m-esØ G‰hpw 5. ti_m-cm-⁄n-bpsS kµ¿i\w (10:1˛13)
{]Xm-]a - m¿∂ kabw item-tams‚ `c-WI - m-eL
- ´am-bn-cp-∂p.
ssZhm-e-b-Øns‚ ]Wnbpw AXns‚ {]Xn-jvTbpw at‰Xp
6. Ahs‚ kºØv (10:14˛29)
Ime-sØ-°mfpw {i≤-bm-I¿jn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv h. item-tams‚ aX-{`w-ihpw ac-Whpw (A. 11)
ssZh-Øns‚ ZrjvSn-bnse AXns‚ {][m-\y-sØ-bmWv
III. cmPy hn`-P\w (A. 12-˛22)
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \ymb-hn-[n-tbmSpw ac-W-tØm-Spw-IqSn Ah-
km-\n-°p∂ item-tams‚ `cWw ssZhoI ku`m-Ky-ßfpw a. blq-Z-mcm-Pm-hmb scl-s_bmw (12:1˛24)
{]i-kvXnbpw Zp¿hn-\n-tbmKw sNøp-Ibpw ssZhoI hm°p- b. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb sbmscm-_bmw
Iƒ [n°-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ F¥p kw`-hn°pw F∂- (12:25˛14:20)
Xns‚ Kuc-h-ta-dnb Hcp ap∂-dn-bn-∏mWv \nc-¥-c-am-bp≈
1. sbmscm-s_-bm-ans‚ sX‰mb `‡n-tI-{µ-߃
A\p- k - c - W - t °- S n- \ m¬ ssZh- I r- ] - b v ° m- b p≈ F√m
(12:25˛33)
A`y¿∞-\-Ifpw X≈-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ am{X-amWv ssZhw BZyw
1 2. sbmscm-s_-bmapw ssZh-]p-cp-j\pw (13:1˛32)
hS-t°-cm-Py-sØbpw sXt°-cm-Py-sØbpw \in-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 355

3. sbmscm-_-bm-ans‚ I]-S -]u-tcm-lnXyw 4. _mens‚ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc Gen-bmhp sh√p-hn-

(13:33,34) fn-°p∂p (18:1˛19)
4. sbmscm-_-bm-ans‚ aIs‚ acWw (14:1˛20) 5. _m¬ ]ptcm-ln-X∑ - m-cpsS taep≈ Gen-bm-hns‚
c. blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb scl-s_bmw (Xp-S¿®) hnPbw (18:20˛40)
(14:21˛31) 6. ag-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Gen-bm-hns‚ {]m¿∞\
d. blq-Z-mcm-Pm-hmb A_obmw (15:1˛8) (18:41˛46)

e. blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb Bkm (15:9˛24) 7. Gen-bm-hns‚ tlmtc-_n-te-°p≈ HmSn-t∏m°v

(19:1˛18)
f. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb \mZm_v (15:25˛27)
8. Gen-bmhv Fen-isb \nb-an-°p∂p (19:19˛21)
g. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb s_sbim (15:28˛16:7)
9. Bcm-ay-cpsS taep≈ Blm-_ns‚ BZysØ
h. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Gem (16:8˛10) Pbw (20:1˛22)
i. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb kn{an (16:11˛20) 10. Bcm-ay-cpsS taep≈ Blm-_ns‚ c≠m-asØ
j. bn{km-tb-¬ cmPm-hmb Xn_v\n (16:21,22) Pbw (20:22˛34)

k. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb H{an (16:23-˛28) 11. Blm-_ns‚ A\p-k-c-W-t°Sv (20:35-˛43)

l. bn{km-tb-¬ cmPm-hmb Blm_pw {]hm-NI

- \
- mb 12. \mt_m-Øn\v hntcm-[a
- m-bp≈ Blm-_ns‚ Ip‰-
Gen-bmhpw (16:29˛22:40) Ir-Xy-߃ (A. 21)

1. Blm-_ns‚ ]m]-߃ (16:29˛34) 13. Blm-_ns‚ Ah-km\ bp≤w (22 :1˛40)

2. Gen-bmhpw hcƒ®bpw (17:1˛7) m. blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb btlm-im-^mØv (22:41˛50)

3. Gen-bmhpw kmsc-^m-Ønse hn[-hbpw (17:8˛24) n. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Al-kymhv (22:51˛53)

356 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 1
hymJym\w
I. Zmho-Zns‚ A¥y-\m-fp-Iƒ (1:1; 2:11)
A. knwlm-k\w ]nSn-s®-Sp-°p-hm-\p≈ AtZm-
\n-bm-hns‚ {iaw (1:1˛38)
1:1˛4 Zmho- Z n\v Ct∏mƒ 70 hb-   p- ≠ m- b n- c p- ∂ p;
Ahs‚ BtcmKyw £bn-®p. Ah≥ Gsd-°psd Ncn{X
bh-\n-I-bv°p-≈n¬ ad-bp-hm≥ Ime-am-bn-cp-∂p. c≠mw
hmIy-Ønse Ahs‚ `rXy-∑m-cpsS \n¿t±-iw, Aº-c-∏n-
°p-∂Xpw B›cyw P\n-∏n-°p-∂X - p-ambn H‰ t\m´-Øn¬
tXm∂n-tb-°mw. F¥m-bn-cp-∂mepw Zmho-Zn-t‚-Xp-t]m-se-
bp≈ Hcp Akp- J - Ø n\v Cu coXn A°m- e Øv
Ahew_n°-s∏-´n-cp-∂p. kZm-Nm-c]c-ambn kwi-bm-kv]-
Z-amb Hcp Imcy-tam, s]mXp-P\- a
- t≤y A]-Io¿Øn D≠m-
-°p-∂tXm Bb Hcp {]hr-Øn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv. Fß-
s\-bn-cp-∂mepw Hcp Imcyw \ap-°p-d-∏m-Wv. ZmhoZv A_o-
i-Kns\ {]m]n-®n-√. (A-h-fp-ambn ssewKn-I-_-‘-Øn-
te¿s∏-´n√ F∂¿∞w). (hm. 4b). \nb-am-\p-kr-X-ambn
Ahƒ Zmho-Zns‚ `mcybmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p
F∂mWv c≠mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬\n∂pw a\- n-em-°m≥
km[n-°p-∂Xv, ImcWw ]n∂oSv AtZm-\n-bmhv Ahƒ°p-
th≠n At]-£n-°p-tºmƒ, knwlm-k-\-Øn-\p≈ Ah-
Im-i-hmZw F∂ \ne-bn-emWv item-tam≥ AXns\
hymJym-\n-°p-∂Xv (2:21,22).
1:5˛10 {]Xy-£a
- mb \ne-bn¬ Zmho-Zns‚ tijn® ]p{X-
∑m-cn¬ aqØ-h-\m-bn-cp∂p AtZm-\n-bm-hv (2:22). AXp-
sIm≠v knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ A\-¥-cm-h-Imin Xm\m-
sW∂v Ah≥ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. Aavt\m\pw A_vim-
temapw CXn-t\m-SIw acn-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mseXs∂
Inse-bm_pw acn-®n-cn-°m-\mWv km[y-X (2iap. 3:2˛4).
Xs‚ ]nXmhp acn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv AtZm-\n-bmhv kzbw
cmPm-hmbn {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm≠v Hcp ]cn-hm-cs - Ø-sbms°
k÷- a m- ° n, tbmhm- _ ns‚bpw A_ym- Y m- c n- s ‚bpw
]n¥pW t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. Ah≥ AXn-tIm-a-f-\m-bn-cp-∂-
Xp-sIm-≠v, hen-sbmcp kwLsØ s]s´∂p t\Sn-sb-Sp-
Øp. Zmho-Zv, GXm-{Khpw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°p∂ ]nXm-
hpw˛A-tZm-\n-bmhv hj-fm-°-s∏´ Hcp aI\pw Bbn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂mWv 6˛mw hmIy-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw kqNn-∏n-°p-
∂-Xv. AtZm-\n-bmhv G≥-˛-tcm-tK-en\p kao-]-Øp-sh®v
BSp-am-Sp-I-sfbpw sImgp-∏n® arK-ß-sfbpw bmKw Ign-
∏n-®t- ∏mƒ, Xs‚ ]nXm-hmb Zmho-Zn-t\mSp Iqdp ]pe¿Øn-
bn-cp∂ \mYm≥ {]hm-N-I-s\bpw, s_\m-bm-hn-s\bpw,
Zmho- Z ns‚ AwK- c - £ - I - ∑ m- t c- b pw, item- t am- s \bpw
HgnsI _m°n-sb-√m-h-scbpw B hncp-∂n\p £Wn-®p.
1:11-˛38 bn{km-tb-ense ASpØ cmPmhv item-tam-
\m-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v Ah≥ P\n-°p-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp-Xs∂
ssZhw Zmho-Zn-t\mSp ]d-™n-cp∂p (1-Zn-\. 22:9,10). btlm-
h-bpsS hN\w \nhr-Øn-bmbn ImWp-hm≥ \mYm≥ hfsc
B{K-ln-®n-cp-∂p. AtZm-\n-bm-hns‚ `ojWn IW-°n-se-
Sp-Øp-sIm≠v \mYm≥ A°mcyw _p≤n-]q¿∆w Zmho-
Zns‚ {i≤-bn¬s∏Sp-Øn. \mYms‚ A`y-k\w e`n®
t_Xvti_ kpJ-an-√msX InS-°p∂ cmPm-hns‚ ASp-
sØ-Øn, Cu KqVm-tem-N-\sb Ipdn-®-hs\ [cn-∏n-®p.
ASpØ cmPmhv Xs‚ aI-\mb item-tam-\m-bn-cn°pw
F∂ Ahs‚ hmKvZm\w (sh-fn-s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-´n-´n√ F¶n-
epw) Ahƒ Ahs\ Hm¿Ω-s∏-Sp-Øn. Xs‚ A\-¥-cm-h-
Imin item-tam-\m-bn-cn°pw F∂v s]mXp-hn¬ {]Jym-
]n-°p-hm≥ Ahƒ Zmho-Zn-t\mSp A`y¿∞n®p Ign™
AtX ka-b-Øp-Xs∂ \mYm≥ Ahn-sS-sb-Øp-Ibpw
t_Xvsi_ ]n¥n-cn-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp. cmPyXzw ]nSn-®-
S-°p-hm-\p≈ AtZm-\n-bm-hns‚ KqVm-em-N-\-sb-°p-dn-
®p≈ h¿Ø-am\w \mYm≥ Bh¿Øn-°p-I-bpw, AtXm-
sSm∏w, cmPm-hns‚ B{Klw AXm-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂p
tNmZn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ZmhoZv t_Xvsi-_sb hnfn-
∏n-®-t∏mƒ \mYm≥ Ahn-sS-\n∂pw ]n≥hm-ßn. Xo¿®-
bmbpw Xs‚ ]n≥Kman item-tam-\m-bn-cn°pw F∂ Dd∏v
ZmhoZv t_Xvsi-_bv°p \evIn. A\-¥cw ]ptcm-ln-X-
\mb kmtZm°v, {]hm-N-I-\mb \mYm≥, s_\m-bm-hv
F∂n-h¿ tN¿∂v item-tams\ cmPm-hmbn A`n-tjIw
sNøp-∂X - n-\v, cmPm-hns‚ tImh¿I-gp-X∏
- p-dØ
- p-Ib
- d
- n, ]´-
W-Øn\p shfn-bn-ep≈ Hcp Acp-hn-bmb Kotlm\nte°v
Iq´n-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn.
B. Kotlm-\n¬sh-®p≈ item-tams‚ A`n-
tjIw(1:39˛53)
Xs‚ ]nXm- h n- t \m- s Sm∏w c≠p- h ¿j- ° mew
itemtam≥, Xm≥ A`n-tjIw sNø-s∏-Sp-hm-\n-cn-°p∂
cmPm-[n-Imc ]Zhn hln-®n-cp-∂-Xp, ]cs° Adn-b-s∏-´n-
cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v AZzo-Xn-b-\mb Hcp cmPm-hm-bp≈ Xs‚
c≠m-asØ A`n-tj-I-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. kmtZm°v ]ptcm-
ln-X-\m-ep≈ Cu ]c-ky-amb A`n-tjIw, Zmho-Zns‚
A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ°p hf-sc-b-[nIw BÀm-Z-Øn\p Imc-W-
am-bn-Øo¿∂p, F∂m¬ AtZm-\n-bm-hn-s\bpw Ahs‚
IqsS hncp-∂n¬ ]s¶-Sp-Ø-h-scbpw Cu kw`hw sR´n-
∏n-®p. item-tam≥ Ct∏mƒ cmP-Io-b-knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬
Ccn- ° p- ∂ p- s h- ∂ pw, AXn¬ ZmhoZv btlm- h - t bmSp
\µnbp≈-h\ - m-bn-cn-°p∂p F∂pw c≠m-asØ Iq´¿ tI´-
t∏mƒ, AtZm-\n-bm-hns‚ KqVm-tem-N\ Hcp ]cm-P-b-am-
sW∂v Ah¿°p a\- n-em-bn. At∏mƒ AtZm-\n-bmhv
kam-K-a\ IqSm-c-Øn-te°v HmSn-s®∂v bmK-]o-T-Øns‚
sImºp-I-fn¬]n-Sn-®v, in£n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp
{]hr-Øn-bmbn CXns\ IW-°m-°p-∂p. AtZm-\n-bmhv
kzbw tbmKy-\mbn h¿Øn-°p∂ ]£w Abmƒ kpc-
£n-X\mbn-cn-°p-sa∂pw, `mhn-bn¬ GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn¬
ZpjvSX {]hr-Øn-®m¬ in£n-°s - ∏-Sp-sa∂pw item-tam≥
Iev]n®p. A\-¥cw Ah≥ AtZm\nbm-hns\ Xs‚ `h-
\-Øn-te°p ]d-™-b-®p.
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 2
C. item-tam-t\m-Sp≈ Zmho-Zns‚ A¥y-
\n¿t±iw (2:1˛11)
Cu Ir]m- b p- K - Ø n¬ X≈- s ∏- ´ - h - \ m- b n- c n- ° p∂
{InkvXp-hn\p, {]hm-k-Øn-em-bn-cn-°p∂ ZmhoZv \ng-em-
bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ, kl-{km-_vZ-hm-gvN-bn¬ {]Xm-]-]q¿∆w
aln-a-tbmsS cmPm-hm-bn-cn-°p∂ {InkvXp-hn-s\-bmWv
item-tam≥ kmZr-in-I-cn-°p-∂-Xv. cmPXzw {]m]n-∏m≥
Ah≥ aS-ßn-hc - p-tºmƒ, Xs‚ BZysØ {]hr-Øn, i{Xp-
°sf \in-∏n-°p-∂Xpw Xt∂m-sS-Xn¿°p∂ F√m-‰n-
s\bpw Xs‚ cmPy-Øp-\n∂v \n¿Ωm¿÷\w sNbvXp,
AXp ip≤o-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw Bbn-cn-°pw. c≠mw A≤ym-
b-Øn¬ AXp hc-®p-Im-´n-bn-cn-°p-∂X- mbn \ap°p ImWp-
hm≥ Ign-bpw.
Xs‚ ac-W-Øn\p sXm´p-apºv ZmhoZv DZm-Ø-amb
Nne \n¿t±-i-߃ item-tam\p \evIn. btlm-h-bpsS
ap-ºmsI A\p-kc - W
- a
- p-≈h- \- m-bn-cn-°p-hm≥ Ahs\ D]-
tZ-in-°p-Ibpw. Nne {]tXyI hy‡n-I-tfm-Sp≈ _‘-
Øn¬ DNn-X-amb \S-]Sn kzoI-cn-°m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw sNbvXp. A_vt\-cn-s\-bpw, Aam-kt- bbpw sIm∂-
Xp-sIm≠v tbmhm_v sIm√-∏-SWw; A_vim-tem-ans\
`b∂v HmSn-t∏mb Zmho-Zn-t\mSv s_¿kn-√mbn IcpW
ImWn-®-Xp-sIm-≠v, Ahs‚ ]p{X-∑m-tcmSv IcpW ImWn-
°-Ww. Zmho-Zns\ i]n-®X - p-sIm≠v BXy-¥n-Ia - mbn ina-
bnbpw sIm√-∏-S-Ww. Cu hni-Zmw-i-߃ {]mh¿Øn-I-
am-°p-hm≥ item-tam\p Ign-™p. ""kam-[m-\-Im-eØp
Ah¿ bp≤- c ‡w sNmcn™p'' (hm. 56). F∂p≈
{]kvXm-hw, NIV ¬ hmbn-°p-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-amWv ""bp≤-
Øn-em-bn-´pt]mepw kam-[m-\-Im-eØp Ah-cpsS c‡w
sNmcn--bp∂p''.
40 kwh-’-csØ `c-W-Øn-\p-tijw ZmhoZv \n{Z
{]m]n-®p, Ahs\ sbcp-i-te-an¬ kwkv°-cn-®p.
II. itemtam≥ cmPm-hns‚ kph¿Æ
`cWw (2:12˛11:43)
A. item-tam≥ sshcn-Isf \n¿Ωm¿÷\w
sNøp∂p (2:12-˛46)
2:12˛25. item-tam≥ cmP-knw-lm-k-\-Øn-en-cp-∂v,
Ahs‚ cmPXzw G‰hpw ÿnc-ambn h∂p. knwlm-k-\-
{`-jSv \
- m-°s
- ∏-´Xn¬ AtZm-\n-bmhn\p ZpxJ-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p,
F¶nepw ssZh-ln-X-{]-Imcw AXp item-tam-\p-≈-Xm-
bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ah≥ kΩ-Xn-®p (hm. 15b). ip≤-K-Xn-
tbmSp IqsStbm AtXm h©\m at\m-`m-h-tØm-Sp-Iq-
sStbm F∂-dn-bn-√, Zmho-Zns\ ip{iq-jn®p sIm≠n-cp∂
iqt\w-Im-cØn A_o-i-Kns\ X\n°p `mcybmbn \evI-
W-sa∂v, t_Xvti_ apJm-¥ncw Ahƒ item-tam≥
cmPm-hn-t\m-S-t]-£n-®p. F∂m¬ ASp-Ø-Xmbn Ah≥
cmPXzw Xs∂ Bh-iy-s∏-t´-°p-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ AXns\
I≠ item-tam≥ Ahs\ sIm∂p-I-f-bp-hm≥ s_\m-
bm-thmSp Bh-iy-s∏-´p.
2:26˛34. A_ym-Ym-tcbpw ]utcm-lnXy ip{iq-j-bn¬
357
\n∂pw Xm≥ ]ncn-®p-hn´p; ImcWw AtZm-\n-bm-hns‚
]mgmb KpVm-tem-N-\-bn¬ X\n°pw ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-an-√. Gen-bpsS Krl-Øn-t∑-ep≈
ssZhn-I-\ym-b-hn-[n-bpsS `mKn-I-amb \nh¿Øo-I-c-W-am-
bn-cp∂p AXv (1-ia- p. 2:31˛35 hmIy-߃ t\m°p-I). A_y-
Ymsc ]utcm-lnXy ip{iq-j-bn¬ \n∂pw \o°w sNbvX
hnhcw tbmhm_v Adn-™-t∏mƒ, Ah≥ bmK-]o-T-Øn-
¶-te°p HmSn-s®∂p bmK-]o-T-Øns‚ sImºp-I-fn¬
A`bw {]m]n®p bmK-]oTw hn´p ]pd-Øp-hc - p-hm≥ s_\m-
bmhv Ah-t\mSp Iev]n-s®-¶nepw Ah≥ Iq´m-°n-bn-√.
Ahn-sS-h®p acn-°p-hm-\p≈ Xs‚ Xocp-am\w Ah≥
Ahs\ Adn-bn-°-bm-Wp-≠m-b-Xv. DSs\ s_\m-bmhv
Ahn-sS-sh®v Ahs\ sh´n-s°m-∂p. acp-`q-an-bn-ep≈
Ahs‚ kz¥w ho´n¬ Ahs\ AS- ° n. Aßs\
A_vt\-cn-s‚bpw Aam-k-bp-sSbpw ac-W-tØm-Sp≈
_‘-Øn¬ Ah-km\w sshc-\n-cym-X\w sNø-s∏-´p.
ssZhoI \nb-a-߃ ewLn® Hcp-h\pw ssZh-Øns‚
bmK-]oTw kwc-£Ww \evIn-bn-cp-∂n-√.
2:35 s_\m-bmhv ssk\ym-[n-]-\mbn \nb-an-°-s∏-´p.
A_ym-Ym-cn\p ]Icw kmtZm-°ns\ ]ptcm-ln-X-\mbpw
\nb-an-®p. iuens‚ Ime-tijw s_\m-bmhv Zmho-Zns\
tkhn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah≥ hoc-iq-c-]-cm-{I-anbpw Zmho-Zns‚
AwK-c£ - I - ∑
- m¿°p \mb-I\pw Bbn-cp∂p (2-ia- p. 20:23).
Zmho- Z ns‚ Krl- t Øm- S p≈ Ahs‚ A\- ¥ - a mb
Bflm¿∞- X bv ° p am{Xta Ahs‚ A\- ¥ - a mb
ss[cysØ Ih-®p-h-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p-,
ss[cyhpw Bflm¿∞-X-bpw, Zmho-Zns‚ t{ijvT]p-{X-
\mb tbip-{In-kvXp-hns\ tkhn-°p-∂-h-cp-sSbpw khn-
ti-j-X-bm-bn-cn-°pw.
2:36˛46 ina-bn-bpsS h[-in£ DS-\Sn \S-∏m-°p-hm≥
item-tam≥ Iev]n-®n-√. AXn-\p-]-I-cw, sbcp-itew hn´p
t]mIcp-sX-∂p≈ Hcp hne-t°m-sS, Hcp Xc-Øn¬ ]d-
™m¬ Ahs\ ho´p-X-S-¶-en-em-°n.- Xs‚ ASp-°¬
\n∂pw c£-s]´p HmSn-t∏mb c≠p ASn-a-IsftØSn
aq∂p h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw Ah≥ sbcp-i-tew-hn´p KØn-
te°p t]mbn. A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xn-eq-sS, item-tam-
t\mSp ssZh-\m-a-Øn¬ kXyw sNbvXp km£o-I-cn®
DS-ºSn Xm≥ ewLn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Zmho-
Zn-t\mSv Ahn-iz-kvXX ImWn® inabn AXn-t\-°mƒ
item-tam-t\mSp ImWn-°m-Xn-cn-°-bn√ F∂ hkvXpX
hni-Z-am-°n-b-tijw inabn aS-ßn-t∏m-b-t∏mƒ Ahs\
sIm∂p If-bp-hm≥ s_\m-bm-thmSp cmPmhp ]d-™p.
Aßs\ Xt∂mSp Iqdp-]p-e¿ØmØ F√m-h-scbpw
{]tIm-]-\-an-√mØ B{I-a-WØm¬ D∑q-e\w sNbvXp-
sIm≠v item-tam≥ cmPXzw Xs‚ ssIbn¬ ÿnc-am-
°n. AXn\ptij-ap≈ Xs‚ `cWw kam-[m-\-]-c-am-bn-
cp-∂p. Hcp {InkvXym-\nsb kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw {InkvXp-
hns‚ `c-WØ - n\p hntcm-[a
- mbn \nev°p∂ F√m-‰n-s\bpw
Xs‚ Pohn-X-Øn¬ \n∂pw hn´p-I-f-bp-tºm-gmWv Ah\v
ssZhoI kam-[m\w A\p-`-hn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xv.
358 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 3,4
B. item-tams‚ ⁄m\w (A. 3)
3:1 an{kbow cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂ ^d-thms‚ aIsf item-
tam≥ hnhmlw sNbvXp. cmjv{Sob ]c-amb kJy-Øn-
em-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS hnizmkw F∂p Hcp-]t£ CXp-
sIm≠p tXm∂n-tb-°mw. cmjv{So-b] - c
- a
- mbn B hnhmlw
Imcy-km-[-I-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw, \nb-a-]-c-ambn AXp
hne-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp-∂p, F∂p-am-{X-a√ Bflo-b-ambn
AXp hn\m-iI - c
- a
- m-bX
- p-am-bn-cp-∂p. \qdp-IW - °
- n\p A\y-
tZ-i-°m-cmb kv{XoI-sf-s°m≠p Cu kabw apX¬
item-tams‚ A¥x]pcw \nd-bp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\
item-tam≥ A\y-tZ-i-°m-cmb cmPm-°-∑m-cp-am-bp≈
Xs‚ _‘w hn]p-eo-Ic - n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ AXn-
\-\p-k-cn®v btlm-h-bn-¶¬ \n∂pw kzbw A\ym-[o-\-
s∏-´p-sIm-≠p-an-cp∂p (11:1˛8).
3:2˛4 btlm-hsb Bcm-[n-°p-hm≥ AhnsS ]qPm-Kn-
cn-Iƒ Bbn-cp∂p D]-tbm-Kn-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X
- v. \nb-a]
- c
- a
- mbn
A\p-im-kn-°-s∏´ coXn-bm-bn-cp-∂n√ CXv, Xs‚ \maw
hnfn-°-s∏´ \nbp‡ ÿe-Øp-am-{Xta Ahs\ Bcm-
[n-°p-hm≥ ]mSp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ GI-tZiw _n.-
kn. 1050 ¬ s^en-kvXy¿ iotemhv \in-∏n®v s]´Iw
]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp-sIm≠p t]mb-Xp-ap-X¬ (1-i-ap. 4) btlm-
h-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ HutZym-Kn-I-ambn Hcp Bebw C√m-
Xn-cp-∂p-sh∂ \ne-bn-emWv ChnsS A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-
°p-∂-Xv. Bebw ]Wn-b-s∏-´-tijw XpS¿∂pw ]qPm-Kn-
cn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p; ]t£ hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-
bv°m-bn-cp∂p AXv D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Cu ka-bØv
s]´Iw sbcp-i-te-an¬ Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬X-
s∂bpw GI-tZiw Bdp ssa¬ AIse Kns_-tbm-\n-
em-bn-cp∂p kam-K-a-\-Iq-Smcw (1-Zn-\. 21:29). Xs‚ `c-W-
Øn\p Gsd- ° psd Bcw`w Ipdn- ° p∂ Bbncw
tlmabmK-߃ cmPmhv A¿∏n-®Xv Ahn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
3:5˛15 Kns_-tbm\n¬sh®v ssZhw item-tam\p {]Xy-
£-\m-bn, F√m-‰n-\p-ap-]cn Xm\n-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-s¥∂v
Ah-t\mSp tNmZn-®p. bn{km-tb¬ P\-Øn\p \ymb-]m-
e\w sNøpI F∂ henb ZuXy-Øn-\p-th≠n hnth-I-
ap≈ Hcp lrZbw cmPmhv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Xs‚ Bhiyw
btlm-hbv°p {]km-Za - m-bn, AX-h\p \evIs- ∏-´p, AtXm-
sSm∏w kºØpw al-Xzhpw Ah≥ Ah\p \evIn.
IqSmsX ssZh-tØm-Sp≈ A\p-k-c-W-Øn¬ \S-°p-sa-
¶n¬ Zo¿Lm-bp pw ssZhw Ah\p hmKvZØw sNbvXp.
""⁄m\-Øn-s‚-bpw ]cn-⁄m-\Ø - n-s‚bpw \nt£-]ß - ƒ
Hs°bpw Kp]vX-am-bn-´n-cn-°p∂p'' (sIm-sem. 2:3) AXn-
t{i-jTv Z- m-\a
- mb I¿Øm-hmb tbip-{In-kXv p-hns\ ssZhw
C∂p tNmZn-°p-∂-h¿s°m-s°bpw hmKvZm\w sNøp-∂p.
3:16˛28 cmPm-hns‚ alm-⁄m-\-Øn-\p≈ Hcp DZm-
l-c-W-amWv 3˛mw A≤ym-b-Øns‚ _m°n-`m-KØv ImWp-
∂-Xv. Hcp inip-hns‚ bYm¿∞ amXm-hm-cm-sW-∂Xp
kw_-‘n®v c≠p thiy-am¿ XΩn¬ X¿°n-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. Hcp hmƒ sIm≠p-h∂v Ip™ns\ s\SpsI
]nf¿∂p c≠p-t]¿°p-ambn sImSp-°m-sa∂v cmPmhv `oj-
Wn-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-t∏mƒ, Ip™ns\ X\n°p In´n-bn-s√-¶n-
epw, Ah≥ Poh-t\m-sS-bn-cn-°s´ F∂ Xs‚ B{Klw
{]I-Sn-∏n® kv{XobmWv bYm¿∞-am-Xm-sh∂v Aßs\
sXfn-bn-°-s∏-´p. item-tams‚ CØcw ⁄m\w-I≠v
bn{km-tb-sem-s°bpw Ahs\ hf-sc-b-[nIw `b-s∏-Sp-
Ibpw _lp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
C. item-tams‚ `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ (4:1˛19)
4:1˛6 item-tams‚ D∂X `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fpsS
AYhm a{¥n-k` - b
- psS enÃmWv Cu hmIy-ßf - n¬ \evI-
s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kmtZm-°ns‚ ]u{X-\mb Ak-cym-hv,
Ahs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn alm-]p-tcm-ln-X-\mbn \nb-an-°-
s∏- ´ p, Fen- t lm- s c^pw Alo- b mhpw cmb- k - ° m¿;
sbtlm-im-^mØv a{¥n, As√-¶n¬ ]pcm-hrØ cN-bn-
Xmhv; s_\m-bmhv tk\m-[n-]Xn; kmtZm°pw A_ym-
Ymcpw ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿; Ak-cymhv ˛Imcy-hn-Nm-c-I-∑m-
cpsS ta[mhn; km_qZv ˛item-tam≥ cmPm-hns‚ kvt\ln-
X≥; Alo-im¿ - cmP-Kr-l-hn-Nm-c-I≥; AtZm-\ocmw--˛Du-
gn-b-the (I-∏w)-°m-cpsS ta[m-hn, 4˛mw hmIy-Ønse
A_ym-Ym¿ F∂ t]cv, 2:27¬ item-tam≥ ]ncn-®p-hn´
AtX hy‡n-Xs - ∂-bm-sW-¶n¬ AXp hmb-\° - msc hnj-
a-ÿn-Xn-bn-em-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp-]s£ Cu kabw Ign-
™m-bn-cn°mw cmPmhv Xs∂ ]ncn-®p-hn-´-Xv. As√-¶nepw
B ÿm\-t∏-cn¬Xs∂ Adn-b-s∏-´n-cp-∂p-sh-∂p-am-{Xta
ImWp-I-bp-≈p. F∂m¬, AXv as‰mcp A_ym-Ym-cm-bn-
cn-°p-hm\pw km[y-Xb - p-≠v. (2-ia
- p. 8:15˛18 ImWp-I) amXyp
]qfns‚ A`n-{]mbw t\m°p-I.
item-tam\v A∂pw, AXn-\p-ap-ºpw, AXn-\p-ti-jhpw
D≠m-bn-cp∂ {][m-\s - ∏´ F√m DtZym-Kÿ- c- p-sSbpw t]cp-
I-fmWv ChnsS {]Xn-hm-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v Nne¿
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. 11-˛-Dw, 15-˛Dw hmIy-ß-fn¬ t]cp ]d-
b-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ hy‡n-Iƒ item-tams‚ c≠p ]p{Xn-amsc
hnhmlw Ign-®h - c
- m-Wv, F∂m¬ CXp Ign™v F{Xtbm
h¿j-߃°p tij-amWv item-tams‚ ]p{Xn-am¿ hnhm-
ln-X-cm-b-Xv.(2)
4:7˛19 item-tam≥ bn{km-tb¬ tZisØ ]{¥-≠p-
{]-hn-iy-If
- mbn Xncn®p P\-ßf
- n¬\n∂pw t`mP-\]
- Z- m¿∞-
߃ tiJ-cn-°p-hm≥ Ah-bn¬ Hmtcm-∂nepw Hmtcm Imcy-
°m-c-∑msc \nb-an-®p. Ah-cn¬ Hmtcm-cp-Ø≥ B≠n¬
Hmtcm amk-tØ°p cmP-Kr-l-Øn-\p-th≠ t`mP-\-]-
Zm¿∞-߃ Xs‚ Npa-X-e-bn-ep≈ {]hn-iy-bn¬ \n∂pw
FØn-®p-sIm-Sp-°-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. blqZ ChnsS {]Xn-hm-
Zn-°-s∏-´n-´n-√.
D. item-tam≥ Xs‚ kI-eh
- n[ {]Xm-]Ø
- nepw
(4:20˛34)
4:20,21 item-tams‚ Iogn¬ cmPyw bq{^-´okv \Zn-
ap-X¬ s^en-kvXy-tZ-iw-h-sc-bpw, an{k-bo-ans‚ AXn¿h-
scbpw hnkvXr-X-am-°-s∏´p (hm. 21,24). Cu `q{]-tZ-i-
Øns‚ Gdn-b] - ¶pw item-tam\p I∏w sImSp-°p∂ cmPy-
ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. ]t£ Ah¿ bn{km-tb-ens‚ `mK-ßf - mbn
IW-°m-°-s∏-´n-cp-∂n-√. AXp-sIm≠v item-tams‚
cmPyw Ct∏mgpw ]e- k v X o\y DS- º - S n- b psS ]q¿W
 359

