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 PREFACE
“Loyola Computer Science “ is in your hands.
Students with average IQ always struggle to cope up studies.
They always seek for the best, sources to learn and score high marks.
The pattern of the question being asked in the exams has changed
dramatically and the difficulty level has also increased considerably. To

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succeed in board exams and to actualize your dream, you are required

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to prepare strategically and study in a focused manner.
This book gives important tips which covers the entire chapter.

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Loyola serves the above cited purpose in perfect manner.
➢ Specially designed for coaching students of different levels.
ka
(Slow learners, average and Topper students)
➢ Lot of additional questions are given for toppers
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➢ The “EC Computer Science” is prepared with due care on the lines
of the Govt. Examination Valuation, the easy method of studying, the
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lesson and the perfect way of answering the questions.

➢ The answers are well prepared, briefly and easily for the students to
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study without any difficulty and stress.

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➢ Simplified text matter

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➢ Focused on coverage of textbook.

➢ MCQ’s are framed based on new pattern.
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➢ Included PTA questions and Govt. question papers with their key.
➢ Comprehensive questions are designed for average and above
average students based on key points.
Wish you All the Best
Loyola Publication
 CONTENTS
bghUsl¡f«

myF ,ay; ghlj;jiyg;g[fs; gf;f vz;

n
1 braw;TW 5

l.i
2 jut[ mUtkhf;fk; 15
myF ? 1 tiubay;iy
3 23

da
4 bewpKiwapd; a[f;jpfs; 33
igj;jhd; mwpKfk; ? khwpfs; kw;Wk;
5 braw;Fwpfs; ka 46

6 fl;Lg;ghl;Lf; fl;likg;g[fs; 55
myF ? 2
7 igj;jhd; braw;TWfs; 67
vi
8 ru=;fs; kw;Wk; ru=;fisf; ifahSjy; 82
Lists, Tuples, Sets kw;Wk; Dictionary bjhFg;g[
al

9 jutpd=;fs; 93
myF ? 3
10 igj;jhd; ,df;FGf;fs; kw;Wk; bghUs;fs; 111
.k

11 jut[j;js fUj;JUf;fs; 121

tpdty; mikg;g[ bkhHp
w

myF ? 4 12 137
13 igj;jhd; kw;Wk; CSV nfhg;g[fs; 160
w

14 igj;jhdpy; C++ epuy;fis ,wf;fk; bra;jy; 175

15 SQL @yk; jut[fisf; ifahSjy; 189
w

myF ? 5 jut[f; fhl;rpg;gLj;Jjy; : PYPLOT gad;gLj;jp

16 ? nfhl;L tiuglk;/ tl;l tiuglk; kw;Wk; 206
gl;il tiuglk; cUthf;Fjy;
bgw;nwhh; Mrphpah; fHfk; khjpup tpdhj;jhs; 219
muRj; njh;t[ (khh;r; 2020) 232
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;
ghlk; ? 1
myF I braw;TW

braw;TW ? xU ghh;it
bewpKiwfis btspg;gLj;jg;gLj;Jjy; :
z bewpKiwfs; epuyhf;f bkhHpapd; TWfisg; gad;gLj;jp btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd.
Jizepuy;fs; :

n
z xU Fwpg;gpl;lr; braiyr; bra;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpKiwapd; rpwpa gFjp.
braw;TW :

l.i
z braw;TwhdJ gytif cs;sPLfshf khwpfs; kw;Wk; nfhitfspd; kPJ bray;gl;L epiyahd
btspaPl;ilj; jUfpwJ.

da
tiuaiwfs;:
z tiuaiwfs; jdpj;jd;ikahd bjhlhpay; bjhFjpfisf; bfhz;ljhFk;.
msg[Uf;fs;:
ka
z msg[Uf;fs; vd;gJ braw;TW tiuaiwapy; cs;s khwpfs; MFk;.
vi
braYUg[f;fs; :
z braYUg[f;fs; vd;gJ braw;TW tiuaiwf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;g[fs; MFk;.
al

bghUs; :
z bghUs; vd;gJ ,df;FGthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rhd;WU MFk;.
.k

,ilKfk; :
z ,ilKfk; vd;gJ xU bghUs; bra;af;Toa eltof;ifia tiuaWf;fpwJ.
w

z Mdhy; mtw;iw cz;ikapy; bra;af;ToaJ ,y;iy

bray;gLj;Jjy; :
w

z bray;gLj;Jjy; ,ilKfj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lisfis epiwntw;WfpwJ.

w

Pure braw;TW :
z xnu khjphpahd mnj msg[Uf;fis mDg;g[k;nghJ/ rhpahd tpiliaj; jUk; braw;TW pure
braw;TW vdg;gLk;.
Impure braw;TW :
z msg[Uf;fis mDg;g[k; nghJ gf;ftpist[fis Vw;gLj;Jk; braw;TW impure braw;TW
vdg;gLk;.
jw;RHw;rp braw;TW :
z jd;idj; jhnd miHj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; braw;TW tiuaiwf;F jw;RHw;rp braw;TW vd;W
bgah;.

5
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

gFjp - I g[j;jf tpdhf;fs;

I. rhpahd tpilia njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. (1 kjpg;bgz;)
1. xU Fwpg;gpl;lr; braiyr; bra;tjw;fhf gad;gLj;jg;gLk; FwpKiwapd; rpwpa gFjpna
m) Jizepuy;fs; M) nfhg;g[fs; ,) pseudo FwpKiw <) bjhFjpfs;
tpil: m) Jizepuy;fs;
2. gpd;tUk; ve;j myF xU bghpaFwpKiw fl;likg;gpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ>
m) Jizepuy;fs; M) braw;TW ,) nfhg;g[fs; <) bjhFjpfs;
tpil: M) braw;TW
3. gpd;tUk; vJ jdpj;jd;ikahd bjhlhpay; bjhFjpfisf; bfhz;ljhFk;>
m) Jizepuy;fs; M) braw;TW ,) tiuaiw <) bjhFjpfs;

n
tpil: ,) tiuaiw

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4. braw;TW tiuaiwapy; cs;s khwpfs; vt]thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) Jizepuy;fs; M) braw;TW ,) braw;TW <) braYUg[

