LGEM
LU

EMCH
ETLC
GECEL
_
 
ETEMH
 

FCFMTEQL ALGECEL

TF^TH LBLCETEMH

LMTEQEDLD =

LCF^LBDF_ ML]T_H GLBIHBF]

CV[GECL GL__VIH ]LBKVLB

]LCEG GLCHHA ]LBDHQLC

O_FBDL BL_QLF[ GH_FBH

DEC]HB H_TFIL A_LBMH

Z]EMHCHIEL ]FGF]T_F E^

DHMFBTF

TF_F]L DF KF]V] IHB[LCF[ DF CLTH__F

MHCHGOEL

OL__LB\VECCL

?:?<
 

Ebtrhdummeýb

L cl lcturl df cl lseiblturl, phdfghs

ph dfghs mhgplrter ch rfcfvlbtf dfc lohrdlkf tfgìtemh

mhbmfrbefbtf l algecel, su cçbfl df tefgph nestýreml, chs tephs df algecel, cls deafrfbmels
nestýremls mucturlcfs y cls fxpfrefbmels mhgplrtedls fb fc lucl phr
p hr chs gefgorhs, nlb
fbrequfmedh fc mhbhmegefbth df fstf týpemh pfrtebfbtf df lohrdlr fb bufstrl ahrglmeýb
mhgh auturhs psemýchihs fb cl phstregfrçl df bufstrh irldh. Bh hostlbtf, thglr fc tfgl
mhbsfmufbtf df memch df vedl algecelr y su debìgeml fs df thtlc ebtfrås plrl mhbtebulr
dfslrrhcclbdh cl tfgìteml plrl su mhgprfbseýb y cls devfrsls aufrzls, rfclmehbfs, rfths y
thdh ch quf mhbccfvl cl fvhcumeýb df chs iruphs mhgh gemrh mucturl h ubedld shmelc quf fs
cl algecel0 mhgh fs mhstugorf df iruph lc prfsfbtlr mulcquefr prhmfsh fsmreth,
fbrequfmfghs fstf tfxth lblcçtemh mhb cl phrtldl, nhkl df prfsfbtlmeýb, ebtrhdummeýb,

mhbmcuseýb y oeocehirlaçl dfsdf cl bhrgl L.Z.L. Mhb fc aeb df pfrshblcezlr y mhchmlr fc

sfcch pfrshblc df bufstrhs trlolkhs, Mhbsedfrlghs pfrtebfbtf bh dfklr df cldh, afmnls,
luthrfs y phstucldhs quf shb prfphbdfrlbtfs plrl fc lbìceses shcemetldh ch quf pfrgetf
lriugfbtlr bufstrl phsturl mhcfmtevl.

 
 TF^TH LBLCETEMH

Debìgeml y memch df vedl algecelr.

Fc gltfrelc lohrdldh, quf mhbstl df = aufbtfs fc ceorh iuçl, y dhs lrtçmuchs ubh df fcchs df
rfveseýb dhmugfbtlc, mhbvfrifb fb chs phstucldhs fxpcemltevhs df cl debìgeml algecelr fb

mldl ftlpl dfc memch algecelr, phdfghs bhtlr mhgh shb chs devfrshs luthrfs quf p pclsglb
clsglb fc
tfglb y fxestf mefrtl segecetud fb fc lohrdlkf tfgìtemh y cl fxpcemlmeýb tfýreml mhb quf ch
lohrdlb0 dfsdf fc tfxth iuçl df Lycweb, (?:<=), fc lrtçmuch df rfveseýb dhmugfbtlc df
Ghrltth Qìzqufz, f tlc (?:<6) y Kudetn Fstrfgfrh y ^egfbl Ilmel Oelbmne,  sefbdh fc
 pregfrh df ubl cçbfl df tefgph gìs nestýreml y fc sfiubdh gìs rfmefbtf, ch mulc bh cf rfstl
egphrtlbmel l bebiubh y df chs dhs sf slml cls edfls prebmeplcfs plrl cl mhgprfbseýb df cl
debìgeml y memch df vedl algecelr quf bhs pfrgetf lblcezlr su mhbtfbedh y p
pclsglrch
clsglrch df
glbfrl lblcçteml.