item-tams‚ km{amPyw: ]{¥≠p {]hn-iy-Iƒ

360 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 4,5,6
\nh¿Øo-I-c-W-am-bn-cp-∂n√ (D-ev]. 15:18˛21).
4:22˛28 AXn-hn-]p-e-amb `£-W-hn-X-c-Ww, _lp
kl-{k-Ip-Xn-cI - ƒ apX-em-bh item-tams‚ `c-WØ - ns‚
alna h¿Æn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ AØcw BUw-_-
c-߃°p-th≠n P\-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ `mcn® \nIpXn Npa-
tØ-≠X - p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂I
- mcyw \mw {]tXyIw Hm¿°-
Ww. IqSmsX item-tam≥ IpXn-c-Isf Ip∂p-Iq-´n-bXv
ssZh-I¬∏-\-bpsS Hcp ewL\w IqSn-bm-bn-cp∂p (B-
h. 17:16) F∂ Imcyhpw \mw Hm¿t°-≠-Xp-≠v. (26-˛mw
hmIyhpw 1Zn-\. 9:25˛Dw XΩn-ep≈ {]I-S-amb hntcm-[m-
`mkw a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ B A≤ym-b-Øns‚ Ipdn∏v
t\m°p-I).
4:29˛34 cmPm-hns‚ ⁄m\w ChnsS ho≠pw ]cm-
a¿in-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. kIe a\p-jy-sc-°mfpw
Ah≥ ⁄m\n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. 31-˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ {]Xn-]m-Zn-
°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ⁄m\n-Iƒ tkc-lns‚ ]p{X-∑m-cm-bn-
cp∂p (1-Zn-\. 2:6). amtlm-¬ (\¿Ø-I≥) F∂Xv tIhew
Xs‚ ÿm\-t∏-cp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-∂p. 89-˛mw k¶o¿Ø-\-
Øns‚ cN-bn-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p GYm≥; tlam-\m-bn-cp∂p
88-˛mw k¶o¿Ø\w Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. a‰p-]p-cp-j-∑msc Ipdn®v
\ap-s°m∂pw Adn-bn-√. aqhm-bncw kZr-i-hmIyw item-
tam≥ ]d-™p. AXn¬ Hcp `mKw am{Xta kZr-iy-hm-Iy-
ß-fpsS ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ kq£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈p. Ahs‚
KoX-߃ Bbn-c-Ø©v Bbn-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ G‰hpw
taØ-ca - m-bX
- mWv DØ-aK- o-XØ
- n-ep-≈X
- .v At\I imkv{X-
hn-j-b-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ hnim-e-amb Xs‚ Adn-hv, {]Ir-
Xn-bn¬ \n∂p≈ hkvXp-\njvT ]mT-߃ D]-tbm-Kn®v
Xs‚ ⁄m\w hni- Z o- I - c n- ° p- h m≥ D]- b p- ‡ - a m- b n-
Øo¿∂p-sh-∂mWv 33-˛-mw hmIyw-sIm-≠p-t±-in-°p-∂-Xv.
Ahs‚ hmbn≥ hN-\-ßsf tIƒ°p-hm≥ Zqc-tZ-i-Øp-
\n-∂p-t]m-epw Bƒ°m¿ hcp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
E. item-tams‚ Bebw (A. 5˛7)
1. locmw cmPm-hp-am-bp≈ item-tams‚ Icm¿
(A. 5)
5:1˛12 tkm¿ cmPm-hmb locmw Hcp PmXob cmPm-
hm-bn-cp-∂p. se_m-t\m-\nse AXn-hn-im-e-amb h\-k-
ºØv Xs‚ \nb-{¥-W-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥ Zmho-Zp-
ambn hfsc kulr- Z - Ø n- e m- b n- c p- ∂ p, AXp- t ]mse
Ct∏mƒ item-tam-s‚bpw kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cn-°p-hm≥
Xm≥ B{Klw {]I-Sn-∏n-®p. btlm-hbv°v Bebw ]Wn-
bp-∂-Xn-t\m-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ acw apdn-°p-hm-\p≈ {Iao-
I-cW
- ß - ƒ item-tam-\p-th≠n Xm≥ sNbvXXv AXp-sIm-
≠m-bn-cp-∂p. acw apdn-°p-hm≥ klm-b-Øn-\mbn item-
tam≥ hS-°p-\n∂pw the-°msc se_m-t\m-\n-te°v Ab-
bv°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. XSn-Iƒ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en-te°p
sIm≠p-sN-∂p, sNßmSw sI´n Xmsg tbm∏bv°p kao-
]-ap≈ Hcp ÿm\-tØ°v Hgp-°n-hn-Spw, AXn-\p-tijw
AXp Dƒ\m-Sp-hgn sbcp-i-te-an-se-Øn-°pw. ac-Øn-\p≈
{]Xn-^-e-sa-t∂m-Ww-, B≠p-tXmdpw locm-ans‚ Krl-
Øn\p item-tam≥ Blm-c-km-[-\-߃ FØn-®p-sIm-
Sp-Øp.
5:13˛18 acw apdn-s®-Sp-°pI F∂ B henb ZuXy-
Øn-\m-h-iy-am-bp≈ 30,000 Dugnb the-°msc item-
tam≥ bn{km-tb-en¬ \ns∂m-s°bpw hcn-bn-s´-Sp-Øp,
Ah-cn¬ ]Xn-\m-bn-cw-t]¿ hoXw amkw-tXmdpw se_m-
t\m-\n¬ t]mI-W-sa∂v Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´p. Ah¿°v
]pd-sa, Be-b-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb I√p-sh-´n-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥
bn{km-tb-ense I¬°p-gn-I-fn¬ tPmen sNøp∂ 80,000
I\m\y ASn-a-Ifpw (K-_m-ey¿) cmPm-hn-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p
(15-˛mw hmIyw, 2Zn-\. 2:17,18 hmIy-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw
sNøp-I). IqSmsX 70,000 Npa-´p-Imcpw Ah-\p-≠m-bn-cp-
∂p.
item-tams‚ AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Beb \n¿ΩmW
{]h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ASn-a-sØm-gn-em-fn-I-fpsS hen-sbmcp
kwL-SnX i‡n-Xs∂ Dƒs∏-´n-´p≠v (9:15˛22 ambn Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-I). F∂m¬ AXv A]-cym-]vX-ambn I≠-Xn-
\m¬, Xt±-ih - m-kn-If
- m-b bn{km-tb-en-s\bpw (b-lq-Zsb
Hgn-hm-°n-bn-cn-°m-\mWv km[y-X) ASn-aI - f
- m-bn-´√
- , adn®v
Dugnb the-°m-cmbn hbv°p-hm≥ Xm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-
\m-bn. ]mc-º-cy-ambn kzm{X¥yw Dd-∏m-°-s∏´ bn{km-
tb¬ hntZz-j-ap-≈-h-cmbn AXn¬ \oc-k-s∏´pw cmPyw
hn`-Pn-°-s∏-Sp-hm-\p≈ Hcp {][m-\-Im-c-Whpw AXm-bn-
cp∂p (12:4). a‰p-≈-h-cpsS Bbp-cm-tcm-Ky-sØ-°p-dn®pw
kwth-Z\ - i- ‡
- n-sb-°p-dn®pw Nn¥-bn-√m-sX {]h¿Øn-°p-
∂-Xn\p ]Icw F√m-Im-cy-Øn\pw ssZho-I⁄ - m\w D≈-
h-cm-bn-cn-t°-≠Xv F{X AXym-h-iy-amWv (kv{In-∏-®¿
bqWn-bs‚ ssZ\w-Zn\ Ipdn-∏n¬\n-∂p).
(2-Zn-\. 2-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øns‚ hnja {]iv\-ß-sf-°p-
dn-®p≈ Ipdn-∏pt\m°p-I. Cu c≠p A≤ym-b-߃ XΩn-
ep≈ kwJy-bnse s]mcp-Ø-an-√mbva AhnsS hni-Z-am-
°n-bn-´p-≠v).
2. Be-b-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ hnkvXr-X-hn-h-c-Whpw
AXns‚ \n¿Ωm-Whpw (A. 6)
6:1 an{k-bo-an¬ \n∂p ]pd-s∏-´X - n\p 480 h¿j-߃°p-
ti-j-am-Wv Be-b-Øns‚ ]Wn XpS-ßn-b-sX∂v 1˛mw
hmIyw ]d-bp-∂p. _n.-kn. 967/66emWv item-tam≥ ]Wn
XpS-ßn-b-sX¶n¬ an{k-bo-an¬\n∂pw ]pd-s∏´ XobXn
B.C. 1446/47 BIpw. F∂m¬ XnI®pw IrXy-ambn Cu
Xob-Xn-Iƒ Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ km[y-a-√. Cu hnjbw
kw_-‘n®v ]fin-X∑ - m-cp-sS-bn-Sb
- n¬ hf-sc-b[ - nIw A`n-
{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ßfp≠v. F∂m¬ B.C. 1446 F∂Xv ]pd-
∏m-Sns‚ BZy-Xo-b-Xn-tbmSv hf-sc-b-SpØ H∂m-Wv.
6:2˛6 Be-b-Øns‚ cq]-tcJ kw_-‘n-®p≈ hni-
Zo-I-c-W-amWv 6˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn-¬ \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
AXv CS-bv°nsS {]tXyI ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fm¬ kΩn-{i-
am-bX- n-\m¬ AXp kw_-‘n-®p≈ IrXy-amb Hcp Nn{Xw
\ap°p e`n-°p-∂n-√. F¶nepw Gsd-°psd Xmsg ]dbpw
{]Im-ca - m-bn-cp∂p Bebw ]Wn-bs - ∏-´X
- v. Bebw 90 ASn
\of-ap-≈-Xpw, 30 ASn hoXn-bp-≈-Xpw, 45 ASn Db-c-ap-
≈-Xp-am-bn-cp∂p (hm. 2). AXp c≠p apdn-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-
cp-∂p. AXnse BZysØ apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p aµn-cw, AXn\p
60 ASn \ofhpw 30 ASn hoXnbpw 45 ASn Db-c-hpw
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 6,7
D≠m-bn-cp∂p (hm. 2,17) Pme-I-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Infn-hm-
Xn-ep-Iƒ, Gsd-°psd apIƒ hi-tØmSp tN¿∂n-cp-∂-
Xp-sIm-≠v AXv Be-bØ - n¬ shfn®w ]I-cp-hm\pw ]pI
]pd-Øp-If - b
- p-hm-\p-ap-≈X- m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww (hm. 4). c≠m-
asØ apdn-bm-bn-cp∂p A¥¿a-µn-cw, AXn\v 30 ASn
\ofhpw 30 ASn hoXnbpw 30 ASn Db-chpw D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p. Ing-°p-h-iØv F∂p-h-®m¬ Be-b-Øns‚ ap≥h-
i-Øv, \of-tØm-sSm∏w 30 ASn IqSn Iq´n-bmWv apJ-a-
fi]w ]Wn-XXv; AXv `qan-\n-c-∏n¬\n∂pw 15 ASn
Db¿Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p ]Wn-Xn-cp-∂Xv. Be-b-Øns‚ hS-
°pw, ]Sn-™m-dpw, sX°pw `mK-ß-fn¬ Np‰pw X´p-X-
´mbn aq∂p ]pd-hm-c-߃ AYhm apdn-Iƒ Ah≥ ]Wn-
Xp. AXv ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°p th≠n-bp-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
Ah Be-b-Øns‚ Nph-cnt\mSp tN¿Øm-bn-cp∂p ]Wn-
Xn-cp-∂Xv, F¶nepw AXns‚ Ahn-`m-Py-am-sbmcp `mK-am-
bn-cp-∂n-√ AXv.
6:7˛10 Be-b-Øn\p th≠ achpw I√p-I-fp-sa√mw
sh´p-Ip-gn-bn¬ h®p-Xs∂ Ipdhp Xo¿Ø-Xm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-
\m¬ sbcp-it- e-an¬ sIm≠p-h∂ - t- ∏mƒ Ccp-ºm-bp-[ß - ƒ
D]-tbm-Kn-°m-sX-Xs∂ Ah Hcp-an®p tN¿Øp ]Wn-bp-
hm≥ Ign-bp-am-bn-cp∂p (hm. 7). ssZh-Øns‚ Poh-\p≈
Bebw C∂p ]Wn-bs - ∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂X
- p-t]m-se, B
Bebw ]Wn-b-s∏-´-t∏mgpw bmsXmcp hn[ H®bpw
tIƒ°m-\n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. hi-ß-fnse ]pd-hm-c-ß-fn-te-
°p≈ hmXn-ep-Isf Ipdn®pw Hmtcm X´n-s‚bpw Db-
csØ (7½ASn Ipd-®p-amWv 8,10 hmIy-ß-fn¬ hnh-cn-®n-
cn-°p-∂X - v. Be-bØ
- ns‚ samØ-Øn-ep≈ ta¬Ø´n-s\-
°p-dn-®mWv 9˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.
6:11˛22 cmPmhv ssZh-ap-ºmsI A\p-k-c-W-ap-≈-h-\m-
bn- c p- ∂ m¬, Zmho- Z n- t \mSv sNbv X DS- º Sn X∂n¬
\nh¿Øn-°p-Ibpw bn{km-tb¬ a°-fpsS at[y B Be-
b-Øn¬ Xm≥ hkn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-sa∂v Bebw \n¿Ωn-
®p-sIm-≠n-cnt° item-tam\v btlm-h-bpsS Acp-f-∏m-Sp-
≠m-bn.(hm.11˛13)
Be-b-Øns‚ Nph¿, AIsØ-hiw tZh-Zm-cp-∏-e-I-
sIm≠p ]Wn-X-tijw, AXn\p ]q¿Æ-ambpw X¶w
sIm≠p s]mXn-™p. Ahn-sS- I√v Atijw Im◊m-\p-
≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. sshZ-Kv[y-]q¿∆w hfsc IrXyambn sh´n-
sb-SpØ I√p-I-fm-bn-cp∂p Ah-sb-¶nepw AXpt]mepw
AhnsS ImW-s∏-´n-√. AXn\v Hcp Bflob A¿∞w
kv]¿P≥ \evIn-bn-´p-≠v.
AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-I-√p-Iƒt]mepw \nc-∏n-√m-Ø-
tXm, ]cp-°t\m Bbn-cp-∂n-√, adn®v sNØn-an-\p-°n-bXpw
hne-Iq-Sn-b-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-\p-th≠n sNø-s∏Sp∂
F√m Imcyhpw ssZhw hfsc \∂mbn sNøpw. am\p-
joI ZrjvSn-bn¬ s]Sp∂ Imcy-߃ Ah≥ A[nIw
{i≤n-°m-dn-√, adn®v am\p-joI ZrjvSnbv°v AtKm-N-c-
ambncn°p∂ Bflob Be-b-Øns‚ Poh-\p≈ I√p-I-
fpsS at\m-l-cn-X-bn-emWv Ah≥ kzbw kt¥m-jn-°p-
∂Xv (3).
6:23˛28 A¥¿a-µn-c-Øn¬, s]´-I-Øns‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-
361
fn-ep-ambn \nev°p-∂, s]m∂p s]mXn-™ c≠p sIcq-
_p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-bpsS hnS¿Ønb Nnd-Ip-Iƒ
Hcp Nph-cn¬\n∂pw at‰ Nph-tcmSp sXm´n-cp-∂p. Ah
Ir]m-k\ - Ø
- n-t∑-ep≈ sIcq-_p-Isft∏mse-Xs∂ Bbn-
cp-∂n√ (]p-d. 25:18; 37:9).
6:29,30 s]m∂-√msX as‰m∂pw Be-b-Øn¬ Zriy-
am-bn-cp-∂n-√.
6:31˛35:˛ 31,32 hmIy-ß-fn¬ {]Xn-hm-Zn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-
∂Xv A¥¿a-µn-c-Øn-te-°p≈ {]th-i-\-I-hm-S-ß-fm-Wv.
Ah aS-°p-]m-fn-I-tfmSp IqSn-b-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p. A¥¿a-µn-
c-Øns‚ IX-Ip-Iƒ°p-≈n-embn Xqßn-°n-S-°p∂ Xnc-
»o-eb- mepw apdn-Iƒ XΩn¬ th¿Xn-cn-®n-cp-∂p. (2-Zn-\. 3:14).
aµn-c-Øn-\p-≈n-te°v {]th-in-°p-hm-\p≈ {][m\ hmXn-
ens\ Ipdn-®mWv 33-˛35 hmIy-ß-fn¬ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
6:36 Be-b-Øn\p ap≥h-i-Øm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p ]ptcm-
ln-X-∑m¿°p≈ AIsØ {]mIm-cw. ]pdsØ {]mIm-c-
Øn\pw AXn\pw at[y s]m°w Ipd™ Hcp Nph¿
D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp sNØn I√p-sIm≠v aq∂p-h-cn-bpw,
tZh-Zm-cp-sIm≠p Hcp hcn-bp-am-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p ]Wn-Xn-cp-
∂-Xv.
AIsØ {]mIm-c-Øn¬ bmKw Ign-°p-hm-\p≈ hen-
sbmcp Xm{a-bm-K-]o-Tw, ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS ip≤o-I-c-W-
Øn-\p≈ hen-sbmcp Xm{a-sØm-´n, sNdnb ]Øp Xm{a-
sØm-´n-Iƒ (A.7) F∂nh D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]pdsØ
{]mImcw bn{km-tb¬ P\-Øn\p th≠n-bp-≈X - m-bn-cp-∂p.
6:37,38 item-tams‚ `c-W-Øns‚ \memw B≠n¬
Bebw ]Wn XpSßn; Ggm- ≠ p- s Im≠v Ah- \ Xp
]q¿Øo-I-cn-®p.
3. a‰p -ku-[-ß-fpsS \n¿ΩmWw (7:1˛12)
7:1 B henb A¶-W-Øn¬, item-tam≥ X\n-°mbn
]Wn-I-gn-∏n® Ac-a-\bpsSbpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®p≈
cmP-Kr-l-ß-fp-sSbpw \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-te°v Ct∏mƒ hnh-
cWw Xncn-bp-I-bm-Wv.
item-tams‚ Ac-a\ AYhm cmP-[m\n ]Wn-bp-hm≥
]Xn-aq-∂p h¿j-sa-Sp-Øp. AXv Be-b-Øn\p Aev]w
sX°p-In-g-°mbn, F∂m¬ AIsØ {]mIm-c-Øns‚
Nph-tcmSp tN¿∂m-bn-cp∂p ÿnXn sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. Xs‚
Ac-a\ ]Wn-bp-hm≥ item-tam≥ Bebw ]Wn-X-Xn-t\-
°mƒ Bdp-h¿jw IqSp-X-se-Sp-Øp. ssZh-Øn\p alXzw
sImSp-°p-∂X- n-s\-°mƒ D]cn kz¥w Alw-`mhw ImWn-
°p-hm-\p≈ item-tams‚ Xmev]-cy-sØ-bmWv AXp
kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v Nne¿ Nn¥n-°p-∂p. as‰m-cp-hn-[-
Øn¬ Nn¥n-®m¬, ssZh-Øn-s\mcp ÿew Hcp-°p-hm-
\p≈ item-tams‚ XojvWX sIm≠m-hmw Hcp-]t£
tIhew Ggp-h¿jw-sIm≠v Xs∂ Be-b-Øns‚ ]Wn
Xo¿∂-Xv. Xs∂-bp-a√ Bbn-c-°-W-°n-\p≈ Ahs‚
the-°m¿ hfsc thK-Øn-emWv ""hnip-≤a- µ
- ncw'' (b-tlm-
h-bv°p-th-≠n-) ]Wn-X-Xv.
7:2˛12 B henb A¶-W-Øns‚ sX°p-`m-K-Øm-bn-
362
´m-bn-cp∂p se_m-t\m≥ h\-Krlw (hm. 2˛5). tZh-Zm-cp-
sIm-≠p≈ hf-sc-b-[nIw XqWp-Iƒ AXn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-
∂p-sh-∂-XmWv FSp-Øp-]-d-b-Ø-°-Xmb AXns‚ khn-
ti-jX. AXn\p B t]cp-h-cp-hm-\p≈ ImcWw Hcp-
]t£ AXm-bn-cn-°pw. Cu sI´n-S-Øns‚ D]-tbmKw
F¥m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v IrXy-ambn \ap-°-dn-bn-√. F∂m¬
AsXmcp Bbp[ \n¿Ωm-W-im-e-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v 1cm-
P. 10:17 ¬\n∂pw \ap°p Duln-°mw. se_m-t\m≥ h\-
Kr-l-Øn\p sXm´-SpØv hS-°p-h-i-Øm-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p
]qapJw ]Wn-Xn-cp-∂Xv (hm. 6). \ymbw hn[n-t°-≠-
Xn\v Bk-Ym-\-a-fi-]-ambn ]Wn-X, knwlm-k-\-a-fi-
]-Øn-te-°p≈ {]th-i\ Ihm-S-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn°mw AXv.
(hm. 7). Xs‚ Ac-a-\-tbmSp tN¿Øp ^d-thms‚ ]p{Xn-
bn-°p≈ A¥x-]pcw ]Wn-Xn-cp∂p (hm.8) IrXy-ambn
Adp-sØ-SpØ hnti-j-s∏´ I√p-Iƒ sIm≠m-bn-cp∂p
Cu ku[-ß-sf√mw ]Wn-Xn-cp-∂-Xv. IqSm-sX, B henb
{]mIm-c-Øn\p Np‰p-ap≈ aXnepw aq∂p \nc-I-√p-sIm≠p
sI´n, tZh-Zmcp s]mXn-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
se_mt\m≥ h\-Kr-l-hpw, ]qap-J-hpw, knwlm-k-\-
a-fi-]hpw (\ym-bm-k-\-a-fi-]w) F√mw Ac-a-\-bpsS
`mK-am-bn-´mWv Cu hmIy-ß-fpsS as‰mcp ho£-W-{]-
Imcw ImWp-∂-Xv. ^d-thms‚ ]p{Xn-bv°p-th-≠n ]WnX
afi]w cmP-Kr-l-tØmSp sXm´n-cp-∂p.
4. Be-b-Ønse k÷o-I-c-W-߃ (7:13˛51)
7:13,14 ChnsS ]d-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ hy.‡n tkm¿cm-
Pm-hmb locm-a-√. blq-Z-hw-i-]-c-º-c-bnse ss\]pWyw
kn≤n® ka¿∞-\mb Hcp sXmgn-em-fn-bm-bn-cp-∂p Abmƒ.
Ah≥ tkmcn-em-bn-cp∂p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.
7:15˛22 aµn-c-Øns‚ afi-]-hm-Xn¬°¬ ]Wn-Xn-cn-
°p∂ henb c≠p Xm{a kvXw`-ßsf Ipdn-®p≈ hnh-c-
W-amWv ASp-Ø-Xv. AXn¬ H∂ns‚ t]cv bmJo≥ (A-
h≥ ÿm]n-°pw) F∂pw at‰-Xns‚ t]cv t_mhkv (_ew
ssZh-Øn¬) F∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Hmtcm kvXw`-Øn-s‚bpw
Xe-bv°¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw Ae-¶m-c-∏-Wn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Snb
aIpSw t]mse-bp≈ t]mXn-I-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu
kvXw`-ß-fpsS {]Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw
\evI-s∏-´n-´p-s≠-¶nepw AXns‚ ]n∂n-ep≈ Bflo-b-
{]m-[m\yw AhnsS ]d-b-s∏-´n-´n-√. hnip≤ kz`m-h-Kp-W-
ap≈ hnizm-kn-I-fmWv C∂v ssZh-Øns‚ Poh-\p≈
Be-b-Øns‚ XqWp-Iƒ F∂v (K-em. 2:9) AXn-\¿∞-
ap-s≠∂v Btcm Hcmƒ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Pbn-
°p-∂-hs\ kz¿§ob Be-b-Øns‚ XqWm°pw F∂v
shfn. 3:12 ¬ ssZhw hmKvZØw sNbvXn-´p-≠v.
7:23˛26 hm¿Øp- ≠ m- ° nb Xm{a- ° - S ¬ AIsØ
{]mIm-c-Øn¬ ÿm]n-®n-cp∂ hen-sbmcp sXm´n-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. aµn-c-Øn\pw bmK-]o-T-Øn\pw at[y hS-°p-`m-K-Øm-
bn- ´ m- b n- c p∂p AXp ÿm]n- ® n- c p- ∂ Xv (2- Z n- \ . 4:10).
]{¥≠p Xm{a- ° m- f - I - f psS ]pd- Ø m- b n- c p∂p AXp
hm¿Øp-≠m-°n-bn-cp-∂-Xv. ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v Xß-fpsS
ssIIm-ep-Iƒ Igp-Ip-hm-\m-hi - y-amb sh≈w AXp \evIn-
bn-cp-∂p.
1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 7,8
7:27˛39 B henb sXm´n-°p-]p-dsa ]Øp sNdnb
sXm´n-I-fp-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah Hmtcm∂pw \mep N{I-
߃ hoX-ap≈ Hmtcm ]oT-Øn-t∑¬ AYhm N´-Øn-
t∑-em-bn-cp∂p ÿm]n-°s - ∏-´n-cp-∂X- v. Xm{a-bm-K]
- o-Ts
- Ø-
°p-dn®v 8˛mw A≤ymbw 64-˛mw hmIyw-hsc bmsXmcp kqN-
\-bp-an-√, AXpw AIsØ {]mIm-cØ - n-em-bn-cp∂p ÿm]n-
®n-cp-∂-Xv.
7:4-0˛47 Be-b-Ønse Ie-߃, N´p-I-߃, Ie-i-
߃ F∂nh Dƒs∏sS an\p-°nb Xm{aw-sIm-≠p≈ Be-
b-kw-_-‘-amb F√m ]Wn-Ifpw locm-ans‚ ta¬t\m-
´-Øn¬ \S-∂p. Xm{aw-sIm-≠p≈ D]-I-c-W-ß-sf-√mw,
GXm≠v C∂p sNbvXp-h-cp-∂-Xp-t]mseXs∂ Ifn-a-
Æn¬ h®v hm¿Øp-≠m-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p (hm. 46).
7:48˛50 hnip- ≤ - ÿ - e sØ k÷o- I - c - W - ß - f n¬,
kz¿Æ-[q-]-]o-Tw, s]m≥ta-i, ImgvN-b∏w hbv°p∂
]Øp-s]m≥ta-i-Iƒ, (2-Zn-\. 4:8), s]m∂p-sIm-≠p≈
]Øp hnf°p X≠p-Iƒ, s]m∂p-sIm-≠p≈ ]m{X-߃
F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.
7:51 X\n°p ]Wn-bp-hm≥ A\p-hm-Za
- n-√m-Xn-cp∂ Be-
b-Øn\p th≠n ZmhoZv hf-sc-b-[nIw Imcy-߃ Hcp-°n-
h-®n-´p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B kº-sØm-s°bpw item-tam≥
Be- b m- h - i y- ß ƒ°mbpw _m°n- k p- c - £ n- X - a mbn
kq£n®p hbv°p-hm-\pambn Be-b-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-
h-∂p.
Cu A≤ym-bhpw 2 Zn\-hr-Øm¥w 2˛4 A≤ym-bß - fpw
XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-sØ-°p-dn®v 2 Zn\-hr-Øm-¥-Øns‚
t\m´n¬ N¿® sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂p.
F. Be-b-Øns‚ {]XnjvT (A.8)
8:1˛5 Be-b-Øns‚ ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bmb ÿnXn°v
\nb-a-s∏-´Iw sbcp-i-te-anse Zmho-Zns‚ \Kcw AYhm
kotbm≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ÿe-Øp-\n∂pw tamcn-bm-a-
e-bnse Be-b-Øn-te-°p sIm≠p-h-cnI F∂p-≈-Xm-bn-
cp∂p ASpØ \S-]-Sn. Bebw ]Wn ]q¿Øn-bmbn GI-
tZiw Hcp h¿j-Øn\p tij-am-bn-cp∂p AXp \S-∂Xv
(2-˛mw hmIyw, 1cm-P-. 6:37,38 ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I).
IqSm-c-s∏-cp-∂m-fn\p sXm´p-apºv Hcp henb tZiob
Ah[n Znhkw h∂p. A∂v s]´-Ihpw kam-K-a-\-Iq-Sm-
chpw AXnse kI-e-hn[ D]-I-c-W-ß-fpw, ]ptcm-ln-X-
∑mcpw tehycpw tN¿∂v Cu Be-b-Øn-te°p sIm≠p-
h-∂p. AXn-t\m-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ A\-h[n BSp-I-
sfbpw Imf-I-sfbpw bmKw Ign-®p.
8:6˛9 s]´Iw AXn-hn-ip≤ ÿeØp ÿm]n®p
X≠p-I-fpsS A‰-߃ A¥¿ aµn-c-ß-fpsS ap∂n-ep-≈
hnip-≤a - µ
- n-cØ
- n¬\n∂p ImWmw. F¶nepw ]pdØp ]qap-
J-Øp-\n∂v Ah ImWp-I-bn√ F∂Xv Hcp hn[-Øn¬
]d-™m¬ \ap°p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. K.J.V
¬ {]kvXm-hn-®n-cn-°p-∂-X-\p-k-cn®v X≠p-Iƒ FSpØp
am‰n-bn-cp-∂n√ (hm. 8). Cu ka-bØv ]Øp Iev]-\-Iƒ
AS-ßnb c≠p Iev]e - I- I
- ƒ am{Xta s]´-IØ
- n-\I
- Ø
- p-
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 8
≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. a∂ C´p h®n-cp∂ s]m≥]m-{X-Øn\pw
Al-tcms‚ Xfn¿Ø hSnbv°pw (F-{_m. 9:4) F¥p
kw`-hn-®p-sh∂p ChnsS ]d-b-s∏-´n-´n-√.
8:10,11 s]´Iw ({In-kvXp-hn\p \ng¬) AXn-t‚-Xmb
ÿm\Øp h®-bp-Ss\ ssZhoI km∂n≤yw Adn-bn-®p-
sIm≠v btlm-h-bpsS tXP- m-Ip∂ taLw Be-b-
Øn¬ \nd-™p. btlm-hb - psS tXP v Be-bØ
- n-¬ \nd-
™-Xp-sIm≠v ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m¿°v ip{iqj sNbvhm≥
Ign-™n-√.
8:12,13 F√mw Ah-km-\n®p Ign-™-t∏mƒ item-
tam≥ btlm-h-tbmSp kwkm-cn-®p. Xm≥ Iqcn-cp-fn¬
hkn- ° p- s a- ∂ m- b n- c p∂p btlmh Acp- f n- s ®- b v X - X v .
F∂m¬ Ct∏mƒ ssZh-Øns‚ tXP p am{X-a-√m-sX,
a‰p bmsXm-cp-hn[ {]Im-im-e-¶m-c-ß-fp-an-√mØ AXn-hn-
ip-≤ÿ- e
- t- ØmSp IqSnb Hcp \nhm-km-ebw item-tam≥
Ah-\mbn ]Wn-Xn-cn-°p-∂p.
amXyp sl≥{Sn Xs‚ kzX-kn-≤-amb Bflob
Dƒ°m-gvN-bn¬ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv:
Ct∏mƒ item-tam≥ Ign-°p-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ {]m¿∞\
tIƒ°p-hm≥ Ah≥ Xøm-dm-b-Xmbn kzbw ImWn-°p-
I-bmWv sNbvXX - v. AXp-am-{X-a√ Xt∂mSp {]m¿∞n-°p∂
P\w, Xt∂m-Sp-Xs∂ Xß-fpsS At]-£-I-ƒ \S-Øp-
hm≥ X°-hÆw Ahsc t{]m’m-ln-∏n-t°-≠-Xn\v, B
Be-b-Øn¬ Ah≥ hkn-°p-I-bpw sNbvXp. ssZh-tX-
Pkv shfn-s∏-´Xv Hcp taL-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. {]tXy-In®pw
Ccp≠ Hcp taL-Øn¬ AXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂Xv (1) aqSp-
]Sw \oßnb apJØp I¿Øm-hns‚ tXP- ns\ IÆm-
Sn-t]mse {]Xn-_nw-_n-°p-∂-h-cmbn \mw Xocp∂ kphn-
ti-j-Øns‚ shfn-®-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºm-gp≈
B taL-∏-I¿®-bpsS Ccp´v. (2) ssZhnI tXP v shfn-
s∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂ kz¿§o-b-k-t¥m-j-Ønse ssZhnI
ho£-W-hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºm-gp≈ \ΩpsS
C∂sØ Ah-ÿ-bnse A‘-Im-cw. Ah≥ Bbn-cn-°p-
∂-Xp-t]m-se-b√ C∂p \mw Ah-s\-°p-dn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xv,
F∂m¬ A∂v Ah≥ Bbn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse \mw
Ahs\ ImWpw.(4)
8:14˛21 A\-¥cw P\sØ A\p-{K-ln-∏m-\mbn cmPmhv
Ah-cpsS t\sc Xncn-™p. Be-bt- Øm-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬
ssZhw Zmho-Zn-t\mSp sNbvX hmKvZØw \nh¿Øn-®X - n¬
kt¥m-jn-°p-Ibpw \nb-as - ∏-´I
- Ø
- n\v Hcp hk-Xn-bp-≠m-
b-Xn-ep≈ Xs‚ kXr-]v-Xn P\sØ Adn-bn-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
8:22˛26 {]XnjvTm {]m¿∞-\-bmWv 22-˛53 hmIy-ß-
fn¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X
- v. Bebw kw_-‘a - mbn
Zmho-Zn-t\mSv sNbvX hmKvZm\w ]men-®-Xn\v AXn-bm-bn
ssZhsØ kvXpXn-®-tijw knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-∏m≥
Zmho-Zn\p Hcp A\-¥c - m-hI- min C√msX hcn-Ib
- n√ F∂v
ssZhw Zmho-Zn-t\mSv sNbvX as‰mcp hmKvZm\w \nh¿Øn-
°p-hm≥ item-tam≥ ssZh-tØm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´p.
8:27˛30 `qan-bn-ep≈ bmsXmcp hn[ Be-b-Ønepw
363
alm-ssZhw AS-ßp-I-bn√ F∂v item-tam-\-dn-bm-am-bn-
cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw B Be-b-Øn-te°p Xr°-¨]m¿Øp,
Xs‚bpw bn{km-tb¬ P\-Øn-s‚-bpw {]m¿∞-\bpw
bmN-\bpw tI´v Ah-cpsS ]m]w £an-°-W-sa∂v Xm≥
ssZh-tØmSp ]d-™p.
8:31-˛53 A\-¥cw btlm-h-bn-¶¬ \n∂pw hnti-jm-
ep≈ adp-]Sn {]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v ]e {]tXyI Imcy-
ßfpw cmPmhv btlm-h-bpsS apºmsI h®p.
1. kXy-{]-Xn⁄ kw_-‘-amb Hcp hnhmZw ˛ Hcp-
]s£ hy‡-amb sXfn-hp-I-fn-√m-ØXv ˛ \ymb-hn-kvXm-
c-Øn\p sIm≠p-h-cp-tºmƒ Ip‰-°m-cs\ in£n-°bpw
\nc-]c
- m-[nbv°p {]Xn-^ew \evIp-Ibpw thW-sa∂v Xm≥
ssZh-tØm-Sm-h-iy-s∏-´p. (hm. 31,32).
2. bn{km-tb¬ ]m]w sNbvI \nanØw bp≤-Øn¬
tXm‰m¬, Ah¿ ssZh-Øn-¶-te°p Xncn-™p ]m]w
G‰p-]d
- ™p A\p-X]- n-°p-tºmƒ Ah-tcmSp £an-®,v Ah-
cpsS tZi-tØ°v Ahsc aS-°n-h-cp-tØ-W-sa∂v Xm≥
ssZh-tØm-S-t]-£n®p (hm. 33,34).
3. hcƒ®-bn¬ P\w ssZh-ap-ºmsI Xß-sf-Øs∂
XmgvØn A\p-X-]n-°p-tºmƒ tZiØp ag Ab-bv°-W-
sa∂v Xm≥ ssZh-tØm-Sm-h-iy-s∏´p (hm. 35,36).
4. tZiØp £ma-tam, alm-am-cn-tbm, sh¨I-Xn¿,
hnj-a™v, sh´p-°n-fn, Xp≈≥ F∂n-htbm, hym[ntbm
h√ Zo\-tam, i{Xp-°-fpsS \ntcm-[-\tam Cßs\ GsX-
¶nepw hn[-Øn¬ sshj-ay-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬ Cu Be-b-
Øn¬sh®p Xt∂mSp Ign-°p∂ GXp {]m¿∞-\bpw
tI´p tZi-tØmSp £an-°-W-sa∂v Xm≥ ssZh-tØmSp
]d-™p (hm. 37, -40).
5. PmXo-b-\mb Hcp-h≥ blq-Z-aXw kzoI-cn®p
ssZh- t ØmSp {]m¿∞n- ® m¬, ]pXp- X mbn aX- Ø n¬
tN¿∂ Ahs‚ {]m¿∞\ ssZhw tIƒ°-Ws - a∂v Xm≥
Bh-iy-s∏´p (hm. 41-˛43).
6. bp≤- Ø n¬ hnP- b n- ° p- h m- \ mbn item- t am≥
ap≥Iq´n {]m¿∞n-°p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ AØcw At]-
£-Iƒ ssZhw tIƒ°-W-sa∂v Ah≥ ]d™p (hm.
44,45).
7. ]m]w \nanØw bn{km- t b¬ {]hm- k - Ø n¬
t]mIp∂ Imcyw ap≥I-≠p-sIm≠v item-tam≥ {]h-N-
\m- fl - I - a mbn kwkm- c n- ° p- I - b m- b n- c p- ∂ p. A\p- X m- ] -
tØmSp IqsS-bp≈ Ah-cpsS {]m¿∞-\-tI-´v, Ahsc
