The Rates of Reactions and Equilibria

Dr Htin Zaw Myint

Dr Zaw Naing

"mwfjyKjcif;rsm;udk aumif;pGmem;vnfEdkif&eftwGuf
"mwfjyKEIef; ESifh "mwkrQajc onf t"duusayonf/
"mwfjyKjcif;rsm;ESifh ywfoufí ar;avhí½Sdonfhar;cGef;rsm;rSm
tb,fhaMumifh "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;jzpfMu&oenf;/ "mwfjyKEIef;udk
rnfonfhtcsufrsm;u wdkif;wmoenf;/ "mwfjyKjcif;
wpfckjzpfonfhwdkif xdk"mwfjyKjcif;onf tqkH;wdkifjzpfrnf
odkUr[kwf rjzpfrnf ponfwdkUjzpfMuonf/
xdkar;cGef;rsm;udkajzqdkEdkif&eftwGuf ,ck aqmif;yg;wGif
"mwfjyKEIef;ESifh "mwkrQajc\ tajccH oabmw&m;rsm;udk
azmfjy xm;ygonf/ xdkUtjyif wuúodkvf0ifwef;ajzqdkMurnfU
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf avhusifh&ef ar;cGef;rsm;ESifh
jynfe,fESifhwdkif;tvdkuf ar;cGef;a[mif;rsm;rS tcsdKUudk
trSwfay;pnf;rsOf; ESifhtnD erlemajzqdkjyxm;ygonf/ xdkUtjyif
pmar;yGJü ausmif;om;rsm; rSm;wwfaom trSm;rsm;udkvnf;
azmffjyxm;ygonf/
The rate of reaction
"mwfjyKjcif;trsdK;rsdK;twGuf
"mwfjyKEIef;vnf;trsdK;rsdK; ½Sdayonf/ Oyrm
oHacsmif;wpfacsmif;onf avxJwGif ajz;nSif;pGm
oHacs;wufaomfvnf; azmhpz&yf cJwpfcJonf avESifhxdawGUvQif
aygufuGJjyD; rD;awmuftjzpf avmifuRrf;avonf/ xdkUaMumif.
"mwfjyKEIef;twGuf t"dyÜg,fzGifhqdkcsufrSm
The rate of reaction
The rate of reaction is measured in terms of change in concentration of reactant
or product divided by time unit.

Oyrm Magnesium onf hydrochloric acid

ESifhvG,fulpGm"mwfjyKjyD; magnesium chloride ESifh hydrogen gas
&½Sdonf/ tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ "mwfjyKypönf;rsm;
(magnesium and hydrochloric acid) \yrmPonfavsmhenf;vmjyD;
"mwfjzpfypönf;rsm; (magnesium chloride and hydrogen gas) \yrmP
wdk;vmayonf/
Mg(s) + HCl(aq)  MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
 xdk"mwfjyKjcif;twGuf Rate of udk
Reaction
"mwfûyypönf;taejzifhaomf4if;? "mwfjzpfypönf;taejzifhaomf4if;
azmfjy&vQif

mass of Mg reacted mole of HCl reacted volume of H 2 gas collected under standard c
Rate of reaction= = =
time time time
"mwfjyKjcif;rsm;twGuf tcsdefowfrSwfcsuf rwlay/
"mwfjyKjcif; trsdK;tpm;ay: rlwnfjyD; tcsdef unit
owfrSwfcsufuGmjcm;avonf/ (Oyrm puúefU? rdepf? em&D? &uf?
vpojzifh) "mwfjyKEIef;aES;vQif tcsdefMumjyD;
"mwfjyKEIef;jrefvQif tcsdefwdkavonf/ xdkUaMumifh
"mwfjyKEIef;onf tcsdefESifh ajymif;jyeftcsdK;usayonf/
"mwfûyEIef;udk a,bk,stm;jzifhazmfjy&aomf
A+B C+D
txufyg"mwfjyKjcif;twGuf "mwfjyKEIef;udk reactants
taejzifhaomf4if;? products taejzifhaomf4if; azmfjyEdkifayonf/
−d [ A] −d [B] +d [C] +d [ D]
Rate of reaction= = = =
dt dt dt dt
oauFwrSm
"-" tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ Reactant A
ESifh B \
yrmP usqif; vmonfudk qdkvdkjyD; "+" oauFwrSm
tcsdefMumvmonfESifhtrQ product C ESifh D \yrmP wdk;vmonfudk
azmfjyonf/
"mwfjyKjcif;wGif physical state
trsdK;rsdK;yg0ifEdkifaomaMumifh unit vnf; ajymif;vJ Edkifygonf/