da
tpil: <) braYUg[
5. braw;TW tiuaiwf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;g[fs; vt]thW miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>
m) braYUg[fs; M) Jizepuy;fs; ,) braw;TW <) braw;TW
ka
6. jut[tif Fwpg;g[ vGJk; nghJ/ vJ fl;lhakhfpwJ>
m) tpil: braYUg[fs;

m) { } M) ( ) ,) [ ] <) < >

vi
tpil: M) ( )
7. gpd;tUk; vJ xU bghUs; bra;a ntz;oaijj; jPh;khdpf;fpwJ>
m) ,af;fmikg;g[ M) epuy;bgah;g;gp ,) ,ilKfk; <) bjhFg;ghd;
al

tpil: ,) ,ilKfk;
8. gpd;tUk; vJ ,ilKfj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;l fl;lisfis epiwntw;WfpwJ>
.k

m) ,af;fmikg;g[ M) epuy;bgah;g;g[ ,) bray;gLj;Jjy; <) bjhFg;ghd;

tpil: ,) bray;gLj;Jjy;
w

9. xnu khjphpahd mnj msg[Uf;fis braw;TWtpf;F mDg;gpdhy; rhpahd tpiliaj; jUk; braw;TW
vt]thW miHf;fg;gLk;.
w

m) impure braw;TW M) partial braw;TW ,) dynamic braw;TW <) pure braw;TW

tpil: ,) dynamic braw;TW
w

10. msg[Uf;fis mDg;g[k;nghJ gf;ftpist[fis Vw;gLj;Jk; braw;TW vt]thW miHf;fg;gLk;>

m) impure braw;TW M) partial braw;TW ,) dynamic braw;TW <) pure braw;TW
tpil: m) impure braw;TW
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp (2 kjpg;bgz;)

1. Jizepuy; vd;why; vd;d> PTA - 1

z Jizepuy;fs; fzpdp bkhHpfspd; mog;gilf; fl;Lkhd bjhFjpahf tps=;Ffpd;wd.
z Jizepuy;fs; vd;gd xU Fwpg;gpl;l braiy kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; bra;ag;gad;gLk; rpwpa epuy;
bjhFjpahFk;.
z epuyhf;f bkhHpfspy; ,j;Jizepuy;fs; braw;TWfs; (Functions) vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpd;wd.

6
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

2. epuyhf;f bkhHpiag; bghWj;J braw;Tiw tiuaWf;ft[k;.

z braw;TW vd;gJ FwpKiwapd; xU myF MFk;.
z ,J bgUk;ghYk; xU bghpa FwpKiw fl;likg;gpy; tiuaWf;fg;gLk;. Fwpg;ghf/ FwpKiwapd;
bjhFg;igf; bfhz;oUf;Fk;/
z braw;TwhdJ gytif cs;sPLfshf khwpfs; kw;Wk; nfhitfspd; kPJ bray;gl;L epiyahd
btspaPl;ilj; jUfpwJ.
3. X : = (78) ,jd; @yk; mwptJ vd;d>
z tiuaiwfs; jdpj;jd;ikahd bjhlhpay; bjhFjpfisf; bfhz;ljhFk;.
z tiuaiwfs; cs;sikthf cs;s nfhitfisf; bfhz;ljhfnth my;yJ neh;khwhfnth
,Uf;fyhk;.

n
z X:=(78) vd;gjpy; (78) xU braw;TW tiuaiw MFk;.
tiuaiwfs;/ kjpg;g[fisg; bgaUld; gpizf;fpd;wd.

l.i
z
z ,=;F 78 vd;w kjpg;g[ ‘X’ vd;w bgaUld; gpizf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

da
4. ,ilKfj;ija[k;/ bray;gLj;Jjiya[k; ntWgLj;Jf. PTA - 3

,ilKfk; bray;gLj;Jjy;

Mdhy; mtw;iw cz;ikapy; bra;af;ToaJ ,y;iy.

ka
xU bghUs; bra;af;Toa eltof;ifia tiuaWf;fpwJ. ,ilKfj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s
fl;lisfis epiwntw;WfpwJ.
vi
5. gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; vJ rhjhuz braw;TW tiuaiw kw;Wk; vJ jw;RHw;rp braw;TW tiuaiw>
i) let rec sum x y:
return x + y
al

jw;RHw;rp braw;TW
ii) let disp :
.k

print ‘welcome’
rhjhuz braw;TW
w

iii) let rec sum num!:

w

if (num!=0) then return num + sum (num-1)

else
w

return num
jw;RHw;rp braw;TW

III. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp (3 kjpg;bgz;)

1. ,ilKfj;jpd; gz;g[f;TWfs; ahit>

z xU bghUis Kiwahf cUthf;fp tH=;Fk;/ mjidr; bray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; njitahd
,ilKfj;ij ,df;FG thh;g;g[U Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
z braw;TWfisg; bghUSf;F mDg;g[tjd; @yk; bghUspd; gz;g[fisa[k; gz;g[f; TWfisa[k;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KofpwJ.

7
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

2. strlen Vd; pure braw;TW vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>

z xnu khjphpahd mnj msg[Uf;fis mDg;g[k;nghJ/ rhpahd tpiliaj; jUk; braw;TW pure
braw;TW vdg;gLk;
z strlen vd;gJ pure braw;TwhFk;. Vbdd;why; braw;TW msg[Uthf xnu xU khwpia
vLj;Jf;bfhz;L mjDila ePsj;ijf; fzf;fpLfpwJ.
z ,e;j braw;TW btsp epidtfj;jpy; ,Ue;J cs;sPl;il vLj;Jf;bfhs;fpwJ. Mdhy; kjpg;g[fis
khw;Wtjpy;iy. jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kjpg;g[fs; btsp epidtfj;jpy; ,Ue;J bgwg;gl;ljhFk;.
3. impure braw;TWtpd; gf;f tpist[fs; ahit> vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
z braw;TW ftdpf;fj;jf;f btspa[yf bjhlh;gpy; ,Uf;Fk; nghJ gf;f tpist[fis Vw;gLk;.
z braw;TWf;F msg[Uf;fis mDg;gpj;j nghJk;/ braw;Twpd; cs;ns cs;s khwpahdJ gf;f
tpist[fis Vw;gLj;Jk;. ,e;j tifahd braw;Tiw impure braw;TW vd;gh;.

n
z xU braw;TW me;j tiuaiw bjhFjpapd; btspna cs;s khwpfs; my;yJ braw;TWfisr;
rhh;e;J ,Ue;J xt]bthU Kiw miHf;Fk; bghGJk; braw;TW xnu khjphpahf ,af;fg;gLk;

l.i
vdf; Tw ,ayhJ.
vLj;Jfhl;L:
random () vd;fpw fzpj braw;TW xnu khjphpahd miHg;g[f; Tw;Wf;F btt]ntW tpjkhd

da
btspaPLfisf; bfhLf;Fk;.
let Random number
let a: = random () ka
if a > 10 then
return : a
else
vi
return: 10
 ,=;F/ random vd;gJ impure braw;TW MFk;. Vbddpy; ,jid miHf;Fk; bghGJ
al

vd;d tpil fpilf;Fk; vd epr;rakhf Tw ,ayhJ.