]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-b-h¿°v Ah-tcmSp Zb D≠m-Ip-hm≥
Imc-W-am-°-W-sa∂v Xm≥ ssZh-tØm-Sp ]d-™p, F√m-
‰n-ep-ap-]cn an{k-bo-an¬ \n∂pw Xm≥ hnSp-hn®p sIm≠p-
h∂ Xs‚ P\-am-bn-cp∂ bn{km-tb¬, _m_n-tem\y
{]hm-k-Ønepw AtX XpS¿∂v Acm-ay-cpsS Iev]-\-{]-
Im-c-ap≈ aS-ßn-h-c-hnepw Cu hmIy-ß-fpsS \nh¿Øo-
I-cWw ImWp∂p (hm. 46-˛53).
8:54˛61 ssZh-tØmSp {]m¿∞n-®-tijw ssZhn-I-km-
∂n-≤y-Øn-\mbpw `qanbnse kIe PmXn-If
- p-sSbpw at≤y
364 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 8,9
\ymbw ]men®p sImSp-∏m-\m-bpw, ssZh-tØmSp hniz-
kvX-\m-bn-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ i‡n e`n-t°-≠-Xn\pw Xt∂m-
Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ Hcp km£n-bm-bn-cn-∏m-\p-ap≈ kv]jvS-
amb Hcp At]-£-tbm-Sp-IqsS item-tam≥ P\sØ
A\p-{K-ln-®p.
item-tams‚ {]m¿∞-\-bpsS _m°n-`mKw t]mse-
Xs∂ Xs‚ Bio¿hm- Z hpw al- Ø mb Bflob
kXyß-fpsS AXn--_ rlr-Ømb KpW-K-W-amWv {]I-S-
am-°p-∂X- v. 1. ssZhw XnI®pw hnizm-kt- bm-Ky-\m-Wv. Ah-
s‚ hN\w ""Hs∂-¶nepw \njv^-e-am-bn-´n√'' (56), F{X
\√ Hcp km£yw 2. `qX-Imew hcp-hm-\p-≈X - ns\ ÿnco-
I-cn-°p∂p (57) ssZhw am‰-an-√m-Ø-h-\m-b-Xp-sIm≠v (F-
{_m. 13:8ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I) Ign-™-Im-eØv
Ah≥ \tΩmSp Fß-s\-bm-bn-cp-∂pthm AXp-t]m-se-
bm-bn-cn°pw hcpw Ime-ß-fnepw F∂ bmYm¿∞y-Øn-
t∑¬ \ap°v ASn-ÿm-\-anSmw (tb-mip. 1:5ambn Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-I). 3. injyXz Pohn-XØ - n¬ a\p-jy\v ssZh-
k-lmbw Bh-iy-amWv (58) bnc-aymhv a\- n-em-°n-bXpw
AXn-\p≈ ImcWw \evIn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Hcp kXy-
am-WXv (bn-c. 10:23, 17:9 F∂nh t\m°p-I). a\p-jys‚
kzX{¥ C—m-i-‡n-bpsS {]tNm-Z-\hpw ssZh-Øn¬\n-
∂p-h-cp∂p ˛ Xo¿®-bmbpw AsXmcp hntcm[m`m-k-amWv.
tbml. 16:8˛11 se ]cn-ip-≤mfl {]hr-Øn-bp-ambn Xmc-
Xayw sNøp-I. 4. \mw Zn\w-{]Xn ssZhnI klmbw
Bh-iy-ap-≈h - c
- m-bn-cn-°p∂p (""A-∂∂p Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv'',
59). F∂m¬ At∏mƒ Ah≥ ab-ßp-Itbm Dd-ßp-Itbm
sNøp-∂n√ (k-¶o. 121:4). 5. ssZhw Xs‚ a°sf kwc-
£n-°p-∂Xv Hcn-°epw Ah-cpsS kzm¿∞ Xmev]-cy-
߃°p th≠n-b-√, adn®v a‰p-≈-h¿ Ahs\ Adn-bp-
hm≥ CS-bm-tI-≠-Xn\p th≠n-bmWv (60). 6. Ch F√m-
‰n-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬, Ah-t\m-Sp≈ GIm-{K-amb
`‡nbv°pw A\p-k-c-W-Øn\pw Ipd-hp-h-cp-Øp-hm≥
\ap°p Ign-bptam? (61) (kv{In-∏v®¿ bqWn-bs‚ ssZ\w-
Zn\ Ipdn-∏n¬\n-∂pw).
Xmsg∏d-bp∂ H‰-hy-Xym-kt- Øm-Sp-IqSn Cu {]m¿∞\
2 Zn\. 6-˛mw A≤ym-b-Ønepw (Ip-dn∏p ImWp-I) tcJ-
s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. 2 Zn\-hr-Øm-¥Ø- n¬ item-tam≥ Xs‚
{]m¿∞\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®Xv aq∂v At]-£-I-tfmSp IqSn-
bmWv (2-Zn-\. 6:40˛42), 1 cm-Pm-°-∑m-cn¬ AXp hn´p If-
™n-cn-°p-∂p, 1cm-Pm-°-∑m-cn¬ item-tam≥ P\sØ
A\p-{K-ln®psIm≠p {]m¿∞\ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p∂p (hm.
54-˛61), 2Zn\hrØm-¥-Øn¬ AXp-hn-´p-I-f-™n-cn-°p-∂p.
8:62˛65 A\-h[n BSp-am-Sp-Isf bmKw Ign®Xn¬
Ipsd, -IqSn h∂ P\-°q-´-Øn\v `£-W-ambn D]-tbm-
Kn®p (hm. 65). tlma-bm-K-߃ apX-emb F√m bmK-
ßfpw sIm≈p-∂-Xn\v Xm{a-bm-K-]oTw t]mcm-Xn-cp-∂-Xp-
sIm-≠v, {]mIm-c-Øns‚ a≤y-`mKw ip≤o-I-cn®v, AhnsS
item-tam≥ _m°n-bp≈ bmK-߃ \S-Øn. kt¥m-j-
hpw, Bcm-[-\-bpw, \µn-{]-I-S-\-ß-fpw-sIm≠v hnti-jn-
∏n-°-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cp∂p B henb BtLm-jw. _lp-k-
l{kw arK-߃ Adp-°-s∏-´-Xn¬ H∂p-t]mepw ]m]-bm-
K-amtbm AIr-Xy-bm-K-amtbm A¿∏n-°-s∏-´n-√.
hS°v Zm\p-k-ao-]-ap≈ lmam-kns‚ AXn¿ apX¬,
sX°v an{kbow tXmSp-hs - c-bp≈ tZi-ßf
- n¬ \n∂p h∂
bn{km-tb¬ P\-tØm-sSm∏w item-tam≥ IqSm-c-s∏-cp-
∂mfpw CtXm-Sp-IqsS BN-cn-®p {]Xn-jvtTm-’-hhpw
IqSm-c-s∏-cp-∂m-fpw-IqSn ]Xn-\mep Znhkw \o≠p-\n-∂p.
8:66 A\-¥cw P\w kt¥m-jhpw B\-µ-hp-ap-≈-h-
cmbn Xß-fpsS IqSm-c-ß-fn-te°v t]mbn. ""8˛mw Znhkw''
aXm-Nmcm\zn-X-amb Hcp tbmKw IqSn-b-Xmbn 2Zn-\. 7:9˛¬
]d-bp-∂p-, F∂m¬ ""8˛mw Znhkw'' Ah≥ P\sØ hn´-
b®p F∂mWv ChnsS 66-˛mw hmIyw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu
c≠p hnh-c-W-ßsf XΩn¬ tPm¨ slbven s]mcpØ-
s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xp t\m°pI:
IqSm-c-s∏-cp-∂mƒ B amkw ]Xn-\-©n\v Bcw-`n®v
Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠n-\mWv Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. AXv F´mw Znh-
ksØ Hcp hnip≤ k`m-tbm-K-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bmWv Ah-
km-\n-°p-∂Xv (te-hy. 23:33-˛39). AXp Xo¿∂-t∏m-gmWv
item-tam≥ P\sØ ]ncn-®p-hn-´-Xv, B ]ncn-®p-hn-S¬,
ASpØ {]`m-X-Øn¬ am{X-ta, AXm-bXv 23-˛\p am{Xta
_m[-I-am-I-bp≈p (2-Zn\. 7:10)(5)
G. item-tams‚ {]ikvXn (A. 9, 10)
1. Ah-\p-am-bp≈ ssZhoI DS-ºSn (9:1˛9)
9:1˛5 item-tam≥ ]Wn-I-gn-∏n® Bebw Xs‚ hmk-
ÿ-e-am-°p-sa-∂pw, Xs‚ \maw Ft∂°pw AXn¬
ÿm]n-°p-sa-∂pw, Xs‚ {]m¿∞-\b - v°p≈ adp-]S- n-bmbn
ssZhw ]d™p. item-tams‚ Bebw A[n-I-Imew
Ign-bp-∂X - n-\p-apºv ]nSn-°s
- ∏´p t]msb-¶nepw temI-hym-
]-I-amb Xs‚ cmPXzw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ tbip-{InkvXp
aS-ßn-h-cp-thmfw ssZhw sbcp-i-te-anse Be-b-Øn¬
hkn-°pw. AtX-k-a-bw, ssZhw hnizm-kn-bpsS ico-c-
am-Ip∂ aµn-c-Ønepw k`bmw aµn-c-Øn-ep-amWv hkn-°p-
∂-Xv.
9:6˛9 item-tam\pw Xs‚ ]p{X-∑mcpw ssZh-ap-ºmsI
A\p-k-c-W-ap-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂m¬ knwlm-k-\-Øn¬ Ccn-
∏m≥ Ah¿°v F√m-btv ∏mgpw A\-¥c - m-hI
- m-in-Iƒ D≠m-
bn-cn-°pw F∂v Xs‚ IpSpw-_-tØm-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬
ssZhw hmKvZØw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Ah¿ Poh-\p≈
ssZhsØ hn´p hn{K-l-ßsf Bcm-[n-®m¬ Ah≥
P\sØ {]hm-k-Øn-te-°-b-bv°p-Ibpw Bebw \in-
∏n-°p-Ibpw bn{km-tb-ens\ PmXn-I-fpsS at[y Hcp ]g-
s©m√pw ]cn-lm-khpw B°n-Øo¿°p-Ibpw sNøpw.
Bebw Ah-in-jvS-ß-fpsS Hcp Iqºm-c-ambn Xocp-Ibpw
AXns‚ iq\yX I≠v kµ¿i-I¿ kvXw`n-®p-t]m-Ibpw
sNøpw.
2. locmw cmPm-hn-\p≈ Xs‚ kΩm-\-߃ (9:10˛14)
AXn-hn-]p-e-amb \ne-bn-ep≈ Xs‚ sI´nS \n¿Ωm-
Wm-h-iy-߃°p-th≠n item-tam≥ locm-an¬\n∂pw
\q‰n Ccp-]Xp Xme¥p kz¿Æw ISw taSn-®p-sh∂pw
(hm. 14), AXn\p ]W-ba- m-bn-´m-bn-cp∂p Keo-eb
- nse Ccp-
]Xp ]´-W-߃ Xm≥ locm-an\p \evIn-b-sX-∂p-am-Wv
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 9,10
Cu Jfin-It- bm-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ Nne hymJym-Xm-°ƒ
A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. locmw apºp-Xs∂ klm-bn-®n-´p-
≈-Xp-sIm-≠mWv item-tam≥ aSn IqSmsX hmbv] tNmZn-
®Xv (hm. 11a). ]´-W-߃ I≠-t∏mƒ locm-an\p AXp
t_m[n-®n-√, AXp-sIm-≠v Ah≥ AXns\ Im_q¬
tZiw F∂p hnfn®p (A-Xns‚b¿∞w A\n-jvS-am-b-Xv,
hrØn-lo\w AYhm Nhdv; A£-cm¿∞-Øn¬ H∂n\pw
sIm≈m-Ø-Xv, NKJV - am¿Pn≥). hmbv] aS-°n-s°m-Sp-
Øp-sIm≠v item-tam≥ B ]´-W-߃ hos≠-Sp-Øp-
sh-∂mWv 2Zn-\. 8:2 ¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-Ip-∂-Xv.
3. Ahs‚ hnt[-b-Xz-ßfpw XymK-ßfpw (9:15˛25)
9:15˛23 item-tams‚ \n¿ΩmW {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fnse
Dugnb the-°m-cpsS hnh-c-ß-fmWv (KJVbnepw NKJV
bnepw hnhcw F∂-Xn\p ]Icw ImcWw F∂mWv sImSp-
Øn-cn-°p-∂X- v) 15-˛22 hmIy-ßf
- n-ep-≈X
- v. {]Xn-tcm-[e
- £
- y-
tØm-sS, item-tam≥ sIm´ sI´nbS® aq∂p ]´-W-ß-
fm-bn-cp∂p lmtkm¿, saKn-t±m, tKsk¿ F∂n-h. hS°v
ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-cp∂ lmtkm¿, ]e-kvXo-\n-te-°p≈
hSt° Ihm-Sw kwc-£n-®n-cp-∂p.
Fkv{U-tem¨ Xmgvhc-bpsS ta¬t\m´w hln-®n-cp-
∂-Xmb at≤ym-Øc ]e-kvXo-\nse Hcp {][m\ ]´-W-
am-bn-cp∂p saKn-t±m. {][m-\-s∏´ hym]mc am¿§-ß-fpsS
]c-kv]c hn`-P-\-Øn\p ta¬t°mbva hln-°p-∂Xpw
tbm¿±m≥ Xmgvhc-bp-sSbpw (sX-°p-\n-∂v) a≤y-k-a`qan-
bp-sSbpw (h-S-°p-\n-∂v) {]Xn-tcm-[-Øn¬ {][m-\-]¶p
hln-®n-cp-∂Xpw AXm-bn-cp∂p (6)
s^enkvXycpsS Dƒ{]-tZ-iw XpSßn Xoc-{]-tZ-iw-h-
sc-bp≈ Hcp {][m-\-hym-]mc am¿§-Øn-¶¬ sbcp-i-te-
an\p ]Sn-™m-dm-bn-´m-bn-cp-∂p. tKsk¿ ÿnXn-sN-bvXn-
cp-∂-Xv. 20-˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ ]d-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ PmXo-b-
cmb ASn-a-I-sf√mw Dugn-b-th-e-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. bn{km-
tb¬a°sf Btcbpw Zmky-the sNøn-®-n-√. item-
tams‚ thebv°v taep-tZym-K-ÿ-∑m-cmbn A™q-‰-º-
Xp-t]sc \nb-an-®n-cp-∂p.
9:24 sbcp-i-te-an\p Np‰pw ]WnX Hcp-Xcw tIm´-bm-
bn- c p∂p item- t am≥ ]WnX ""ant√m''. ^d- t hms‚
aIƒ°p≈ Ac-a\ ]WnXp Ign-™-t∏m-gmWv AXns‚
]Wn XpS-ßn-b-Xv.
9:25 ]pfn-∏n-√mØ A∏-Øns‚ s]cp-∂mƒ, hmtcm-
’h s]cp-∂mƒ (s]-¥-t°m-kvXv) IqSm-c-s∏-cp-\mƒ (2-
Zn-\. 8:13) F∂o D’-h-ß-tfm-S-\p-_-‘n®v item-tam≥
B≠n¬ aq∂p XhW btlm-hbv°p bmKw Ign-®p.
4. Ahs‚ I∏¬∏S (9:26˛28)
item- t am≥ cmPm- h n\p Fteym- Ø n\p kao]w
A°m_m Dƒ°-S-ense Ftkym≥ ˛ tKs_-cn¬ Hcp
Iq´w I∏-ep-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. locmw Xs‚ Zmk-∑m-
cn¬ Nnesc I∏¬ Iq´-tØm-sSm∏w Hm^o-cn-te-°-b®p
(Ir-Xy-am-b-ÿew Adn-bn√ ˛sX°≥ Atd-_y-sb-∂pw,
C¥y-sb∂pw, B{^n-°-sb∂pw A`n-{]m-b-ap-≠v). Ah¿
365
Ahn-sS-\n∂v \m\q-‰n-cp-]Xp Xme¥v s]m∂v item-tam\p
th≠n sIm≠p-h-∂p.
5. ti_m-cm-⁄n-bpsS kµ¿i\w (10:1˛13)
item-tams‚ alXzw FSp-Øp-Im-´pI F∂-XmWv 10-
˛mw A≤ym-b-Øns‚ Dt±-iyw. IpSn-°m-\p≈ ]m{Xw
XpSßn Pe-am¿§w k©-cn-°p-hm-\p≈ I∏-ep-Iƒ hsc,
B\-s°m-ºp-sIm-≠p≈ knwlm-k\w XpSßn sImØp-
]-Wn-Iƒ sNbvX cY-߃hsc, Aßs\ am\p-joI
k¶¬∏-ßsf Aº-c-∏n-°p-am-dv, a\p-jy-lr-Z-b-߃°v
B{K-ln-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-sX¥pw Ah≥ kºm-Zn-®p-Iq-
´n. BVw-_c ]p{Xn-bmb ti_m-cm⁄n item-tams‚
⁄m\hpw Xs‚ cmP-Xz-Øns‚ {]Xm-]-hpw \nanØw
]q¿Æ-ambpw AXn¬ ebn-®p-t]m-bn. Ch-sb-√m-‰n\pw
item-tam≥ IS-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ssZhoI hmKvZ-Ø-Øns‚
\nhr-Øn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXv (3:11˛13).
ti_m-cm⁄n (sX-°≥ Atd_ym D]-Zzo-]n¬ k_
F∂nSw) IS-sam-gn-I-fm¬ Xs∂ ]co-£n-∏m≥ h∂p.
F∂m¬ Ah-bvs°√mw adp-]Sn \evIp-hm≥ Ah\p
Ign™p (hm. 3a). Ahs‚ cmP-Xz-Øns‚ {]uVn I≠-
t∏mƒ Ahƒ Ahs\ Ipdn®p tI´ D÷ze hnh-c-߃
`mKn-I-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v Ahƒ°v kΩ-Xn-t°-≠n-h-∂p.
kztZ-i-tØ°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºm-bn, s]m∂pw
hf-sc-b-[nIw kpK-‘-{Z-hy-ßfpw Ahƒ Ah\p ImgvN-
h-®p. AXn\p {]Xn-^-e-ambn Ah\pw Ahƒ°p kΩm-
\-߃ sImSp-Øp.
6. Ahs‚ kºØv (10:14-˛29)
10:14,15 locm-ans‚ klm-b-Øm¬ Hm^o-cn¬\n∂p
s]m∂p am{X-a√- , hf-sc-b[ - nIw Nµ-\hpw cXv\hpw item-
tam-\p-th≠n sIm≠p-h∂ - n-cp-∂p. hym]mc CS-]m-Sp-If
- n¬
Akm-am\y [oj-W] - m-Sh
- a- p-≈ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p item-
tam≥.
10:16˛22 se_m-t\m≥ h\-Kr-l-Øns‚ `nØn-I-fn¬
Xq°p- h m≥ ]cn- N - I ƒ D≠m- ° n- b - X p- h sc kz¿Æw
sIm≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A{X-am{Xw kpe-`-am-bn-cp∂p kz¿Æw.
Ahs‚ Z¥-knw-lm-k\w X¶w s]mXn-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
knwlm-k-\-Øns‚ Ccp-h-i-ß-fn-ep-ambn sImØp-]-Wn-
sNbvX henb c≠p knwl-ß-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]m-
se-Xs∂ knwlm-k-\-Øn-te-°p≈ Bdp ]X-\-ß-fp-
sSbpw hi-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm knwlw hoXw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.
item-tams‚ ImeØv sh≈n Xmc-X-tay\ hne-Ip-d™
Hcp teml-am-bn-cp-∂p. item-tams‚ I®-hS I∏-ep-If - n¬
s]m∂pw sh≈n-bpw am{X-a√ sIm≠p-h∂Xv, adn®v B\-
s°m- º v , Bƒ°p- c - ß p- I ƒ, Ipc- ß p- I ƒ F∂n- h -
t]msebp≈ hntZ-in-b-amb ]e km[-\-ßfpw sIm≠p-
h∂p (7).
10:23˛25 item-tams‚ kºØpw ⁄m\hpw Ahs\
temI-{]-i-kvX-\m-°n-Xo¿Øp. Ahs\ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥
h∂ Bcm-[-I-cpsS kΩm-\-ßfpw Ip∂p-Iq-Sn.
10:26˛29 IpXn-c-Iƒ°pw cY-߃°pw-th≠n item-
366 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 10,11
tam≥ hf-sc-b-[nIw ]Ww Nne-h-gn-®-Xmbn kqNn-∏n-®n-
cn-°p-∂p. tIth (In-en-Iy-bm-bn-cn-°mw) IpXn-cI
- ƒ°v {]i-
kvX-am-Wv. tZi-Øns‚ kpc-£-bv°m-h-iy-amb IpXn-c-I-
sfbpw IpXn-c-t®-h-I-scbpw cY-ß-tfbpw kz¥-am-°p-∂-
tXm-sSm∏w a‰p cmPy-ß-fn-te°v item-tam≥ Ahsb
Ib‰n Ab-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p.
ChnsS {]kvXm-hn-®n-´n-s√-¶nepw item-tams‚ BUw-
_-c`- c
- W
- Ø
- n-\p-th-≠n P\-ßf- n¬ `mcn® \nIpXn G¿s∏-
Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. cmP-Xz-Øn\p hn≈¬ hogp-hm≥ CXp
apJm-¥n-c-ambn Xo¿∂p (12:3˛15).
sP.-B¿ ew_n Fgp-Xp-∂Xv: ""\n¿_-‘-ambn ASn-
t®¬∏n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂ \nIpXn hyh-ÿbpw {]m]y-amb
F√m-hn[ BUw-_c - hpw {]Xm-]hpw \nan-Øh
- pw, AXn¬
Xs∂ A[x-]-X\w kw`-hn-®n-cp-∂p. blq-Z-aX kw_-‘-
amb eqbokv ]Xn-\m-em-a-\m-bn-cp∂p item-tam≥'' (9).
IpXn-c-I-fp-sSbpw kº-Øn-s‚bpw Cu s]cp∏w
ssZh-h-N\ ewL-\-am-bn-cp∂p (B-h. 17:16,17).
H. item-tams‚ ]cm-P-b-ßfpw ac-Whpw
(A. 11)
11:1˛3 bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-°≥am¿ PmXob kv{XoIsf
hnhmlw sNøp-∂Xp Bh. 17:17˛¬ hne-°n-bn-´p-≠v. {][m-
\-s∏´ Cu Iev]\ item-tam≥ H´pw A\p-k-cn-®n-√-sb-
∂Xv Aº-c-∏n-°p∂ Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. IrXy-ambpw
AXns‚ ^ew ap≥Iq´n {]h-Nn-°-s∏´ {]Im-c-am-bn-cp-
∂p. Ahs‚ `mcy-am¿ hn{K-lm-cm-[\
- b
- n-tebv°p Ahs\
hio-I-cn-®p.
11:4˛8 hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn¬ \n∂pw kzbw hn´p-\n-ev°p-
hm≥ Xmev]-cy-s∏-S-Ø-°-hÆw ZmhoZp cmPm-hns‚
lrZbw btlm-h-bmb ssZh-tØmSp GIm-{K-am-bn-cp-∂p-
sh-∂mWv 4˛mw hmIyw A¿∞-am-°p-∂X - v. F∂m¬ C°m-
cy-Øn¬ item-tam≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hns\ ]n≥]-‰n-bn-√.
sbcp-i-te-an\p Ing-°v, Hen-hp-a-e-bn¬ Ah≥ hn{K-lm-
cm-[-\-bv°p≈ ]qPm-Kn-cn-Iƒ ]Wn-Xp.
11:9˛13 Kns_-tbm-\n¬ h®pw (3:5) Be-b-Øns‚
{]XnjvTm thf-bn¬ sbcp-i-te-an¬ h®pw (9:2), Cßs\
c≠p {]mhiyw btlmh item-tam\p {]Xy-£-\m-bn-´p-
≠v. F∂m¬, item-tams‚ hn{K-lm-cm-[\ \nanØw
Ct∏mƒ cmPXzw Ah-¶¬ \n∂pw ]d-n®p, Ahs‚ Zmk-
∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h\p sImSp-°p-sa∂p btlmh Acp-fn-s®-
bv X p. F¶nepw AXp item- t ams‚ Poh- I m- e Øp
kw`hn°bn-√.-Iq-SmsX tKm{X-߃ ]{¥≠pw, Zmhn-Zns‚
Kyl-Øn¬ \n∂pw FSpØp If-bp-Ib - p-an-√. Hcp tKm{Xw
(s_-\ym-an≥;blq-Zbpw Xo¿®-bmbpw IW-°m°mw
˛12:23) am{Xw item-tams‚ aI\p e`n-°pw.
11:14˛22 item-tams‚ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-I-fn¬, aq∂p t]sc
Ipdn- ® mWv ChnsS {]Xn- ] m- Z n- ® n- c n- ° p- ∂ - X v : AXn¬
BZysØ hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂ lZ-Zpv, GtZmanse ]pcp-j-
{]-P-Isf Ht°bpw tbmhm_v sIm√p∂ Ah-k-c-Øn≥,
Hcp ss]X- e mbn, an{k- b o- a n- s e°p HmSn- t ∏mb Hcp
GtZmay cmP-Ip-am-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ^d-thm≥ Ahs\
\∂mbn ]cn-]m-en®p Xlv]-t\-kpv cm⁄n-bpsS ktlm-
Z-cnsb Ah\p `mcy-bmbn sImSp-°p-I-t]mepw sNbvXp.
ZmhoZpw tbmhm_pw acn-®p-sh∂p tI´-t∏mƒ, lZZv
GtZm-an-te°p aSßn hcp-hm-\p≈ A\p-hmZw ^d-thm-
\n¬ \n∂pw t\Sn-sb-Sp-Øp. ^d-thm≥ ssha-\-ky-tØm-
Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp∂p AXn-\h
- s\ A\p-hZ- n-®X
- v. A∂p-sXm´v
sX°p-\n∂pw item-tam-s\-Xnsc ssk\oI {]h¿Ø-\-
߃ Bcw-`n-®p.
11:23˛25 ZmhoZv tkm_-bn-ep-≈-hsc \n{K-ln-®-t∏mƒ
Ah-cn¬ \n∂pw c£-s]´p HmSn-t∏m-b-h-\m-bn-cp∂p
Ahs‚ c≠m-asØ {]Xn-tbmKn sctkm≥. Ah≥ Hcp
Iq´w A{I-an-IfpsS t\Xm-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. ]n∂o-S-h≥
ZtΩ-ti-°n¬ kzX-{¥-am-sbmcp cmPyw sI´n-∏S- p-Øp-sIm-
≠v, item-tam-\p hS-°p-\n-∂p≈ Hcp ssk\oI A]-I-
S-ambn Xo¿∂p. ZmhoZv ZtΩ-ti°v ]´Ww ]nSn-®-S-°n,
AhnsS Imh¬ ]´m-fsØ B°n-b-Xp-ap-X¬ bn{km-tb-
ens‚ \pIw Ah¿ hln-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p (2-i-ap. 8:5,6).
Acm-ay-cpsS apJy-\-K-c-cm-jv{S-am-bn-cp∂ ZtΩ-ti°v
\jvS-s∏-Sp-∂Xv {]tXyIw FSpØp kqNn-∏n-t°≠ Hcp
Imcy-amWv; ImcWw hcpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬, Bcmw cmPyw,
bn{km-tb-en\p PU-Ønse Hcp iqe-am-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v
Ah¿ sXfn-bn-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
11:26˛28 item-tams‚ aq∂m-asØ {]Xn-tbmKn Xs‚
Zmk- \ m- b n- c p- ∂ , sbmtcm- _ - b m- a m- b n- c p∂p; Ah≥
F{^bow tKm{X-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ s\_m-Øns‚ aI-\m-
bn-cp-∂p. Ah-s\-°p-dn-®mWv 11-˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ ssZhw
kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. ant√m-bpsS \n¿Ωm-WØ - n¬ item-
tam≥ Ahs\ DØ-c-hm-Zn-Xz-ap≈ Hcp ]Zhn \evIn-bn-cp-
∂p. bn{km-tb-ens\ apgp-h≥ `cn-°p-hm-\p≈ Hcp tamlw
Ah-\n¬ P\n-∏n-®Xv Hcp-]t£ Cu A[n-Im-c-am-bn-cp-∂n-
cn-°mw.
11:29˛39 Hcp Znhkw Alobm F∂p t]cp≈ Hcp
{]hm-N-Is\ sbmtcm-_bmw I≠p-ap-´n. Ah¿ hb-en¬
X\n-®m-b-t∏mƒ, {]hm-N-I-\mb Alobm Xm≥ [cn-®n-
cp∂ ]pXnb A¶n ]nSn®p ]{¥-≠mbn Iodn. btlmh
bn{km-tb-ens\ ]Øp tKm{X-ßf - psS taep≈ A[n-Imcw
X\n°p \evIp-sa-∂-Xns‚ AS-bm-f-ambn AXn¬ ]Øp
IjWw sbmtcm-_-bm-an\p \evIn. Hcp tKm{Xw am{Xw
(s_-\ym-an≥) item-tams‚ aI-\p-th≠n Ah-ti-jn-°p-
sa∂pw (b-lq-Z-bp-ap-s≠∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww12:23), item-
tams‚ ac-Wt- ijw am{Xta cmPyw hn`-Pn-°s - ∏-Sp-Ib
- p≈q
F∂v {]hm-N-I≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. sbmtcm-_bmw btlm-
hsb A\p-k-cn®p \S-°p-sa-¶n¬, btlm-h-bpsS A\p-
{K-lhpw klm-bhpw Ah\p Xo¿®-bmbpw e`n-°pw.
sbmtcm-_-bm-an-t\m-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ ssZhw h® ]cn-
an-Xn-Iƒ {i≤n-°pI: ]Øp tKm{X-߃ am{Xta Ah\p
\evIp-I-bp-≈p. A√msX cmPXzw apgp-h\pw Ah\p
\evIp-I-bn√; item-tams‚ ac-W-tijw am{Xta Ah≥
A[n- I m- c - Ø n¬ hcn- I - b p- ≈ p; Ah- ≥ ]q¿Æ- a mbn
ssZhsØ ]n≥]-‰p-I-bpw, btlm-hsb A\p-k-cn-°p-
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 11,12
Ibpw sNbvsX-¶n¬ am{Xta ÿnc-ambn Hcp Krlw Ah-
\p-th≠n ssZhw ]Wn-bp-I-bp-≈p.
11:40 item-tam≥ Pohn-®n-cn°ptºmƒ Xs∂ sbmtcm-
_bmw Ah-t\mSv FXn¿sØ∂p tXm∂p-∂p, AXp-sIm-
≠mWv cmPm-hns‚ tIm]-Øn¬\n∂pw c£-s]-Sm≥
th≠n Ah\p an{k-bn-an-te°v HmSn-t∏m-tI≠n h∂-Xv.
item-tams‚ acWw hsc Ah≥ AhnsS ]m¿Øp.-]m-]-
tØmSp FXn¿Øp A\p-X-]n-t°-≠-Xn\p ]Icw item-
tam≥, sbmtcm-_-bmans\ sIm√p-hm≥ t\m°n-s°m≠v
btlm-h-bpsS hm°v [zwkn-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-
∂p. sbmtcm-_-bm-an-t\mSp t]mcm-Sp-∂Xp t`mj-Xz-am-bn-
cp-∂p, ImcWw hSt° tKm{X-ßf - psS, ssZh-Øm¬ \nb-
an-°-s∏´ A\-¥-cm-h-Imin Ct∏mƒ Ah-\m-bn-cp-∂p.
Xs‚ A\-¥-cm-h-Im-in-bmb Zmho-Zns\ sIm√p-hm-\p≈
iuens‚ {ia-߃ hn^-ea - m-bn-t∏m-bX- p-t]mse sbmtcm-
_-bm-ans\ sIm√p-hm-\p≈ item-tams‚ {ia-ßfpw hnP-
bn-®n-√.
sbmtcm-_-bm-an-\m¬ `cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ tKm{X-߃:
cqt_≥, Zm≥, \^vXm-en, KmZv, Bti¿, bn m-Jm¿,
sk_q-eq≥, F{^-bow, a\-s», tehn-bp-sSbpw ina-tbm-
s‚bpw `mK-߃ F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p. item-tams‚
]p{X≥ `cn-t°-≠ tKm{X-߃: blq-Zm, s_\ym-ao≥
tehn-bp-sSbpw ina-tbm-s‚bpw `mK-߃ F∂n-h-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. tehn-bp-sSbpw ina-tbm-s‚bpw Gdnb `mKhpw
blq-Z-tbmSp Iqdp-≈-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p (2-Zn-\. 11 : 13-˛16).
11:41 item-tams‚ hrØm-¥-]p-kvX-I-sa∂v ChnsS
]d-bp-∂-Xv, Xs‚ `c-W-Øns‚ Hcp HutZym-KnI hrØm-
¥-am-bn-cn-°W- w, A√msX ssZh-hN
- \
- Ø
- ns‚ {]tNm-ZnX
`mK-am-bn-cp-∂n√ AXv F∂Xv Xo¿®-bm-Wv.
11:42,43 \mev]Xp h¿jsØ `c-Wt- ijw item-tam≥
acn-®p, Ahs\ sbcp-it- e-an¬ AS°w sNbvXp. Ahs‚
]p{X-\mb scl-s_bmw Ah\p ]Icw cmPm-hm-bn. item-
tams‚ Bcw-`a - m-bn-cp∂p Ah-km-\s - Ø-°mƒ \√-Xv. Hcp
\√ XpS°w Hcp \√ Ah-k-c-Øn-\p≈ Dd∏p \evIp-∂n-
√. Ah≥ {]i-kvXn-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-tbmfw Db¿Ø-s∏-
´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p-sh-¶n-epw, AtX-k-abw [m¿Ωn-Im[x-]-X-
\-Øn-s‚bpw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bp-sSbpw AKm-[-K¿Ø-Øn-
te°v Bgv∂p-s]m-bvs°m-≠p-an-cp-∂p. ""F√m-‰n-s‚bpw
kmcw tIƒ°p-I, ssZhsØ `b-s∏-´v, Ahs‚ Iev]-\-
Isf {]am- W n- ® p- s ImƒI; AXm- I p∂p kIe a\p-
jy¿°pw th≠p-∂X - v. ssZhw \√Xpw Xob-Xp-amb kIe
{]h¿Øn-Is - fbpw kIe cl-ky-ßf - p-ambn \ymb-hn-kX
v m-
c-Øn-te°v hcp-Øp-at√m'' F∂v k`m. 12:13,14 hmIy-ß-
fn¬ Xm≥ {]kw-Kn-®-Im-cy-߃ am{Xw, B cmPmhv
{]mh¿Øn-Ia - m-°n-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬!
III. cmPy-hn-`-P\w (A. 12-˛22)
A. blqZm cmPm-hmb scl-s_bmw (12:1˛24)
itemtams‚ aI-\mb scl-s_bmw 17 kwh-’cw
blq-Z-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn (B.C. 931 / 30-913) 1cm-Pm.
12:20˛24; 2Zn-\. 11,12A.).
367
12:1˛11 s]mXp-hn¬ cmPm-hmbn AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-
≠-Xn\v scl-s_bmw titJ-an-te°v t]mbn. item-
tams‚ ac-Wh - m¿Ø-bd- n™v an{k-bo-an¬\n∂p aS-ßn-h∂
sbmtcm-_bmw bn{km-tb¬P-\-tØm-sSm∏w titJ-an-
te°pt]m-bn. AhnsS bn{km-tb¬ k`-sbm-s°-bpw-H-
∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂p. ""\ns‚ A∏≥ `mc-ap≈ \pIw Rß-
fp-sS-ta¬ h®p, \ns‚ A∏s‚ ITn-\-th-ebpw Ah≥
Rß-fpsS ta¬ h®n-cn-°p-∂ `mc-ap≈ \pIhpw \o `mcw
Ipd®p Xc-Ww. F∂m¬ R߃ \ns∂ tkhn°mw''
F∂p≈ Hcp A¥y-\n-th-Z\w bn{km-tb¬ P\w scl-
s_-bm-ans‚ apºmsI ka¿∏n-®p. Xs‚ cmP-[m-\n-bpsS
{]m]y-amb kº¬k-ar≤n \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥th-≠n item-
tam≥ Dugn-b-th-e-°msc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw `mcn® \nIpXn
G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ah¿
]d-™Xv ^e-Øn¬ C{]-Im-ca - m-bn-cp-∂p. ""\ns‚ ]nXmhv
Rß-fp-sS-ta¬ Npa-Øn-bn-cn°p∂ `mcn® \nIpXn eLq-
I-cn-°p-I, Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬ R߃ \ns∂ tkhn-°mw,
A√m-Ø-]£w R߃ {]t£m-`-ap-≠m°pw''. AXn-s\-
°p-dn®p Nn¥n-°p-hm≥ scl-s_bmw aq∂p-Zn-h-kw Bh-
iy-s∏-´p. Ah≥ BZyw hr≤-∑m-tcmSv Btem-N\ tNmZn-
®p. P\-tØmSp Zb-tbm-Sp-IqSn s]cp-am-dn-bm¬ Ah¿
Ft∂°pw X\n°p Zmk-∑m-cm-bn-cn°pw F∂v Ah¿
Bte-N\ ]d-™p-sIm-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ bu∆-\-°m-cmb
Ahs‚ D]-tZ-jvSm-°ƒ AXn-\p-t\sc hn]-co-X-amb
Btem-N\ Ah\p \evIn-˛C - t- ∏mƒ D≈-Xn-s\-°mƒ IqSp-
X¬ `mc-ap≈ Ah-Im-i-߃ D∂-bn-®p-sIm≠v Ahsc
`oj-Wn-s∏-SpØphm≥ Ah¿ Ah-t\mSp ]d-™p. B
A¿∞-Øn-emWv scl-s_-bm-ans‚ sNdp-hn-c¬ item-
tams‚ Ac-sb-°mƒ hÆ-ap-≈-Xm-bn-cn°pw F∂p ]d-
™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. item-tam≥ Ahsc Nm´-hm-dp-sIm≠v
Zfin-∏n-®p-sh-¶n¬ scl-s_bmw Ahsc NΩ-´n-sIm≠v
(aq¿®-bp≈ A{K-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb Nm´-hm-dm-bn-cn-°mw)
Zfin- ∏ n- ° pw. (a- e - b mfw ss__n- f n¬ tXfp- I - s f-
s°m≠pw Zfin-∏n°pw F∂mWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv).
12:12-˛20 sbtcm-s_-bmapw bn{km-tb¬ P\hpw Xocp-
am-\a - d
- n-bm≥ aq∂mw-\mƒ FØn-bt- ∏mƒ bu∆-\° - m-cpsS
Btem-N-\-t]mse Ah¿°p adp-]Sn \evIn. btlmh
iotem-\y-\mb Alo-bmhp apJm-¥cw sbmtcm-s_-bm-
an-t\mSp Acp-fn-s®bvX hN\w \nh¿Øn-bm-tI-≠-Xn\v
Cu Imcyw btlm-h-bpsS lnX-Øm¬ kw`-hn-®p-sh∂v
15-˛-mw hmIyw kqNn-∏n-°p∂p (11:30˛39). Cu ka-bØv
bn{km-tb¬P\w scl-s_-bm-an-s\-Xnsc {]t£m-`a - p-≠m-
°n-sb-¶nepw Ah-cn¬ Nne¿ At∏mgpw sblq-Z-tZ-iØp
]m¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]ns∂, scl-s_bmw cmPmhv
bn{km-tb-ens\ A[o-\-X-bn-em-t°-≠-Xn-\v, Dugn-b-th-e-
bv°p-ta¬ hnNm-cI - \
- mbn P\-{]n-b\
- √
- mØ AtZm-cm-ans\
Ab-®p, F∂m¬ bn{km-tb-sem-s°bpw tN¿∂v Ahs\
Is√-dn-™p-sIm-∂p-If - ™
- p. A\-¥cw bn{km-tb¬ P\w
sbmtcm-_-bm-ans\ X߃°p cmPm-hm°n. blq-Zm-
tKm{Xw am{Xta scl-s_-bm-ans‚ ]£w tN¿∂p-≈p-
sh∂v 20-˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw s_\ym-an≥
tKm{Xhpw (hm. 21), ina-tbm\pw (tbmip 19:1b) tehn-
tKm-{X-Øn¬ Gdn-b-]¶pw blq-Z-bv°p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
368

