S rfinbm`s

rfinbm`s ab kfd t`mod`ko

t`mod`ko ûd ab `orb

S rfinbm` 1.;9

[b g` fisbrv`af qub ud` pn`dt` ab bdbreí` y` kfdstruoa` prfaukb ud` kfdkbdtr`koûd ab 93ni/g `
ud` aost`dko` ab 733m aorbkt`mbdtb bd n` n` aorbkkoûd abn vobtf absab n` kgombdb` , ku`daf bn
vobdtf sfpn` absab bn dfrtb ` 1 m/s , aur`dtb ud` sotu`koûd ab bst`ionoa`a kn`sb K, m`s `abn`dtb, sb
kfdstruyû ftr` pn`dt` 933m `n fbstb ab n` pn`dt` froeod`n.

Kfdsumb 1333 ni/g ab `kbotb kfmiustoinb qub kfdtobdb ud 3.2 pfr kobdtf ab `zujrb. N` sbeuda`
 pn`dt` tobdb ud` `ntur` bjbktov` ab kgombdb` ab :3m, y df tobdb
t obdb kfdtrfnbs ab bmosoûd abn [F 9. S`r`
n`s mosm`s kfdaokofdbs `tmfsjïrok`s kot`a`s, bstom`r bn pfrkbdt`hb ab `umbdtf ab n`
kfdkbdtr`koûd ab [F 9 bd bn nue`r sotu`af bd n` aorbkkoûd abn vobdtf abioaf ` n` sbeuda` pn`dt`.

A@QF[

 Sn`dt` 0
;
 K 0=93 ξe/m
  W=733m
 Aorbkkoûd abn vobdtf8 Dfrtb
 u=1 m/s
 Bst`ionoa`a kn`sb 8 K
 Sn`dt` 9
 933m `n fbstb
 q=1333 ni/g
 3.2 % ab [
 G=:3m

   
            

                     

        
S`r` bn `umbdtf ab kfdkbdtr`koûd8

    

 
Srfinbm` 1.;;
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N` kfdkbdtr`koûd ab `koaf sunjgíarokf, G9[, bs ab 22 ppm bd ud nue`r sotu`af `

023 m bd n` aorbkkoûd abn vobdtf absab ud pfzf ab pbtrûnbf `i`dafd`af ¶Kuàn
sbrà n` t`s` ab bmosoûd ab G 9[ abn pfzf, so nfs vobdtfs sfd ab 9.5 m/s bd ud`
t`rab sfnb`a` ab hudof, bd er`mfs pfr sbeudaf6 [upfde` ud` bmosoûd ` dovbn
subnf.

A`tfs

 P= 66 e/s

 x= 023 m

 R= 9.5 m/s

 J=t`rab sfnb`a` ab hudof

 K= 22 ppm

N` bku`koûd ab kfdvbrsoûd sb i`s` bd 92 ¸ K y 0 `tm

me/m; = (ppm W) (pbsf mfnbkun`r) / 91.12

(22)(;1.0)/91.2= 5:.220 me/m;

N` kfdkbdtr`koûd ` dovbn abn subnf ` j`vfr abn vobdtf absab ud` jubdtb pudtu`n `
dovbn abn subnf

K(x,y,z)=
  
  
bxp \
  
  
  ]

Bst` bku`koûd sb `pnok` ` n` kfdkbdtr`koûd ` nf n`ref ab n` nídb` kbdtr`n y ` dovbn

abn subnf, absab ud` jubdtb pudtu`n t`mioïd ` dovbn abn subnf

K(x,3,3)=

  
 
 =:  
= 9.9

5:.220 me/m; (023,3 ,3)=



     = :,;17.?? me/s

P= :.;17?? e/s

Srfinbm` 1.;1
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Rd jubef qub sb kfdsumb ` dovbn abn subnf bmotb mfdûxoaf ab dotrûebdf ` ud` t`s` ab ;.: e/s. [b
supfdb qub bn jubef bs ud` jubdtb pudtu`n sod bnbv`koûd bjbktov` ab n` pnum`. Abtbrmídbsb n`
kfdkbdtr`koûd ab Df aorbkt`mbdtb bd n` aorbkkoûd abn vobdtf, ` ud` aost`dko` ab 9.2 lm bd n`s
soeuobdtbs kfdaokofdbs `tmfsjïrok`s8 `) dfkgb duin`a`, vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf :m/s i) dfkgb
abspbh`a`, vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf ab ; m/s< y k) ud` t`rab p`rko`nmbdtb duin`a`, vbnfkoa`a abn
vobdtf ab 1 m/s.

