Professional Documents
Culture Documents
tao.
KAPANGYARIHAN NG WIKA.
GENERAL LINGUISTICS
at inilarawan.
pangkalahatang linggwistika.
at ang iba pang mga pag-aaral ng ebolusyon nito (tulad ng isang frame ng
diachroniko.
nagawa nilang matunton ang pinagmulan ng mga tunog at salita at naroon na rin
ng mga wikang ito. Sinuri ng mga naunang linggwist ang mga yunit ng tunog ng
isang wika (ponema), kung paano nabuo ang mga ito, at nailarawan din nila ang
Saussure (1857-1919).
TANDAAN!
Ang synchronic linguistics ay ang pag-aaral ng isang wika sa isang partikular na
panahon.
pagsusuri kung paano nagtutulungan ang mga bahagi ng isang wika o gramatika.
2. The use of Language at a single point of time without reference to its earlier
(nagamit).
Ang mga piraso ng isang set ng chess ay maaaring gawa sa kahoy, garing,
onyx, metal, o iba pa. Ang isang treatise sa pinagmulan ng mga piraso ng
mga larong chess. Ano ang mahalaga para sa isang pag-unawa sa mga larong
wika, hindi lamang sa mga wikang iyon na ang mga pagbabago sa kasaysayan
ay alam (Anthropology).
sa kung ano (kung paano nakikipag-ugnay ang mga bahagi) sa anumang oras.
Ang mga pag-aaral sa diachroniko ay tumingin sa kung ano ang sanhi ng kung
PONOLOHIYA/Palatunugan
PONEMA
clear that the question whether two speech sounds were the same or not was more
complex than might appear at first sight. Two utterances of what was taken to be the
same word might differ quite perceptibly from one occasion of utterance to the next.
concern here. But even two utterances of the same word by the same speaker might
vary from one occasion to the next. Variation of this kind, though it is generally less
obvious and would normally pass unnoticed, is often clear enough to the trained
phonetician and is measurable instrumentally. It is known that the “same” word is being
uttered, even if the physical signal produced is variable, in part, because the different
pronunciations of the same word will cluster around some acoustically identifiable norm.
But this is not the whole answer, because it is actually impossible to determine norms of
pronunciation in purely acoustic terms. Once it has been decided what counts as
“sameness” of sound from the linguistic point of view, the permissible range of variation
for particular sounds in particular contexts can be measured, and, within certain limits,
the acoustic cues for the identification of utterances as “the same” can be determined.
The issue is the difference between phonetic and phonological (or phonemic) identity,
and for these purposes it will be sufficient to define phonetic identity in terms solely of
realized. From a purely phonetic point of view, sounds are more or less similar,
or relatively narrow (putting in rather more of the detail), according to the purpose for
which it is intended. A very broad transcription will be used in this article except when
/politiko/-/pulitiko/ /buko/-/boko/
linguistic point of view.” Considered as phonological units—i.e., from the point of view
distinguished from phones by enclosing their appropriate symbol (normally, but not
necessarily, an alphabetic one) between two slash marks. Thus, /p/ refers to a phoneme
variety of more or less different phones. Phonological identity, unlike phonetic similarity,
is absolute: two phonemes are either the same or different, they cannot be more or less
similar. For example, the English words “bit” and “pit” differ phonemically in that the
first has the phoneme /b/ and the second has the phoneme /p/ in initial position. As
the words are normally pronounced, the phonetic realization of /b/ will differ from the
voiced (i.e., there will be some vibration of the vocal cords), it will be without aspiration
(i.e., there will be no accompanying slight puff of air, as there will be in the case of the
phone realizing /p/), and it will be pronounced with less muscular tension. It is possible
to vary any one or all of these contributory differences, making the phones in question
more or less similar, and it is possible to reduce the phonetic differences to the point
that the hearer cannot be certain which word, “bit” or “pit,” has been uttered. But it
must be either one or the other; there is no word with an initial sound formed in the
same manner as /p/ or /b/ that is halfway between the two. This is what is meant by
saying that phonemes are absolutely distinct from one another—they are discrete rather
Law--- Juice
/bangko/-- /bang:ko/
Bank--Chair
/pi:to/--/pito/
Whistle- Seven
Morpolohiya
tunog.
Morpema
The grammatical description of many, if not all, languages is conveniently divided into
two complementary sections: morphology and syntax. The relationship between them,
words, and syntax describes how words are combined to form phrases, clauses, and
sentences.