bn{km-tb-en-sebpw blq-Z-bn-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sSbpw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-sSbpw Hcp Nm¿´v

 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 12 369

12:21˛24 bn{km-tb¬ bp≤w {]Jym-]n-®p-sIm-≠v AXp (\-√h

- ≥)
XS- -s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ scl-s_bmw ]≤-Xn-bn-´p-sh-¶nepw
5.) Glq Dko-bmhv
ssZho-I-amb Hcp Iev]\bpsS ^e-ambn Ah≥ ]≤Xn
Dt]-£n-®p. hr≤-∑m-cmb Xs‚ D]-tZ-jvSm-°-∑m-cpS Ak-cymhv (\-√-h≥) tbmYmw (\-√h
- ≥)
Btem-N\ \nc-kn® scl-s_bmw Ct∏mƒ btlm-h- sbtlm-hm-lmkv Blmkv
bpsS Btem-N\ AwKo-I-cn-®-Xp-sIm≠v bn{km-tb-ey- tbmhmiv
cn¬ At\-I-cpsS Poh≥ c£n-®p. btlm-h-bpsS hm°n-
\m¬ hn`-P\w Iev]n-°s - ∏-´p, btlm-hb
- psS hm°n-\m¬ (sb-tlm-hm-i)v
c‡s®mcn-®n¬ IqSm-sX-bp≈ Hcp hn`-P\w Dd-∏n-°-s∏- sbmtcm-_bmw II sbln-kI
v o-bmhv
´p.
(\-√h
- ≥)
cmPy-hn-`-P\w
skJ-cymhv a\s»
hn`-Pn-°-s∏´ cmPy-Øns‚ Ncn{Xw ChnsS \n∂p
6.) i√qw Btam≥
XpSßn 2 cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ DS-\o-fw XpS-cp-∂p. ""bn{km-
tb¬'' F∂p km[m-cW \ne-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw 7.) sa\tlw tbmin-bmhv
{]h-N-\-ß-fn¬ Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ ""F{^bow'' F∂p (\-√-h≥)
kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]Øp hS-°≥ tKm{X-ßsf s]°-lymhv btlm-hm-lmiv (i-√qw)
sbmtcm-s_bmw `cn-®p. HºXp hwi-Øn-ep≈ cmPm-°-
∑m¿ ChnSw `cn-®p, Ah-sc-√m-hcpw ZpjvS-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. 8.) s]°lv sbtlm-bm°ow

""blqZm'' F∂ t]cn-e-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ sXt°-cmPyw (F-eym-°ow)