Lnhrl oefb, dfsdf fc lohrdlkf df Lycweb, quf dhmugfbtl quf chs pregfrhs fstudehs quf

lohrdlrhb fc memch df vedl algecelr aufrhb dfsdf cl shmehchiçl, mhb fc lphrtf dfc luthr
Duvlcc, (<569), fc mulc fstlocfmf > ftlpls dfbtrh dfc memch algecelr quf vl dfsdf cl ubeýb df
 plrfkl nlstl cl gufrtf df chs dhs, shb cl olsf df hosfrvlmehbfs plrl chs seiuefbtfs luthrfs,
Cls ftlpls quf Duvlcc sfülcl shb; –ahrglmeýb df cl plrfkl y mhgefbzh df cl algecel, mrelbzl
ebemelc df chs nekhs, algecel mhb nekhs prffsmhclrfs, algecel mhb nekhs fsmhclrfs, algecel mhb
nekhs ldhcfsmfbtfs, algecel mhgh pcltlahrgl df clbzlgefbth, algecel fb sus lühs gfdehs y
algecel lbmelbl.‗ Zlrl <591, ]hchghb, mhbdfbsl fstls > ftlpls fb 6, rfslctlbdh;
Gltreghbeh, fc blmegefbth y mrelbzl df chs nekhs, cl ebdevedulmeýb df chs gefgorhs df cl
algecel, cl plrtedl df chs nekhs y cl ebtfirlmeýb df cls pårdedls. Nlcfy, (<5>:), cls mhgpecl

fb 1 ftlpls;‗ Fc ilclbtfh, fc gltreghbeh, fc blmegefbth df chs nekhs y fc trlth mhb fcchs, fc

 pfrçhdh ebtfrgfdeh, fc –dfstftf‗ df chs pldrfs y fc rfterh df cl vedl lmtevl y vfkfz.‗ Chs
ebemelcfs lphrtfs pfrgetefrhb chs phstucldhs seiuefbtfs phr devfrshs luthrfs lc gfbmehblr bh
shch fc fbmlofzldh df cls ftlpls sebh, cls mreses y mlgoehs quf fstls prhdumçlb fb cl
debìgeml gesgl, fs lsç mhgh chs seiuefbtfs luthrfs mhgh; Gebumneb, (<5>?), quf
mhbsedfrl; –fc memch df dfslrrhcch algecelr mhgh ub mhgphbfbtf mclvf fb thdl
mhbmfptulcezlmeýb df cl algecel mhgh sestfgl, yl quf cl uoeml fb fc tefgph y sus

mermubstlbmels mlgoelbtfs.‗ Lycweb, B. (?:<=). U phstfrehrgfbtf htrhs luthrfs mhgh Mlrtfr 

y GmIhcdrem` (<5>:), Tfr`fcsfb (<5>:), Mhgorem`-Irlnlg (<5>6), shb gfbmehbldhs fb fc
tfxth iuçl mhgh prhtlihbestls plrl cl mhgprfbseýb dfc tfgl. Lrrhklbdh phstucldhs mhgh cl
 vfrtemlcedld, nhrezhbtlcedld, debìgeml df fsperlc, dhbdf fxpcemlb mhgh fb cl pregfrl sf
trlsgetf mhstugorf, vlchrfs, tloûfs fbtrf cls ifbfrlmehbfs, cl sfiubdl, chs rfths, setulmehbfs
y rupturl df plrldeigls, mhstugorf y trldemehbfs quf mhchmlb cl debìgeml algecelr fb mreses
lc mhbtrlphbfrsf mhb cl vfrtemlcedld0 cls mreses prfsfbtldls sf rfprfsfbtlb fb = alsfs;

Ebsfrmeýb, dfsfstloecezlmeýb y rfshcumeýb0 lsç gesgh cls mhstugorf hoshcftls qufdlb

fcegebldls y sf fstlocfmfb bufvls debìgemls, mrffbmels h mhstugorfs dldls0 sfiûb cl tfhrçl
df Yltzclwem` quf nlocl df chs mlgoehs < y ? dhbdf sf lmhghdlb cls bhvfdldfs. Fc
ghdfch df fsperlc prhpufsth rfaefrf l cl ebtfrrfclmeýb ifbfrlmehblc quf fs cl cclgldl algecel
fxtfbsl.