4. pure kw;Wk; impure braw;Tw;iw ntWgLj;Jf. khu;r; 2020 PTA - 6
.k

pure braw;TW impure braw;TW

w

pure braw;TWtpd; jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kjpg;g[ impure braw;TWtpd; jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kjpg;g[
Kw;wpYk; msg[Uf;fis bghWj;nj mika[k;. Kw;wpYk; msg[Uf;fis bghWj;J mikahJ.
w

mjdhy; pure braw;Twpid mnj mjdhy; impure braw;Twpid mnj

msg[Uf;fisf; bfhz;L miHj;jhy; msg[Uf;fisf; bfhz;L miHj;jhy;
w

vg;bghGJk; mnj jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kjpg;ng btt;ntwhd jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kjpg;g[ fpilf;Fk;.
fpilf;Fk;.
pure braw;TW ve;j gf;f tpist[fisa[k; impure braw;TW gf;f tpist[fis
bfhz;oUf;fhJ. bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
pure braw;TW msg[Uf;fis khw;wk; impure braw;TW msg[Uf;fis
bra;ahJ. khw;wk;bra;a[k;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : strlen(), sqrt() vLj;Jf;fhl;L : random(), date()

8
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

5. xU braw;TWf;F btspna xU khwpia khw;wpdhy; vd;d tpist[fs; Vw;gLk;> xU vLj;Jf;fhl;L

jUf.
z xU braw;TWf;F btspna xU khwpia khw;wpdhy; rpygf;f tpist[fis milahsk; fhz;gJ
vspjhFk; kw;Wk; rpy nahrpf;f jFe;jjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
let y:=0
(int)inc (int)x
y:=y+x;
return(y)
nkny Twg;gl;l vLj;Jf;fhl;oy;/ y-d; kjpg;g[ braw;TW tiuaiwapd; cs;ns khWtjhy;
tpilahdJ xt]bthU Kiwa[k; khWk;. int ( ) braw;TWtpd; gf;f tpist[ vd;dbtd;why;

n
btspg;g[w khwpahd ‘y’ d; kjpg;ig khw;WtjhFk;.

l.i
IV. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp (5 kjpg;bgz;)

da
1. braYUg[fs; vd;why; vd;d> PTA - 2
(m) jut[tif ,y;yhj msg[Uf;fs;
(M) jut[ tifa[ld;Toa msg[Uf;fs; tpthp.
braYUg;g[f;fs; :
z
ka
braYUg;g[fs; vd;gJ braw;TW tiuaiwf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;g[fs; MFk; .
m) jut[tif ,y;yhj msg;g[Uf;fs; :
vi
(requires: b > =0)
(return: a to power of b)
al

let rec pow a b:=

if b = 0 then 1
.k

else a * pow a (b–1)

z nknya[s;s braw;TW tiuaiwapy; ‘b’ vd;w khwp msg[U MFk;.
w

z khwp ‘b’ f;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;ghdJ braYUg[ MFk;.

z braw;Twpd; Kd; epge;jid (requires) kw;Wk; gpd; epge;jid ve;j jutpidj;ija[k;
w

Fwpg;gpltpy;iy vd;gij epidtpy; bfhs;f.

z rpy bkhHpfspd; epuy;bgah;g;gp ,t]tif rpf;fy;fis epuy;bewp Kiwg;go rhp bra;fpwJ.
w

z Mdhy; rpy epuy;bgah;g;gpf;F jut[tifiaf; Fwpg;gpLtJ fl;lhakhFk;.

z nkny cs;s braw;TW tiuaiwapy; if nfhit then fpisf;F kjpg;g[ 1 iaj; jpUg;gp
mDg;gpdhy;/ njh;t[tif (data type) tpjpg;go/ if nfhit KGtJnk ‘int’ jut[tif
bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
z if nfhitapd; jut[tif int Mf,Ug;gjhy;/ braw;Twpd; jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kjpg;g[/ int Mf
,Uf;Fk;.
z ‘b’ apd; kjpg;g[ RHw;rpaj;njhL = braw;Fwpa[ld; xg;gPL bra;ag;gLfpwJ. mjdhy; ‘b’ apd;
jut[ tifa[k; ‘int’ MFk;.
z braw;Fwpa[ld; ‘a’ apd; kjpg;g[ kw;bwhU nfhitnahL bgUf;Fj; bjhifia fzf;fpLtjhy;
‘a’ apd; tifa[k; ‘int’ MFk;.

9
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

M) jut[tifa[ld; Toa msg[Uf;fs; :

(requires:b > 0)
(return : a to the power of b)
let rec pow(a:int) (b:int):int: =
if b=0 then I
else * pow b(a-1)
z ‘a’ kw;Wk; ‘b’ jut[tif Fwpg;g[ (type annotations) vGJk; nghJ milg;g[f; Fwpf;Fs; ( )
mtrpakhdJ MFk;. bghJthf ,e;j Fwpg;g[fis ehk; tpl;Ltplyhk;.
z Vbddpy;. epuy;bgah;g;gp ,tw;iw mDkhdpg;gJ kpft[k; vspJ. Kd;bgy;yhk; ehk;
btspg;gilahfnt jut[ tpl;L tplyhk;.
z ve;jtpj mh;j;jKk; ,y;yhj jut[tif gpiHr;bra;jpiag; bgWk;nghJ/ ,J kpft[k;

n
gaDs;sjhFk;.
z jut[tiff;F btspg;gilahf jut[tif Fwpg;g[ vGJtJ gpiHr; bra;jpiaj; jpUj;jk;