 ()
S`r` bn odkosf `8

Dfkgb duin`a`8

   
Aost`dko`8 9.2 Lm=9233 m, vbn. Zobdtf=: m/s, k`tbefrí` ab bst`ionoa`a A,

    
   
S`r` bn odkosf i8

Dfkgb abspbh`a`8

   
Aost`dko`8 9.2 Lm=9233 m, vbn. Zobdtf=; m/s, k`tbefrí` ab bst`ionoa`a B,

   
   
S`r` bn odkosf k8

Q`rab p`rko`nmbdtb duin`a`8

   
Aost`dko`8 9.2 Lm=9233 m, vbn. Zobdtf=1 m/s, k`tbefrí` ab bst`ionoa`a K,

   
   

Srfinbm` 1.;2
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[b bmotb aoûxoaf ab `zujrb ` ud` t`s` ab 3.? le/s aur`dtb ud` `tmfsjbr` ab bst`ionoa`a
kn`sb I, qub tobdb ud er`aobdtb ab tbmpbr`tur` pftbdko`n ab 3.303 ³K/m. N` kfdkbdtr`koûd
ab [F9 bd bn e`s ab n` kgombdb` bs ab 1e/m; y n` tbmpbr`tur` y prbsoûd abn e`s ab n`
kgombdb` 052³K y ?73 mi`r, rbspbktov`mbdtb. N` vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf bs ab 1.7 m/s y su
tbmpbr`tur` bs ab 07 ³K. Bn aoàmbtrf ab n` kgombdb` bd su p`rtb supbrofr bs ab 2.2 m, y sb
supfdb qub n`s ftr`s prfpoba`abs abn e`s ab n` kgombdb` sfd n`s mosm`s qub n`s abn `orb.
Abtbrmod`r n` bnbv`koûd ab n` pnum` bd mbtrfs, pfr bdkom` ab n` kgombdb`, utonoz`daf8

   

`) N` bku`koûd ab Gfnn`da

     
      

 
  
          
 
 

Abspbh`daf Zs8

 
      
Zs=01.1 m/s

i) N` bku`koûd ab K`rsfd ‛ Mfsbs
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
   
     
   
       

k) N` bku`koûd mfaojok`a` ab Iroees

  
   
Afdab8

 
 
  
  
        
    


Sfr nf t`dtf8

 
 


a) N` bku`koûd mfaojok`a` ab Kfdk`wb

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 
  
 

   
   
 
Srfinbm` 1.;7

Bd bn prfinbm` 1.:, sb k`nkun` n` bnbv`koûd bjbktov` ab n` pnum` p`r` ud` `tmfsjbr`

dbutr`n, utonoz`daf afs jûrmun`s bmpírok`s. Rtonoz`r aokg`s jûrmun`s p`r` k`nkun`r n`
bnbv`koûd ab n` pnum` p`r` n`s mosm`s kfdaokofdbs, bxkbptf qub n` `tmfsjbr` bs `)
mfabr`a`mbdtb bst`inb kfd ud er`aobdtb ab tbmpbr`tur` pftbdko`n ab 3.33; ³L/m, y i)
bst`inb kfd ud er`aobdtb ab tbmpbr`tur` ab 3.337 ³L/m.

