ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 1

Schedule
Week No. Lecture Tutorial
Week 1 Introduction to Statics, Statics of Particles, Equilibrium
10 Jan – 14 Jan 2022 of Rigid Bodies
Week 2 Analysis of Pin-Connected Structures (Trusses, Frames
17 Jan – 21 Jan 2022 and Machines)
Week 3 Introduction to Mechanics of Materials, Stresses and Tutorial 1 on Statics
24 Jan – 28 Jan 2022 Strains (Groups 2A,2B,2C,2D,2E)
Axially-Loaded Members
Week 4 Tutorial 1 on Statics
CNY on Tues 1 Feb,
31 Jan – 5 Feb 2022 (Groups 2H,2I,2J,2K,2L)
Makeup on Sat 5 Feb 10:30 am – 11:30 am
Tutorial 2 on Stress & Strain,
Week 5
Torsion of Cylindrical Shafts Axially Loaded Members
7 Feb – 11 Feb 2022
(Groups 2A,2B,2C,2D,2E)
Tutorial 2 on Stress & Strain,
Week 6
Transformation of Stress and Strain Axially Loaded Members
14 Feb – 18 Feb 2022
(Groups 2H,2I,2J,2K,2L)
Recess Week: Sat 19 Feb – Sun 27 Feb 2022
Quiz (All topics in Statics, Stress/Strain, Axially-Loaded Members)
Sat 5 Mar 2022, Time: 10:00 am – 11:00 am, LumiNUS + Zoom

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 2

Chapter 2 Transformation of Stress and Strain

Learning Objectives:
• Study states of stress and strain at points located on inclined planes using transformation of
stresses and strains Tension, Torsion, Bending
( x ,  y , xy )
• Mohr’s circle for plane stress & strain, principal stresses
& strains and maximum shear stress and strain

 max
2 1

• Analysis of thin-walled pressure vessels

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 3

Applications

Turbine blade stress analysis

Determine where and in which

direction the maximum stress
occurs

Predict crack direction &

principal normal stresses in
concreate beam

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 4

At a particular point A on the surface of an

aircraft making a landing, the stresses have
the magnitudes and directions depicted on
the stress element in Figure. Find
(a) The normal and shear stresses acting on
an inclined plane parallel to line a-a.
(b) The normal and shear stresses acting on
an inclined plane parallel to line b-b.
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 5

A closed-end cylindrical tank is constructed with a helical weld that makes an angle   50 0
about the longitudinal axis and supported by two cradles as shown in the Fig. (a). The vessel
has inner radius r  2 m, wall thickness t  10 mm, and is subjected to an internal pressure
of p  500 kPa. Find (a) The tangential and axial stresses. (b) The normal and shear stresses
acting perpendicular and parallel to the weld, respectively.

 y  xy
 x

t

a

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 6

z x

(a) Internal forces acting on a section of a body acted upon by external forces.
(b) Components of an internal force ΔF acting on a small area centered on point O.

Normal Stress:
Fx dFx
 xx   x  lim  As ΔA 0, stress state is at the point O.
A0 A dA
Shear Stresses: Note: Stress values depend on
Fy dFy magnitude of dF and also the
 xy  lim 
A0 A dA direction of dF.
F dF
 xz  lim z  z
A0 A dA
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 7

Convention for Denoting Stress (3D Element)

• Normal stress,  ij
y i – indicates the direction of a normal to the
plane on which the stress component acts;
 yy j – indicates the direction of the stress.
 yx Usually denoted by  ij , e.g.  xx
 yz
 xy For simplicity
 zy  xx  xx is written as  x
 xx O 
zx
 xz  yy is written as  y
 zz x
• Shear stress  ij
 yy
z i – indicates the direction of a normal to the
plane on which the stress component
acts;
j – indicates the direction of the stress.
e.g.  xy

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 8

Stresses in 3D Element
y
Stresses shown are all positive on a
 yy cube of 1 unit length
 yx
 yz For a small isolated element with
 xy
 xx  zy  xx planes perpendicular to coordinate
O  zx
1  xz axes and surrounding a point O, there
 zz x are 9 stress components:
1
1 3 normal stresses
 yy 6 shear stresses
z

As the size of parallelepiped reduces, in the limit, these 9 stress

components will define completely, the state of stress at point O.
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 9

The cube is stationary (in equilibrium), we consider shear stress equilibrium.

Take moments of x- and y-directed forces about z-axis
y
 xy (11) 1   yx (11) 1
 yy
  xy   yx
 yx
 yz
 xy From equilibrium (i.e. taking moment
 xx  zy  xx
O  zx about any axis), we can show that
1  xz
 zz x  xy   yx
1
1 Take moment about y-axis  xz   zx
 yy
z Take moment about x-axis  yz   zy
 xz (11) 1   zx (11) 1
Hence, number of “unknown” stresses reduced to 6. i.e.   xz   zx

 xx   x ,  yy   y ,  zz   z , xy , xz , yz  yz (11) 1   zy (11) 1
  yz   zy

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 10

Stress Component in 2D Case  z   xz   yz  0

Remaining stresses  x ,  y , xy

(a) Thin plate with in-plane loads

(b) Element in plane stress
(c) Two-dimensional (2D) presentation of plane stress
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 11