l.i
bra;tjw;F gaDs;sjhf ,Uf;Fk;.
2. gpd;tUk; epuypy; PTA - 5

da
let rec gcd a b : =
if b <>0 then gcd b (a mod b) else return a
m) braw;TWtpd; bgah; : gcd
M)
,)
jw;RHw;rp braw;TW Tw;W
msg[Uf;fs; bfhz;l khwpapd; bgah;
ka :
:
let rec gcd: =
a,b
<) braw;TWit jw;RHw;rpf;F miHf;Fk; TW : if b <>0 then gcd b (a mod b)
,) jw;RHw;rpia Kot[f;F bfhz;L tUk; Tw;W :
vi
return a
3. pure kw;Wk; impure braw;TWit vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
al

pure braw;TWfs; :
z xnu khjphpahd msg[Uf;fis mDg;g[k;nghJ/ rhpahd tpiliaj; jUk; braw;TW pure
braw;TWfs; MFk;.
.k

vLj;Jfhl;lhf/ fzpjbraw;TW sin (0)-d;tpilvg;bghGJnk 0 MFk;.

let square x
w

return :x *x
z nknya[s;s square braw;TW pure braw;TW MFk;. Vbdd;why; xnu khjphpahd cs;sPl;ow;F
w

ntW tpj;jpahrkhd btspaPl;ilj; juhJ.

impure braw;TWfs;
w

z braw;TWf;F msg[Uf;fis mDg;ghj nghJk;/ braw;Twpd; cs;ns cs;s khwpahdJ

gf;ftpist[fis Vw;gLj;Jk;/ braw;TW impure braw;TW vd;gh;.
vLj;Jfhl;lhf. random () vd;fpw fzpj braw;TW xnu khjphpahd miHg;g[f;Tw;Wf;F
btt;ntW tpjkhd btspaPLfisf; bfhLf;Fk;.
let Random number
let a:=random ()
if a > 10 then
return : a
else
return:10

10
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

 ,=;F Random vd;gJ impure braw;TW MFk;.

 Vbddpy;/ ,jid miHf;Fk;bghGJ vd;d tpil fpilf;Fk; vd epr;rakhf Tw ,ayhJ.
4. ,ilKfk; kw;Wk; bray;gLj;Jjiy vLj;Jf;fhl;Lld; tpsf;Ff.
,ilKfk;:
z xU bghUs; (Object) bra;af;Toa bray;fspd; bjhFg;g[ ,ilKfk; MFk;.
z xU bghUs; bra;af;Toa eltof;ifia tiuaWf;fpwJ/ Mdhy; mtw;iw cz;ikapy;
bra;af;ToaJ ,y;iy.
z bghUs; nehf;fp epuyhf;fbkhHpapy;/ ,ilKfk; vd;gJ midj;J braw;TWfspd; tpsf;f=;fs;
(descriptions) MFk;.
z xU g[jpa ,ilKfkhf ,Ug;gjw;F ,df;FG fz;og;ghf ,tw;iwf; bfhz;oUf;f ntz;Lk;.
z ,df;FG mwptpg;ghdJ btspg;g[w ,ilKfj;njhL mjd; cs;sik epiy me;j ,ilKfj;ijr;

n
bray;gLj;Jk; bray;ghl;Lld; gz;g[fis cila FwpKiw ,izf;fpwJ.
z bghUs; vd;gJ ,df;FGthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l rhd;WU MFk;.

l.i
z btsp cyfpw;F bghUspd; fhz;g[epiyg;gh=;if ,ilKfk; tiuaWf;fpwJ.
z bghUs;nehf;F epuyhf;f bkhHpapy; ,df;FG vd;gJ ,ilKfk; kw;Wk; bghUs; vt]thW
bray;gLj;jg;gl;L epiwntw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ bray;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.

da
,ilKfj;jpd; gz;g[fs;:
z xU bghUis Kiwahf cUthf;fp tH=;Fk;. mjidr; bray;gLj;Jtjw;Fk; njitahd
,ilKfj;ij ,df;FGthh;g;g[U Fwpg;gpLfpwJ.
ka
z braw;TWfisg; bghUSf;F mDg;g[tjd; @yk; bghUspd; gz;g[fisa[k; gz;g[f;TWfisa[k;
fl;Lg;gLj;j KofpwJ.
,ilKfk; kw;Wk; bray;gLj;Jjy; ,uz;Lf;Fk; ,ilna cs;s ntWghL:
vi
,ilKfk; bray;gLj;Jjy;
al

xU bghUs; bra;af;Toa eltof;ifia ,ilKfj;jpy; tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s

tiuaWf;fpwJ/ Mdhy; mtw;iw cz;ikapy; fl;lisfis epiwntw;WfpwJ.
.k

bra;af;ToaJ ,y;iy.
w

vLj;Jf;fhl;L :
w

ENGINE
w

getSpeed

No
required
Pull Fuel
speed
Yes

Return

11
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

fhhpd;ntfj;ij mjpfhpf;Fk; vLj;Jf;fhl;il vLj;Jf;bfhs;nthk;.

z fhiu Xl;Lk; egh; me;j fhhpd; cl;g[w bray;ghLfs; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f ntz;oa mtrpakpy;iy.
z fhhpd; ntfj;ij mjpfg;gLj;j/ mth; fhhpd; Jhpjg;gLj;jpia (accelerator) mGj;jp tpUk;gpa
gz;ig bgWthh;.
z ,=;F Jhpjg;gLj;jp vd;gJ fhh; Xl;LeUf;Fk; (miHf;Fk; bghUs;) ,ae;jpuj;jpw;Fk;
(miHf;fg;gLk; bghUs;) ,ilnaahd ,ilKfk; MFk;.
z ,jpy;/ miHf;Fk; braw;TW ,t]thW ,Uf;fntz;Lk; speed (70): ,J xU ,ilKfkhFk;.
z cl;g[wkhf/ fhhpd; ,ae;jpuk; midj;J ntiyfisa[k; bra;fpwJ. vhpbghUs;/ fhw;W/ mGj;jk;
kw;Wk; kpd;rhuk; Mfpait ,=;F xd;whfr; nrh;e;J/ Mw;wiy cUthf;fp/ thfdj;ij
efh;j;JfpwJ.
z ,e;j eltof;iffSk; fhh; Xl;Lehplk; ,Ue;J gphpj;J itf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

n
z mth; ntfkhf fhiu brYj;Jtjpy; Mh;tkhf ,Ug;ghh;.
z ,jdhy; ,ilKfj;ij bray;gLj;Jjypy; ,Ue;J gphpj;J itf;fg;LfpwJ.