Units for rate of reaction:

for solids : gram per second (gs-1) or milligram per second (mgs-1)
for gases : atm s-1 (or) mmHg s-1
for solution : mole dm_3 s-1
"mwfjyKjcif;wpfck aES;jcif;?
jrefjcif;tay:oufa&mufEdkifaom tcsufrsm;rSm
Factors influencing reaction rate
1. Effect of concentration of reactants
2. Effect of pressure
3. Effect of temperature
4. Effect of catalysts
5. Effect of radiation
6. Effect of surface area of reactants

1. Effect of concentration of reactants

 "mwfjyKypönf;rsm;onfwpfckESifhwpfck xdawGUrIr½SdyJ
"mwfjyKjcif;rjzpfEdkifay/ xdawGUrI
tMudrfta&twGufrsm;vmavav
"mwfjyjcif;jzpf&eftcGifhtvrf;rsm;avav? "mwfjyKEIef;
jrefavavjzpfonf/ xdktqdkudk Collision Theory uazmfjyxm;onfrSm-
Collision Theory: The more frequent the contact between reacting species, the greater
can be the rate of reaction.
xdkUaMumifh xkxnfwpf,lepftwGif;½Sd
"mwfjyKypönf;rsm;\ ta&twGuf rsm;vm avav
(yg0ifudef;jrifhvmavav) ,if;wdkUtcsif;csif;Mum;
xdwdkufrItMudrfta&twGuf rsm;vmavav? "mwfjyKEIef;
jrefvmavavjzpfonf/ "mwfjyKEIef;jrefavav tcsdefwdk avav?
"mwfjyKEIef;aES;avav tcsdefMumavavjzpfonf/
Experiment 1 wGif1M HCl ESifh Mg ribbon "mwfûyjcif;
ESifh Experiment 2 wGif0.1M HCl ESifh Mg ribbon
"mwfûyjcif;udk EdIif;,SOfMunfhygu Experiment 1 u
2. Effect of pressure Experiment 2 xuf tcsdefwdkwdk twGif; Mg ribbon
t&ifukefqkH;onfudk Munfhjcif;tm;jzifh concentration
"mwfjyKjcif;wpfckwGif Gas rsm;ryg0ifyJ
rsm;av "mwfûyEIef;jrefavjzpfonfudk Solid,
awGUMu&rnf/ liquid
ESifhsolution rsm;om yg0ifygu zdtm; ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh
rnfodkUrQoufa&mufrI½Sdrnfr[kwfay/ odkUaomf gas
rsm;yg0ifvmygu pressure ajymif;vJjcif;jzifh MuD;rm;aom
ajymif;vJrIrsm; ½Sdvmayonf/ gas wpfck\ yg0ifudef;rSm xdk gas \
partial pressure ESifh wdkuf½kduftcsdK;usayonf/
Oyrm gas tdk;wpfcktwGif;½Sd gas \yrmPudk xdk gas tdk;\
zdtm;jzifhazmfjyonf/
xdkUaMumifh gas ygaom "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;twGuf collision
theory t& wlnDaom xkxnftwGif; gaseous pressure rsm;vmavav? gaseous
concentration rsm;vmavav? "mwfjyKEIef;jrefvmavav jzpfonf/
Oyrm oHrIefav;rsm;onf 20% oxygen wGifajz;nSif;pGm
avmifuRrf;aomfvnf; pure oxygen wGif jyif;xefpGmjzifh
rD;yGm;rsm;xGufjyD;avmifuRrf;onfudkawGU&onf/
Polyethene udkethene rS tvGefjrifhaom pressure wGif xkwf,lonf/
Haber process wGif"mwfûyEIef;jrefap&ef high pressure (200 atm) ü
"mwfûyjcif;udk vkyfaqmifonf/
3. Effect of temperature
 trsm;tm;jzifh "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;onf jrifhaom tylcsdefwGif
edrfhaomtylcsdefxuf vsifjrefpGm
"mwfjyKMuonfudkawGUMu&onf/