scl-s_bmw `cn-®p. Cu cmP-Xz-Øn¬ H‰ Hcp hwiw 9.) tlmsibm sbtlm-bm-°o≥
am{Xta D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. F√m-cm-Pm-°∑ - mcpw Zmho-Zns‚
]n≥Km-an-If- m-bn-cp-∂p. tbip-{In-kX
v p-hns‚ hf¿Ø-∏\ - mb (sb-sI-\ym-hv, sIm\n-bm-hv)
tbmk^v apJm-¥ncw Zmho-Zns‚ knwlm-k-\-Øn-te- knZ-°n-bmhv (a-Y\
- ym-h)v
°p≈ {InkvXp-hns‚ ]Zhn \nb-a-]-c-ambn \n¿Æ-bn-°-
hn`-Pn-°-s∏´ cmPy-Øns‚ Ncn-{XsØ \mep L´-ß-
s∏-´Xv Cu cmP-Xz-Øn-eq-sS-bm-bn-cp∂p (a-Øm. 1-˛se
fmbn Xncn-°mw. H∂m-aX- mbn sbmtcm-s_bmw (1 cmP.12:1)
hwim-hen t\m°p-I). Zmho-Zns‚ kz¥w ]p{X-\mb
XpSßn H{an hsc(1 cmP.16:28) \o≠p \n∂ Xpd∂ kwL-
\mYms‚ Hcp ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-cp∂ I\y-Ib - mb adnb hgn
´-\-Øns‚ Hcp Imew. c≠m-a-Xmbn, H{an apX¬ (1-
Ah≥ imco-cn-Ia - mbpw Zmho-Zns‚ Hcp aI-\m-bn-cp∂p (eq-
cmP.16:29) tblp hsc (2cmP.9)c≠p cmPyßfpw XΩn-
s°m. 3-mw A≤ym-b-Ønse hwim-hen t\m°p-I). Cu
ep-ff X¿°-߃ ]cn-l-cn®v, ]ncn-ap-dp°w Ipd™ Hcp
cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ Npcp°w Nne¿ {]ap-J-cmb \ho-I-c-W-
Ime-b-fhv. aq∂m-asØ L´w, tblp apX¬ bn{km-tb-
°m-cm-bn-cp∂p; F∂m¬ A[n-Iw-t]cpw ZpjvS-∑m-cm-bn-cp- ens‚ A o-cn-b≥ ASn-aØw hsc-bp≈ (B.C. 722)
∂p. Akzm-X-{¥y-Øns‚ Ime-b-fhv (2-cm-P. 9:17). HSp-hn-em-
bn{km-tb-en-sebpw blq-Z-bn-sebpw cmPm-°-∑m¿ bn, BC. 586 ¬ _m_n-tem-\y-°m¿ blq-Zsb {]hm-kn-
I-fm-°p-∂-Xp-hsc tijn® cmPy-ambn sblqZm \ne-
hwiw bn{km-tb¬ hwiw blqZm
sIm≠p (2-cm-P. 18˛25).
1.) sbmtcm-s_bmw 1 scl-s_bmw
bn{km-tb¬ cmPyw Hcp cmjv{S-ambn tZi-tØ°v Hcn-
\mZm_v A_nbmw (A-_n-b) °epw aS-ßn-h-∂n-√. Fgp-]Xp h¿j-tØmfw blqZm
{]hm-kn-If- mbn XpS¿∂p; AXn-\p-ti-jw, F{km-bp-sSbpw
2.) _sbi Bkm (\-√-h≥)
s\l-aym-hns‚bpw ]pkvXI - Ø
- n¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-
Gem sbtlm-im-^mØv (\- ∂-{]-Imcw ]e Iq´-ß-fmbn Ah¿ sbcp-i-te-an-te°p
√-h≥) aS-ßn-h∂- p. Aßs\ sXs°-tKm-{X-߃, {InkvXp-hns‚
3.) kn{an sbtlmcmw (tbm-cmw) P\-\-Øn\v GI-tZiw 500 h¿j-߃°p-apºv PmXob
`c-W-Øn≥ Iogn¬ tZi-tØ°p aS-ßn-h-∂p.
4.) H{an ˛ Xn_v\n Al-kymhv
]g-b-\n-ba Ncn-{X-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-Øn-¶¬, tZi-
Blm_v AY-eym-(`- c
- Wm-[nIm Øp≈ blq-Z-∑m¿ ]m¿kn cmPm-hns‚ A[o-\-X-bn-em-
cw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Ø-hƒ) bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv {Kokv t]¿jysb ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øn,
Aßs\ blq-Z-∑m¿ Cu temI-i-‡n-bm¬ `cn-°-s∏-
Al-kymhv sbtlm-hmiv ˛
´p. Ah-km\w {KoIysc tdmam-km-{am-Pyw ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-
tbmhmiv (\-√h
- ≥) Aa-kymh
Øn. tbip-I¿Ømhv `qan-bn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏´ ka-bØv
tbmcmw (b-tlm-cmw) Cu km{am-Py-am-bn-cp∂p A[n-Im-c-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xv.
370 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 12,13
hn`-Pn-°s
- ∏´ cmPy-sØ-°p-dn®p ]Tn-°p-tºmƒ \evI-
s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Xob-Xn-If- nse sshcp-≤yw-I≠v ]Tn-Xm-°ƒ
\nc-¥cw Bi-b-°p-g-∏-Øn-em-Im-dp-≠v. bn{km-tb-en-
s‚bpw blq-Z-bp-sSbpw `c-W-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p-
hm≥ hnhn[ Xc-Øn-ep≈ am¿§-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p kzoI-cn-
®n-cp-∂Xv F∂Xv Imem-\p-{I-a-amb ]e _p≤n-ap-´p-
Iƒ°pw Imc-W-am-b-Xmbn IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. as‰mcp
{][m-\-Im-cyw, Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ c≠p cmPm-°-∑m¿
Ipd®p Ime-tØ°v At\ym\yw kl-I-cn®v H∂n®v `cn-
®n-´p-≠v. FUvhn≥ B¿. ssXen-bpsS ""Z anÃo-cn-bkv
\tºgvkv Hm^v Z lo{_p Inßvkv''(F-{_mb cmPm-°-
∑msc kw_-‘n-®p≈ Zp¿{Km-ly-amb kwJy-Iƒ) F∂
]pkvX-I-Øn¬ cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS Imem-\p-{I-a-kw-_-‘-
amb F√m hnj-bß - fpw hfsc hni-Za - mbpw tbmKy-ambpw
(10)
ssIIm-cyw sNbvXn-´p≠v .
cmPm°-∑m-cpsS \ma-\n¿t±i ]´n-Im-{I-aØ
- n¬ Hmtcm-
cp-Øc- p-sSbpw `c-WI- m-esØ {]tXyI kw`-hß- ƒ FSp-
Øp-≤-cn-®p-sIm-≠v, hn`-Pn-°-s∏´ cmPy-sØ-°p-dn®p
\ap°p ]Tn-°mw. apI-fn¬ {]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂
ssXen-bpsS ]pkvX-I-{]-Im-c-amWv Xob-XnIƒ IW-°m-
°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
B. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb sbmtcm-_bmw
(12:25˛14:20)
F{^bow tKm{X-Ønse \m_m-Øns‚ aI-\mb
sbmtcm-_bmw Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠p-h¿jw bn{km-tb-en\p
cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p (B.C. 931/30-910/09)
1. sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ sX‰mb `‡n-tI-{µ-߃
(12:25˛33)
12:25˛30 bn{km- t b- e nse BZysØ cmPm- h mb
sbmtcm-s_bmw Bcw-`-Øn¬ titJw Xs‚ Xe-ÿm\
\K-c-am-°n, F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv Xm≥ tbm¿±m-\-°sc s]\p-
th¬ ]Wn-Xp. D’-h-Zn-h-k-ß-fn¬ Bcm-[-\-bv°mbn
P\w sbcp-it- e-an-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-bm¬ Ah-cpsS a\ v
blqZm cmPm-hn-¶-te°p Xncn-bp-sa∂p `b-s∏´ sbmtcm-
s_bmw aX-]-c-ambn Xt‚-Xmb Nne kwhn-[m-\-ß-
sfms° Hcp-°n. Zm\n-epw s_tY-enepw Ah≥ ]pXnb
Bcm-[\m tI{µ-߃ ÿm]n-®p. AhnsS s]m∂p-sIm-
≠p≈ Hmtcm Imf-°p-´nsb {]Xn-jvTn-®n-´v, bn{km-tb-
ens\ an{k-bo-an¬\n∂pw sIm≠p-h∂ ssZhw B hn{K-
l-ß-fm-sW∂v {]Jym-]n-®p.
12:31˛33 sbmtcm-s_bmw hn{K-lm-cm-[\ kw_-‘-
amb ]qPm-Kn-cn-t£-{X-߃ ]Wn-Xp. ssZhw \nb-an-®-{]-
Imcw tehy-tKm-{X-Øn¬ \n∂p am{X-a-√msX, F√m
tKm{X-ß-fn¬\n-∂p-ap-≈-hsc Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v ]pXn-
sbmcp ]utcm-lnXyw ÿm]n-®p. Ggmw amk-Ønse
IqSm-c-s∏-cp-∂mƒ am‰n, ]Icw F´mw amkw ]Xn-\©mw
XobXn Hcp alm D’hw Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-s°m≠v Ah≥
aX-]-c-amb ]pXn-sbmcp Ie-≠¿ kzta-[bm D≠m-°n.
s_tY-en¬ Xm≥ D≠m-°nb bmK-]o-T-Øn-¶¬ sN∂v
bmKw A¿∏n-®p-sIm≠v Ah≥ ]ptcm-lnX ip{iqj
ssI°-em-°n.
bn{km-tb-en¬ ]ecpw Cu hyXn-bm-\-߃ AwKo-I-
cn-®p-sh-∂Xv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS lrZbw btlm-
h-bn-¶¬ \n∂pw A\y-s∏-´n-cp∂psh∂ hkvXp-X-bm-Wv.
apºv Ah-cpsS ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Hcp Imf-°p-´nsb Bcm-[n-
®-Xn\v in£n-°-s∏-´-XmWv (]p-d. 32). ]qPm-Kn-cn-Iƒ
ÿm]n-®-Xp-sIm≠v item-tam\p Xs‚ cmPy-Øns‚
Gdnb ]¶pw \jvS-s∏´p (A.11). tImclpw Iq´cpw
]utcm-lnXyw ssIh-i-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-®-Xp-sIm-≠v,
Ah¿°v Ah-cpsS {]mW≥ \jvS-s∏´p (kw-Jy. 16).
Xs‚ cmPXzw kpc-£n-X-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-°p∂ sbmtcm-
s_-bm-ans‚ Cu ]pXp-a-Iƒ Xs∂ BXy-¥n-I-am-bp≈
AXns‚ A[x-]-X\w Dd-∏m-°p-∂p. a\p-jy-\n¿ΩnX aX-
Øns‚ kpJ-ku-I-cy-ß-tfmSpw AXns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-
ß-tfmSpw IqsS Xß-fpsS ktlm-Zc - ß
- sf hn´n-´v, btlm-
hsb At\z-jn-∏m≥ a\- p-h-®-h¿ blq-Z-bn-te°v HmSn-
t∏mbn (2-Zn-\. 11:14˛16). ""C{X \s√mcp ]Zhn (cm-Pm-hm-
bn- ´ p≈ ]Z- h n) sbmtcm- s _bmw A¿ln- ® n- c p- ∂ n- √ ,
F∂m¬ CXp-t]mse tami-amb Hcp cmP-Ip-am-cs\
bn{km-tb¬ A¿ln-®n-cp∂p'' F∂pw ]d-™n-´p-≈Xv F{X
icn-bm-Wv.
2. sbmtcm-s_-bmapw ssZh-]p-cp-j\pw (13:1˛32)
13:1˛3 s_tY-ense bmK-]o-TØ
- n-¶¬ sbmtcm-s_bmw
[q]w Im´n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, hn{K-lm-cm-[-\m-]-c-amb
B bmK-]o-TsØ X≈n-∏-d-bp-hm≥ Hcp ssZh-]p-cp-j≥
blq-Z-bn¬ \n∂pw Ab-bv°-s∏-´p. blq-Z-bn¬ tbmio-
bmhv F∂p t]cp≈ Hcp cmPmhv Fgp-t∂-ev°p-sa∂pw
Ah≥ ]qPm- K ncn ]ptcm- l n- X - ∑ msc bmK- ] o- T - Ø n-
t∑¬h®p Np´p-I-f-bp-sa∂pw {]h-Nn-®p. 2˛mw hmIy-
Øns‚ {]h-N\ \nhrØn 2cm-P-. 23:15,16 hmIy-ß-fn¬
ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. {]h-N-\-Øn\pw AXns‚ \nhr-Øo-I-c-
W-Øn\pw at[y ap∂q-dn¬]cw h¿j-߃ IS-∂p-t]m-
bn. B {]h-N\w Xo¿®-bmbpw kw`-hn°pw F∂-Xn\p
AS-bm-f-ambn bmK-]oTw ]nf¿∂p AXn-t∑-ep≈ Nmcw
XqIn-t∏mIpw F∂p Ah≥ ]d-™p.
13:4˛6 sbmtcm- s _bmw {]hm- N - I s‚ t\sc
ssINq≠n Ahs\ ]nSn-∏m≥ Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ, Ahs‚
ssI hc-≠p-t]m-bn. IqSm-sX, sbmtcm-s_bmw ÿm]n®
aXw \in-°p-sa-∂-Xns‚ ]q¿∆-e-£Ww F∂ \ne-bn¬
bmK-]oTw ]nf¿∂p Nmcw XqIn-t∏m-bn. {]hm-N-Is‚
km\p-I-º-amb {]m¿∞-\bv°p adp-]-Sn-bmbn cmPm-hns‚
hc-≠ssI aSßn ]q¿∆-ÿn-Xn-bn-em-bn.
13:7˛10 `oj-Wn-bn¬ {]hm-NI - s\ \ni-_vZ\ - m-°p-hm≥
Ign-bmsX h∂m¬ cmPmhv Ah-\p-ambn kJyw ÿm]n-
®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ Imcyw ÿm]n-°p-hm≥ {ian-°pw.
sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ ZpjvS-`-cWw t\cnb tXmXn-se-
¶nepw A\p-h-Zn-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬, bmsXmcp kqN-\bpw
\evIm-X-hÆw ssZhw I¿i-\-amb \n¿t±-i-ß-ƒ {]hm-
N-I\p \evIn-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ ssZhoI \n¿t±-i-a-\p-
k-cn-®v, sbmtcm-s_-bm-an-t\m-sSm∏w Xn∂p-hmt\m IpSn-
∏mt\m {]hm- N - I ≥ Iq´m- ° n- b n- √ . IqSmsX Ah≥
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 13,14
s_tY-en¬\n∂p thsdmcp hgn-bmbn Xs‚ `h-\-Øn-
te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-bn.
13:11˛19 hgn-bn¬h®v s_tY-ense hr≤-\mb Hcp {]hm-
N-I≥ Ahs\ XS-™p-\n¿Øn. s_tY-en¬ \S∂p
sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Imcy-ß-fn¬ t\cnb A\p-I-º-t]mepw
ImWn-°m-Xn-cn-t°-≠-Xn-\v, BZyw B hr≤{]hm-N-Is‚
BXn-tY-bXzw B ssZh-]p-cp-j≥ \nc-kn-®p. F∂m¬
ssZh-]p-cp-js\ kXv°-cn-∏m≥ Hcp ZqX≥ Xt∂mSp ]d-
™p-sh∂v B hr≤≥ ]d-™-t∏mƒ, hmKvZm\w sNø-
s∏´ BXn-tY-bXzw kzoI-cn-°-Ø-°-hÆw B ssZh-
]p-cp-js\ t{]cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ B t`mjv°v hnP-bn-®p.
13:20˛25 Ah¿ Hcp-an®p `£n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-tºmƒ,
s_tY-ense hr≤-\mb {]hm-NI - t- \mSp btlmh kwkm-
cn-®p, B ktµiw {]hm-N-I≥ ssZh-]p-cp-j\p ssIam-
dn. Xs‚ A\p-k-c-W-t°Sp \nanØw B ssZh-]p-cp-j≥
acn-°p-sa-∂pw, Xs‚ ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sS I√-d-bn¬ Ah≥
AS°w sNø-s∏-Sp-I-bn-s√-∂p-am-bn-cp∂p B ktµ-iw.
CXv ]cp-j-am-tbm, ITn-\-amtbm tXm∂p-I-bm-sW-¶n¬,
Hcp-Imcyw \mw Hm¿°-Ww. ssZhw Xm≥ kvt\ln-°p-∂-
h-tcmSpw Xs‚ h‡m-°t- fmSpw {]tXyIw ku`m-Ky-߃
A\p-`-hn-°p-∂-h-tcmSpw hfsc I¿i-\-ambn CS-s]-Sp-∂p.
`h-\-Øn-te°p aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip∂ hgn-bn¬ Hcp knwlw
Ahs\ sIm∂p. F√m {]Ir-Xn-\n-b-a-߃°pw hncp-≤-
am-bn, knwlhpw {]hm-NI - s
- ‚ Igp-Xb - pw B ihw ImØp-
sIm≠v Hcp-an®p hgn-bn¬ \n∂p.
13:26˛32 hr≤-\mb {]hm-NI - ≥ B hm¿Ø-tI-´t- ∏mƒ,
A\p-k-c-W-t°-Sn-\p≈ ssZhnI \ymb-hn-[n-bm-W-sX∂v
s]s´∂p a\- n-em-°n. B Zpc¥ kw`hw \S∂ ÿe-
Øp- s N∂v Ah≥ B ih- i - c ocw s_tY- e n- t e°p
sIm≠p-h∂p; Xs‚ kz¥w I√-d-bn¬ AS°w sNbvXp.
Xs∂ B ssZh-]p-cp-js‚ AcnsI AS-°-W-sa∂v
Ah≥ Xs‚ ]p{X-∑m-tcmSp ]d-™p, Xm\pw Hcp `mK-am-
bn-cn-°p∂ hn{K-lm-cm-[\m k{º-Zmbw ssZh-Øm¬ \in-
∏n-°s - ∏-Sp-hm≥hn-[n-°s
- ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p-sh∂v Ah-\d
- n-bm-am-
bn-cp-∂p.
3. sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ sX‰mb coXn-bn-ep≈
]utcmlnXyw (13:33,34)
k¿∆-P-\-Øn¬\n∂pw ]qPm-Kncn ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc
\nb-an-®p-sIm≠pw kzbw ]ptcm-lnX ip{iq-j-sNbvXpw
sbmtcm-s_bmw Xs‚ Zp¿am¿§w hn´p Xncn-bm-sX, AXv
XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂p. sbmtcm-s_bmw Krl-Øns‚ \mi-Øn-
\p≈ BXy-¥nI ImcWw AØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]m]-am-bn-
cp∂p. C¿hnßv F¬ sP≥k≥ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.
blq-Zb
- n¬ \n∂p h∂ {]hm-NI - s‚ ac-Wh - n[n I≠p
sbmtcm-s_bmw A\p-X-]n-®n-s√-¶n¬, Xs‚ Xs∂ Hcp
ac-W-Zriyw Ah≥ ImtW-≠-Xp≠m-bn-cp-∂p. {]hm-N-I-
s\-t∏mse sbmtcm-s_-bmapw D∂-X-amb Hcp ]Z-hn-
bv°mbn sXc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´h
- \- m-bn-cp-∂p. ssZhw Ahs\
Xnc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xns‚ Dt±-iyw, {]hm-N-I-s\-t∏m-se,
Ah\pw \∂m-bn-´d- n-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah\pw {]hm-
371
(11)
N-I-s\-t∏mse ssZh-Øns‚ hm°v A\p-k-cn-®n√ .
4. sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ aIs‚ acWw (14:1˛20)
14:1˛4 sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ aI-\mb A_o-bmhv
tcmKn-bmbn Xo¿∂-t∏mƒ, cmPmhv Xs‚ `mcysb {]hm-
N-I-\mb Alo-bm-hns‚bSp-°-e-b-®p. hS-°p≈ ]Øp
tKm{X-߃°p Xm≥ cmPm-hmbn Xocp-sa∂p apºv sbmtcm-
s_-bm-an-t\mSp ]d™ ssZh-]p-cp-j≥ Ct±-l-am-bn-cp-
∂p.
Hcp-]t£ cm⁄n thjw amdn-t∏m-bXv Xmsg-∏d - b
- p∂
Nne Imc-Wß - f - m-em-bn-cn-°mw. H∂m-aXv, ssZh-]p-cp-js\
]c-ky-ambn kµ¿in-®m¬ Zm\n-te-bpw, s_tY-en-tebpw
hn{K-l-ß-fn-ep≈ hnizm-k-an-√mbva H‰n-s°m-Sp-°-s∏-´p.
c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Alo-bmhv hn{K-lm-cm-[\ FXn¿°p∂
hy‡n-bmbXn\m¬, Ahsf Xncn-®-dn-™m¬, A\p-Iq-e-
amb Imcy-߃ kwkm-cn-°b - n-s√∂v sbmtcm-s_-bm-an\p
Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. aq∂m-a-Xm-bn, {]hm-N-Is\ I_-fn-∏n-
°p-∂-Xn-eqsS btlm-h-sbbpw I_-fn-∏n-°m-sa∂v Hcp-
]s£ B cmPmhv Nn¥n-®p-Im-Wpw.
14:5˛13 A‘- \ mb {]hm- N - I s\ cm⁄n- b psS
kµ¿i\w btlmh ap≥Iq´n Adn-bn-®p. Ah-ƒ AhnsS
FØn-b-D-S≥ Xs∂ cm⁄n-bpsS thj-∏-I¿® {]hm-N-
I≥ shfn-®-Øm°n; F∂n´v Hcp ac-W-k-tµ-i-hp-ambn
Ahsf sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ ASp-°¬ aS-°n-b-b-®p.
cmPm- h ns‚ A\p- k - c - W - t °Spw hn{K- l m- c m- [ - \ bpw
\nanØw, btlmh Ah-\p≈, kzX-{¥\pw Akz-X-{¥-
\p-amb ]pcp-j-{]-P-sb-sbm-s°bpw bn{km-tb-en¬\n∂p
tOZn-°p-Ibpw Ahs‚ Krlw Xosc apSn-™p-t]m-Ipw-
hsc AXns\ \in-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. tcmKn-bmbn InS-
°p∂ Xs‚ ]p{X≥, A_o-bm-hn-s\m-gnsI Xs‚ IpSpw-
_-Øn¬ a‰m¿°pw am\y-amb Hc-S°w e`n-°-bn-√.
cm⁄n ]´-W-Øn¬ IS-°p-∂-bp-S≥ Xs∂ A_o-bmhv
acn-°p-∂-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah≥ Hgn-hm-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
14:14-˛16 ssZhw as‰mcp cmPm-hns\ (s_-sb-im)
Fgpt∂ev]n°pw; Ah≥ sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ IpSpw-
_sØ \in-∏n-°pw. sbmtcm-s_bmw Aticm {]Xn-jvT-
I-fpsS (12) Bcm[\ Bcw-`n-®-Xp-sIm≠v BXy-¥n-I-ambn
bn{km-tb¬ {]hm-kn-If- m-bn-t∏mIpw. kar-≤n-bpsS {]Xo-
I-ambn XSn-bn¬ sImØnsbSpØ _nw_-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p
Aticm {]Xn-jvT.
14:17,18 17-˛mw hmIy-{]-Imcw Ct∏mƒ bn{km-tb-ens‚
Xe-ÿm-\\ - K
- cw Xn¿km BsW∂p tXm∂p-∂p. cm⁄n
Xn¿km-bn¬ aS-ßn-sb-Ønb DSs\ Ah-fpsS aI≥
acn®p. {]hm-N-I≥ Acp-fn-s®bvX {]Imcw bn{km-tb¬
Ahs\ hnem-]-tØmsS kwkv°-cn-®p.
14:19,20 Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠p-h¿jw bn{km-tb-ens\ `cn-®-
tijw sbmtcm-s_bmw \n{Z {]m]n-®p. Ahs‚ aI-\mb
\mZm_v Ah\p ]Icw cmPm-hm-bn. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-
°-∑m-cpsS hrØm¥ ]pkvX-I-sa∂v ChnsS ]d-b-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂Xv thZ-]p-kvX-I-Ønse Zn\-hr-Øm¥ ]pkvX-I-
a-√, adn®v tZiob Ncn-{X-sa∂ \ne-bn¬, s]mXp-hn¬
372

hn`-Pn-°-s∏´ cmPyw
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 14,15
kq£n-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂,- cmPm-°∑
- m-cpsS HutZym-Kn-I hnh-
c-W-ß-f-S-ßnb Hcp ]pkvX-I-am-W-Xv.
blqZm cmPy-Øns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-amWv Ct∏m-gsØ
cwKw
C. sblq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb scl-s_bmw (Xp-S¿®)
(14:21˛31)
14:21˛24 scl-s_-bm-ans‚ `c-W-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw
12-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ \mw ]Tn-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Xs‚ `c-
W-Øns‚ {][m\ khn-ti-j-X-I-fmWv Cu `mKØv
kwt£-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂X - v. Xs‚ amXmhv Hcp Atam-\y-kv{Xo-
bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v c≠p-{]m-hiyw kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv (hm.
21,31), scl-s_-bm-ans‚ ]cm-P-b-Øn-\p≈ ASn-ÿm\
Imc-W-ß-fn-sem∂v AXm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v hmb-\-°msc
DXvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-hm-\m-bn-cn-°mw. Ahs‚ ]nXm-hmb
item-tam≥ A\y-kv{Xo-Isf hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm≠v
Ah≥ Ah-t\bpw Ahs‚ IpSpw-_-sØbpw hn{K-lm-
cm-[\ - b
- n-te°p \bn-®p. hn{K-lm-cm-[\ blq-Zb- n¬ k¿∆-
km-[m-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p; Zp¿am¿§n-I-fmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ (]p-
cpj ssaYp-\-°m¿) ]qPm-Kn-cn-I-fn¬h®v shdp-∏p-f-hm-
°p∂ {]hr-Øn-Iƒ sNbvXp-t]m-∂p.
14:25˛28 an{kbow cmPm-hmb iniIv sbcp-itew B{I-
an-®p. AXns\ sIm≈-b-Sn-®p, Be-b-Øn-tebpw cmP-
[m-\n-bn-sebpw `fim-c-sam-s°bpw Ah¿ Ih¿∂p.
Ih¿® sNø-s∏´ s]m≥ ]cn-N-Iƒ°p ]Icw Xm{a-]-cn-
N-I-ƒ ]WnXp hbv°p-hm≥ scl-s_bmw Iev]n-®p.
^d-thms‚ ]p{Xnsb hnhmlw sNbvXp-sIm≠v an{k-
bo-ay-cn¬ \n∂pw Xs∂-Øs∂ kwc-£n-°p-hm-≥ item-
tam≥ {ian-®-t∏mƒ, Ahs‚ ac-W-Øn\pw Aev]\mfp-
Iƒ°p-≈n¬X-s∂, an{k-bo-anse ioiIv h∂v item-
tams‚ kph¿Æ-\K - c
- Ø
- nse Xnf-°Ø- ns‚ Gdn-b]
- ¶
- pw-
sIm-≠p-t]m-bXv hntcm-[m-`m-k-at√!
14:29˛31 bn{km-tbepw blq-Zbpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤-
Øns‚ Hcp Ime-L´- a - m-bn-cp∂p AXv. blq-Zb
- nse Bk-
bp-sSbpw, bn{km-tb-en¬ H{an-bp-sSbpw Imew hsc Aº-
Øn-tb-gp-h¿j-°mew AXp XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂p. bn{k-
tbepw blq-Zbpw XΩn-ep≈ bp≤w btlmh Hcn-°-em-
bn´p XS-™-Xm-bn-cp∂p (12:24). F¶nepw B ktlm-Zc
cmjv{S-߃ F√m-bvt∏mgpw ]c-kv]cw Ie-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-
cp-∂p. Aº-Øn-tb-gp-h-b- p-≈-h-\mbn scl-s_bmw acn-
®p. Ahs‚ aI-\mb A_obmw Ah\p ]Icw cmPm-
hm-bn.
D. blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb A_obmw (15:1˛8)
scl-s_-bm-ans‚ aI-\mb A_obmw aq∂p kwh-
’cw blq-Z-bn¬ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p (B.C. 913-911 / 10.
2Zn-\.13:1˛14:1)
15:1 cmPm- ° - ∑ m- c psS ]pkv X - I - ß - f n- e p- S - \ ofw
Bh¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Hcp kq{X-kw⁄ 1˛ mw
hmIy-Øn-ep-≠.v at‰ cmPyØv `cn-°p∂ cmPm-hns‚ t]cpw
373
Ah≥ F{X-Imew `cWw \S-Øn-sb∂pw ]d-™p-sIm-
≠mWv Cu kq{X-kw-⁄b - n¬ Hcp `c-WØ
- ns‚ Bcw`w
hnh-cn-°p-∂X- v. Aßs\ sbmtcm-s_bmw cmPmhv bn{km-
tb¬ `cn-°p-∂-Xns‚ ]Xn-s\´mw B≠n¬ A_obmw
sblq-Z-bn¬ `cWw XpS-ßn-sb∂v CuhmIyw hni-Zo-I-
cn-°p-∂p. A_obm F∂pw Ah≥ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p (1-Zn-
\. 3:10; 2Zn\. 12:16).
15:2 A_o-im-tem-ans‚ aI-fmb abJm Ahs‚ AΩ
F∂mWv ChnsS ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 2Zn-\. 11:21 ¬
A_vim-tem-ans‚ aI-fmb abJm F∂pw, 2Zn-\. 13:2¬
Ducn-tb-ens‚ aI-fmb ab-Jm F∂p-amWv ]d-™n-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. Ah-fpsS AΩbv°v c≠p-t]-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°W
- w.
Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ, Ahƒ Ducn-tb-ens‚ aI-fpw,
A_vim-tem-ans‚ (A-_o-im-temw Xs∂) sIm®p-a-I-fp-
am-bn-cp-∂p. (th-Z-]p-kvXI {]tbm-K-߃ ""aIt\m''
""aItfm'' Nne-b-h-k-c-ß-fn¬ k¥-Xn-sb∂ \ne-bn¬
tIhew \ma-\n¿t±iw sNø-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v).
15-:3˛8 A_obmw Xs‚ ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse Hcp hn{K-
lm-cm-[n-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Zmho-Zns‚ lrZbw ssZh-Øn¬
GIm-{K-am-bn-cp-∂X- p-t]mse F∂p-h® - m¬ ssI∏-Wn-bmb
hn{K-l-ß-tfmSv AI-∂n-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, ssZh-k-∂n-[n-
bn¬ hniz-kvX\m-bn-cn-∏m≥ Ah\p Ign-™n-√. Zmho-Zn-
t\m-Sp≈ DS-º-Sn-{]-Im-c-a-√, ssZhw A_o-bm-ans‚
KrlsØ \in-∏n-°p-∂-sX-∂mWv 4,5 hmIy-߃ kqNn-
∏n-°p-∂-Xv. as‰-√m-hn-[-Ønepw amXr-Im-]-chpw t{ijvT-
hp-amb Hcp Pohn-Xw, Hcp \nanjw hnIm-cm-th-iw-sIm≠v
Ah-e-£-W-s∏-Sp-Øn-bXv Fß-s\-sb∂v 5˛mw hmIy-
Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv {i≤n-
°pI! bn{km-tb-ep-ambn scl-s_-bm-ans‚ ImeØp XpS-
ßn-h® bp≤w A_o-bm-ans‚ ImeØpw XpS¿∂p-h-∂p.
6˛-mw hmIy-Ønse scl-s_-bm-apw, sbmtcm-s_-bmapw
blq-Z-tbbpw bn{km-tb-en-s\-bp-amWv {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-
∂-Xv. A_o-bm-ans‚ Poh-Im-eØ - p-S\
- ofw Cu c≠p cmPy-
߃ XΩn¬ bp≤w Bbn-cp-∂p. A\p-\b - w-sIm≠pw bp≤-
Ømepw bn{km-tb-ens\ aS-°n-s°m-≠p-h-cp-hm-≥ Ah≥
{ian-®p. bp≤-Øn¬ 5,00,000 bn{km-tb-ey¿ sIm√-s∏´p
(15:9˛24).
E. sblqZm cmPm-hmb Bkm (15:9˛24)
A_o-bm-ans‚ ]p{X-\mb Bkm 41 h¿jw blq-Z-
bn¬ cmPm- h m- b n- c p∂p (B.C. 911/10-870/69; 2Zn- \ .
14:16˛16:˛14 Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I).
15:9˛15 blq-Z-bnse Npcp°w Nne \√ cmPm-°-∑m-
cn¬ Hcp-h-\m-bn-cp∂p Bkm. Ah≥ tkmtZm-aysc (hn-
{K-lm-cm-[n-I-fmb ]pcp-j-ssa-Yp-\-°m¿) tZi-Øp-\n∂pw
]pd-Øm°n, Xs‚ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ D≠m-°nb kIe hn{K-
l-ß-sfbpw \o°n-°-f™p (hm. 12; 2Zn-\. 14:3˛5-ambn
Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I). Ah≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-a-ln-bmb ab-
Jsb cm⁄n-ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂pw \o°n-°-f-™p, Ah-
fpsS tæ—-hn-{K-lß- sf \in-∏n®p; F∂m¬ AXns‚ \ma-
Øn-ep-≠m--°n-bn-cp∂ ]qPm-Kn-cn-Iƒ \o°w sNbvXn-√.
Xs‚ A∏≥ \nth-Zn-®-Xpw, Xm≥ Xs∂ \nth-Zn-®-Xp-
374 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 15,16
amb Zm\-߃sIm≠v Ah≥ Bebw kºp-jvS-am-°n.
15:16-˛22 bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb s_sbim sbcp-i-
te-an-\-SpØp hS-°mbn ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ cma ]Wn-Xp-d-
∏n-°p-hm≥ XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, Xs‚ Xe-ÿm-\-\-Kcw A]-
I-S-Øn-em-Ip-sa∂v Bkmbv°p a\- n-em-bn. At∏mƒ
btlm-hb - n-¶¬ B{i-bn-°p-∂X
- n\p ]I-cw, Ah≥ Bcmw
cmPm-hmb s_≥l-Z-Zns‚ klmbw tXSn. B A\y-cm-
Pm-hn\p DZm-c-kw-`m-h-\-Iƒ \evIn-s°m≠v hS-°v, Keo-
e-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂p bn{km-tb-ens\ B{I-an-°p-hm≥ Ah-
s\ t{]cn-∏n-®p. AXn-t\m-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬, s_sb-im-
ans‚ ssk\ysØ hS-t°m´p ]n≥h-en-®-Xn-\m¬, cma-
bpsS ]Wn apS-°p-hm≥ Bkmbv°p Ign-™p. IqSmsX
AXns‚ I√pw a‰pw D]-tbm-Kn®p Xs‚ hSt° AXn-cn-
t\mSpw tN¿Øv sK_bpw ankv]bpw Ah≥ ]Wn-Xp-d-
∏n-®p.
Bkm Be- b - Ø n- t e°p sIm≠p- h ∂ s]m∂pw
sh≈n-bpw, AXp btlm-hbv°p \nth-Zn-®-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.
F∂m¬ s_sb-im-bpsS `ojWnbp-≠m-bt- ∏mƒ, Bkm
B kº-sØm-s°bpw FSpØp Hcp PmXob cmPm-hn\p
\evIn. AXn-eqsS Ah≥ ssZhsØ h©n-°p-Ibpw Acm-
ans\ kºp-jvS-am-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-
Øn-\p-≈Xv, F∂p-h-®m¬ Xß-fpsS ka-bw-, ]Ww
kºØv apX-embh FSpØv a‰p-≈-h¿°p sImSp-°msX
{InkvXym-\n-Iƒ kq£n-°-Ww.
15:23,24 Ahs‚ Imep-Iƒ°v Hcp Zo\w ]nSn-®p-sh∂
hkvXpX ChnsS {]kvXm-hn-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p-∂X
- v, Hcp-]t£
ssZh-Øns‚ A\njvSw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\p th≠n-bm-
bn-cn-°mw, ImcWw hnSp-X-en-\mbn Bkm Bcmw cmPm-
hn-emWv B{i-bn-®-Xv. Ah-km-\sØ aq∂m-ep-h¿j-ß-
fn¬ Bkm-bpsS ]p{X-\mb sbtlm-im-^mØpw Ah-
t\m-sSm∏w `cW \S-Øn-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
F. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb \mZm_v (15:25˛27)
F{^bow tKm{X-°m-c-\mb sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚
]p{X-\mb \mZm_v c≠p-h¿jw bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-hm-
bn-cp∂p (910/ 09-909/08 B.C) .
Xs‚ ]nXm-hn-s\-t∏mse \mZm_pw hn{K-lm-cm-[n-bm-
bn-cp-∂p. Ahs‚ {]Xn-tbm-Kn-If
- n-sem-cp-h\
- mb s_sbim
Ah-s\-Xn-cmbn Iq´p-sI-´p-≠m-°n, Ahs\ sIm∂p-I-f-
™p. Alo-bm-hns‚ {]h-N\ \nhr-Øn-sb-∂-h-Æw,
(14:10,14) s_sbim sbmtcm-_bmw KrlsØ apgp-h\pw
A∂p \n{K-ln-®p.
G. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb s_sbim
(15:28˛16:7)
bn m-Jm¿ tKm{X-°m-c-\mb Alo-bm-hns‚ aI≥
s_sbim Ccp-]-Øn-\m-ep-h¿jw bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-
hm-bn-cp∂p (BC. 909/08-886/85).
15:28˛34 bn{km-tb¬ cmPyØv c≠m-asØ hwiw
`cWw XpS-ßp-∂Xv s_sb-i-bpsS `c-W-tØm-Sp IqSn-
bm-Wv. bn{km-tbepw blq-Zbpw XΩn-ep-≈-t]m-cm´w
s_sb-i-bpsS ImeØpw XpS¿∂p. Xn¿km Xe-ÿm-\-
am-°n-s°m-≠v, sbmtcm-_bmw ÿm]n® hn{K-lm-cm-[\
A∂pw XpS¿∂p-t]m-∂p.
16:1˛7 sbmtcm-s_-bm-ans‚ hn{K-lm-cm-[\ Xm\pw XpS-
cp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Xs‚ k¥-Xnbv°pw AXp-t]m-se-bp≈
ac-W-amWv hn[n-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v tblq F∂p
t]cp≈ Hcp {]hm-NI - ≥ s_sb-it- bmSp Acp-fn-s®-bvXp.
BNm-c-{]-Im-c-ap≈ Hcp AS°w Ah¿°p e`n-°p-I-bn-
√. ]Icw \mbv°fpw ]£n-Ifpw Ahsc Xn∂pw. 7˛mw
hmIy-Øns‚ Ah-km-\-`m-KØv Ahs‚ \mi-Øn-\p≈
as‰mcp Imc-W-hpw \evI-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Ah≥ sbmtcm-s_-
bm-ans‚ KrlsØ apgp-h≥ \n{K-ln-®p-ht√m; H∂p-In¬
AXp sNøp-hm≥ ssZhw B{K-ln-®n-cp∂ hy‡n Ah-
\-√m-bn-cp-∂p. As√-¶n¬ ssZh-ln-X-Øn\p hncp≤-ambn
{Iqchpw \nµy-hp-amb Hcp coXn-bn-em-bn-cn-°Ww Ah-\Xp
sNbvX-Xv.
H. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Gem (16:8˛14)
bn m-Jm¿ tKm{X-°m-c-\mb s_sb-i-bpsS ]p{X≥
Gem c≠p-h¿jw bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p (B.C.
886 / 85-885 / 84).
hn{K-lm-cm-[nbpw aZy-]m-\n-bp-am-bn-cp∂ Gem cmPmhv
ZpjvS-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ah≥ c≠p kwh-’cw hmW-ti-jw,
Ahs‚ ]IpXn cY-ß-fpsS A[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ kn{an
Ahs\ NXn-®p-sIm-∂p. tblq-hns‚ {]h-N-\-\n-hr-Øn-
sb-t∂mWw (16:3) s_sb-i-bpsS KrlsØ apgp-h≥
Ah≥ \n{K-ln-®p. Gem-bpsS ac-W-tØmsS bn{km-tb-
ense c≠m-asØ hwiw Ah-km-\n-®p.
I. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb kn{an (16:15˛20)
kn{an Ggp-Zn-hkw bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p
(B.C. 885 / 84). Ggp-Zn-hkw am{Xw \o≠p-\n∂ kn{an-
bpsS ZpjvS-`-c-W-am-bn-cp∂p F√m cmPm-°-∑m-cn-epw-h®v
G‰hpw Npcp-ßnb `c-Ww. bn{km-tb¬ ssk\yw s^en-
kvXy-cn¬\n∂pw Kn∫-tYm≥ ssIh-i-am-°p-hm≥ {ian-
®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂ ka-b-Øm-bn-cp-∂p Ah≥ knwlm-k\w
]nSn-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv. cmPm-hns\ kn{an sIm∂p-sh∂p hnhcw
]S-÷\w Adn-™-t∏mƒ, Ah¿ Xß-fp-sS tk\m-[n-]-
Xn-bmb H{ansb cmPm-hmbn {]Jym-]n-®p. `c-W\- n-b{- ¥Ww
ssI°-em-°p-hm≥th≠n Ah≥ XXv£Ww Xe-ÿm-
\-\-K-c-amb Xn¿km-bn-te°p ]pd-s∏-´p. AXp-I≠ kn{an
cmP-[m-\n-bpsS Dƒap-dn-bn¬ IS∂p cmP-[m-\n-bv°p Xosh-
®p, AXn¬ acn-®p-I-f-™p.
J. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Xn_v\n (16:21,22)
io\-Øns‚ aI-\mb Xn_v\n \mep-h¿jw bn{km-
tb-en\v cmPm-hm-bn-cp-∂p.(BC. 880-884).
tk\m-[n-]X
- n-bmb H{ansb bn{km-tb-en\p cmP-hm-°n-
sb-¶nepw (hm. 16) Xn_v\n F∂ t]cn¬ Hcp FXn-cmfn
Ah-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p, AXp-sIm≠v GI-tZiw \me©p
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 16,17 375