l.i
gFjp II - TLjy; tpdhf;fs;

da
I. rhpahd tpilia njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. (1 kjpg;bgz;)
1. tiuaiw ve;jr; rpwg;g[r ;brhy;nyhL mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly; ntz;Lk;>
m) def M) let ka,) rec <) requires
tpil: M) let
2. ve;jr; brhy;iyf; bfhz;L jw;RHw;rp braw;TW mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gly; ntz;Lk;>
vi
m) let M) requires ,) name <) let rec
tpil: <) let rec
al

3. jd;idj;jhnd miHj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; braw;TW vd;gJ ________. PTA - 1

m) gadh;?tiuaWf;Fk; braw;TW M) jw;RHw;rp braw;TW
.k

,) cs;sike;j braw;TW <) msg[Uf;fs; braw;TW

tpil: M) jw;RHw;rp braw;TW
w

4. midj;Jr; braw;TWfSk; ________ tiuaiwahFk;.

m) datatype M) dynamic ,) return <) static
w

tpil: <) static

5. strlen() braw;TW vd;gJ ________ braw;Tw;wpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;.
w

m) impure M) strlen ,) pure <) cs;sike;jbraw;TW

tpil: ,) pure
6. gpd;tUk; ve;j braw;Tw;iw kjpg;gPL bra;a[k;nghJ/ ve;jbthU gf;ftpist[k; Vw;glhJ>
m) cs;sike;j braw;TW M) pure
,) strlen <) impure
tpil: M) pure
7. random() braw;TW vd;gJ ________ braw;Tw;wpd; vLj;Jf;fhl;L MFk;.
m) impure M) pure ,) strlen <) cs;sike;jbraw;TW
tpil: m) impure

12
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

8. _______ vd;gJ ,df;FGthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l 7. pure braw;TW vd;why; vd;d>

rhd;WU MFk;. xnu khjphpahd mnj msg[Uf;fis
m) ,ilKfk; M) bghUs; mDg;g[k;nghJ/ rhpahd tpiliaj; jUk;
,) braw;TW <) tiuaiw braw;TW pure braw;TW vdg;gLk;.
tpil: M) bghUs; vLj;Jf;fhl;L: strlen(), sqrt()
9. bghUs; nehf;F epuyhf;f bkhHpapy; ________ 8. impure braw;TW vd;why; vd;d> PTA - 5
vd;gJ ,ilKfk; MFk;. msg[Uf;fis mDg;g[k; nghJ
m) ,df;FG M) bghUs; gf;ftpist[fis Vw;gLj;Jk; braw;TW
,) braw;TW <) bray;gLj;Jjy; impure braw;TW vdg;gLk;.
tpil: m) ,df;FG vLj;Jf;fhl;L : random(), date()
10. vit kjpg;g[fis bgaUld; gpizf;fpd;wd> 9. jw;RHw;rp braw;TW vd;why; vd;d>

n
m) TWfs; M) Jizepuy;fs; jd;idj; jhnd miHj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;
,) tiuaiwfs; <) bray;gLj;Jjy; braw;TW tiuaiwf;F jw;RHw;rp braw;TW

l.i
tpil: ,) tiuaiwfs; vd;W bgah;.
II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp 10. msg[Uf;fisa[k; braYUg[f;fisa[k;

da
(2 kw;Wk; 3 kjpg;bgz;fs;) ntWgLj;Jf.
1. bewpKiwfs; vjidg; gad;gLj;jp z msg[Uf;fs; vd;gJ braw;TW
btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd> ka tiuaiwap y ; cs; s khwp f s; MFk; .
z bewpKiwfs; epuyhf;f z braYUg[f;fs; vd;gJ braw;TW
bkhHpapd; TWfisg; gad;gLj;jp tiuaiwf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;g[fs;
btspg;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. MFk;.
vi
2. tiuaiwfs; ? rpW Fwpg;g[ tiuf. 11. bghUs;nehf;F epuyhf;f bkhHpapy; ,df;FG
tiuaiwfs; jdpj;jd;ikahd bjhlhpay; kw;Wk; bray;gLj;Jjy; Mfpatw;wpd; g=;F
al

bjhFjpfisf; bfhz;ljhFk;. vd;d>

z bghUs;nehf;F epuyhf;f bkhHpapy;
3. msg[Uf;fs; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf. ,df;FG vd;gJ ,ilKfk;.
.k

msg[Uf;fs; vd;gJ braw;TW tiuaiwapy; z bghUs; vt]thW bray;gLj;jg;gl;L

cs;s khwpfs; MFk;. epiwntw;wg;gLfpwJ vd;gJ
w

4. braYUg[f;fs; vd;gJ vd;d> bray;gLj;Jjy; MFk;.

braYUg[f;fs; vd;gJ braw;TW 12. bghUs; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf.
w

tiuaiwf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;g[fs; MFk;. bghUs; vd;gJ ,df;FGthy; cUthf;fg;gl;l

5. ,ilKfk; gw;wp Fwpg;g[ tiuf. rhd;WU MFk;.
w

z ,ilKfk; vd;gJ xU bghUs;

III. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp
bra;af;Toa eltof;ifia
tiuaWf;fpwJ. (5 kjpg;bgz;)
z Mdhy; mtw;iw cz;ikapy; 1. braw;Tw;iw tiuaWg;gjw;fhd bjhlhpay;
bra;af;ToaJ ,y;iy. tpthp.
6. bray;gLj;Jjy; ? Fwpg;g[ tiuf. z braw;Tw;iw tiuaWg;gjw;fhd
bjhlhpay;/ fzpj gad;ghl;nlhL
bray;gLj;Jjy; ,ilKfj;jpy;
beUf;fk; bfhz;lJ.
tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s fl;lisfis
epiwntw;WfpwJ. z tiuaiw let vd;w rpwg;g[r; brhy;nyhL
mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ.
13
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

