Practical Research
world. (Badke, 2002)
Research - a careful, systematic, patient study and
investigation in some field of knowledge, undertaken to
establish facts or principles
o “Re” = a new, over again
o “Search” = To examine closely
□ Scientific Methods consist of systematic
observation
o It can expand knowledge and new
discoveries
o Helps us look for ways to allocate scarce
resources
o Develops critical thinking and analysis
skills (Kothari, 2002)
Ethics of Research
Žukauskas, Vveinhardt and Andriukaitienė (2017)
emphasize that the researcher must possess:
□ Honesty – They do not fabricate, falsify, or
misrepresent data;
□ Objectivity – They avoids or minimizes bias or
self-deception;
□ Morality – They possesses the code of conduct
that would be accepted by anyone;
□ Integrity – They keeps their promises and
agreements
□ Carefulness – They avoids careless errors and
negligence
□ Openness – They is open to criticism and new
ideas
□ Respect to intellectual property – They learns
to acknowledge ideas and give credits to the
rightful owner
□ Confidentiality – They discloses sensitive and
personal information to protect the identity of
the person
□ Legitimacy – s/he gives accurate results of the
study
□ Anti-discrimination – s/he does not
discriminate someone else’s culture, tradition,
language, race, etc.
Inquiry – “Seeking for truth, information or knowledge”
□ It elevates your thinking power.
□ Solving problem does not only involve yourself
but other members of the society.
□ It has been said that experience is the best
teacher.
□ Whatever knowledge you have about your world
bears the influence of your cultural, sociological,
institutional, or ideological understanding of the
Types of Research
Based on Application of Research Methods
□ Pure Research – Deals with concepts,
principles, or abstract things. Scientist curiosity
or interest in a scientific question
□ Applied Research – apply chosen research to
societal problems or issues, finding ways to
make positive changes in society rather than to
acquire knowledge for knowledge sake.
Based on Purpose of the Research
□ Descriptive Research - aims at defining or
giving a verbal portrayal or picture of
something.
□ Correlational research - indicates the existence
of a relationship, the causes and ways of the
development.
□ Explanatory Research (Causal) - Elaborates or
explains not just the reasons behind the
relationship of two factors, but also the ways by
which such relationship exists.
□ Ethnographic Research - It refers to the
investigation of a culture through an in- depth
study of the members of the culture
□ Experimental Research - It is an objective,
systematic, controlled investigation, for the
purpose of predicting and controlling
phenomena and examining probability and
causality among selected variables.
□ Historical Research – It is one involving
analysis of events that occurred in the remote or
recent past.
□ Phenomenological Research - Its aim is to
describe an experience as it is actually lived by
the person.
□ Action Research - Ongoing practice of a school,
organization, community, or institution for the
purpose of obtaining results that will bring
improvements in the system.
Based on types of data needed
□ Qualitative Research - requires non- numerical
data, which means that the research uses words
rather than numbers to express the results
□ Quantitative Research - presents research
findings referring to the number or frequency of
something in numerical forms.
o Primary Data – obtained through direct
observation or contact with people,
objects, artifacts, paintings, etc.
 o Secondary Data – such data have
already been written about or reported
on and are available for reading
purposes.
Chapter 1
□ Introduction
o TOPIC : define and elaborate
o IMPORTANCE: cite the benefits
o REASONS: what motivated you
o PURPOSE: discusses the objective
□ Background of the Study
o consists of statements on what led the
investigator to launch the study.
o it is an overview of factors which have
led to the problem, comprise the
problem and historical significance
relative to the problem
□ Statement of the Problem
o There should be a general statement of
the whole problem followed by the
specific questions or sub problems into
which the general problem is broken up.
□ Scope and Delimitation
o The scope and delimitations should
include the following:
 A brief statement of the general
purpose of the study.
 The subject matter and topics
studied and discussed.
 The locale of the study, where
the data were gathered or the
entity to which the data belong.
o Delimitation – limit the scope and
define the boundaries of your study
o Limitation of the study – include the
weakness of the study beyond the
control of the researcher
□ Significance of the Study
o The rationale, timeliness and/or
relevance of the study. The rationale,
timeliness and/or relevance of the study
to existing conditions must be explained
or discussed.
o Who are to be benefited and how they
are going to be benefited.
□ Definition of Terms
o Terms should be defined operationally,
that is how they are used in the study.
o Definitions should a\be brief, clear, and
unequivocal as possible.
□ Qualitative Variable
o Categorical Variable
o Not Numerical
o It describes data that fits into categories
o Have no natural order
□ Quantitative Variables have a value and they
can be added, subtracted, divided or multiplied
□ Theoretical Framework
o Foundation of the research
o Theories that are established and proven
by authorities
o An organized body that explains what
has been done and what has been said on
the topic or problem being investigated.
o Name/s of authors of the theory
□ Organization of the Study
o How the study was organized
Review of Related Literature
□ Related Study and Concept
□ Supports your claims
Citations - A way of giving credit to individuals for
their creative and intellectual works
Citation Style – Dictates the information neccessary
□ APA (American Psychological Association) is
used by Education, Psychology, and Sciences.
□ MLA (Modern Language Association) style is
used by the Humanities.
□ Chicago/Turabian style is generally used by
Business, History, and the Fine Arts.
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