h¿j-tØmfw Ah-cp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ B`y-¥c Iem]w \ne-

\n-∂n-cp∂p (15-˛mw hmIyw, 23-˛mw hmIy-hp-ambn HØp
t\m°p-I). Xn_v\n-bpsS acWw hsc hS-t°-cm-Py-Øns‚
]Ip-Xn-`mKw Ah-t\m-Sp IqsS-bm-bn-cp-∂p.
K. bn{km-tb-¬ cmPm-hmb H{an (16:23-˛28)
H{an bn{km-tb-en\p ]{¥-≠p-h¿jw cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p
(BC. 885 /84 - 874 /73).
H{an-bpsS `c-W-tØmsS hSt° cmPyØv \memw
hwiw Bcw-`n®p B.C. 880 ¬ Xn_v\n tXm¬]n-°-s∏-´p.
Aßs\ X¿°-an-√msX H{an cmPm-hm-°s - ∏-´p. BZysØ
Bdp-h¿jw Ah≥ Xn¿km-bn¬ hmWp. A\-¥cw Ah≥
c≠p Xme-¥p-sh-≈nbv°v ia-cym-ae hmßn, Ah-s‚ Xe-
ÿm\w Ahn-tS-°p-am-‰n. `c-W-kw-_-‘-am-b Ahs‚
ZpjvS kz`m-h-߃ 25,26 hmIy-ß-fn¬ FSpØp ]d-™n-
cn-°p-∂p.
H{an-bpsS Imem-\p-{Iaw Gsd-°psd k¶o¿Æ-am-Wv.
kn{an-bpsS ac-W-tijw (hm. 15), Bk-bpsS Ccp-]-Øn-
tbgmw B≠n-emWv (]-Ip-Xn-P-\-Øns‚ ]n¥p-W-tbmSp
IqSn) Ah≥ cmPm-hmbn {]Jym-]n-°-s∏-´-Xv. \mep-
h¿jsØ B`y-¥c Iem-]Ø - n-\p-tijw Bk-bpsS ap∏-
Øn-sbm∂mw B≠n¬ (hm.23) Ah≥ X¿°-an-√msX
hSt° cmPy-Øns‚ cmPm-hm-bn-Øo¿∂p. Bk-bpsS ap∏-
Øn-sb´mw B≠n¬ Ah≥ acn®p (hm. 29). Aß-s\-
Gen-bm-hns‚ PohnXw
bmIp-tºmƒ, Ah≥ GI-tZiw \mep-h¿jw B`y-¥-c
bp≤-Ønepw GI-tZiw F´p-h¿jw AXn-t\m-S-\p-_- hsb t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-hm≥ X°-hÆw Blm-_n-s\-
‘n®v kam-[m-\-Øn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. kzm-[o-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ahƒ hnP-bn-®p. ssZhnI im]-
]ptcm-Ka
- \ Nn¥m-KX - n-bp≈ Hcp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p H{an. Øns‚ ]c-ky-amb ewL-\-Øn-eqsS (tbm-ip. 6:26)
Ah≥ bn{km-tb-en¬ hfsc kam-[m-\hpw kar-≤nbpw sbcotlm ]p\¿\n¿Ωn-°p-hm≥ [n°m-c-]q¿∆w {ian®
sIm≠p-h-∂p. tamhm_v ]nSn-®-S-°n-bXv H{an-bm-bn-cp-∂p- _tY-ey-\mb lotb-en-\m¬ A°m-esØ A[m¿Ωn-
sh∂v thZ-]p-kX v t- I-Xc Dd-hn-Sß
- ƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. "H{an- IXzw km£o-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p. Ah≥ AXn\p ASn-
bpsS Krlw' AYhm "H{an-bpsS tZiw' F∂p bn{km- ÿ-m\w C´-t∏mƒ Xs‚ BZy-Pm-X-\mb A_ocmw
tb-ens\ hnti-jn∏n-°-Ø-°-h-Æw, A o-cn-bm-°m-cpsS acn®p; AXns‚ ]Sn-hm-Xn¬ h®-t∏mƒ silq_v F∂
ImgvN-∏m-Sn¬ Ah≥ hfsc {]ap-J-\mb Hcp hy‡n-bm- Cfb aI\pw acn-®p.
bn-cp-∂p. ia-cy-bnse H{an-bpsS cmP-[m\n X߃ [cn-®n- 2. Gen-bmhpw hcƒ®bpw (17:1˛7)
cp∂ {]Imcw Xs∂ Bbn-cp-∂p-sh∂v ]pcm-hkvXp
imkv{X-⁄-∑m¿ I≠-dn-™p. 17:1 17-˛mw A≤ym-bØ- n¬ {]hm-NI - \ - mb Gen-bm-hns\
\ap°p ]cn-Nbs∏Sp-Øp-∂p. 2cm-P. 2:11 hsc Xs‚
L. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Blm_pw {]hm-N- ip{iqj XpS-cp-∂p. ]m]Øn-s‚bpw hogvN-bp-sSbpw ka-
I-\mb Gen-bmhpw (16:29˛22:40) b-ß-fn¬ ssZhw {]hm-N-I-∑m-cn-eqsS Xs‚ P\-tØmSp
H{an-bpsS aI-\mb Blm_v Ccp-]-Øn-c-≠p-h¿jw kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. Cu {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ bYm¿∞-Øn¬
bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p (B.C. 874/73 - 853). btlm-h-bv°p-th≠n kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. hn{K-
lm-cm-[\ - , A[m¿Ωn-IXzw Cß-s\-bp≈ F√m-hn[ A\o-
1. Blm-_ns‚ ]m]-߃ (16:29˛34) Xn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc Ah¿ `bw- Iq-SmsX i_vZw Db¿Øn-
Atß-b‰w ZpjvS\mb Hcp cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p Blm- bn-cp-∂p. A\p-X-]n®p btlm-h-bn-¶-te°p Xncn-bp-hm≥
_v. AXv, sbmtcm-s_-bm-an-s\-t]mse hn{K-lm-cm-[n-bm- Ah¿ P\-ßsf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°p-Ib - pw, Aßs\ sNbvXn-
bn-cp-∂X
- p-sIm≠p am{X-a√- , kntZm-\y-cm-Pm-hns‚ aI-fmb s√- ¶ n- e p≈ Zmcp- W - a mb A\- ¥ - c - ^ - e - ß - s f- ° p- d n®v
Cuk-s_-ens\ hnhmlw sNbvX-Xp-sIm≠pw IqSn-bm- Ah¿°v ap∂-dn-bn∏p \evIp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Nne
bn-cp-∂p. ]c-a-\o-N-bmb Cu kv{Xo Hcp _m¬ Bcm-[-\- {]hm-NI - ¿ {]mcw-`a
- mbn bn{km-tb-en-\p-th-≠n-bpw, Nne¿
°m-cn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. _men-\p-th≠n Hcp t£{X-hpw, _en- blq-Z-bv°p-th-≠n-bpw, Nne¿ c≠p-Iq-´¿°p-th-≠nbpw
]o-Thpw Aticm {]Xn-jvTbpw ]Wn-Xp-sIm≠v _m¬tk- ip{iqj sNbvXp-t]m-∂p. c≠p-cmPyßfn-epw-sh®v IqSp-
376 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 17,18
X¬ ZpjvSX {]h¿Øn-®-cmPyw bn{km-tb¬ Bbn-cp-∂-
Xp-sIm≠v bn{km-tb-en-t\m-Sp≈ {]hm-N-I-k-tµ-i-߃
A\p-_-‘-ambn ssZhw A¤p-X-ßfpw AXn-i-b-ßfpw
{]h¿Øn-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v bn{km-tb-ens\ kw_-
‘n-®n-S-tØmfw bmsXm-cp-hn[ Hgn-Ignhp-Ifpw km[y-am-
bn-cp-∂n-√.
kv\m]-I-tbm-l-∂ms‚ ip{iq-j-tbm-Sp≈ _‘-Øn-
emWv kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ Gen-bmhv {]kvXm-hn-°-s∏-´n-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. Gen-bm-hns‚ Bflm-thmSpw i‡n-tbm-Spw-
IqsS tbml-∂m≥ h∂p (eq-s°m. 1:17).
tbm¿±m\p Ing-°p≈ Kne-bm-Znse Xn_v\b - n¬ \n∂p
h∂-Xp-sIm≠v Gen-bmhv Xn_vky≥ F∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-
´p. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS ]pkvX-I-ß-fn¬ am{Xta Ahs‚
Ncn{Xw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øs - ∏-´n-´p-≈p. Ahs‚ ]›m-Øe - sØ
Ipdn-t®m, IpSpw-_-sØ-°p-dn-t®m {]hm-NI ip{iq-j-
bv°p≈ hnfn-sb-°p-dnt®m Aßs\ bmsXm∂pw \ap-
°-dn-bn-√. F∂m¬ Ah≥ ssZh-Øm¬ Ab-bv°-s∏´
Hcp a\pjy-\m-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv B¿°pw \ntj-[n-°p-hm≥
km[y-a-√. hy`n-Nm-cn-Ifpw [n°m-cn-I-fp-amb bn{km-tb-
ens\ ap´p-aS- °
- n-°p-hm≥ ssZhØm¬ Xnc-s™-Sp-°s - ∏´
Hcp D]-Ic - W
- a- m-bn-cp∂p Ah≥. A\p-{K-ltam (a-g) ssZh-
tIm-]tam (h-cƒ®-bpw Xobpw) hnfn®p hcp-Øp-hm≥
Ahs‚ {]m¿∞-\-Iƒ°p Ign-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ XXz-
߃ `bw-Iq-SmsX {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn-eqsS km£m-Xv°-cn-
®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ Xe-ap-d-bn¬ Xm≥ ip{iqj sNbvXp.
tZiØp hcƒ® D≠m-Ip-sa∂v Blm-_n-t\mSp {]Jym-
]n-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p tcJ-s∏-Sp-]-Ø-s∏-´n-´p≈ Xs‚
BZysØ {]hr-Øn. CXv hn{K-lm-cm-[\ - b
- vs°-Xn-cm-bp≈
Hcp ssZhn-I\ymb-hn-[n-bm-bn-cp∂p F∂Xv kv]jvSa - m-Wv.
Kpcp-X-c-amb Hcp hcƒ®-sIm≠v P\-ß-fp-sS {i≤-bm-
I¿jn-°p-hm≥ ssZhw ]≤-Xn-bn-´p. hn{K-lm-cm-[\ apJm-
¥ncw tZiw Bflo-ba - mbn hc-≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂Xv Ah¿
{i≤n-®n-√, F∂m¬ AXn\p {]Xo-I-am-bn-cn-°p∂ `uXo-
I-h-cƒ® Ah¿°p Ah-K-Wn-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-
∂n-√.
17:2˛7 btlm-h-bpsS hm°-\p-k-cn®v Gen-bmhv ia-
cy-bn¬\n∂pw tbm¿±m\p Ing-°p≈ sIcoØp tXm´n-
te°p t]mbn. AhnsS Ah≥ sIco- Ø p- t Xm´nse
sh≈w- s Im- ≠ pw, cmhn- s ebpw sshIp- t ∂- c Øpw
Im°Iƒ A¤p-X-I-c-amw-hÆw sIm≠p-h-∂ A∏w
sIm≠pw t]mjn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ hcƒ®-aqew Ipd-
®p-\m-fp-Iƒ°p-tijw tXmSp h‰n-t∏m-bn.
3. Gen-bm-hpw kmsc-^m-Ønse hn[-hbpw (17:8˛24)
17:8˛16 btlm-h-bpsS hm°-\p-k-cn®v Gen-bmhv
tkmcn\pw tZm\pw at[y saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ Xoc-Øp≈
kmsc-^m-Øn-te°p bm{X Xncn-®p. AhnsS Ah\p
`£Ww \evIp-hm≥ A\y-Pm-Xn-°m-cn-bmb hn[-hsb
ssZhw G¿s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw Ahƒ aSn-®p,
ImcWw Ahƒ°pw Ah-fpsS aI\pw am{X-ap≈ `£-
Wta Ahn-sS-bp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. F∂m¬ BZyw X\n-
°p-th≠n Hcp sNdnb AS D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p-hm≥ B
{]hm-N-I≥ ]d-™p. Ahƒ A{]-Imcw sNbvX-Xn-eqsS
^e-Øn¬ ssZh-Øn\p {]Y-a-ÿm\w sImSp-°p-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p. ssZh-Øn\p {]Y-a-ÿm\w \evIp-∂-h¿, Pohn-X-
Øn¬ Hcn-°epw Bh-iy-Im-cy-߃°p _p≤n-ap-´p-I-bn√
F∂p≈ hne-s∏´ B ]mTw A\p-kc - W
- Ø
- n-eqsS Ahƒ
]Tn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-fpsS Ie-Ønse amhpw `c-Wn-
bnse FÆbpw Hcp ImeØpw Ipd-™p-t]m-bn-√. bn{km-
tb-en¬ At\Iw hn[-ha - m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂n´pw Ah-cp-sS-bm-
cp-sSbpw ASp-°-te°v Ab-bv°msX Gen-bm-hns\
A\y-Pm-Xn-°m-cn-bmb hn[-hb - psS ASp-°t- e-°mWv Ab-
®-sX∂ hkvXpX tbip kqNn-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂p (eq-s°m.
4:26).
hcƒ®m-Im-eØv btlmh hfsc efn-Xa - mb coXn-bn¬
Xs‚ {]hm-N-I-\p-th≠n IcpXn ˛ BZyw ip≤n-bn-√mØ
]£n- I - f n- e p- s S, ]ns∂ A\y- P m- X n- ° m- c n- b mb Hcp
kv{Xobn-eq-sS, AXn-t\-°m-fp-]cn km[p-hmb Hcp hn[-
h-bn-eq-sS. cmPm-hp-t]mepw Xs‚ sIm´m-c-Øn¬ hfsc
sRcp-°-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p, F∂m¬ Gen-bm-hn\v Bh-iy-
ap-≈-sX√mw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Np‰p-]mSpw \ne-hn-en-cn-°p∂
Ah-ÿ-Iƒ hI-h-bv°m-sX, ssZh-i-_vZ-a-\p-k-cn-°p-∂
ssZh-a\- p-jy\v F√m-bvt∏mgpw Ahs‚ Bh-iy-߃ \nd-
th-‰-s∏-Spw.
17:17˛24 A\-¥cw B kv{XobpsS aI\v Kpcp-X-c-amb
Hcp tcmKw _m[n®p, Ah≥ acn-®p-t]m-bn. DSs\ Ahƒ
sNbvXp-t]mb GtXm ]m]w \nan-Øw, Gen-bmhv Iev]n-
®n-´mWv Ah≥ acn-®-sX∂v B kv{Xo kwi-bn-®p. {]hm-
N- I ≥ Ip´nsb FSpØv Xs‚ amfn- I - a p- d n- b n- t e°p
sIm≠p-t]m-bn. Ip´n-bpsS ta¬ aq∂p {]mhiyw IhnÆp
InS∂p btlm-h-tbmSp {]m¿∞n-®p. Ip´n-bpsS {]mW≥
Ah-\n¬ aS-ßn-h∂ - p. Ah≥ Poh-\p-≈h
- \
- m-bn-Øo¿∂p.
Btcm-Ky-ap-≈h - \
- mbn {]hm-NI
- ≥ Ahs\ AΩ-bpsSbSp-
tØ°p sIm≠p-sN-∂p. Gen-bmhv Hcp ssZh-]p-cp-j-s\-
∂pw, btlm-h-bpsS hN\w kXy-sa∂pw CXn-\m¬
Ahƒ°p t_m[y-am-bn. PmXob kv{Xobm-bn-cp∂ Ahƒ
bn{km-tb-ens‚ ssZh-Øn¬ hniz-kn-∏m-\n-S-bm-bn.
4. _mens‚ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑msc Gen-bmhv sh√p-hn-fn-
°p∂p (18:1˛19)
18:1˛6 Gen-bmhv bn{km-tb¬ hn´n´v aq∂p kwh-’cw,
hcƒ® XpS- ß n- b n´v aq∂- c - h ¿jhpw Ign- ™ - t ∏mƒ
eqs°m. 4:25), Blm-_ns‚ apºn¬ {]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-hm≥
Gen-bm-hn\p \n¿t±iw e`n-®p. am\p-jn-I-amb \ne-bn¬
Nn¥n-®m¬ Atß-b‰w A]-I-S-I-c-amb Hcp {]hr-Øn-
bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Blm_pw Xs‚ Krl-hn-Nm-c-I-\mb
Hm_-Zymhpw (Hm-_-Zym-hns‚ ]pkvX-I-sa-gp-Xnb {]hm-N-
I-\-√n-Xv) IqsS arK-߃°p ]p√-t\z-jn®pw tZi-Øp-S-
\ofw k©-cn-°p-hm≥ X°-hÆw ITn-\a - m-bn-cp∂p £maw.
(Cu-k-s_¬ btlm-h-bpsS {]hm-N-I-∑msc sIm√p-
tºmƒ, Ah-cn¬ \qdp-t]sc c£n-®Xv Cu Hm_-Zymhv
Bbn-cp-∂p).
18:7˛15 Hm_-Zymhv ]p√v At\z-jn®p \S-°p-tºmƒ
Gen-bmhv Ahs\ FXn-tc‰p sN∂n-´v, Gen-bmhv Chn-
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 18
sS-bp-s≠∂v Blm-_ns\ Adn-bn-°p-hm≥ Ah-t\mSp
Iev]n-®p. AXp Xs‚ ac-WØ - n¬ Iem-in-°p-sa∂v Hm_-
Zymhv `b-s∏-´p, ImcWw Gen-bmhns\ I≠p-]n-Sn®v
sIm∂p- I - f - b p- h m≥ Blm- _ v . \nc- ¥ cw At\z- j n-
®psIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Gen-bmhv h∂ hnhcw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, cmPmhv Xo¿®-bmbpw {]Xn-
I-cn-°pw, Gen-bm-hns\ At\z-jn-®p-h-cpw. F∂m¬
At∏m-tg°pw btlm-h-bp-sS Bflmhv Gen-bm-hns\
FSp-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]m-Ipw. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ ""sX‰mb''
hnhcw \evIn-b-Xn\v Blm_v Hm_-Zym-hns\ sIm∂p-I-
f-bpw. Ch-sb-√m-‰n\pw ]pd-sa, btlm-h-bpsS {]hm-N-I-
∑msc kwc-£n-®-Xp-sIm≠v cmP-sIm-´m-c-Ønse Xs‚
Ahÿ k∂n-Kv[-am-Wv. At∏mƒ Bÿm-Øp-\n∂pw
amdn-t∏m-I-bn-s√∂v Gen-bmhp hm°p ]d-™p, Aßs\
Ah-cpsS ktΩ-f\w {Iao-I-cn-°-s∏-´p.
18:16˛19 Gen-bm-hns\ ImWp-hm≥ sN∂ Blm-_p-
cm-Pmhv bn{km-tb-ens\ IjvS-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-h≥ F∂v
Ahs\ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn, bn{km-tb-en-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂ \√
kvt\ln-X-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p B ssZh-a-\p-jy-
s\∂v cmPm-hn-\-dn-bn-√m-bn-cp-∂p. kz¥ Pohs\ Hm¿Øp
`bs∏-SmsX Gen-bmhv Blm-_n¬ Ip‰w Btcm-]n-®p-
sIm≠v kwkm-cn-®p. btlmhbpsS Bcm-[\tbmsSm∏w
_mens‚ Bcm-[\ Iq´n-°-e¿Øn-b-Xn\v Blm-_ns\
Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´v, kXy-ssZ-ha- m-sc∂p Xocp-am-\n-°p-hm≥
I¿tΩ¬ ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ h®p \S-Øp∂ Hcp a’-c-Øn-\p-
th≠n hn{K-lm-cm-[n-I-fmb Xs‚ {]hm-N-I-∑msc Iq´n-
h-cp-Øp-hm≥ Gen-bmhv Blm_p cmPm-hns\ sh√p-hn-
fn-®p. (_m-ens‚ \m\q-‰-ºXp {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ I¿tΩ-en-
te-°p-t]mbn, F∂m¬ Ati-c-bpsS \m\qdp {]hm-N-I-
∑m¿ t]mbn√, 19,22 hmIy-ß-fp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-
I).
6. _m¬ ]ptcm-ln-X-∑m-cpsS taep≈ Gen-bm-hns‚
hnPbw (18:20˛40)
18:20˛25 c≠p-hn-[-amb Nn¥m-K-Xn-I-fm¬ Nm©m-Sm-
sX, btlm-h-tbtbm, _men-s\tbm Xnc-s™-Sp-°-W-
sa-∂v, bn{km-tb-ens\ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®p IqSn-h-∂-hsc
A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXp-sIm≠v Gen-bmhv kwkm-cn-
®p. AXn-\p-tijw a’-cw Bcw-`n-®p. c≠p Imf-Isf
AdpØp ASp-°nb hnd-In≥aosX h®p. Gen-bmhv
btlm-hsb {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®-t∏mƒ, Blm-_ns‚ \m\q-
‰- º Xp {]hm- N - I - ∑ m¿ _mens\ {]Xn- \ n- [ o- I - c n- ® p.
XosIm≠p DØ-c-a-cp-fp∂ ssZh-amtcm AXm-bn-cn°pw
kXy-ssZ-hw.
18:26˛29 Xß-fpsS tZhs\ hnfn-®-t]-£n-®p-sIm≠v
_mens‚ {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ cmhnse apX¬ D®-hsc _en-
]o-TØ- n\p Np‰pw Xp≈n-®m-Sn. _m¬ DØ-ca - c
- p-fm-ØX - ns‚
Imc-W-ß-sf-Ip-dn®p ""klm-b-I-c-amb'' Hgn-I-gn-hp-Iƒ
]d™v Gen-bmhv Ahsc ]cn-l-kn-®p. Hcp-]t£ ""Htc-
k-abw c≠p-Im-cy-߃ sNøp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Øh - n-[w, sNdp-
Xpw, _e-lo-\\ - p-amb Hcp tZh-\m-bn-cn°pw Ah≥''. \ncm-
i- c mb Ah¿ ]Xn- h p- t ]mse c‡w Hgp- I p- t hmfw
377
hmƒsIm≠pw Ip¥w-sIm≠pw Xß-sf-Øs∂ apdn-th-
ev]n-®p. D®-Xn-cn™p t`mP-\-bmKw Ign-°p∂ ka-bw-
hsc Ah¿ Ae-®p-hn-fn®psIm-≠n-cp∂p. F∂n´pw Hcp
i_vZtam DØ-ctam {i≤tbm D≠m-bn-√.
18:30˛35 A\- ¥ cw Gen- b mhv bn{km- t b- e nse
]{¥≠p tKm{X- ß - s fbpw {]Xn- \ n- [ o- I - c n- ® p- s Im≠v
]{¥≠v I√p-I-sf-SpØp btlm-h-bpsS \ma-Øn¬ Hcp
bmK-]oTw ]Wn-Xp. AXn-\p-ti-jw, Hcp A¤pXw sIm≠-
√m-sX, a‰p bmsXmcp hn[-Øn-se-¶nepw bmK-]o-T-Øn¬
Xo IØn Pzen-°p-hm-\p≈ km[yX Hgn-hm-Ip-hm≥ th≠n
]{¥≠p sXm´n sh≈-sam-gn®v (\m-ep-sXm-´n-hoXw aq∂p
{]mh-iyw) hndIpw Imfbpw IpXn¿Øp.
hcƒ®m-Im-eØv C{X-am{Xw sh≈w Gen-bm-hn\v Fhn-
sS-\n-∂p-In´n F∂v Nne¿ A¤p-X-s∏-Sm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ AsXmcp _p≤n-ap-´-√. hcƒ®m-Im-eØv
]{¥-≠p-sXm´n sh≈w e`n-°pI F∂Xv Akm-[y-amb
H∂-√. hcƒ® Irjn-ÿ-e-ßsf am{Xta _m[n-®p-Im-
Wp-I-bp-≈p, IpSn-sh-≈w e`y-ambncp∂n-cn-°-Ww, A√m-
Ø-]£w F√m-hcpw acn-®p-t]m-Ip-at- √m. Cu sh≈w Nne
ssaep-Iƒ°-∏p-d-Øp≈ saUn-‰-td-\n-b≥ IS-en¬\n∂p
sIm≠p-h-∂-Xmhmw F∂-XmWv CXp kw_-‘n-®p≈
as‰mcp hni-Zo-I-c-Ww. hneywkv ]d-bp-∂Xv:
bmK-]o-T-Øn\p Np‰p-ap≈ tXmSp \nd-bv°p-hm≥ (hm.
35) Bh-iy-amb sh≈w sht∆-sd-bm-tbm, Iq´mtbm
\evIp-hm≥ Iotimt\m (hm.40), IS-ent\m (hm.43),
At∏mgpw h‰msX \ne-\n-ev°p∂ Hcp InW-dnt\m
Ignbpw(13).
18:36˛40 t`mP-\-bmKw Ign-°p-hm≥ ka-b-am-b-t∏mƒ,
kz¿§Øn¬\n∂pw Xobn-d-°n-sIm≠v btlmh kzbw
shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ th≠n Gen-bmhp {]m¿∞n-®p. DSs\
btlm-h-bpsS Xobn-d-ßn, tlma-bm-Khpw hnd-Ipw, aÆpw
Zln-∏n-®p, tXm´nse sh≈hpw h‰n-®p-I-f-™p. Aßs\
bYm¿∞ ssZhw btlmh Xs∂-bm-sW∂v kΩ-Xn-°p-
hm≥ P\w \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn. _mens‚ ZpjvS-∑m-cmb
{]hm-N-I-∑msc sIm∂p-I-f-bp-hm\p≈ Gen-bm-hns‚
Iev]\ Ah¿ ]men-®p. btlm-h-bmWv ssZh-sa∂v P\w
kΩ-Xn-°p-Ibpw _mens‚ {]hm-N-I-∑msc sh´n-s°m-
√p-Ibpw sNbvX-tijw am{Xta ag s]bvXp-≈p. ]m]w
G‰p ]d-bp-∂-Xpw, ssZh-h-N\w A\p-k-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amWv
A\p-{K-l-Øns‚ BZy-]-Sn-Iƒ.
6. ag-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ Gen-bm-hns‚ {]m¿∞\
(18:41˛46)
`£n®p ]m\w sNøp-hm≥ {]hm-N-I≥ Blm-_ns\
D]-tZ-in-®p. ImcWw hcp-hm-\n-cn-°p∂ ag-bn¬\n∂pw c£-
s]-tS-≠-Xn-\v, Ah≥ DS-\Sn I¿tΩ¬ hntS-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-
cp-∂p. Blm_v `£n-∏m-\n-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ, Gen-bmhv {]m¿∞-
\-bv°mbn Fgp-t∂-‰p. Ah≥ I¿tΩ¬ ]¿∆-X-Øns‚
apI-fn¬ Ib-dn, \neØp Ip\n-™p, apJw Xs‚ apg-¶m-
ep-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ h®pw, ag Ab®v Xs‚ hm°p ]men-
°p-hm≥ Bflm¿∞-X-tbmsS btlm-h-tbm-S-t]-£n-®p.
378 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 19
N{I-hm-f-Øn¬ Hcp sNdnb taLw ImWp-∂p-s≠∂v
Xs‚ `rXy≥ h∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xp-hsc Ah≥ {]m¿∞\
XpS¿∂p. Gen-bm-hns\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw AXp