A@QF[
R= ;m/s
Zs= :m/s
a= 9m
Q`= ;33L
Q= 113L
[FNRKOFD8
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Srfinbm` 1.13

Afs gfrdfs `nombdt`afs kfd k`riûd absk`re`d ` n` mosm` kgombdb` qub tobdb ud` `ntur`
ab 033 m. K`a` gfrdf qubm` k`riûd ` n` t`s` ab 923 tfdbn`a`s k`a` 91 gfr`s. Bn `orb
p`r` n` kfmiustoûd sb sumodostr` ` ud` t`s` ab 03 ni pfr k`a` noir` ab k`riûd. Nfs e`sbs
s`nbd ab n` kgombdb` ` ud` vbnfkoa`a ab 93 pobs/s y ` ;23 ³J. N` tbmpbr`tur` `tmfsjïrok`
` n` s`noa` bs ab :3 ³J. N` vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf bs ab 03 monn`s/g ` 03 m. [upfde` ud`
`tmfsjbr` dbutr`n. K`nkønbsb bn v`nfr ab n` bnbv`koûd ab n` pnum` bd mbtrfs bmpnb`daf n`s
bku`kofdbs ab `) Gfnn`da, i) Kfdk`wb, k) Mfsbs-K`rsfd.

A`tfs8

Kfmiustoinb8 923 tfd/ 91g =0310:.5 Le/g

 @orb/kfmiustoinb8 03ni/ni

Zs = 93 Jt/s = :.3?: m/s

Qs = ;23 ³J = 11?.:5L

Q` = :3 ³J = 977.22 L

R = 03 monn`s/g = 1.1531 m/g

 @tmfsjbr` dbutr`n S = 030; mi`r (ioinofer`jí`)

[upfdobdaf ud aoàmbtrf ab ;.2m (sb prfpfdb ab ; ` 2 m)

Yb`kkoûd8 K + F9 KF9

M`s` ab kfmiustoinb8 0310:.5 Le/g x 0ni/3.121le = 99?11.; ni/g kfmiustoinb

Mfnbs ab kfmiustoinb8 99?11.; ni/g / 09 ni/nimfn = 0?09.3; nimfn/g

M`s` ab `orb8 03 (M kfmiustoinb) = 03 (99?11.; ni/g) = 99?11; ni`orb/g

Mfnbs ab `orb8 99?11; ni/g / 97.71 ni/nimfn = 5?22.59 nimfn/g

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Mfnbs ab F 98 5?22.59 x 3.90 = 0:53.5 nimfn F 9/g

M`s` ab F 98 0:53.5 nimfn/g * ;9ni/nimfn = 2;?:9.1 ni F 9/g

M`s` ab KF 98 0?09.3; nimfn K/g x 7109?.; ni/g * 3.121 le/0ni = ;70?1.5 Le/g

`) Kfd n` bku`koûd ab Gfnn`da

  \   ]

 
  \           
 ] 
i) Kfd n` bku`koûd ab Kfdk`wb

 
 

K`nkunf abn Pg

Pg = mKp(Qs  ‛ Q`)

Bn Kp p`r` bn KF 9 nf tfm`mfs ab n` ioinofer`jí` kfd ud v`nfr ab 3.72 LH/Le L ` 030; mi`r
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 
   
k) Kfd n` bku`koûd ab Mfsbs-K`rsfd

 
    
    

  
      

Nfs rbsunt`afs màs p`rbkoafs sb fitobdbd ab n`s bku`kofdbs ab Gfnn`da y Mfsbs-K`rsfd

tbdobdaf ud` bnbv`koûd ab n` pnum` ab 9; ` 91 m ab `ntur` abspuïs ab s`nor ab n`
kgomodb`.
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Rd e`s kfd ud` kfmpfsokoûd bsbdko`nmbdtb oeu`n ` n` abn `orb s`nb ab ud` kgombdb` kfd ud`
vbnfkoa`a ab 03 m/s. N` tbmpbr`tur` abn e`s bs ab 933³K, y n` tbmpbr`tur` `tmfsjïrok` bd nf `ntf
ab n` kgombdb` bs ab 3³K. Bn aoàmbtrf ab n` kgombdb` bs ab 03 m.