Cufih df cl cçbfl nestýreml df

d f chs lphrtfs df luthrfs y phstucldhs, Lycweb thgl mhgh
rfafrfbmel cl luthrl, df ]hbyl _nhdfs (<599, <5><), ebsperldl fb cls ftlpls df dfslrrhcch df
Frem` Fremsshb y fstlocfmf cl ebtfrlmmeýb rfmçprhml fbtrf cls ftlpls, sus mreses y trlbsemeýb
bhrglcfs sfiûb fc pfrehdh quf cl algecel fstf fxpfregfbtlbdh, cl deafrfbtfs ahrgls df
larhbtlgefbth l fstls mreses df cls devfrsls algecels y cl ebtfrlmmeýb mhb fc mhbtfxth
fmhbýgemh y mucturlc dhbdf fståb vevfbmelbdh su dfslrrhcch0 prìmtemlgfbtf bh sf dfkl df
cldh chs mlgoehs bhgorldhs df chs luthrfs
l uthrfs quf lohrdlrhb chs pregfrhs fstudehs chs mulcfs
ebsperlb plrl cl dfaebemeýb df cls ftlpls dfc memch df vedl algecelr y su debìgeml, fs lsç
mhgh _nhdfs gfbmehbl cl pregfrl ftlpl mhgh fc ebemeh dfc gltreghbeh h plrfkl y quf
 oufbh quf bh fspfmeaequf ifbfrh su dfaebemeýb ch mulc pfrgetf fbtfbdfr cl debìgeml df cls
 plrfkls df htrls prfafrfbmels, fstl cl edfbteaeml mhgh <. Fc ebemeh dfc gltreghbeh
gltreghbeh y cl
debìgeml fb kufih fs cl ebtegedld vs edflcezlmeýb h dfsecuseýb, lquç sf rfslctl cl ftlpl df
bhvelzih, ebemeh l cl ebtegedld, cls fxpfmtltevls mrfldls y fc dfsmuoregefbth df cl rflcedld

mhbdumtulc y mhgphrtlgfbtlc df chs gefgorhs y cl ebtfrlmmeýb mhb cls algecels df h hreifb,

reifb,
ch quf trlf mhgh mhbsfmufbmels cls mreses df mhbhmfr chs deafrfbtfs plrldeigls, mhstugorf
y mucturl quf mhgplrterìb. ?. Fbarfbtlr fc mhbvfrtersf fb pldrfs, fb fstl ftlpl sf fbarfbtlb
fbarfbtlb
debìgemls shorf fc dfslrrhcch dfc pfraec df pltfrbedld, gltfrbedld, fc mhgplrter cl ltfbmeýb
y sf prfsfbtlb mreses plrl pldrf y gldrf quf vl dfsdf fc dfspclzlgefbth dfc lafmth y cl
ltfbmeýb nlmel fc pldrf nlstl fc dfsmuedh df cls bfmfsedldfs pfrshblcfs df cl gldrf, cl

luthrl dfaebf cl mreses mfbtrlc df fstl alsf mhgh rflolstfmegefbth vs fc lihtlgefbth y cl