Halimbawa:
Morpema
Panlapi: An
URI NG MORPEMA
Morpemang Ponema
Morpemang Panlapi
ponema.
Halimbawa:
o Abogado-Abogada
o Gobernador-Gobernadora
o Mayor- Mayora
Halimbawa:
o Indak
o Sayaw
o Pinta
Halibawa:
o Mabait
o Maganda
o Masinop
un-, abil-, and -ity ay isang Morphemes/ Morpema ayon kay Bloomfield.
within sets of words. For example, “unacceptable,” “untrue,” and “ungracious” are
phonetically (or, phonologically) similar as far as the first syllable is concerned and are
resemblance” is accounted for by noting that the words in question contain the same
morpheme (namely, un) and that this morpheme has a certain phonological form and a
certain meaning.
THE PRINCIPAL DIVISION IN MORPHOLOGY is between INFLECTION AND
DERIVATION
Halimbawa:
(Pangngalang Pambalana).
Umawit- Umaawit
terms of processes. Of these, the most widespread throughout the languages of the
world is affixation; i.e., the attachment of an affix to a base. For example, the word
“singing” can be described as resulting from the affixation of -ing to the base sing.
and if it is inserted within the base, splitting it into two discontinuous parts, it is
an infix (Gitlapi.)
Halimbawa:
Sintaks
Malikhain at sistematiko ang sintaks ng isang gramar. Nakapagsasama- sama ang mga ispiker ng isang wika
ng mga salita para makabuo ng mga pangungusap.
Transpormasyon ng mga sintaks Ito ang pinakapopular at pinakakilalang dulog sa pag- aanalisa ng sintaks sa
kasalukuyan. Bagama’t hindi nagkakasundo ang maraming linggwist tungkol sa iba’t ibang anyo ng dulog na
ito, laganap itong ginagamit sa linggwistiks, gayundin sa ibang disiplinang may kinalaman sa wika.
Pantungkuling kategorya: • Determiner- Det • Auxilary Verb (pandiwang pantulong) - Oks • Conjunction
(magkakasama) - Kon • Pandegree- Dig Masmahirap bigyan ng kahulugan at pakahuluganan sa ibang
pangungusap ang mga ito kaysa sa mga leksikal na kategorya.
Halimbawa: Noun (‘bundok’) Ingles: mountain Kastila: monte Hapon: yama Masmadaling ipaliwanag ang
kahulugan… (leksikal na kategorya)
Halimbawa: Kaysa…Determiner (‘ang’) Ingles: the Kastila: el/ laAuxilary Verb Ingles: would Kastila: ser/
estar Hapon: desu
Hindi laging madaling malaman ang kategorya ng mga elemento sa isang pangungusap. Isang pagkalito sa
klasipikasyon ng mga salita ang pagiging alanganin ng ilang mga anyo tungkol sa kategorya ng mga ito.
Halimbawa: a. Maria found a toy. (Nakakita si Maria ng laruan.) b. Maria toyed with her hair. (Pinaglaruan ni
Maria ang kanyang buhok.) ***Ginamit ang ‘toy’ bilang noun sa unang pangungusap, bilang verb naman sa
ikalawa.
Halimbawa: a. I stood near the door. (Tumayo ako malapit sa pintuan.) b. They neared the end of the line.
(Lumapit sila sa dulo ng linya.) c. We are near relatives. (Malapit kaming magkamag- anak.) ***Ginamit na
preposition ang near sa una, verb sa ikalawa, at adjective sa ikatlo.
https://www.slideshare.net/shielamaegutierrez12/introduksyon-sa-pag-aaral-ng-wika-sintaks
SANGGUNIAN
http://inmyownterms.com/smarterms-8-synchronic-diachronic-approaches-
terminology/
2019 https://www.britannica.com/science/synchronic-linguistics
https://www.britannica.com/science/linguistics/Transformational-
generative-grammar
http://udel.edu/~koirala/phonology/day21.pdf
https://youtu.be/GdrdgVgmX28
https://www.slideshare.net/nathalielovitos/morpolohiya
Maningas, J.E ((2013). Slideshare.net Ponolohiya. Date retrieved on September 1,
2019
https://www.slideshare.net/jemaningas/ponolohiya
https://www.slideshare.net/clauds0809/morpolohiya-48525606
https://www.thoughtco.com/synchronic-linguistics-1692015