Abtbrmod`r bn v`nfr ab ∊g p`r` n` `tmfsjbr` dbutr`n utonoz`daf n` `) Bku`koûd 1.05, i) bku`koûd

1.07, k) bku`koûd 1.0?ª a) bku`koûd 1.93i y b) bku`koûd 1.90. N` vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf bd nf `ntf ab
n` kgombdb` bs ab 2 m/s.

`)

i)

[b sustotuyb n` øntom` p`rtb p`r` fitbdbr ud`

m`yfr bx`ktotua pfr8 Bdtfdkbs tbdbmfs jod`nmbdtb8

k)
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b)

Srfinbm` 1.19

Nfs a`tfs soe. [b `pnok`d ` ud` pn`dt` ab bdbreí` ab v`pfr qub kfdsumb k`riûd 8 `ntur` kgombdb`
933m, aoàmbtrf ?m, t`s` ab kfmiustoûd abn k`riûd 0 .0:2x03T: le/aí`, sumodostrf ab `orb 09 ni
`orb/ni k`riûd, tbmpbr`tur` abn e`s ` n` s`noa` ab n` kgombdb` 023³K, tbmpbr`tur` abn `orb
`miobdtb ` ;23 m 5³K, v`nfr k`nûrokf abn k`riûd 2923lH/le, kfdtbdoaf ab `zujrb abn k`riûd ;.0%,
kfdtbdoaf ab kbdoz` abn k`riûd 7%, kb doz` `rr`str`a` ` nf `ntf ab n` kgombdb` 73%, kfdaokofdbs
`tmfsjïrok`s tobmpf duin`af aur`dtb bn aí`, vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf :m/s ` ud` `ntur` ab 03m,
er`aobdtb ab tbmpbr`tur` dbutr`n. K`nkun`r n` `ntur` bjbktov` ab n` kgombdb` `)bk.1.05 i)bk.1.07 K)
bk1.0?i y a)bk1.93i

G=6

g=933m

A=?m

Kfdsumf ab kfmiustoinb Kk=0.0:2x03T: le/ao`=0;.17;7lekfmi/s

Ybn`koûd `orb/kfmiustoinb @/K= `orb 09 ni `orb/ni k`r iûd=0 `orb 09 le`orb/le k`riûd

Qs=0223³K=19;l

Q`=5³K `;23m ` 933m=1³K

z=7%
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Ue=weKk

Sbsf ab nfs e`sbs

we=@/K(0-z)=09(0-.7*.37*0;.17;7)=09.0;5le`orb/lekfmi

m=Ue=09.0;5le`orb/lekfmi*0;.17;7lekfmi/s=0:;.:2; le`orb/s

Pg=mKp(Qs-Q`)= 0:;.:2; le`orb/s(0.332LH/leL)(19;-955)L=91309.7LH/s

Qfm`daf Y y Kp abn `orb y S =0`tm

Zs=1mYQs/(S* aT9)=1*0:;.:2; le`orb/s*9?.1m/L*19;L/(0.3;;9*03T1le/mT9*σ*(?m)T9)

=;.3?:m/s

G=g+∊g

`)∊g=-3.9?Zsa/u+9.:9*PgT.2/u K`rsfd y Mfsbs

∊g=-3.9?*;.3?:*?/:+9.:9*91309.7T.2/:=::.;9

G=933+::.;9=9::.;9m

i) ∊g=(Zsa/u)(0.2+3.33?:*Pg/Zsa) Gfnn`da

∊g=(;.3?:*?/:)(0.2+.33?:*91309.7/;.3?:*?)=12.;?m G=912.;?m

k)∊g=1.50PgT3.111/uT3.:?1 Kfdk`wb

∊g=1.50*91309.7T3.111/:T3.:?1=00?.:2m

G=;0?.:2

a)∊g=3.;2*Zsa/u+9.:1PgT3.2/u (dbutr`n)

∊g=3.;2*;.3?:*?/:+9.:1*91309.7T3.2/:=:2.10m

G=9:2.10m

Srfinbm` 1.1;

[b g` gbkgf ud kànkunf ab n` kfdkbdtr`koûd ab kfdt`mod`dtbs bd ud nue`r abtbrmod`af, bd n`