[mcm-f-am-bn-cp-∂p. DS≥Xs∂ bn{km-tb-en-te°p _≤-
s∏´p t]mIp-hm≥ Ah≥ Blm-_ns\ Adn-bn-®p. A°m-
eØv cmP-Ip-Spw-_ß - ƒ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂, bn m-Jm-dns‚ Hcp
]´-W-am-bn-cp∂p C{km-tb¬ (21:2). Iqdp≈ Hcp {]P-
sb-t∏m-se, Hcp hnizkvX `rXy-s\-t∏mse B {]hm-N-
I≥ bn{km-tb¬ hsc-bp≈ Ccp-]-Xp-ssa¬, IpXn-°p∂
ag-bØv Blm-_ns‚ cY-Øn\p apºmbn HmSn.
7. Gen-bm-hns‚ tlmtc-_n-te-°p≈ HmSn-t∏m°v
(19:1˛18)
19:1˛4 I¿tΩ¬ ]¿∆-X-Ønse ]cm-P-b-sØ-°p-dn®pw
_mens‚ {]hm-NI - ∑
- m-cpsS ac-Ws - Ø-°p-dn®pw Blm_v
Cuk-t_-en-t\mSp ]d-™-t∏mƒ, ASpØ Znh-k-Øn-
\Iw Gen-bm-hns\ Ahƒ sIm√p-sa∂v BW-bn´p ]d-
™p. Xte-Zn-hkw Xs‚ hnizm-k-Øm¬ hf-sc-h-enb
Hcp hnPbw t\Sn-sb-SpØ {]hm-N-Is‚ ss[cy-sa√mw
AX-dn-™t- ∏mƒ tNm¿∂p-t]m-bn. Ah≥ Poh-c£ - b - v°m-
bn, bn{km-tb-en¬\n∂pw GI-tZiw \qdp-ssa¬ AI-
se, blq-Z-bpsS sXt° AXn-cn-¶-ep≈ t_¿ti-_-bn-
te°p HmSn-t∏m-bn. Xs‚ `rXys\ t_¿ti-_-bn-em-°n-
bn´v Gen-bmhv acp-`q-an-bn-eqsS sXt°m´v Hcp Znh-ksØ
hgn-sN-∂p. HSp-hn¬ hnj-Æ\ - m-bn, ]cm-Pb
- s
- ∏-´h
- s- \-t∏m-
se, \ncm-i-tbmsS Hcp Nq-c-s®-Sn-bpsS Iogn¬ hn{i-an-
®p.
19:5˛8 ITn-\-amb Cu \ncm-i-bv°p≈ ssZh-Øns‚
NnIn-’m-coXn {i≤n-°p-I, AXp ckm-hl- a
- m-Wv. hn{iaw;
`£-Whpw sh≈hpw; IqSp-X¬ hn{iaw IqSp-X¬ `£-
Whpw sh≈-hpw. Aßs\ i‡-\m-°-s∏´ {]hm-N-I≥
B Blm- c - Ø ns‚ _ew- s Im≠v Ccp- ∂ q- d p- s sa¬,
\mev]Xp ]Iepw \mev]Xp cmhpw-sIm≠v ssZh-Øns‚
]¿∆-X-amb tlmtc-t_mfw (ko-\m-bv) \S-∂p. ssZhw
tamibv°v \nb-a-ß-ƒ sImSpØ ÿe-am-W-Xv.
19:9˛14 AhnsS Hcp Kpl-bn¬ ]m¿Øn-cp∂ Xt∂mSv
btlmh CS-s]-´p. kzb-\o-Xo-I-c-W-Øns‚ Hcp \ne-]m-
Sn¬, Gen-bmhv Xs‚ hniz-kvXX kwc-£n-°p-I-bpw,
bn{km- t b¬ P\sØ Bt£- ] n- ° p- I bpw sNbv X p.
btlm-h-bv°p-th≠n t\tcmsS \ne-\n-∂Xp Xm≥ am{X-
ta-bp-≈p-sh-∂mWv ^e-Øn¬ Xm≥ ]d-™-Xv. A\-¥-
cw \nba ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ btlm-h-bpsS apºmsI h∂p
\nev°p-hm≥ ssZhw Gen-bm-hn-t\mSp Iev]n-®p. F∂m¬
Gen-bmhv AX-\p-k-cn-®n-√. ]n∂oSv Xm≥ ]pd-Øp-h∂p
Kplmap-JØp \n∂-Xm-bn, 13-˛mw hmIy-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂-
Xp-sIm≠v CXp \ap°p a\- n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p.
AtX XpS¿∂v DS-\Sn ]¿∆-X-Øn¬ hen-sbmcp Im‰pw,
`qI-ºhpw Xobpw H∂n-\p-]p-dsI H∂mbn IS-∂p-h-∂p.
I¿°-ihpw Ip‰w-I-≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xp-amb Xs‚ \ne-]m-
Sns\ Ipdn®v i‡-amb Cu {]Ir-Xn-t£m-`-߃ Gen-
bm-hns\ Hm¿∏n-®n-´p-≠m-h-Ww. Ch-bvs°m-∂pw, Kpl-
bv°p-≈n¬ \n∂pw Ahs\ ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥
km[n-®n-√. XobpsS tijw, HSp-hn-embn kmh-[m-\Ø
- n¬
Hcp arZp-kzcw {]hm-N-I≥ tI´p. btlm-h-bpsS Icp-
Wm¿{Z-amb B i_vZw Ahs\ Kplm-ap-J-tØ°p
sIm≠p-h∂p. ssZh-Øns‚ tijn-°p-∂ GI-km£n
Xm≥ am{X- a m- s W∂v Ah≥ ho≠pw Xs∂Øs∂
Db¿Øn-s°m≠p kwkm-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. tPm¿÷v
hneywkp A`n-{]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.
Xs‚ lrZbw kzb-Øn¬ hym]r-X-am-Im-Xn-cp-s∂-
¶n¬, kvt\l-Øns‚ arZpe i_vZØ - n\p t\Sn-sb-Sp-∏m≥
Ign-bp-∂Xp sImSp-¶m-‰nt\m, `qI-º-Øn-t\m, Xobvt°m
Ign-Ib- n-s√∂v Ah≥ a\- n-em-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ lrZ-
bhpw P\-Øns‚ lrZ-bhpw XΩn¬ bmsXmcp hyXym-
k-an-s√∂v Ah≥ Xncn-®-dn-b-W-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ahs\ Xm≥
Bbn-cp∂ Kpl-bn¬ \n∂pw _em¬°m-tcW ]pd-Øp-
sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-t]m-se, ]m]-߃ Dt]-
£n-°p-hm≥ P\sØ \n¿_-‘n-°p-∂-Xp, apºv ]cm-P-b-
s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xp-t]mse C\nbpw ]cm-P-b-s∏Spw (14).
19:15˛18 kzb-Øn\p {]m[m\yw \evIp∂ Hcp at\m-
`mhw kzoI-cn-®t- ∏mƒ Gen-bm-hn\v Hcp ssZh-`r-Xy-s\∂
\ne-bn¬ A[nIw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sm≥ km[n-®n-s√∂p
tXm∂p-∂p. ZtΩ-ti-°ns‚ acp-`qan hgn-bmbn hS-t°m´p
aS-ßn-t∏m-Ip-hm≥ ssZhw Ah-t\mSp ]d™p, AhnsS
aq∂v A`n-tj-I-߃ Xm≥ \S-tØ-≠-Xm-bn-´p≠v. (1)
lkm-tb-ens\ Acm-an\p cmPm-hmbn A`n-tjIw sNø-
Ww, [n°m-cn-If - mb bn{km-tb¬ P\X Cu cmPm-hn-\m¬
in£n-°-s∏-Spw. (2) tblp-hns\ bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-
hm-bn´p A`n-jtjIw sNø-Ww. Blm_v Krl-Øn-t∑-
ep≈ ssZhoI in£m-hn[n tblp \S-∏n-em°pw (3)
Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Feo-isb A`n-tjIw sNøWw
(15)
. Xm≥ Hgn®p IqSm≥ ]mSn-√mØ hy‡n-b-s√∂v AX-
hs\ ]Tn-∏n-°pw. bn{km-tb-ense hn{K-lm-cm-[n-I-fpsS
taep≈ ssZhoI in£m-hn[n Cu hy‡n-Iƒ \S-∏n-
em°pw (hm. 17), F∂m¬ _mens‚ apºn¬ apg-¶m¬
apS-°m-Ø-hcpw _mens\ Npw_n-°m-Ø-h-cp-ambn Ggm-
bncw t]sc btlmh tijn-∏n-°pw.
8. Gen-bmhv Feo-isb \nb-an-°p∂p (19:19-˛21)
19:19 Gen-bmhv t_Xvi-B\p kao-]-ap≈ tbm¿±m≥
Xmgvhc-bnse G_¬ atlm-ebv°p t\sc hS-t°m´p
bm{X sNbvXp. Ahn-sS, Dgp-hn®p sIm≠n-cp∂ Hcp Irjn-
°m-c-\mb Feo-isb Ah≥ I≠p-ap-´n. Feo-ibv°p
]{¥≠p tPmUn Imf-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp∂psh∂Xv, Ah≥
Zcn-{Z-\-√m-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. Hcp tPmUn
Imfsb Ah≥ Dgp-hn-°p-∂-tXm-sSm∏w a‰p ]Xn-s\m∂p
tPmUn-tbm-Sp-IqsS Xs‚ the-°m-cp-am-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
Xs‚ ]n≥Kman Feo-im-bm-bn-cn°pw F∂-Xns‚ AS-
bm-f-am-bn, Gen-bmhv Xs‚ ]pX∏p Ahs‚ ta¬ C´p.
19:20,21 Xs‚ `h-\-Øn-te°v aS-ßn-s®-∂v, Xs‚ ho´n-
ep-≈-h¿°mbn Hcp hnS-hm-߬ kZy Hcp-°n-bn´p hcp-
hm-\p-≈ A\p-hmZw Feoim tNmZn-®p. Gen-bmhv AXn-
\-\p-hZ- n-®p, F¶nepw Ct∏mƒ kw`-hn-®I
- m-cy-sØ-°p-dn®v
ad∂p t]mI-cp-sX∂v ap∂-dn-bn∏p \evIn; F∂p-h-®m¬
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 20
Gen-bmhv Xs∂ A`n-tjIw sNbvX hkvXpX ad-∂p-
t]m-I-cp-sX-∂¿∞w. hn`-h-k-ar-≤-amb Hcp kZy-bv°p-
tijw Feoim Fgp-t∂-‰p. Gen-bm-hn\p ]n∂mse
sN∂p Ah\p ip{iq-j-I-\mbn Xo¿∂p. injy-\m-Im-\n-
cn-°p∂ Hcp-h≥ Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSp bm{X tNmZn-
∏m≥ t]mbm¬ Ah≥ ssZh-cm-Py-Øn\p sIm≈m-Ip-∂-
h-\√ F∂p tbip ]d-™-Xp-t]mse (eq-s°m. 9:61,62),
Xs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSp bm{X tNmZn-°m-\-\p-h-Zn-°-W-
sa-∂p≈ Feo-i-bpsS At]£ A]-I-S-I-c-ambn ImW-
s∏- S p- ∂ p. Feo- i m- b psS hnj- b - Ø n¬ _‘- ß ƒ
s]s´∂v th¿s]-Sp-Øp-∂Xv Hcp hnUvVn-Ø-Øo-cp-am-\-
am-bn-cp-∂p, F∂m¬ a‰p kw`-h-ß-fn¬ AXp Xma-kn-∏n-
°m-\p≈ Hcp X{¥-tam, Hgn-I-gnthm Bbn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-
XmWv Ah XΩn-ep≈ hyXymkw.
9. Atcm-ay-cpsS taep≈ Blm-_ns‚ BZysØ
hnPbw (20:1˛22)
20:1˛6 15:18,20 hmIy-ß-fn¬ ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ s_≥-˛-l-
Z-Zns‚ ]p{X-\m-bn-cp∂p ChnsS ]cm-a¿in-°s - ∏-´n-cn-°p∂
s_≥l-ZZv cmPm-sh∂v t\csØ Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬
]n∂o-Sp≈ At\z-j-W-Øn¬ Ah-cn-cp-hcpw Hcm-fm-bn-cn-
°p-hm-\p≈ km[yX Db¿∂p-h-∂p. Ah≥ ap∏-Øn-c≠p
Acmay cmPm-°-∑m-cp-ambn kJyX D≠m-°n. cY-ßfpw
IpXn-cI- f
- p-ambn ia-cy-bv°p-t\sc ]pd-s∏-´p- h∂p. Ah≥
]´-WsØ D]-tcm-[n-®t- i-jw, Iog-Sß - p-hm-\p≈ hyh-ÿ-
Iƒ Blm-_p-cm-Pm-hns\ Adn-bn®p ˛ ""\ns‚ sh≈nbpw
s]m∂pw, \ns‚ kuµ-cy-ta-dnb `mcy-amcpw ]p{X-∑mcpw'',
AXm-bn-cp∂p Xm≥ Bh-iy-s∏-´-Xv. Blm_v Ai-‡-
\m-bn, im¥-\mbn AXp kΩ-Xn-®p. Xs‚ BZy-hy-h-
ÿ-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Blm-_ns‚ Iog-S-ß-
en¬ Xr]vXn-h-h-cm-sX, Xs‚ `rXy-∑m¿ ]´-W-Øn¬
t\cn´p {]th-in®p X߃°p th≠-sXm-s°bpw ]nSn-®-
S-°p-hm-\p≈ A[n-Imcw ]n∂oSv s_≥-˛-l-ZZv Bh-iy-
s∏-´p.
20:7˛12 c≠mw {]mh-iysØ Bh-iy-Øn¬ [m¿Ωn-I-
tcmjw ]q≠ bn{km-tb¬ aq∏-∑m¿, AXn-\-\p-h-Zn-°-cp-
sX∂v cmPm-hn-t\m-Sm-hi- y-s∏-´p. bn{km-tb-ens‚ \ntj[w
a\- n-em-°nb s_≥-˛-l-Z-Zv, tcmjm-Ip-e-\m-bn, Xs‚
F√m ]S-÷\ - Ø
- n\pw ssIbv°p Hmtcm-]nSn hcp-hm-\p≈
aÆv ImWm-Ø-hÆw Xm≥ ia-cysb Xcn-im°n C√m-
Xm°pw F∂v hoº-Sn-®p. bp≤-Øn-\mbn hmƒ Acbv°p
sI´p∂ Hcp ]S-bmfn CXn-t\m-SIw hnP-bw t\Sn-°-gn-
™p-sh∂ `mh-Øn¬ hºp-]-d-b-cp-sX∂v AXn-\p≈ adp-
]-Sn-bmbn Blm_p ]d-™p. IpSn®p aZn® B Acm-ay-
t\-bpw, Ahs‚ kJy-cm-jv{S-ß-sfbpw Cu ]cn-lmkw
bp≤-Øn-\mbn Cf-°n-hn-´p.
20:13˛15 Cu Ah-k-c-Øn¬ btlm-h-bpsS Hcp {]hm-
N-I≥ Blm-_n-s‚-b-Sp-°¬ h∂v, hnP-b-kw-_-‘-amb
Dd∏v Ah\p \evIn. hS-°p-\n∂pw IqSn-h∂ henb
ssk\ysØ tXmev]n-°p-hm≥, ssZhw tIhew Ccp-∂q-
‰n-ap-∏-Øn-c≠p tZim-[n-]-Xn-I-fpsS _mey-°m-cpw, Ah-
tcm-Sp-IqsS Ggm-bncw bn{km-tb¬ P\hpw AS-ßp∂
379
sNdnb Hcp ssk\y-sØ-bm-Wv D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. ""bn{km-
tb¬ a°-fpsS ]S-÷-\-\-sØ-sbm-s°bpw' F∂ ]Z-
{]-tbmKw sIm≠¿∞-am-°p-∂Xv (hm. 15b) ia-cy-bn-ep≈
]S-÷-\-sam-s°bpw F∂m-Wv. bp≤w XpS-ßp-hm≥ Xnc-
s™-Sp-°s - ∏-´h
- ¿ sNdn-sbm-cp-Iq´w _mey-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂p.
a\p-jys‚ Iø√ adn®v btlm-h-bmWv hnPbw \evIn-b-
sX∂v F√m-h¿°pw kv]jvSa - m-Ip-hm-\m-bn-cp∂p Aßs\
sNbvX-Xv.
20:16˛22 s_≥ lZZpw Xs‚ kJy- I - £ n- I fpw
IpSn®p aØ-cm-bn-cp∂ D®-k-a-b-Øm-bn-cp∂p Blm_v
Ahsc B{I-an-®-Xv. bn{km-tb-ense Ccp-∂q‰n ap∏-Øn-
c-≠p-t]¿ Ah¿°p-t\sc sN√p-∂p-sh∂v s_≥-˛-l-ZZv
tI´-t∏mƒ Ahsc Poh-t\msS ]nSn-°p-hm≥ Xm≥ Iev]n-
®p. bn{km-tb-ens\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw Xo¿®bmbpw
AXv ssk\o-I-]-c-ambn {]tbm-P\w sNøp-Ibpw Acm-
aysc At\-Isc sIm√p-hm≥ Imc-W-am-bn-Øo-cp-Ibpw
sNbvXp. tijn-®-h¿ kztZ-i-tØbv°p HmSn-t∏m-bn. C\n-
bsØ B≠n¬ Acmw cmPmhv aS-ßn-h-cp-sa∂v btlm-
h-bp-sS {]hm-N-I≥ Blm-_n\p ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-\-evIn.
10. Acm-ay-cpsS taep≈ Blm-_ns‚ c≠m-asØ
hnPbw (20:23˛34)
20:23˛25 X߃°p ]cm-Pbw kw`-hn-®Xv c≠p Imc-
W-ß-fm-em-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v s_≥-˛-l-Z-Zns‚ `rXy-∑m¿
Btcm-]n-®p. (1) Ah-cpsS tZh-∑m¿ ]¿∆X tZh-∑m-cm-
sW-∂X - n¬ kwi-ba- n√; ]¿∆-X{- ]-tZ-iØp h®m-bX- p-sIm-
≠mWv bn{km-tb¬ bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn-®-Xv. F∂m¬ ka-
`q-an-bn¬ Ah¿ i‡n-lo-\-cm-bn-cn-°pw. AXp-sIm≠v
ASpØ {]mhiyw Acm-ay¿ Ah-tcmSp ka-`q-an-bn¬ h®v
FXn-cn-SWw (2) Blm-_n-t\mSp bp≤w sNbvX B ap∏-
Øn-c≠v cmPm-°∑ - m¿, bp≤-Øn\p X߃ {]m]vXc - s- √∂v
{]I-S-amb \ne-bn¬ sXfn-bn®p Ign-™p. Ah¿°p ]I-
c-ambn tZim-[n-]-Xn-amsc \nb-an-°Ww F∂v s_≥-˛-l-Z-
Zns‚ `rXy-∑m¿ Xs∂ D]-tZ-in-®p.
20:26-˛30 a ]nt‰ B≠n¬ s_≥-˛l - Z- Zv ho≠pw bn{km-
tb-en-t\mSp bp≤-Øn\p sN∂p. Acm-ay-cpsS ssk\y-
hp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ bn{km-tb¬ ssk\yw
sNdnb c≠p B´n≥Iq-´-߃ t]mse am{Xta D≠m-bn-
cp-∂p-≈p. Xm≥ ]¿∆-X-tZ-h-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, ka-`q-
an-bp-sSbpw ssZh-am-sW∂v btlmh s_≥-˛-l-Z-Zn\p
ImWn®p sImSp-°p-sa∂v Hcp ssZh-]p-cp-j≥ h∂p Blm-
_n-t\mSp ]d-™p. bn{km-tbey¿ Acm-ay-cn¬ Hcp e£w
Imem-fp-Isf H‰-Zn-hkw Xt∂ sIm∂p. c£-s]´ Acm-
ay¿ At^Iv ]´-W-Øns‚ aXn-en-\p-≈n¬ A`bw {]m]n-
∏m≥ {ian-®p. F∂m¬ ]´-W-a-Xn¬ CSn-™p-ho-Wp. Ccp-
]-tØ-gm-bncw t]¿ sIm√-s∏-´p.
20:30b -34 s_≥-˛l
- Z- Zv HmSn ]´-WØ
- n-\I
- Øp IS∂p
Hcp D≈-d-bn¬ Hfn-®p. At∏mƒ Iog-S-ßp-∂-Xn-s‚bpw
ZpxJ-kq-N-I-hp-amb hkv{Xw [cn-®p-sIm≠v bn{km-tb¬
cmPm-hn-s‚-b-Sp-°¬ sN∂v, Zb-bv°mbn At]-£n-°p-
hm≥ Xßsf A\p-h-Zn-°p-hm≥ Ahs‚ `rXy-∑m¿
Ahs\ t{]cn-∏n-®p. `rXy-∑m-cp-am-bp≈ A`n-ap-J-kw-`m-
380 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 20,21
j-WØ - n¬, Blm_v Gsd-°psd \n¿hn-Im-c\ - m-bn, cmPm-
hns\ Xs‚ ""ktlm-Z-c≥'' F∂p, kwt_m-[\ sNbvXp.
AXn\p B Acmay ]pcp-j-∑m¿ _≤-s∏´p Ahs‚ B
hm°p ]nSn®p, ""AtX \ns‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ s_≥-˛-l-ZZv''
F∂p ]d- ™ p. Acmw cmPm- h ns\ Xs‚- b - S p- ° ¬
sIm≠p-hc- p-hm≥ cmPmhp Iev]n-®p. Blm-_ns‚ ap≥Km-
an-bn¬ \n∂pw ]nSn-s®-SpØ ]´-W-߃ (15:20) aS-°n-
s°m-Sp-°m-sa-∂pw, ZtΩ-ti-°n¬ sXcp-ho-Yn-Iƒ D≠m-
°p-hm≥ bn{km-tb-ens\ A\p-h-Zn-°m-sa∂pw (hm ˛34)
s_≥-˛-l-ZZv hm°p sImSp-Øp. Cu hyh-ÿ-I-fn-t∑¬
Blm_v Hcp DS-º-Sn-bp-≠m-°p-Ibpw s_≥-˛-l-Z-Zns\
sIm√p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw Ahs\ hn´-b-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.
bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Blm_v Ahs\ sImt√-≠X - m-bn-cp-∂p.
11. Blm-_ns‚ A\p-k-c-W-t°Sv (20:35˛43)
20:35,36 bn{km-tb-en\pw Hcp `oj-Wn-bmbn hf¿∂p-
sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ Ako-cn-bbv°pw at[y \njv]-£-amb
\ne-bn-ep≈ i‡-amb Hcp cmPy-am-bn-cn-°Ww Acmw
F∂p Blm_v B{K-ln-®p. Blm-_ns‚ {]hr-Øn-
bnse t`mjXzw hni-Zo-I-cn-∏m≥, {]hm-N-I≥ A`n-\-bn®
hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp hi-am-bn-cp∂p XpS¿∂p≈ kw`-
hw.
{]hm-NI injy-∑m-cn¬ Hcp-Ø≥ btlm-hb - psS Iev]-
\-{]-Imcw Xs∂ ASn-∏m≥ Xs‚ Hcp Nßm-Xn-tbmSp
]d-™p. B a\p-jy≥ Ahs\ A\p-k-cn-°m-Ø-Xn-eqsS
btlm-h-bpsS hm°v [n°-cn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. btlm-h-
bpsS hm°v A\p-k-cn-°m-bvI-sIm≠v Hcp knwlw
Ahs\ sIm∂p If-™p.
ssZhw ASn-°p-hm≥ Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ Xs‚bpw ssZh-
Øn-s‚bpw kvt\ln-X-\mb Hcp-hs\ in£n-°m-Xn-cp-∂-
Xp-sIm-≠v, \√-h\
- mb Hcp {]hm-NI
- ≥ A{]-Imcw in£n-
°-s∏-´p-sh-¶n¬ ,ssZhw ASn-°p-hm≥ Iev]n-®-t∏mƒ,
Xt‚bpw ssZh-Øn-s‚-bpw i{Xp-hmb Hcp-hs\ in£n-
°m-Xn-cp∂ ZpjvS-\mb Hcp cmPmhv F{X-am{Xw Ibvt∏-
dnb in£bv°p tbmKy-\m-sW∂v Nn¥n-°Ww (16).
20:37˛43 ASn®p apdn-th-ev]n-®p-sIm≠v Xs∂ A\p-
k-cn®v as‰m-cp-Øs\ B {]hm-N-I≥ I≠p. A\-¥cw
{]hm-N-I≥ Xe-∏mhp IÆp-hsc XmgvØn-s°-´n, thjw-
amdn Blm_p cmPm-hns\ ImØp-\n-∂p. cmPmhp IS-
∂p-t]m-bt- ∏mƒ, Xm≥ ]S-bpsS \Sp-hn¬ sN∂-Xpw, i{Xp-
]-£sØ Hcp XS-hp-Im-cs\ kq£n-∏m-t\¬∏n-®-Xp-amb
hnh-c-߃ {]hm-N-I≥ ]d-™p. B XS-hp-Im-c≥ c£-
s]-Sp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬, Ah\p ]Icw Xs‚ Poh-t\m, Aan-
X-amb Xq°-Øn¬ Hcp Xme¥p sh≈ntbm Xm≥ sImSp-
t°-≠-Xp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Aßp-anßpw Xm≥ _≤-∏m-Sn-em-
b-sX-ß-s\-sb-∂pw, Xs‚ ]°¬ \n∂pw B XS-hp-Im-
c≥ c£-s]-´-sX--ß-s\-sb∂pw thjw-amdn \n∂ {]hm-N-
I≥ hnh-cn-®p. cmPmhv bmsXmcp Zbbpw ImWn-®n-√, BZy-
hy-h-ÿ-{]-Imcw in£ \S-∏m-°-W-sa∂v Xm≥ A`n-{]m-
b- s ∏- ´ p. At∏mƒ {]hm- N - I ≥ Xs‚ I]- t Sm- ] mbw
s]s´∂p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. Blm-_n\p ]cn-Nn-X-\mb B
{]hm-N-I≥ Xs∂-Øs∂ shfn-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xn\v Xs‚
Xe-∏mhv Agn-®p-am-‰n. Blm-_ns‚ ]nSn-bn¬ s_≥-˛-l-
ZZv F∂ i{Xp XS-hp-Im-c≥ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. btlm-h-tbm-
Sp≈ A\p-k-c-W-{]-Imcw Acmw cmPmhv sIm√-s∏-S-W-
am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ A\p-k-c-W-t°-Sp-\n-anØw
Ct∏mƒ Blm_v sIm√-s∏-Spw. Iymºvs_¬ tam¿K≥
hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p.
B D]-a-bpsS A¿∞w CXm-bn-cp-∂p. ssZh-I-ev]-\-
{]-Imcw Blm-_n\v Hcp Imcyw sNøm-\p-≠m-bn-cp∂p;
F∂m¬ \qdp-Imcyw sNbvX Iq´-Øn¬ B Hcp Imcyw
Ah≥ Ah-K-Wn®p. km¿∆-Im-en-I-amb Hcp \ymb-Øn-
s‚bpw ]cm-P-b-co-Xn-bp-sSbpw F{X-\√ Hcp shfn-s∏-Sp-
ج! apJy-am-bXpw Xo¿®-bmbpw sNtø-≠-Xp-amb Hcp
DØ-c-hm-ZnØw ssZhw \ap°p \evIn. F√m-hn-[-amb
\√ B{K-l-ß-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn \mw AXp-sN-øp-hm≥XpS-ßn.
AtXm-sSm∏w AXn¬Xs∂ t`mj-a√ - mØ a‰p-Nne Imcy-
߃\ΩpsS {]hr-Øn-]-Y-Øn¬ h∂p-IpSn ]e-I-cy-ß-
fm¬ \mw Xnc-°p-≈-h-cm-bn-´v, apJy-amb B Hcp hnjbw
Ah-K-Wn®p (17).
X\n°p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ ZmhoZv cmPm-hn-s\-t∏mse,
Blm-_n\pw Xs‚ Xs∂ kz¥w hm°p-I-fm¬ in£
hn[n-°s- ∏-´p. F∂m¬ A\p-X]- n® Zmho-Zn¬\n∂pw hyXy-
ÿ-\m-bn, Blm_v hyk-\hpw \oc-k-hpw D≈-h-\mbn
apjn-®n¬ {]I-Sn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v Xs‚ sIm´m-c-Øn-te-°p-
t]m-bn. btlm-h-tbm-Sp Zb-bv°mbn bmNn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-
I-cw, 1 cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS tij-n°p∂ A≤ym-b-ß-fn¬
\mw hmbn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse ssZhtIm]Øn-\mbn Ah≥
btlm-hsb {]tIm-]n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.
12. \mt_m-Øn-s\-Xn-cm-bp≈ Blm-_ns‚ Ip‰-IrXyw
(A. 21)
21:1˛4 Blm-_ns‚ ac-W-Øn-te°p \bn-°p∂ kw`-
h-ß-fmWv 21-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. Blm-_n\pw
Cuk-t_-en\pw Hcp Ac-a-\-bp≈ bn{km-tb-en-emWv
kw`-hw \S-°p-∂X - v. Blm-_ns‚ B Ac-a\-bpsS kao-
]-Ømbn bn{km-tb-ey-\mb \mt_m-Øn\p Hcp ap¥n-cn-
tØm´w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. B ap¥n-cn-tØm´w Xt‚-Xm-°p-
hm≥ Blm_v B{K-ln-®p. Aß-s\-bm-bm¬ AXv Hcp
Noc-tØm-´-am-°p-hm≥ X\n°p Ign-bpw. B ÿew
hnev°p-hm-t\m, ssIam-dp-hmt\m \mt_m-Øv Iq´m-°n-bn-
√. ImcWw ]nXm-°-∑m¿°p {]mcw-`-Øn¬ \evI-s∏´
Ah-Im-i`- qan Ah-cpsS IpSpw-_Ø
- n¬Xs∂ \ne-\n¿tØ-