luth loshrmeýb. ]etulmeýb quf sf vevf ubl vfz blmf ub bufvh gefgorh y cl ldlptlmeýb dfof
dlrsf fb chs nekhs ” nfrglbhs. Cl = ftlpl fs mulbdh chs nekhs vlb l cl fsmufcl mhgprfbdedl
dfsdf cl fbtrldl lc gfdeh fsmhclr nlstl cl ldhcfsmfbmel, fstl mhbccfvl fc rfth df mhgplrter cl
mrelbzl, cl fdumlmeýb mhb htrl ebstetumeýb, prhafshrfs, plrfs y htrhs lducths quf sf
mhbvefrtfb fb ghdfchs plrl chs pfqufühs nlstl su fdld df ldhcfsmfbtfs, chs rfths quf lquç
lohrdl cl algecel fs mhgplrter cl fbsfülbzl, tfbfr gìs fb mufbtl cls bfmfsedldfs
 ebdevedulcfs df chs nekhs y ldlptlrsf l cls mrffbmels aufrl dfc fbthrbh algecelr. Cl 4 ftlpl,
cl algecel mhb ldhcfsmfbtfs, cl luthrl mhbsedfrl quf fs cl ftlpl df glyhr rfth fb fc ìgoeth
algecelr, dfoedh l chs mlgoehs aesehcýiemhs y mhgphrtlgfbtlcfs df chs ldhcfsmfbtfs
ldh cfsmfbtfs y mhgh
fsths mufstehblb gìs cl luthredld gefbtrls mrfmfb fb su ebdevedulcezlmeýb, sf phbf l prufol
cl luthredld df chs pldrfs cls mulcfs dfofb fbmhbtrlr ub fqueceoreh
fq ueceoreh seb pfrdfr fc rhcc df cl
 pltfrbedld y ghdfchs phsetevhs l sfiuer, sf pufdf mhbsedfrlr desaubmehblcedld se chs pldrfs
sf thrblb rçiedhs glbtfbefbdh ubl rfclmeýb ofcemhsl h dfglseldh acfxeocfs quf phbil fb
refsih cl slbl fvhcumeýb h dfslrrhcch
d fslrrhcch df chs nekhs, chs mulcfs sf fbarfbtlb l cls bufvls
hpmehbfs df fxpfregfbtlr mhgh fc mhbsugh df drhils u htrhs mhgphrtlgefbths pfceirhshs
l chs quf sf vlb l fbarfbtlr phr prfseýb df plrfs y oûsqufdl df lmfptlmeýb. _nhdfs, (<5><),

sfülcl quf fc glyhr rfth fb fstl ftlpl fs mhbshcedlr ubl bufvl rfclmeýb pldrf ” nekhs plrl
supfrlr cl mreses. Fc laelbzlr chs rhcfs fb prh df cl ubedld algecelr pfrgeterì cl slbl
trlbsemeýb df ubl ftlpl l htrl. Cl 6 ftlpl, cl rfdummeýb df cl algecel phr cl plrtedl df chs
nekhs, fb cl gfdedl quf irldûlb, sf laelbzlb fb hmuplmehbfs, rfclmehbfs chs nekhs vlb
lolbdhblbdh fc nhilr plrl rflcezlr su prhpel vedl, fc pfrgeter
p frgeter cl slbl trlbsemeýb, seb mucpl,
seb tefgphs prfglturh plrl fcchs, almecetlrì cl trlbsemeýb bh shch df cl algecel hreifb, sebh
tlgoeåb df chs nekhs y su ebdfpfbdfbmel. Fb fstl ftlpl sf pufdf prfsfbtlr fc –sçbdrhgf dfc
bedh vlmçh‗ mulbdh fc glbfkh fghmehblc df cl plrtedl bh nl sedh ltfbdedh df glbfrl
 prfvel. 1 ftlpl, fc bedh vlmçh, fstl phbf lprufol fc rffbmufbtrh df plrfkl y cl

rfstrumturlmeýb df cl rfclmehbfs mhb chs nekhs, plrl laelbzlr chs lafmths seb dfsprfbdegefbth
thtlc y lsç fvetlr fc sçbdrhgf dfc bedh vlmçh y cl lafmtlmeýb l chs pldrfs chs mulcfs tefbfb
quf bfihmelr cl bufvl debìgeml df plrfkl seb fc rhcc pfrglbfbtf df cl pltfrbedld ”
gltfrbedld. Zhr ûctegh cl 9 ftlpl, Cl mhbkubmeýb df cls trfs ifbfrlmehbfs, ftlpl quf
 pfrgetf fc laelbzlgefbth algecelr fb ch quf rfspfmtl chs vlchrfs ebmucmldhs, cl mhnfrfbmel

df chs glyhrfs l ch clrih df su vedl, fc lphyh df chs lbmelbhs y fc glbtfbegefbth df dlths

nestýremhs algecelrfs quf laelbzlb cls mhstugorfs y trldemehbfs0 phr uctegh fstl luthrl
fsmuftlgfbtf fb fstf lplrtldh rfaefrf l cls rupturls algecelrfs, mhchmìbdhcl fb htrh tfrrfbh
df lbìceses, seb fbglrmlr cl bhrglcedld fb fstf prhmfsh.