Stress Component in 2D Case (continued)

y
y x
 yx 
x y
xy
 xy 
x x x
z

y
Consider an arbitrary plane whose normal makes an angle θ with horizontal

Q. What are the values of  x , xy in terms of  x ,  y and  xy ?

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 12

Consider a cut section of 1 unit of thickness on the element

y
y

 yx 
x
Ty  xy
C x 
y x  xy x

x Tx 1

 xy y
1
 yx
A B x
y
Let T x and T y be the stress components of  x  and  x y  in x- and y-directions on
the cut plane BC.
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 13

Resolving forces in the x-direction

 x  AC 1   yx  AB 1  Tx  BC 1
C Ty
1 x
y
 Divide the above equation by BC
x Tx
AC AB
 xy Tx   x    yx 
BC BC
 yx
A B x
y

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 14

y
AC
 cos 
BC
C Ty
x
AB
y  sin 
  BC
x Tx
AC AB
Tx   x    yx 
 xy 1 BC BC
  yx   x cos    yx sin 
A B x
y  y  AB  1   xy  AC  1  Ty  BC  1

AB AC
Likewise, we can show that Ty   y    xy 
BC BC
  y sin    xy cos 
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 15

y
y x
C Ty
 xy  x
  Tx   x cos    yx sin 
x Tx
 xy 1 Ty   y sin    xy cos 
 yx
A x
B
y
Consider the equilibrium of forces on plane BC.
In the x direction:  x  BC  1  Tx  BC  1  cos   Ty  BC  1  sin 
  x  Tx cos   Ty sin 

In the y direction:  xy  BC 1  Ty  BC  1 cos   Tx  BC  1 sin 

  xy  Ty cos   Tx sin 

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 16

Substitute for Tx and Ty into Eqs. for  x and  xy

 y y x
 x  Tx cos   Ty sin   xy  Ty cos   Tx sin 
 yx 
Tx   x cos    yx sin  Ty   y sin    xy cos  x

xy

x  xy x
 x  Tx cos   Ty sin   xy   yx

 ( x cos    yx sin  ) cos   ( y sin    xy cos  )sin 

=  x cos2    yx sin  cos    y sin 2    xy sin  cos 
y
  x cos    y sin   2 xy sin  cos 
2 2
y

 xy  Ty cos   Tx sin 

z x
 ( y sin    xy cos  ) cos   ( x cos    yx sin  ) sin 
=  y sin  cos    xy cos2    x sin  cos    xy sin 2 
  xy (cos2   sin 2  )  ( y   x )sin  cos 
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 17

 x   x cos2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos 

 y y x
 xy   xy (cos   sin  )  ( y   x ) sin  cos 
2 2
 yx 
x

xy
Note that when the value of  is increased to    / 2 
 x is equivalent to  y , hence,  y can be found by x  xy x
substituting    / 2 for  in the expression for  x

sin(   / 2)  cos  , cos(   / 2)   sin 

y
 y   x cos 2 (   / 2)   y sin 2 (   / 2) y
 2 xy sin(   / 2) cos(   / 2)
  y   x sin 2    y cos 2   2 xy sin  cos  z x

Q: Is  y the same stress as  xy ?

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 18

 y y x
 y
C x Normal stress  yx 
x
xy

 xyShear stress x xy x
B
Normal stress
 y

y
Q: Is  y the same stress as  xy ? No! y

We have
z x
 x   x cos    y sin   2 xy sin  cos 
2 2

 y   x sin 2    y cos2   2 xy sin  cos 

 xy   xy (cos2   sin 2  )  ( y   x ) sin  cos 
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 19

Use relations: cos 2  cos2   sin 2   2 cos2   1  1  2 sin 2 

sin 2  2 sin  cos 
 x   x cos2    y sin 2   2 xy sin  cos  1  cos 2
cos2  
1  cos 2 1  cos 2 2
x y   xy sin 2 1  cos 2
2 2 sin 2  
 y x  y 2
 x  cos 2   xy sin 2 sin 2  2sin  cos 
2 2
 y   x sin 2    y cos 2   2 xy sin  cos 
1  cos 2 1  cos 2
x  y   xy sin 2
2 2
  y  x  y
 x  cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
 xy   xy (cos 2   sin 2  )  ( y   x ) sin  cos 
 x  y
  xy cos 2  sin 2
2
 x  y
 sin 2   xy cos 2
2

ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 20

Use relations: cos 2  cos2   sin 2   2 cos2   1  1  2 sin 2 

sin 2  2 sin  cos 
x y x  y
 x   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.1)
2 2
x y x  y
 y   cos 2   xy sin 2 (2.2)
2 2
x  y
 xy   sin 2   xy cos 2 (2.3)
2
Eqs. (2.1) – (2.3) is known as stress transformation equations.

Stresses on element A
inclined at θ counter-
Element A clockwise to the x-axis
ME2112 (Part 1) L1 - 21

Note that addition of Eqs. (2.1) and (2.2) leads to: x  y  x  y

 x   cos 2   xy sin 2
x  y  x  y 2 2
 x   y    cos 2   xy sin 2 x  y  x  y
2 2  y   cos 2   xy sin 2
2 2
x  y  x  y
  cos 2   xy sin 2   x   y
2 2
 x   y   x   y  constant (2.4)

Hence, the sum of the normal stresses on two perpendicular planes is invariant, i.e.
independent of θ.

Stresses on element A
inclined at θ counter-
Element A clockwise to the x-axis