Oyrm tcef;tylcsdefwGifxm;ygu ykwfodk;avh½Sdaom

tpm;taomufrsm;tm; a&cJaowÅmxJwGif odrf;qnf;xm;ygu
Mum½SnfcHonfudk awGUMu&onf/
"mwfjyKypönf;rsm;onf tcsif;csif;xdawGUrI½SdrS
"mwfjyKonfqdkaomfvnf; vkHavmufaom pGrf;tif
yg0ifzdkUvdkayonf/ Oyrm
H2 + I2  2HI
txufyg"mwfjyKjcif;wGif H2 molecule ESifh I2 molecule
"mwfûyvQifwdkuf&dkuf HI molecule r&yJ Mum;tqifh wpfqifh
udkjzwfausmf&onf/ xdktqifhudk Intermediate state (or) transition state
[kac:onf/
xdktqifhwGif activated complex (or) intermediate complex
udk&½Sdonf/ xdk activated complex onf highly energetic jzpfjyD; rwnfjrJ
(unstable) ay/ reactant molecule rsm;u activated complex jzpf&ef twGuf energy
udkpkyf,l&onf/ xdk energy udk activation energy [kac:onf/ (Oyrm
avmifpmwpfck avmifuRrf;vQif pGrf;tif xGufaomfvnf;
xdkavmifpmudk OD;pGmrD;½dIUay;&ef vdkayonf/)

H H H H H H
+ +
I I I I I I
activated complex
(highly energetic, unstable)

Reactant molecules, intermediate complex ESifh products wdkUwGif

intermediate complex onf pGrf;tiftjrifhqkH;jzpfonf/ reactant molecules rS
intermediate complex jzpf&ef pGrf;tifudkpkyf,l&jyD;? xdkpGrf;tifudk
 [kac:onf/ intermediate complex rS product &&ef pGrf;tifudk
activation energy
xkwfvTwf&onf/
Activation energy
The minimum energy required to form activated complex is called activation
energy.

xdkUaMumifh "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckjzpf&ef reactant molecule

rsm;onfxdwdkufrIjzpf&ef rjzpfrae vdktyfaomfvnf;
xdwdkufrIwdkif;onf "mwfjyKjcif;rjzpfay/ vkHavmufaom
pGrf;tifESifh "mwfjyKjcif;udkjzpfaprnfh
oifhavQmfaomtajctaersm; vdktyfayonf/
Every collision does not ensure to form activated complex. The colliding particles with
enough energy and proper orientation may form activated complex.

jrifhaomtylcsdefwGif reactant molecules rsm;onf transition state udk

ausmfvTm; Edkif&ef pGrf;tiftvkHtavmuf&MujyD;
"mwfjyKEIef;vnf; jrefvmayonf/ tMurf;tm;jzifh tylcsdef 10
wdk;wdkif; "mwfjyKEIef;onf 2qjref vmayrnf/ tcsdefwpf0uf
avsmhoGm; ayrnf/ (Oyrm "mwfjyKjcif;wpfckonf 25C wGif 1 hour
Mumygu 35C wGif 30 minutes MumjyD;? 45C wGif 15 minutes
Mumayrnf/)