z mjidj; bjhlh;e;J braw;Twpd; bgah; 3. Fnuhk; nyz;l; jPtpy; @d;W tifahd

kw;Wk; mjDila braYUg[fs;.
z gpwF braYUg[itf; fzf;fPL bra;a[k;
tha;ghL. Fwpf;Fg; gpwF vGj ntz;Lk;.
z jw;RHw;rp braw;Tw;iw tiuaWf;f
tpUk;gpdhy; let-f;Fg; gjpyhf let rec vd;W rkkhd vz;zhf ,Ue;jhy;/ ,e;j ,uz;L
gad;gLj;j ntz;Lk;.
braw;TW tiuaiwapd; bjhlhpay; (Syntax):
let rec fn a1a2...an:=k
 ,=;F ‘fn’ vd;gJ xU khwp MFk;.
gr;nrhe;jpfs; cs;sd. ,uz;L btt]ntW
epw gr;nrhe;jpfs; re;jpf;Fk;nghJ mitfs;
j=;fs; epw=;fis @d;whtJ tif epwj;jpw;F
khw;Wk;. ,uz;L tifahd gr;nrhe;jpfs;
tifa[k; nrh;e;J @d;whtJ tifapd;
epwj;ij khw;Wtjw;fhd epuy;bewpKiwia
cUthf;ft[k;. Kotpy; midj;Jk; xnu
epwj;ij fhz;gpf;f ntz;Lk;. epuy;
bewpKiwia braw;TWitg; gad;gLj;jp

n
 ,J braw;Twpd; bgaiuf; Fwpf;Fk; vGjt[k;.
Fwpg;bgauhFk;.

l.i
let ree monoehromatize a b c:=
 ‘a1’ Kjy; ‘an’ tiu cs;s if a > 0 then
khwpfs; msg[Uf;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;

da
a, b, c:= a – 1, b – 1, c + 2
Fwpg;bgauhFk;. else
 ‘fn’ vd;gJ jw;RHw;rp braw;Twpdhy; a:= 0 b:= 0 c:= a + b + c
‘rec’ vd;w rpwg;g[r; brhy; njit/ ka return c
,y;iybadpy; mij tpl;L tplyhk;.
IV. bra;Kiwg; gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;
2. braw;TW tiffspd; bjhlhpaiy
vi
tpsf;fkhf vGJf. 1. @d;W vz;fspy; rpwpa vz;izf;
braw;TW tiffspd; bjhlhpay; (Syntax): fz;Lgpog;gjw;fhd braw;TW tiu
Kiwiaf; bfhz;l bewpKiwia vGJf.
al

x→y
x1 → x2 → y PTA - 4
x1 → ..... → xn → y let min 3abc:=
.k

 ‘x’ kw;Wk; ‘y’ khwpfs; braw;TW if a < b then

tiffisf; Fwpf;Fk;. if a < c then a else c
w

 x → y vd;w braw;TW tifahdit else

‘x’ tifapd; cs;sPl;ilg; bgw;W if b < c then b else c
w

‘y’ tifapd; btspaPl;ilj; jpUg;gp

2. ‘n’ tiua[s;s vz;fspd; Tl;Lj;bjhifiaf;
mDg;g[k;.
w

fzf;fpLk; jw;RHw;rp braw;TW

 mnj rkak; x1 → 2 → a vd;w tiuaiwiaf; bfhz;l bewpKiwia
braw;TW tifahdJ ,uz;L vGJf.
cs;sPl;od; tif ‘x1’ MFk;. let rec sum num:
 ,uz;lhtJ cs;sPl;od; tif ‘x2’ If(num =0) then
MFk;.
return num+sum(num-1)
 x1 → ....... → xn → y apy; x
else
msg[Uf;fspd; cs;sPl;L tif ‘x’
return num
MFk;.
 btspaPl;od; tif ‘y’ MFk;. ☺☺☺☺☺

14
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;
ghlk; ? 7
myF II igj;jhd; braw;TWfs;

igj;jhd; braw;TWfs; ? xU ghh;it

braw;TW: 2. cs;spize;j braw;TWfs;:
z xU Fwpg;gpl;l braiyr; bra;tjw;fhf z igj;jhdpy; cs;slf;fg;gl;l braw;TWfs;
totikf;fg;gl;L/ bgahplg;gl;l cs;spize;j braw;TWfs; vdg;gLk;.
FwpKiwapd; bjhFjp braw;TW vd
miHf;fg;gLk;. vLj;Jf;fhl;L :

n
print ()
bjhFjp:
3. yhk;lh braw;TWfs;:

l.i
z bjhFjp vd;gJ xd;W my;yJ xd;wpw;F
nkw;gl;l thpfisa[ila FwpKiwiaf; z igj;jhdpy;/ bgahpy;yhky;
FGthf xd;wpizj;J/ mjid tiuaWf;fg;gLk; braw;TW bgahpy;yhj

da
epiwntw;Wk;nghJ xU bghpa thpirapd; braw;TW vd;W bgah;.
Tw;Wfshf vLj;Jf; bfhs;fpwJ. z kw;w rhjhuz braw;TWfs; def vd;w
braw;TWtpd; Kf;fpa ed;ikfs;: ka rpwg;g[ brhy;Yld; tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
z FwpKiwia kPz;Lk; vGJtij jtph;j;J z igj;jhdpy; bgahpy;yhj braw;TWfs;
FwpKiwapd; kWgadhf;fj;jpw;F yhk;lh rpwg;g[r; brhy;Yld;
cjt[fpwJ. tiuaWf;fg;gLfpwJ.
vi
z ekJ gad;ghl;ow;Fr; rpwe;j TWepiyia z vdnt/ bgahpy;yhbraw;TWfis yhk;lh
tH=;FfpwJ. braw;TWfs; vd;Wk; miHf;fyhk;.
al

braw;Twpd; tiffs;: z yhk;lh braw;TW bgUk;ghYk;

 gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; braw;TWfs; rpwpa kw;Wk; xU Kiw bgahpy;yhj
 cs;spize;j braw;TWfs; braw;Tw;iw cUthf;f gad;gLfpwJ.
.k

 yhk;lh braw;TWfs; bghJtotk; :

 jw;RHw;rp braw;TWfs;
w

lambda [argument(s)] :expression

1. gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; braw;TWfs; : 4. jw;RHw;rp braw;TW:
w

z gadh;fs; jh=;fshfnt z jw;RHw;rpahf jd;idj;jhnd miHj;Jf;

tiuaWf;Fk; braw;TWfs; gadh; bfhs;Sk; braw;TWfs; jw;RHw;rp
tiuaWf;Fk; braw;TWfs; vdg;gLk;. braw;TW vdg;gLk;.
w

bjhlhpay;: z jw;RHw;rp braw;Twpy; bfhLf;fg;gLk;

def< function name epge;jid mog;gil epge;jid vdg;gLk;.
([parameter 1, parameter 2 ... ]) >  : z xt]bthU jw;RHw;rp braw;Tw;wpw;Fk;
<Block of Statements >  mog;gil epge;jid
return < expression , None > a bfhLf;fg;glntz;Lk;.
vLj;Jf;fhl;L : z ,y;iybad;why; klf;F fhytiuapd;wp
def welcome( ): ,a=;Fk;.
print(“Welcome to Python”)
return