L mhbtebulmeýb lblcezlrfghs chs fcfgfbths dfc memch vetlc algecelr quf sfiûb fsths luthrfs
Kudetn Fstrfgfrh y ^egfbl Ilmel Oelbmne, thdl algecel dfof vever y larhbtlr. Chs luthrfs
fb su horl Algecel y memch vetlc algecelr pclbtflb quf cl algecel dfof rfsphbdfr l ubls
fxeifbmels oìsemls y plrl fcch dfofb rflcezlr aubmehbfs pfrtebfbtfs mhgh shb, cl pregfrl,

Dlr lafmth, muedlr y fdumlr l sus nekhs. Fbaltezlb fb quf fstls aubmehbfs sf mhbvefrtfb fb cl
 pregfrl aufbtf df fstçguch plrl chs beühs, cl sfiubdl ¨ Cl algecel fs fc fsplmeh dhbdf chs
 beühs plslb df cl dfpfbdfbmel ebalbtec l cl vedl lductl. Zlrl almecetlr fsth, cl algecel mrfl fc
ìgoeth
ìgoeth df mhbtfbmeýb,
mhbtfbmeýb, lyudìbdhch
lyudìbdhch l lprfbd
lprfbdfr
fr l muedlrsf,
muedlrsf, tfbfr mhbaelbzl fb sç gesgh, sfr 
mlplz df thglr dfmesehbfs y df lmfptlr h rfmnlzlr ebacufbmels lkfbls¨ Kudetn  Fstrfgfrh y
^egfbl Ilmel Oelbmne, algecel y memch vetlc, Ebaerefbdh fb fstls laerglmehbfs qufdl mclrh
quf cl algecel fs fc pregfr fsmfblreh quf trlolkl phr fc mrfmegefbth dfc sfr, sf mhbvefrtf fb
ubl aufbtf phr fxmfcfbmel ifbfrldhrl df cls pregfrls fxpfrefbmels açsemls y fghmehblcfs,
 phr fbdf cl algecel tefbf quf fstlr mhbstetuedl df glbfrl ldfmuldl y hofdfmfr l ub
au
aubm
bmeh
ehbl
blge
gefb
fbth
th pfra
pfrafm
fmth
th.. Eb
Ebdfp
dfpfb
fbde
defb
fbtf
tfgfb
gfbtf
tf df chs
chs deaf
deafrf
rfbt
btfs
fs ebde
ebdeve
veduh
duhss qu
quff cl
mhbahrglb, nlmefbdh lcuseýb quf bh phdfghs qufdlrbhs mhb fc mhbmfpth trldemehblc df quf
cl algecel shch cl rfprfsfbtl pldrf y gldrf f nekhs, phr ch quf mulcquefr htrh gefgorh yl
sfl gldrf h pldrf mhb mulcquefr htrh ebdeveduh yl sfl df su mçrmuch algecelr h fxtfrbh
 pufdfb ccfilr l mhbstruer ubl algecel mhb mlrlmtfrçstemls ýptegls plrl dfslrrhcclr debìgemls
algecelrfs fstlocfs y dfbtrh df chs plrìgftrhs aubmehblcfs.

Chs phstucldhs bhs gufstrlb quf, l ch clrih df cl vedl, cls algecels ltrlvefslb destebths
tephs df mreses quf sfiûb cls mlrlmtfrçstemls df cls gesgls cls phdfghs, mclseaemlr fb mreses
fvhcutevls h ebfspfrldls. Fstls mreses shb dftfrgebldls phr deafrfbtfs lifbtfs mhgh ch fs ch

fvhcutevh quf hofdfmf l chs destebths prhmfshs y ftlpls pfrshblcfs y iruplcfs quf pldfmfb
 phr fxeifbmels dfc gfdeh, dfslaçhs y ldlptlmehbfs quf rfquefrfb df tefgph y fsplmeh,
tlgo
tlgoeå
eåb
b fs
fstì
tìb
b cl
clss mr
mres
eses
es eb
ebfs
fspf
pfrl
rldl
dlss qu
quff dlb
dlb vlch
vlchrr lq
lquf
ufcc
cchs
hs lm
lmhb
hbtf
tfme
mege
gefb
fbth
thss
trlbsmfbdfbtlcfs quf sumfdfb dfbtrh df sfbh algecelr mhgh cl pårdedl df ub gefgorh df cl