pky pky
f f xk
xkwf wf

4. Effect of catalysts
"mwfjyKjcif;rsm;wGif tylcsdefwdk;ay;ygu
"mwfjyKEIef;jrefonfqdkaomfvnf; tylcsdef wdk;&eftwGuf
pGrf;tifukefuspm;&dwfESifh wdk;vmrnfhtylcsdeftwGuf
tEÅ&m,fuif;½Sif;a&; aqmif&Guf&ef (safety risk) vdktyfrnfjzpfonf/
xdktcuftcJrsm;udk "mwfulypönf; (Catalyst)
okH;jyD;a½Smif½Sm;Edkifayonf/
 A Without catalyst
A
B With catalyst

Catalyst: A catalyst is a substance which alters the rate of a chemical reaction, but
remains chemically unchanged at the end of the reaction.

[ alter udk after ESifh4if;? unchanged udk uncharged ESifh4if;

rSm;wwfMuonf/]
Catalyst okkH;jcif;tm;jzifh products \yrmPwdk;vmrnfr[kwfay/
Catalyst onf ukefqkH;oGm;jcif;r½SdonfhtwGuf reactants
yrmPtajrmuftrsm;twGuf Catalyst tenf;i,fom vdkayonf/ Catalyst wGif
positive catalyst ESifh negative catalyst [lí 2rsdK;½Sdonf/
Positive catalyst : A catalyst that usually increases the rate of reaction is called a positive
catalyst.
Negative catalyst: A catalyst that decreases the rate of reaction is called negative catalyst
or inhibitor.

Positive catalyst tm;

"mwfjyKEIef;udk
wdk;ap&eftwGufokH;onf/ Positive catalyst udk
ukefxkwf"mwkvkyfief;rsm; ESifh okawoevkyfief;rsm;wGif
tokH;jyKonf/ Positive catalyst okH;jcif;tm;jzifh
"mwfjyKEIef;jrefvmjyD; tcsdefESifh pGrf;tifukefuspm;&dwf
oufom vmrnf? ukefxkwfpGrf;tm; wdk;vmrnfjzpfonf/

The solid booster rockets provide the main power to lift a space shuttle off the
ground. A catalyst of iron powder is mixed with the solid fuel to speed up the
burning.

OyrmtcsdKUrSm ammonia xkwfonfh Haber

Catalyst
process wGif Iron udk4if;? Sulphur trioxide xkwfonfh Contact process wGif
vanadium(V)oxide (or) platinized asbestos udk4if;? Potassium chlorate rS oxygen
xkwf&mwGif manganese (IV) oxide udk4if; catalyst tjzpf
tokH;jyKMuygonf/
 ouf½Sdrsm;\ tissue rsm;wGif Enzyme [kac:aom biocatalyst
udkajrmufrsm;pGm awGU&onf/ vlodtrsm;qkH;rSm tpmajc enzyme
rsm;jzpfonfh ptyalin udkwHawG;wGif4if;? pepsin udk
tpmtdrft&nfwGif4if; awGU&onf/ 4if;wdkUonf starch ESifh protein
uJhodkUaom large molecule rsm;udk cE¨mudk,fqJvfrsm;rS
tokH;csEdkifonfh simple molecules av;rsm;tjzpf ajczsuf&mwGif
vQifjrefapygonf/ Enzyme rsm;onf positive catalyst rsm;jzpfMuonf/
Negative catalyst udk rvdkvm;tyfaom "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;\
"mwfjyKEIef;udk aES;ap&mwGif tokH;jyKygonf/