67
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

khwpapd; tiubay;iy: njitg;gLk; braYUg[fs;:

z ,J epuypd; mQff;Toa gFjpiaf; z braYUg[fis rhpahd ,lthpirapy;
Fwpg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ/ ve;jg; gFjpapy; braw;Tw;Wf;F mDg;g[tnj
khwpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpnwhnkh mijf; ``njitg;gLk; braYUg;g[f;fs;~~
Fwpf;fpwJ. vdg;gLk;.
z tiubay;iyahdJ elg;g[khwpj; z ,=;F/ braw;TW miHg;g[f; Tw;wpy; cs;s
bjhFjpfs; kw;Wk; mjd; kjpg;g[fisf; braYUg[fspd; vz;zpf;if/ braw;TW
bfhz;oUf;Fk;. tiuaiwnahL rhpahf bghUe;j
ntz;Lk;.
z tiubay;iy cs;sik tiubay;iy z bjhlhpay; gpiHia jtph;j;J/ njitahd
(Local scope)/ Fnshgy; btspaPl;ilg; bgWtjw;F Fiwe;jJ xU
tiubay;iy  (Global Scope) vd braYUghtJ njit.

n
,Utifg;gLk;.
rpwg;g[r; brhy; braYUg[fs;:

l.i
cs;sik tiubay;iy (Local Scope): z msg[Uf;fspd; bgaiu milahsk;
z xU braw;TWtpd; clw;gFjpapd; cs;ns fz;lgpd;g[ rpwg;g[r; brhy; braYUghdJ
my;yJ cs;sik tiubay;iyapy; braw;Twpid miHf;fpwJ.

da
khwpia mwptpg;gJ cs;sik khwp z rpwg;g[r;brhy; braYUgpd; kjpg;g[ msg[U
vdg;gLk;. bgaUld; bghUe;j ntz;Lk;.
Fnshgy; tiubay;iy (Global Scope): z
ka vdnt/ Kiwaw;w thpirapYk;
braYUg[fisf; bfhLf;fyhk;.
z Fnshgy; tiubay;iy cila khwpia
epuypy; v=;F ntz;LkhdhYk; mQf jhdikt[ braYUg[fs;:
Koa[k;. z igj;jhdpy;/ braw;Tiw miHf;Fk;
vi
z ve;j xU braw;TW tiubay;iyf;F nghJ ve;j kjpg;g[k; bfhLf;fg;gltpy;iy
btspnaa[k; tiubay;iy cila vdpy;/ braYUghdJ jhdhfnt kjpg;ig
vLj;Jf; bfhs;Sk;. ,Jnt jhdikt[
al

khwpia tiuaWj;J cUthf;f Koa[k;. braYUg[ MFk;.

msg[Uf;fs; kw;Wk; braYWg;g[fs;: khWk; ePs braYUg[fs;:
.k

z msg[Uf;fs; vd;git braw;TW z rpy rka=;fspy;/ Vw;fdnt Fwpg;gplg;gl;l

tiuaiwapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; khwpfs;. braYUg[fis tpl mjpfkhd
w

z braYUg;g[fs; vd;gJ braw;Twpd; braYUg[fis mDg;g ntz;oa njit

msg[Uf;fSf;F mDg;gg;gLk; kjpg;g[fs; ,Uf;Fk;.
w

MFk;. z kPz;Lk; braw;Twpid kWtiuaiw

braYUg[f;fspd; tiffs;: bra;tJ fodkhd bray;.
mjw;Fg; gjpyhf khWk; ePs braYUg[fis
w

z
 njitg;gLk; braYUg[fs; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
(Required arguments) z braw;TW tiuaiwapy;
 rpwg;g[brhy; braYUg[fs; (Keyword ,JFwpg;gplg;gLtjpy;iy.
arguments ) z khwhf ,e;j braYUg[fis
 jhdikt[ braYUg[fs;, (Default Fwpg;gpLtjw;F ( * ) FwpaPL gad;gLfpwJ.
arguments) braw;Twpy; fyg;g[ (Composition) :
 ePs braYUg[fs; (Variable length z braw;TW jpUg;gp mDg;g[k; kw;bwhU
arguments) braw;Twpw;F braYUghf gpd;dyhd
mikg;gpy; gad;gLj;jpdhy; mjw;F
bjhFg;g[ (composition) vd;W bgah;.
68
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

gFjp - I g[j;jf tpdhf;fs;

I. rhpahd tpiliaj; njh;e;bjLj;J vGJf. (1 kjpg;bgz;)

1. xU Fwpg;gpl;l braiyr; bra;tjw;fhf totikf;fg;gl;L/ bgahplg;gl;l FwpKiwapd; bjhFjp
m) klf;F M) fpisg;gphpg;g[ ,) braw;TW <) bjhFjp
tpil: ,) braw;TW
2. jd;idj;jhnd miHj;Jf; bfhs;Sk; braw;Tiw ,t]thW miHg;gh;.
m) cs;spize;j M) jw;RHw;rp ,) yhk;lh <) returnTw;W
tpil: M) jw;RHw;rp
3. ve;j braw;Tiw bgahpy;yh braw;TW vd;W miHf;fg;gLfpwJ>

n
PTA - 1
m) yhk;lh M) jw;RHw;rp ,) braw;TW <) tiuaiw

l.i
tpil: m) yhk;lh
4. braw;Tiw bjhFjpia ve;j rpwg;g[r;brhy; bjhl=;fp itf;fpwJ>

da
m) define M) for ,) finally <) def
tpil: <) def
5. ve;j rpwg;g[r;brhy; braw;TW bjhFjpia Koj;J itf;fpwJ>
ka
m) define M) return ,) finally <) def
tpil: M) return
6. braw;TW tiuaiwapy; gpd;tUk; ve;j FwpaPL gad;gLj;jg;gLfpwJ>
vi
m) ; (miug; g[s;sp) M) . (g[s;sp) ,) : (Kf;fhw;g[s;sp) <) $ (lhyh;)
tpil: ,) : (Kf;fhw;g[s;sp)
al