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S`r` kfrrbn`kofdbs ab nfs a`tfs ab  p`r` bstom`kofdbs ab n` aospbrsoûd `tmfsjïrok`, sbeød sb vbd
nfs v`nfrbs típokfs bd nfs tr`i`hfs ab Qurdbr, k fdaukbd ` kfdkbdtr`kofdbs prfmbao`a`s aur`dtb ud
odtbrv`nf ab 03 mod. Sfr nf t`dtf ab `kubraf `n prfinbm` `n tbdbr ud tobmpf mbdfr ab 03 mod
tbdarbmfs ud m`yfr pfrkbdt`hb ab br rfr, abioaf ` qub ` tïkdok`s ab mubstrbf utonoz`a` bmpnb`a`
`neød ftrf odtbrv`nf, sbrà dbkbs`rof `hust`r nfs rbsunt`afs prfdfstok`afs pfr ud mfabnf ab
aospbrsoûd.

@abmàs qub ab `kubraf ` nfs mubstrbfs qub sb g`kbd g`st` `gfr`, nfs bjbktfs abn t obmpf ab
mubstrf sfd bxtrbm`a`mbdtb kfmpnbhfs. Sfr nf t`dtf ` m`yfr tobmpf ab mubstrbf, ab màs ab
udfs ku`dtfs modutfs, bd bstb k`sf kfmf :3 mod, bxostb ud` bku`koûd.

  
K9= Rd` kfdkbdtr`koûd absb`a`

K0= kfdkbdtr`koûd k`nkun`a` pfr n` bku`koûd ab aospbrsoûd

t 9= bs bn pbrofaf ab mubstrbf bd modutfs

t 0= bs 03 mod

q= ud v`nfr bdtrb 3.5 y 3.9

Kfmf vbmfs ab `kubraf ` n` bku`k oûd tbdbmfs ud a`tf abtbrmod`dtb ab nfs 03 mod.

SYFINBM@ 1.11

Rd` N`re` nídb` ab absbkgfs `eríkfn`s qub sb qubm` bd ud k`mpf sb pubab kfdsoabr`r kfmf ud`
jubdtb nodb`n odjodot`. Bd ud` t`rab abspbh`a` ab ftfðf, n` vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf bs ab 1.2m/s.
Abtbrmídbsb n` kfdkbdtr`koûd ab p`rtíkun`s p`r` nfs pbqubðfs `brfsfnbs `rr`str`afs pfr bn vobdtf,
` :33m bd aorbkkoûd abn vobdtf, so n` jubrz` ab n` jubdtb bs ab 3.9;e/ms.

A@QF[
W=:33m
R=1.2m/s
P=3.9;e/ms
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9q  0   G    9 
K  x, 3   0
bxp   
9    X u     X    
9
 9  

Afdab bn sbeudaf tbrmodf sb kfdvobrtb bd n` udoa`a pfr df sbr ud` jubdtb pudtu`n ` dovbn abn
subnf.

K  x,3  
9q


9 3.9; ms
 e 
  0.30?2  03 ;  e 
0 0 m;
9   9
  X u 9  13m 1.2 m s 
9

K  x,3   030?.2 m;
 e 
 

Rd` n`re` nídb` ab absbkgfs `eríkfn`s qub sb qubm` bd ud k`mpf sb pubab

kfdsoabr`r kfmf ud` jubdtb nodb`n odjodot`. Bd ud ` t`rab abspbh`a` ab ftfðf,
n` vbnfkoa`a abn vobdtf bs ab 1.2 m/s. Abtbrmídbsb n` kfdkbdtr`koûd ab
p`rtíkun`s p`r` nfs pbqubð`s `brfsfnbs `rr`str`afs pfr bn vobdtf, ` :33m bd
n` aorbkkoûd abn vobdtf, so n` jubrz` ab n` jubdtb bs ab 3.9;e/ms.

[fnukoûd8

A`tfs8

Z= 1.2 m/s

q=3.9;e/ms

ϋz=:33m

Ab n` bku`koûd 1.9: 3

  
    \   ]
  
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 
    
  