5. Effect of radiation
tvif;onf pGrf;tifyif&if;jzpfjyD; tcsdKU"mwfjyKjcif;rsm;tay:
vTrf;rdk;Edkifonf/ Oyrm H2 gas onf Cl2 gas ESifh
tarSmifxJwGiftvGefaES;auG;pGm "mwfjyKaomfvnf; awmufyaom
aea&mifatmufwGif jyif;xefpGmaygufuGJjyD; "mwfjyKonf/ Cl2
molecule onf tvif;rS pGrf;tifudkpkyf,ljyD; activated jzpfum
pGrf;tifjrifh Cl atom (free radical) tjzpf ajymif;vJ oGm;onf/
¿ ¿
Cl 2
⃗
h ν Cl + Cl
(light)
xdk Cl atom onf H2 molecule ESifhaygif;jyD; HCl molecule ESifhH
atom udk&½Sdonf/
¿ ¿
Cl + H2 → HCl + H

wzef H atom onf Cl2 molecule ESifhaygif;jyD; HCl molecule ESifh

Cl atom udk &½Sdjyefonf/
¿ ¿
H + Cl2 → HCl + Cl

þenf;jzifh chain reaction jzpfjyD; "mwfjyKEIef;onf

wdk;vmayonf/ ,ck "mwfjyKjcif; onf light udk catalyst tjzpfokH;aom
"mwfjyKjcif;r[kwfyJ tvif;"mwk "mwfjyKjcif; (Phytochemical reaction)
jzpfonf/ Reactant molecules rsm;onf tvif;a&mifudk pkyf,l&½SdrSom
"mwfjyKjcif; jzpfEdkifonf/
Phytochemical reaction: A photochemical reaction is a reaction which takes place only
when the reactant molecules absorb the light radiation (h) when it is exposed.
6. Effect of surface area of reactants
tcJygaom "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;wGif "mwfjyKjcif;onf reactant
molecules \ rsufESm jyifwGifom jzpfay:onf/
xdkUaMumifh reactant \ tav;csdef wlaomfvnf;
twkH;MuD;ESifh twkH;ao;onf
"mwfjyKEIef;rwlyJ twkH;ao;uydkí
vQifjrefpGm"mwfjyKavonf/ (Oyrm tom;[if;
csuf&mwGif twkH;MuD;MuD;csufonfxuf
twkH;ao;ao;u ydkíjrefonf udkawGUMu&rnf/)
Aluminium foil onf ESifh aEG;aom tajctae rSom
NaOH
"mwfjyKaomfvnf; Aluminium powder onf NaOH ESifh
at;aomtajctaerSmyif vQifjrefpGm "mwfjyKonf udkawGU&onf/
xdkUaMumifh
tav;csdefwlaom solid substance
rsm;twGuf ao;i,faomtcJrsm;
(txl;ojzifh trIefrsm;) onf
MuD;aom tcJxuf
rsufESmjyif{&d,mrsm;jyD;? big piece of solid; small pieces of solid;

xdwdkufrI tMudrfydkrsm;um collision theory

small surface area t& large
"mwfjyKEIef;
surface area

ydkjrefavonf/

Chemical Equilibria ("mwkrQajc)

"mwfjyKjcif;tawmfrsm;rsm;onf tjyeftvSef "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;