7. braw;TWf;F ve;j braYUg[ rhpahd ,l thpirapy; braYUg;g[fis mDg;g[k;>

m) njitahd M) rpwg;g[r;brhy; ,) jhdikt[ <) khwpePsk;
.k

tpil: m) njitahd
8. gpd;tUk; Tw;Wfisg; goj;J/ rhpahd Tw;Wfisj; njh;e;J vLf;ft[k;.
w

(I) igj;jhdpy;/ braw;Tiw tiuaWf;Fk; nghJ Fwpg;gpl;l jut[ tiffisf; Fwpg;gplj; njitapy;iy.
(II) igj;jhd; rpwg;g[r; brhw;fisr; braw;Twpd; bgauhfg; gad;gLj;jyhk;.
w

m) I kw;Wk; II jtW M) ,uz;Lnk rhp ,) I kw;Wk; II rhp <) I-rhp/ II -jtW

tpil: <) I-rhp/ II -jtW
w

9. bfhLf;fg;gl;l Tw;iw btw;wpfukhf epiw ntw;Wtjw;F/ gpd;tUtdtw;Ws; rhpahd xd;iwj;

njh;e;bjL.
if ____ : print(x, “ is a leap year”)
m) x%2 = 0 M) x%4 =  = 0 ,) x,4 = 0 <) x%4 = 0
tpil: M) x%4 =  = 0
10. testpython() braw;Tiw tiuaWf;f gpd;tUk; ve;j rpwg;g[r; brhy; gad;gLfpwJ>
m) define M) pass ,) def <) while
tpil: ,) def

69
byhnahyh EC ▲ 12 ▲ fzpdp mwptpay;

II. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;F tpilasp z xU epge;jidapy; epWj;jg;glhtpl;lhy;/

xU bray;Kiw fhytiuapd;wp
( 2 kjpg;bgz;) bray;gLk;.
1. braw;TW vd;why; vd;d> z ,e;jr; bray;ghL fhy tiuapd;wp
braw;TWfs; vd;gJ Fwpg;gpl;l braiyr; bray;gLk; jw;RHw;rp vdg;gLk;.
bra;tjw;fhd bjhlh;g[ila Tw;Wfspd; z jw;RHw;rp braw;Tw;wpy; bfhLf;fg;gLk;
bjhFjp MFk;. epge;jid mog;gil epge;jid vdg;gLk;.
z xt]bthU jw;RHw;rp braw;Tw;wpw;Fk;
2. braw;Twpd; tiffis vGJf.
mog;gil epge;jid bfhLf;fg;gl
z gadh; tiuaWf;Fk; braw;TWfs; ntz;Lk;.
z cs;spize;j braw;TWfs;
z yhk;lh braw;TWfs; z ,y;iybad;why; klf;F fhytiuapd;wp
,a=;Fk;.

n
z jw;RHw;rp braw;TWfs;
7. jd;idj;jhnd miHf;Fk; braw;TWf;F
3. braw;TWtpd; Kf;fpa ed;ikfs; ahit>

l.i
tuk;ig vt]thW mikf;f ntz;Lk;>
z FwpKiwia kPz;Lk; vGJtij vLj;Jf;fhl;L jUf. PTA - 5
jtph;j;J FwpKiwapd; kWgadhfj;jpw;F
jd;idj; jhnd miHf;Fk; braw;TWf;F

da
z
cjt[fpwJ.
tuk;ig sys.setrecursionlist (limit -value)
z ekJ gad;ghl;ow;Fr; rpwe;j TWepiyia gad;gLj;jp mikf;f ntz;Lk;.
tH=;FfpwJ. vLj;Jf;fhl;L:
4. khwpapd; tiubay;iy vd;why; vd;d>
mjd; tiffisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
ka import sys
sys.setrecursionlimit (3000)
z ,J epuypd; mQff;Toa gFjpiaf; def fact (n):
vi
Fwpg;gjhFk;. mjhtJ/ ve;jg; gFjpapy; if n==0:
khwpiag; gad;gLj;Jfpnwhnkh mijf; return 1
Fwpf;fpwJ. else:
al

z tiubay;iyahdJ elg;g[ khwpj; return n*fact(n-1)

bjhFjpfs; kw;Wk; mjd; kjpg;g[fisf; print (fact (2000))
.k

bfhz;oUf;Fk;.
z cs;sik tiubay;iy kw;Wk; III. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; tpilasp
Fnshgy; tiubay;iy Mfpait (3 kjpg;bgz;)
w

tiubay;iyapd; ,uz;L tiffs; 8. cs;sik khwpfSf;fhd tpjpKiwfis

MFk;. vGJf.
w

5. Fnshgy; tiubay;iy ? tiuaW. z cs;sik khwpapd; tiubay;iy mJ

z Fnshgy; tiubay;iy cila khwpia tiuaWf;fg;gl;Ls;s bjhFjpf;Fs;
w

epuypy; v=;F ntz;LkhdhYk; mQf kl;Lnk gad;gLj;j Koa[k;.

Koa[k;. z braw; TwpDs; khwp cUthf;fg;gLk; nghJ
z ve;j xU braw;TW tiubay;iyf;F mJ cs;sikthf mika[k;.
btspnaa[k; khwpia tiuaWj;J z braw;TW ,af;fg;gLk;nghJ kl;Lnk
cUthf;f Koa[k;. cs;sik khwpfs; cUthf;fg;gLk;.
6. jd;idj; jhnd miHf;Fk; braw;Twpy; 9. igj;jhdpYs;s KGjshtp rpwg;gr;
mog;gil epge;jid vd;why; vd;d> brhy;Yf;fhd mog;gil tpjpKiwfisf;
PTA - 6 vGJf. PTA - 4
z jw;RHw;rp braw;TW jd;idj; jhnd z braw;TWf;F btspna khwpia
miHf;Fk;. mwptpf;Fk; nghJ mJ jhdikthf
Fnshgy; MFk;.
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