algecel. Mhb rfclmeýb l fstls mreses phdfghs dfmer quf cl supfrlmeýb l fccl dfpfbdfrì df cl
glbfrl df mhgh cl algecel cls lsugl, se fs df glbfrl phsetevl mhb fafmths mhbstrumtevhs
 plrl fcchs h df glbfrl bfiltevl mhb fafmths dfstrumtevhs quf pfbftrlb fb cls debìgemls
algecelrfs lafmtlbdh cl fsfbmel df cl gesgl.

Cls ftlpls dfc memch vetlc quf thdl algecel dfof fxpfregfbtlr shb; Mhbstetumeýb df cl plrfkl,
 Blmegefbth y mrelbzl, Nekhs fb fdld fsmhclr, Ldhcfsmfbmel, Mlslgefbth y slcedl df chs
nekhs dfc nhilr, Zlrfkl fb fdld gldurl y Lbmelbedld. Chs luthrfs glbeaefstlb fstls ftlpls
mhb thdhs chs dftlccfs quf mldl ubl ifbfrl fb ofbfaemeh df cls algecels, pfrh tlgoeåb
dfbhtlb cls prhocfgìtemls fxestfbtfs fb mldl ubl df fccls. Fb cl pregfrl ftlpl Mhbstetumeýb

df cl plrfkl
plrfkl ebdem
ebdemll quf lquç sf dl ebemeh l ub sestfgl chs mulcfs trlfrìb mhbseih mrffbm
mrffbmels,
els,
fxpfmtltevls y nfrfbmels algecelrfs quf dfofb mhbshcedlr plrl cl ubeýb fghmehblc, shmelc y
sfxulc, blmegefbth y mrelbzl cl destreoumeýb df rhcfs mhb rfclmeýb l fstl bufvl fxpfrefbmel y
 phdfr shrtflr cls setulmehbfs y dfglbdls quf fstl dfglbdl lplrtf df cl tfbseýb y cls
 deaemuctld plrl phbfrsf df lmufrdh fb cls destebtls hoceilmehbfs, Fdld fsmhclr chs pldrfs
tfbdrìb phr pregfrl vfz ubl eglifb fxtfrbl df su nekh, cl eglifb quf cf trlbsgeterìb chs
glfstrhs,
glfstrhs, Ldhcfsmfbmel
Ldhcfsmfbmel cuilrfs
cuilrfs dhbdf chs pldrfs bh shb ebvetldhs l plrtemeplr.
plrtemeplr. Fs ubl
ftlpl df irlbdfs turoucfbmels
turoucfbmels fghmehblcfs
fghmehblcfs plrl fc ldhcfsmfbt
ldhcfsmfbtff quf ltrlvefsl fc dfsla
dfslaçh
çh df
trlbsahrglrsf fb lducth (dfklbdh cl eglifb edflcezldl df chs, pldrfs df cl ebalbmel), dfaeber 

su edfbtedld sfxulc y mhbquestlr mefrth irldh df luthbhgçl fb ch fghmehblc y gfbtlc,

]lcedl df chs nekhs dfc nhilr L plrter df fstf ghgfbth chs pldrfs dfofrìb rfmhbhmfr l cl
bufvl algecel mhgh deafr
deafrfbtf
fbtf y mhb mlrlmtfrçstemls
mlrlmtfrçstemls prhpels, lmfptlbdh
lmfptlbdh cl ebmhrp
ebmhrphrlme
hrlmeýb
ýb df
htrhs fb cl vedl algecelr,
algecelr, Fdld Gldurl dhbdf tfbd
tfbdrìb
rìb cl hphrtubedld,
hphrtubedld, df rflcezl
rflcezlrr mhsls
 phstfrildls durlbtf
du rlbtf cl kuvfbtud, desarutlr df chs befths y sfiuer ifbfrlbdh prhyfmths, plrl
htrhs,, Lbmelbedld
htrhs Lbmelbedld Mldl ubh df chs ebtfi
ebtfirlbtf
rlbtfss suarerì mlgo
mlgoehs
ehs l bevfc mhrphrlc (gl
(glyhr 
yhr 
arliecedld, fbafrgfdldfs mrýbemls, ftm.) y/h fghmehblc, pfbslgefbths mhb rfspfmth l cl
gufrtf, pårdedl df sfrfs qufredhs, ftm.), fs fc aeb df su vedl lmtevl y fc plsh nlmel ubl ftlpl
–egprhdumtevl