W-sa∂v bn{km-tb-en-\p≈ \nb-aØ - n¬ Iev]n-®n-´p≠v (te-
hy. 25:23˛28; kwJy. 36:7; sbl. 46:!8).
21:5˛16 hyk-\hpw \oc-khpw ]q≠-h-\mbn Xs‚
`¿Øm-hns\ ImWp-I-bpw, \mt_mØv Xs‚ ap¥n-cn-
tØm´w \evIp-hm≥ hnk-Ω-Xn-®-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Cuk-
s_¬ Adn-bp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ, B ap¥n-cn-tØm´w
Xma-kn-bmsX Blm-_n-s‚XmIpw F∂v Ahƒ Ah\p
hm°p-sIm-Sp-Øp. At\z-jW
- Ø
- n-\mbn Ahs\ £Wn®p
hcp-Øp-hm≥ Ahƒ DS-\Sn Iev]-\-sIm-Sp-Øp. IqSmsX
ssZh-Øn\pw cmPm-hn-\p-sa-Xn-cm-bp≈ \oN-`m-j-Ww
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 21,22
\mt_m-Øn-s‚-ta¬ D∂-bn-°p-hm≥\o-N-∑m-cmb c≠m-fp-
I-sfbpw Ahƒ Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn. AX-\p-k-cn-®p, Ah¿
Ahs\ ]´-WØ - n\p ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-t]mbn Is√-dn-™p-
sIm- ∂ p- I - f - ™ p. hnizm- k - L m- \ n- b mb Cuk- s _¬
\mt_m-Øn-t\m-Sp≈ _‘-Øn¬ I≈-t°kv sI´n-®-a-
®-Xp-sIm≠v btlm-h-bpsS Iev]\ ewLn-®-Xp-sIm-
≠mWv Ah≥ h[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂-sX∂v tXm∂p-am-bn-cp-∂p.
\mt_m-Øns‚ acW-tijw, \nb-a-]-c-ambn B hkvXp
a°ƒ°p ssIam‰w sNø-s∏-Sp-sa-∂-Xp-sIm≠v, \mt_m-
Øns\ sIm∂-Xp-t]mse Ahƒ Ahs‚ a°-sfbpw
sIme-s∏-SpØn (2-cm-P. 9:26). A\ym-b-°m-cn-bmb B
cm⁄n ZpjvS-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se-Xs∂ as‰m-∂n\mepw
hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm≥ Ign-bm-Ø-h-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p.
21:17˛26 ap¥n-cn-tØm´w ssIh-ia - m-°p-hm≥ Blm_v
t]mIp∂ hgn-bn¬, Gen-bmhv Ahs\ FXn-tc-‰p-sN-∂p,
Ipe-]m-X-I-Øn\pw kzØp A\ym-b-ambn ssIh-i-am-°n-
b-Xn\pw Ah-\p≈ in£ hn[n-®p. Blm_v sIm√-s∏-
Spw, Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-If - mb ]pcp-j{- ]-Ps- bm-s°bpw sIm√-
s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-sIm≠v, Xs‚ Krlw iq\y-am-bn-t∏m-Ipw.
\mbv ° ƒ Cuk- s _- e ns‚ icocw bn{km- t b- e ns‚
aXn¬AcnsI-sh®p Xn∂p-I-f-bpw. Blm-_ns‚ ]n≥Km-
an-Iƒ°m¿°pw am\y-amb Hc-S°w e`n-°-bn√ (hm. 24)
F∂n-ßs\ Gen-bmhv {]h-Nn-®p. Blm_v F{X-am{Xw
hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-te°v Cd-ßn-t∏mbn F∂-Xns‚ ASn-
ÿm-\Ø - n-emWv Ahs‚ in£-bpsS Kpcp-Xc - m-hÿ hni-
Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xv ˛ ""btlm-hbv°p A\n-jvS-am-bp-
≈Xp sNøp-hm≥ Xs∂-Øm≥ hn‰p-I-f™ Blm-_n-
s\-t∏mse Bcpw D≠m-bn-´n√'' F∂mWv AhnsS ]d-
™n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
21:27- ˛ 29 Xs‚ \mi- s Ø- ° p- d n®p tI´- t ∏mƒ,
Blm_v btlm-h-bpsS apºmsI Xs∂-Øm≥ XmgvØn.
AXp-sIm≠v, Xs‚ ac-Ww-h-sc, `mcy-bp-sS-ta-epw, IpSpw-
_-Øn-t∑epw A\¿∞w hcp-Øp-I-bn-s√∂v btlmh
Iev]n-®p.
Cu hmIy-Øn¬ \n∂pw \mw Fs¥-¶nepw a\- n-em-
°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬, AXp ssZhw Ir]bpw Icp-W-bp≈ Hcp
ssZh-am-Ip∂p F∂-Xm-Wv. ""F∂m-W, ZpjvSs‚ ac-W-
Øn-e-√, ZpjvS≥ Xs‚ hgn hn´p Xncn™p Pohn-°p-∂-
Xn¬ At{X F\n°p CjvS-ap-≈-sX∂p btlm-h-bmb
I¿Øm-hns‚ Acp-f∏ - mSv . \nß-fpsS Zp¿am¿§ßsf hn´p-
Xn- c n- h n≥, Xncn- h o≥; bn{km- t b¬ Krlta \n߃
F¥n\p acn-°p∂p F∂p Ah-tcmSp ]dI'' (sb-l. 33:11).
Blm-_ns‚ D]-cn-πh - a
- mb Hcp A\p-Xm-]Ø - n-\p-t]mepw
ac-W-in£ Xmev°m-en-I-ambn \n¿Øn-h-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-
™p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ lrZ-b-Øn\p bmsXmcp am‰hpw
D≠m-bn√ F∂p ASpØ A≤ymbw hy‡-am-°p-∂p.
IcpW FXn-tc-ev°-s∏-´Xv Al-¶m-c-Øm-em-bn-cp∂p;
AXn-\m¬ btlmh Blm-_ns\ ac-WZ- q-X\p Gev]n®p;
IqSmsX Gen-bm-hns‚ {]h-N-\-{]-Im-cw, tijn-°p∂
Xs‚ IpSpw-_-Øn-t∑-ep≈ {Iqc-amb hn[n \n¿∆-ln-°-
s∏-Sp-hm≥ tblq \nb-an-°-s∏´p (2-cm-P. 9,10).
381
13. Blm-_ns‚ Ah-km\sØ bp≤w (22:1˛40)
22:1˛6 Acmapw bn{km-tbepw XΩn¬ aq∂p-h¿jw
kam- [ m- \ - a mbncp∂- t ijw, tbm¿±m\p Ing- ° p- f f
cmtamØv Knse-bm-Zv, Bcm-ay-cn¬ \n∂pw XncnsI ]nSn-
s®- S p°p- h m- \ p- f f ]≤Xn Blm_v Bkq- { XWw
sNbvXp. Blm-_n¬ \n∂pw am∏p-e-`n-®-t∏mƒ bn{km-
tb¬ ]´-W-߃ aS°n \¬Im-sa∂v s_≥l-ZZv hm°p
]d-™n-cp-∂p(20:34). F∂m¬ Ah≥ AXp sNbvXn√
F∂p tXm∂p∂p. blq-Z-cm-Pm-hmb sbtlm-im-^mØv,
B ka-bØv Blm-_ns\ kµ¿in-°p-hm≥ CS-bm-I-
bpw, bp≤-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN-cp-hm-\p≈ Xs‚ Xmev]cyw Adn-
bn-°bpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ BZyw, {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ apJm-
¥ncw btlm- h - t bmSp Acp- f - ∏ mSv tNmZn- ° p- ∂ - X n\v
sbtlm-im-^mØv A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Blm-_ns‚ sIm´m-
c-Øn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ \m\qdp {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Ah¿°-\p-Iq-
e-amb D]-tZiw \evIp-I-bpw, hnP-bw Dd-∏n-°p-Ibpw
sNbvXp. Gen-bm-hn-t\m-sSm∏w A‰ssI {]tbm-K-Øn\p
I¿tΩ-en¬ sN√m-Xn-cp∂ \m\qdp {]hm-N-I-∑m¿ Ch-cm-
bn-cp-∂n-cn-°Ww (18:19,22).
22:7˛12 btlm-im-^mØv cmPm-hn\v Akz-ÿX A\p-
`-h-s∏´p ImW-Ww, ImcWw Acp-f-∏mSp tNmZn-t°-≠-
Xn\v btlm-hb - psS {]hm-NI
- ∑
- m¿ Bcpw Chn-sS-bn-√tbm
F∂p Xm≥ tNmZn-®p. AXn-\m¬ A{K-Km-an-bmb aoJm-
bm-hns\ Ah-cpsS apºmsI sIm≠p-h-∂p. hn´p-ho-gvN-
bn-√mØ Xs‚ ktµ-iß - ƒ apJm-¥n-cw, - B-lm-_n-\m¬
shdp-°s - ∏-´`
- b
- a- n-√mØ Hcp {]hm-NI
- \
- m-bn-cp∂p Ah≥.
aoJm-bmhv FØn-b-t∏mƒ, Cu \m\qdp {]hm-N-I-∑m¿,
bn{km-tb¬, blqZm cmPm-°-∑msc Acm-an-s\-Xnsc
bp≤w sNøp-∂-Xn-\mbn \nc-¥cw t{]cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-
°-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcp-h-\mb knsZ-°n-bm-hv, Acm-
ay¿s°-Xn-cm-bp≈ Blm-_n-s‚bpw sbtlm-im-^m-Øn-
s‚bpw XSpØp IqSm-\m-hmØ i‡n h¿Æn-°p-hm≥th-
≠n, Ccp-ºp-sIm-≠p≈ sImºv D≠m-°n.
22:13-˛17 a‰p {]hm-N-I-∑m-cp-tS-Xn-t\mSv HØp hcp∂
ktµ-ia - m-bn-cn-°Ww Xt‚-sX∂v aoJmbm-hn\v \n¿t±iw
\evIs - ∏-´n-cp∂p; F∂m¬ Ahs\ kw_-‘n-®n-St- Ømfw
B D]-tZiw hy¿∞-am-bn-cp-∂p. Knse-bm-Znse cmtam-Øn-
te°v X߃ bp≤-Øn\p t]mI-W-tam-sb∂v Blm_v
tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ, BZyw a‰p {]hm-N-I-∑m-sc-t∏mse ""]pd-
s∏-Sp-hn≥, \n߃ IrXm¿∞-cm-Ipw, btlmh AXp cmPm-
hns‚ Iøn¬ Gev]n°pw'' F∂p ]d-™p. F∂m¬ AX-
h≥ ]cn-lmk cqt]W ]d-™-Xm-Im-\mWv km[y-X.
Xs‚ i_vZ` - m-hØ
- n¬ hn]-co-Xm¿∞-{]-tbm-Kwhpw hymP-
kvXp-Xnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww.
CXp a\-   n- e m- ° nb Blm- _ v , kXy- a - √ msX
as‰m∂pw ]d-bp-Ib- n-s√∂v aoJm-bm-hns\ sIm≠p kXyw
sNøn®p (te-hy. 5:1). At∏mƒ CS-b-\n-√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v
bn{km-tb¬ NnX-d-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂-Xmb Hcp Z¿i\w {]hm-
N-I≥ hnh-cn-®p. Blm_v sIm√-s∏-Sp-sa∂pw Xs‚
ssk\yw NnX-d-s∏-Sp-sa-∂p-amWv AXp kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.
382 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 22
22:18-˛23 aoJm-bmhv X\n-s°-Xn-cmbn tZmj-a-√msX
as‰m∂pw ]d-bp-Ibns√∂v CXns‚ sXfn-hmbn- Blm_v
CXv btlm- i m- ^ m- Ø ns‚ apºn¬ Ah- X - c n- ∏ n- ® p.
At∏mƒ ss[cy-im-en-bmb B {]hm-N-I≥ ho≠pw
kwkm-cn-®p. t`mjv°p ]d-bp∂ Hcp Bflmhv btlm-h-
bpsS k∂n-[n-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠v, Blm_v sN∂v
cmtamØv Knse-bm-Zn¬ h®p ]´p-t]m-I-Ø-°-hÆw
Ahs\ Xm≥ hio- I - c n- ° p- s a∂v Dd- ∏ p- s Im- S p- ° p∂
HcpZ¿i\w {]hm-N-I≥ hni-Zo-I-cn®p cmPm-hns‚ {]hm-
N-I-∑m-cp-sS-sb√mw hmbn¬ t`mjvIns‚ Bflmhv Cu
D]-tZiw \evIpw. ZpjvS-X-bpsS Imc-W-°m-c-\√mXncn-
s°, ssZhw BXy-¥n-I-ambn Xs‚ Dt±-iy-߃ t\Sn-
sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ AXv Fßs\ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-sh-∂-
Xns‚ Hcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. B t`mjv°ns‚ Bflm-
hns\ Xm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®-Xmb B Hcp at\m-`m-h-tØmSp
IqSn-am-{X-am-bn-cp∂p Ah≥ Ab-®-Xv.
22:24,25 Cu D]-a-bpsS kqN\ knsZ-°n-bm-hn\p a\-
 n-em-Im-sX-bn-cp-∂n-√. t`mjv°p ]d-bp-∂Xp kw_-‘n-
®v, Xs∂bpw a‰p {]hm-N-I-∑m-scbpw Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-
bm-sW∂p a\- n-em-°nb knsZ-°n-bm-hv, aoJm-bm-hns\
ASn-®n´p tNmZn-®p, ""\nt∂mSp Acp-fn-s®bvhm≥ btlm-
h-bp-sS Bflmhv Fs∂ hn´p GXp-h-gn-bmbn IS-∂p-
h∂p?'' as‰mcp hn[-Øn¬ knsZ-°n-bmhv ]d-bp-I-bm-bn-
cp-∂p.
cmtamØv Knse-bm-Zn-\p-t\sc t]mIp-hm≥ Rm≥
Blm-_ns\ D]-tZ-in-®-t∏mƒ, ssZhm-flm-hn-em-bn-cp∂p
Rm≥ kwkm-cn-®-Xv. AXn-\p-t\sc hn]-co-X-ambn D]-tZ-
in-®n-´pw, Bflm-hn¬ kwkm-cn-°-bm-sW∂v \o \Sn-°p-
∂p. Bflmhv F∂n¬ \n∂pw \n∂nte°v h∂-sX-ß-
s\-bmWv?
`b-s∏´p cl-ky-ÿm-\Øp Hfn-°p-tºmƒ knsZ-°n-
bmhv kXyw a\- n-em-°p-sa∂v kuay-\mbn aoJm-bmhv
adp-]Sn \evIn. Xo¿®-bmbpw Blm-_ns‚ ac-Ww, I≈-
{]-hm-NI
- s
- \-∂\
- n-eb
- n-ep≈ knsZ-°n-bm-hns‚ hn[n shfn-
®Øp sIm≠p-h-cp-tºmƒ AXp kw`-hn-°pw.
22:26˛30 tcmjm- I p- e - \ mb bn{km- t b¬ cmPm- h v ,
cmtamØv Knse-bm-Zn¬ \n∂v Xm≥ kam-[m-\-tØmsS
aS-ßn-h-cp-∂-Xp-h-sc, aoJm-bm-hns\ sRcp-°-Øns‚
A∏hpw sRcp-°-Øns‚ sh≈hpw sImSpØv Imcm-Kr-
l-Øn-em-°p-hm≥ Iev]n-®p. ""\o kam-[m-\-tØmsS aS-
ßn-hc - p-∂p-s≠-¶n¬, btlmh Fs∂-s°m≠p Acp-fn-s®-
bvXn-´n√'' F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p aoJm-bm-hns‚ hnS-hm-߬
A`n-hm-Z-\w. aoJm-bm-hn-\m¬ {]h-Nn-°-s∏´ \miw Cu
hn[w Hgn- h m°mw F∂m- i n- ® p- s Im- ≠ v , bp≤- Ø n\p
t]mIpw-apºv kzbw thjw amdp-hm≥ Blm_v Xocp-am-
\n-®p. t\sc-a-dn®v Blm_v c£-s]-Sp-hm≥ {ian-°p∂
AtX A]-I-S-Øn\p apºn¬ Xs∂-Øs∂ shfn-s∏-Sp-
Øn-s°m≠v btlm-im-^mØv Xs‚ cmP-hkv{Xw [cn®v
bp≤-Øn\p t]mIpw. Aßs\ Acmw cmPm-hn-s\bpw
btlm-h-sbbpw I_-fn-∏n-°p-hm≥ Blm_v {ian®p;
F∂m¬ ""ssZhsØ ]cn-l-kn-®p-Iq-Sm, a\p-jy≥ hnX-
bv°p-∂-Xp-Xs∂ sImøpw'' (K-em. 6:7). Blm_v B
bp≤-Øn¬ sIm√-s∏-´p, btlm-im-^mØv c£-s]-Sp-Ibpw
sNbvXp.
22:31˛36 bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hns\ sIm√p-hm≥ Bcm-
ay¿°p Iev]\ e`n-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-cpsS {][m\ bp≤-
e£yw Xs∂ AXm-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw Ah¿ sbtlm-im-
^m-Øns\ I≠-t∏mƒ Blm-_m-sW∂p sX‰n-≤-cn-®p.
At∏mƒ blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb sbtlm-im-^mØv `b-s∏´p
\ne-hn-fn-®p, Hcp-]t£ Cu hn[-Øn¬, bYm¿∞-Øn¬
Xm\m-cm-sW∂v Xs∂-Øs∂ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ib - m-bn-cp-∂n-
cn-°-Ww. A\-¥cw Hcp-Ø≥ bZr-—bm hn√p-Ip-e-®Xv
Blm_v cmPm- h ns‚ Ih- N - Ø n\pw ]X- ° - Ø n\pw
CSbv°p sIm≠p kPo-h-t]m-cm-´-Øn¬ \n∂pw Xm≥
\o°w sNø-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ Xs‚ ssk\y-Øns‚ at\m-
_ew \jvS-am-Im-Xn-cn-∏m≥ cmPmhv Xs‚ cY-Øn¬
\nhn¿∂p-\n-∂p. k‘ym-ka - b
- Øp Ah≥ acn-®t- ∏mƒ B
hkvXpX ]c-ky-am-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Aßs\ ]S-bm-fn-I-sf-
√mw-A-h-cpsS `h-\-ß-fn-te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-Ibpw sNbvXp.
22:37˛40 Blm-_ns‚ icocw ia-cy-bn-te°p sIm≠p-
t]m-bn, AhnsS AS-°w sNbvXp. thiy-Iƒ Ipfn-®p-
sIm-≠n-cn-s°, c‡-°d ]pc≠ Xs‚ cYw ia-cy-bnse
Hcp Ipf-Øn¬ Igp-In. Gen-bm-hns‚ {]h-N\- Ø
- ns‚ `mKn-
I-amb Hcp \nhrØn am{X-am-bn-cp∂p AXv. (21:19). bn{km-
tb-en¬ \S-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-Icw AXp ia-cy-bn-emWv \S-∂-
Xv. Blm_v Xs∂-Øm≥ XmgvØn-b-Xp-sIm≠v (21:29)
ssZhw A\p-I-ºm-]q¿∆w AXns‚ ]q¿Æ-amb \nhr-Øn-
I-cWw cmPm-hns‚ aI-\mb tbmcm-an-te°p \o´n-h®p
(2 cmPm. 9:25,26).
Xs‚ ac-W-sØ-°p-dn®v hyXn-cn-‡-amb aq∂p {]h-
N\ ap∂-dn-bn-∏p-Iƒ Blm-_n\p e`n-®p. Blm_v s_≥
lZ-Zns\ sIm√m-sX-bn-cp-∂t- ∏mƒ, t]cp-]d- b
- s
- ∏-´n-´n-√mØ
Hcp {]hm-NI
- \- n-eqsS BZysØ {]h-N\ - a- p-≠mbn (20:42);
\mt_m-Øns‚ ap¥n-cn-tØm-´w, Blm_v ssIh-i-am-°n-
b-t∏mƒ, Gen-bm-hn-eqsS HscÆw \evIs - ∏´p (21:19). kw`-
h-_-lp-e-amb bp≤-Øns‚ Xte-∂mƒ, aoJm-bm-hn-\m¬
aq∂m-asØ {]h-N\w \evI-s∏´p (hm. 17˛23).
M. blq-Zm-cm-Pm-hmb btlm-im-^mØv (22:41˛50)
Bkm-bpsS aI-\mb sbtlm-im-^mØv Ccp-]-Øn-
b-©p-h¿jw blq-Z-bn¬ cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p (873 /72- 848
BC).
BZysØ aq∂p- \ mep h¿j- t Ø- ° v , sbtlm- i m-
^mØv Xs‚ ]nXm-hmb BktbmsSm∏w `cWw \S-
Øn. bn{km-tb-ense ZpjvS-\mb cmPm-hp-ambn e÷m-I-c-
amb hn[-Øn¬ kJy-X-bn-te¿s∏-´-Xp-aqew Gsd-°psd
Poh≥ Xs∂ \jvSa - m-Ip-am-bn-cp∂ sbtlm-im-^m-Øns\
2˛4 hmIy- ß - f n¬ \mw CXn- t \m- S Iw ]cn- N - b - s ∏´p
Ign™p; F¶nepw s]mXpsh Xs‚ `cWw \√-Xm-bn-cp-
∂p. btlm-im-^m-Øns‚ `c-WØ - ns‚ {][m-\s
- ∏´ khn-
ti-j-X-Iƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv.
1. hn{K- l m- c m- [ \ ]q¿Æ- a mbpw \n¿Ωm¿÷\w
 1 cmPm-°-∑m¿ 22
sNøp-hm≥ km[n-®n-s√-¶nepw hn{K-lm-cm-[-\-tbmSp
s]mcp- X p- ∂ - X n¬ Xm≥ Xs‚ ]nXm- h ns‚ amXrI
]n≥XpS¿∂p (hm. 43).
2. Ah≥ Xs‚ ]nXm-hmb Bk-tbmSp tN¿∂
`cWw \S-Øn.
3. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Blm-_n-t\m-Sp kam-[m-
\-k-JyX sNbvXp (hm. 44)
4. ]pcp-j-ssa-Yp-\-°msc Ah≥ tZiØp \n∂p
\o°n-°-f-™p (hm. 46)
5. Hcp tZim-[n-]-Xn-bm¬ Xm≥ {]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°-s∏-
´n-cp∂ GtZmw tZiw Xs‚ cmPyØv Dƒs∏-´n-cp∂p (2-i-
ap. 8:14) (hm. 47). ]n¬°m-eØv Hcp Iem-]-Øn¬ Xs‚
aI-\mb sbtlm-cm-an\v GtZmw \jvS-ambn (2-cm-Pm. 8:20).
6. Ftkym≥ tKs_-cnse Hcp I∏¬ \n¿ΩmW
]≤-Xn-bn¬ Blm-_ns‚ ]p{X-\mb Al-kym-hp-ambn
Xm≥ kJyX sNbvXp. (2-Zn-\. 20:35,36). Hm^o-cn¬\n∂p
s]m∂p-sIm-≠p-h-cp-hm≥ I∏-ep-Iƒ Ab-bv°pI F∂-
Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ]≤-Xn, F∂m¬ Hcn-°-se-¶nepw
Xpd-apJw hn´p t]mIp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºv, Hcp sImSp-¶m-‰n-\m-
em-bn-cn-°-Ww, I∏-ep-Iƒ XI¿∂p-t]mbn F∂-Xn¬
kwi-b-an√ (hm. 48). Al-kym-hp-am-bp≈ Ahn-ip≤
kJyX ssZhw A\p-hZ- n-°m-ØX - p-sIm-≠mWv A{]-Imcw
kw`-hn-®-sX∂v {]hm-N-I-\mb Feym-k¿ ]d-™p (2-Zn-
\. 20:37). B ]≤Xn ]pXp-°p-∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p Al-
kymhv ]d-™-t∏mƒ btlm-im-^mØv AXp \nc-kn®p
(hm. 49).
N. bn{km-tb¬ cmPm-hmb Al-kymhv
(22:51˛53)
Blm- _ ns‚ aI- \ mb Al- k ymhv c≠p- h ¿jw
bn{km-tb-en\p cmPm-hm-bn-cp∂p (853 ˛ 852, BC. 2cm-P.
1:1˛18 ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-I).
hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bpw ZpjvS-Xbpw AXy¥w {]I-S-amb
Hcp `c-Wa- m-bn-cp∂p Al-kym-hn-t‚-Xv. Ah‚ AΩ-bmb
Cuk-s_¬, Xs‚ ]nXm-hns\ hn{K-lm-cm-[-\bv°p
t{]cn-∏n® ÿnXnbv°p Xs∂bpw t{]cn-∏n-®p-sh-∂-Xn¬
kwi-b-an-√. Ah≥ _mens\ tkhn-®p, \a-kv°-cn-®p.
bn{km-tb-ens‚ ssZh-amb btlm-hsb tIm]n-∏n-®p.
]nXm-hn-s\-t∏m-se-bm-bn-cp∂p aI-\pw. cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS
H∂mw ]pkvX-Ihpw c≠mw ]pkvX-Ihpw {]mcw-`-Øn¬
H‰-∏p-kvX-I-am-bn-cp-∂-Xp-sIm-≠v, cmPm-°-∑m-cpsS H∂mw
]pkvX-I-Øn\p Hu]-Nm-cn-I-amb Hcp Ah-km-\-an-√,
kuI-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n am{X-amWv CXv c≠mbn hn`-Pn-®n-
cn-°p-∂-Xv. 2 cmPm-°-∑m-cn¬ ChnsS apX-ep≈ hnh-cWw
XpS-cp-∂p.
383
ENDNOTES
1(Intro) O. J. Gibson, unpublished notes.
2(4:1-6) Matthew Poole, Mattew Poole’s
Commentary on the Holy Bible, p. 657.
3(6:11-22) C. H. Spurgeon, Spurgeon’s Devotional
Bible, p.305.
4(8:12,13) Matthew Henry, “1 Kings,” in Mattew
Henry Commentary on of the Bible, II:614.
5(8:66) John Haley, Alleged Discrepancies of the
Bible, p.223.
6(9:15-23)Baker’s Bible Atlas, p.309
7(10:16-22) The word rendered “peacocks” in the
KJV is now generally translated monkeys (NKJV)
or baboons (NIV). Ancient kings did indeed favor
peacocks, and so that translation (probably a guess)
was made by Jerome in the Latin Vulgate.
8(10:26-29) Keveh (also transliterated Kue) was
translated “line yarn” in KJV because they did not
know in the seventeenth century that it was a place
name.
9(10:26-29) J.R. Lumby, The Cambridge Bible for
schools and Colleges, The First Book of the Kings,
p.114.
10(Essay) See the Bibliography for details.
11(13:33, 34) Irving L. Jensen, I Kings with
Chronicles, pp. 80-81.
12(14:14-16) The word translated groves in the
KJV is the Hebrew word properly transliterated
Asherim.
13(18:30-35)George Williams, The Student’s
Commentary on the Holy Scritures, p.195.
14.(19:9-14)Ibid.,p.196.
15(19:15-18) Elijah must have directed his
successor, Elisha, to fulfill the Lord’s command to
anoint Hazael and Jehu, since these anointings took
place after Elijah’s homecall (2kgs. 8:7ff; 9:1ff) Elisha
was the only one of the three whom Elijah would
personally anoint.
16(20:35,36) Henry, “1 king,” II:692-93.
17(20:37-43) G. Campbell Morgan, Searchlights
from the Word, p.100.
NOTES