L glbfrl df mhbmcuseýb phdfghs lblcezlr fstf tfgl df algecel y memch vetlc mhgh lqufc
 prhmfsh df iåbfses, dfslrrhcch y aeb df
d f cls algecels, tfbefbdh mclrl quf mhgh thdh prhmfsh
mhb sf
sfrf
rfss nugl
nuglbh
bhss fs mhg
mhgpc
pcfk
fkh
h y guy
guy ebtf
ebtfrf
rfsl
slbt
btff pl
plrl
rl fstu
fstude
deh
h yl quf phs
phseo
eoec
ecet
etll cl

hphrtubedld df dhmugfbtlrbhs y ahrglrbhs mhb tfgls quf fbrequfmfb bufstrl fxpfrefbmel

y bhs
bhs pr
prfd
fdes
esphb
phbfb
fb plrl
plrl la
larh
rhbt
btlr
lr fstf
fstf te
teph
ph df se
setu
tulm
lmeh
ehbf
bfss mhb
mhb gl
glyh
yhrr lriug
lriugfbt
fbth
h y
rlmehb
rlmehblce
lcedld,
dld, df fst
fstll glbfrl
glbfrl phdfg
phdfghs
hs ebafre
ebafrerr quf cl alg
algece
ecell tlg
tlgoeå
oeåb
b fs ub fsm
fsmfblr
fblreh
eh
mhgpcfkh plrl fc fstudeh mefbtçaemh df prhmfshs mhibetevhs, mhbdumtulcfs y nuglbezldhrfs,
tlbth pfrshblcfs mhgh shmelcfs, yl quf dfsdf fc sfbh df ubl algecel sf mhgefbzlb l
fstloc
fstlocfmf
fmfrr rhc
rhcfs
fs mhg
mhgh
h cl rfp
rfprhd
rhdumm
ummeýb
eýb,, prh
prhmfs
mfsh
h phr fc mulc sf ubf dhs pfrshbls
pfrshbls plr
plrll
 prhmrflr htrh sfr mhb segecetudfs y deafrfbmels quf rfacfklb fc aruth df su ubeýb, cl
 prhtfmmeýb fstlr lcfrtl l mulcquefr setulmeýb df pfceirh y vfclr phr fc oefbfstlr dfc iruph fb
fstf mlsh cl algecel, cl shmelcezlmeýb prhmfsh phr fc mulc ubl pfrshbl sf mhgubeml df glbfrl
 pfrshblc y ûbeml, fb cl algecel cl shmelcezlmeýb sf dl df glbfrl gìs çbtegl

ebmhbsmefbtfgfbtf cufih plsl l sfr mhbsmefbtf, y phr ûctegh cl fdumlmeýb prhmfsh phr fc
mulc cls pfrshbls dfslrrhcclb prhmfshs df lprfbdezlkf y mhbstruyfb pfbslgefbths tfbefbdh
mhgh peclr thdhs chs lafmths y vlchrfs quf ccfilb df pldrf y gldrf. ]efgprf sfrì pfrtebfbtf
 plrl ub psemýchih fbtfbdfr mhgh fs cl debìgeml algecelr df ub mhbsuctlbtf yl quf df su
mhbstetumeýb, fvhcumeýb y hrilbezlmeýb algecelr sf fbglrmlb gumnhs lspfmths olsfs dfc sfr 
nuglbh
nuglbh tlc
tlcfs
fs mhg
mhgh
h dft
dftfrg
frgebe
ebesgh
sghss oeh
oehcýi
cýiemh
emhs,
s, ifb
ifbåte
åtemhs
mhs,, mhbd
mhbdumt
umtulc
ulcfs,
fs, muc
muctur
turlcf
lcfss y
lxehcýiemhs. Fb aeb, cl algecel sf mhbvefrtf fbthbmfs fb ub fsmfblreh prhpemeh plrl irlbdfs
 fxpfrefbmels y gûctepcfs mrfmegefbths dfc sfr nuglbh, dhbdf sf ebemelb irlbdfs prhmfshs df
cl pfrshbl mhb lsefbths fstlocfmedhs h dhbdf plrtfb irlbdfs prhocfgls mhb olsfs sýcedls, fs

 phr fcch quf cl algecel sf mhbvefrtf fb ub gltfrelc egphrtlbtçsegh plrl fc fstudeh df cls
mefbmels shmelcfs y nuglbls muyh hokftevh fs vfclr phr fc dfslrrhcch lrgýbemh dfc sfr df
glbfrl ebdevedulc y fb shmefdld.

Mhbmcuseýb

Fc lohrdlkf dfc gltfrelc df lphyh, bhs lphrtý fc suaemefbtf gltfrelc, plrl ccfvlr lc iruph l
lblcezlr chs devfrshs mhgphbfbtfs quf dftfrgeblb cls alsfs dfc memch vetlc algecelr y sus
debìgemls, aeblcezldh fc fkfrmemeh lmldågemh rfslctlbdh nlcclzihs mhgh cl mhbirufbmel
fbtrf luthrfs y cl alctl df ubl bhrgltevl fb chs bufvhs fsmfblrehs df debìgeml algecelr lc
 prfsfbtlrsf fvfbtulcedldfs quf mldl vfz shb gìs mhgubfs mhgh fs fc mlsh df cls
sfplrlmehbfs, devhrmehs y veudfz y cl mhbahrglmeýb h ubeýb df htrls algecels bufvls, mhgh
tlgoeåb cls shmelcgfbtf lmfptldls fb lciubhs tfrrethrehs mhgh cl df gefgorhs dfc gesgh
sfxh, chs luthrfs bhs pfrgetefrhb rfmhbhmfr cl fvhcumeýb nestýreml dfc memch df vedl algecelr
y sus debìgemls y l cl vfz
v fz bhs dfspefrtlb cl ebqueftud fb pclsglr cls bufvls
mhbahrglmehbfs algecelrfs quf plrl fstf tefgph nestýremh fgpefzlb l sfr mldl vfz gls
lmfptldls. Fs gfbfstfr mhgh fstudelbtfs dfc mhgphrtlgefbth nuglbh lohrdlr fstls
tfgìtemls bhvfdhsls, fstudehs y rfvesehbfs plrl lphrtlr l cl shmefdld ubl bufvl
mhbahrglmeýb df algecels lmtulcfs, auf thtlcgfbtf fbrequfmfdhr fstf fkfrmemeh lmldågemh y
qufdlghs fbtuselsgldh mhb cl rftrhlcegfbtlmeýb y fc mhgplrter fb fc lucl.
 

Oeocehirlaçl

Lycweb, B. (?:<=). Trlolkh shmelc algecelr (=l. fd.). ]lbtelih,

]l btelih, Mnecf, Mnecf; Fdethrelc
fohh`s Zltlihbel - Fdemehbfs VM. _fmupfrldh df
nttps;//fceorh.bft/fs/frfldfr/ubegebuth/199<18plif7<4=.
nttps;//fceorh.bft/fs/frfldfr/ubegebuth/199<18plif7<4=.

]fgfbhvl Ghrltth Qìsqufz, Bldel, & [lpltl Zhsldl, Khnlbbl Klzgçb, & Gfsslifr,
Tltelbl (?:<6). Mhbmfptulcezlmeýb df memch vetlc algecelr; ubl gerldl l cl prhdummeýb
durlbtf fc pfrehdh mhgprfbdedh fbtrf chs lühs ?::? l ?:<6. MF] Zsemhchiçl, >(?),<:=-<?<.
Pafmnl df Mhbsuctl =: df Hmtuorf df ?:?<W. E]]B; . Desphbeocf fb;
nttps;//www.rfdlcym.hri/lrtemuch.hl8ed74?=64?4<9::1