(reversible reaction) jzpfMuonf/ a½SUodkU"mwfjyKjcif; (forward reaction)
jzpfouJhodkU oifhavQmfaom tajctaewGif ajymif;jyef"mwfjyKjcif;
(reverse (or) backward reaction) vnf;jzpfEdkifonf/
xdk"mwfjyKjcif;rsdK;udk tjyeftvSef"mwfjyKjcif; (reversible reaction)
[kac:jyD; oauFw jzifhazmfjyonf/
Oyrm H2(g) + I2(g) 2Hl(g) "mwfjyKjcif;wGif
pOD;tajctaeü H2 gas ESifh I2 gas om½SdjyD; forward reaction omjzpfí HI
gas r½Sdao;ay/ xdkUaMumifh forward reaction \ rate uydkjrefrnf/
"mwfjyKjcif;onf qufjzpfjyD; HI \concentration rsm;vmrnf/ Backward
reaction jzpfvmr,f/ tcsdefMumaomf H2 ESifh I2 \ concentration
enf;vmonfESifhtrQ forward reaction \rate avsmhvmrnf/ xdktcsdefwGif
HI \concentration rsm;vmjyD; backward reaction \ rate wdk;vmrnf/
wpfcsdefwGif forward reaction \ rate ESifh backward reaction \ rate
wdkUwlnDoGm;Murnf/ xdktcsdefudk equilibrium (rQajc)
a&mufjyD[kac:jyD; rQajcwGif H2, I2 ESifh HI wdkU\ concentration
rsm; ajymif;vJrIr½Sdawmhay/ odkUaomf "mwfjyKjcif;
ESpfckvkH;onf &yfoGm;onfr[kwfyJ wlnDaomEIef;jzifh
qufjzpfaeMujcif;jzpfonf/ xdkUaMumifh "mwkrQajcudk
ta½GUrQajc (Dynamic equilibria) [kac:onf/
xdkUaMumifh rQajcESifhywfoufíodxm;&rnfrSm
- rQajconf reversible reaction wGifomjzpfay:onf/
- Forward reaction \rate ESifh backward reaction \rate wlnDaomtcsdefwGif
Chemical equilibrium pwifjzpfay:onf/
- equilibrium ü "mwfjyKjcif;wGifyg0ifaom t&m0w¦¦Ktm;vkH;\ net
concentration ajymif;vJrIr½Sday/
- rQajcwGif "mwfjyKjcif;2zufvkH; &yfoGm;onfr[kwfyJ
wlnDaomEIef;jzifh qufjzpfae Muonf/
Chemical equilibrium pwifjzpfay:onfESifh
wpfjydKifeuf rnfonfh tom;wif ajymif;vJrIrQ½Sdrnf
r[kwfaomfvnf; jyifyrS tajctae wpfckck ajymif;vJygu
"mwfjyKpHepfonf rlv taetxm;rS rQajctaetxm;
topfodkU a½GUoGm;ayrnf/ rQajctay:
oufa&mufonfh tajctaersm; udk Le Chatelier's Principle
tokH;jyKí pOf;pm; MunfhEdkifygonf/

Le Chatelier's Principle

When anyone of the factors affecting the equilibrium of a chemical system such as
temperature, pressure or concentration is changed, the system reacts in such a way as to
nullify the effect of the change.

"mwkrQajctay: oufa&mufonfhtcsufrsm;rSm
Factors influencing equilibrium
1. Effect of temperature
2. Effect of Pressure
 3. Effect of concentration
1. Effect of temperature
Temperature oufa&mufrIwGif 2rsdK;½Sdonf/ Increasing temperature
(heating) ESifh decreasing temperature (cooling) jzpfonf/ Temperature effect
udkajzqdkEdkif&ef "mwfjyKjcif;onf tylpkyf"mwfjyKjcif;vm;?
tylxkwf"mwfjyKjcif;vm; OD;pGmcGJjcm;Edkif&rnf/ Temperature
wdk;vQif tylpkyf"mwfjyKjcif; ODpm;ay;jzpfjyD;? temperature
avsmhvQif tylxkwf "mwfjyKjcif; OD;pm;ay;jzpfay:rnf/ Temperature
effect udk trSwfay; pnf;rsOf;ESifhtnD ar;cGef;a[mif; tcsdKUtm;
ajzqdkjyvdkufygonf/
Example 1. What would be the effect of temperature on the following equilibrium?
4CuO(s) + heat 2Cu2O(s) + O2(g)

- Forward reaction is heat absorbing reaction.

- Backward reaction is heat evolving reaction.
Increasing temperature
- heat absorbing (forward) reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the right.
- more Cu2O and O2 will be formed. (or) more CuO will decomposed. (or)
concentration of Cu2O and O2 will increase. (or) concentration of CuO will
decrease.
Decreasing temperature
- heat evolving reaction (backward) reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the left.
- more CuO will be formed. (or) concentration of CuO will increase. (or)
concentration of Cu2O and O2 will decrease.
 owdjyK&efrSm tcsdKUaomausmif;om;rsm;onf temperature
effect ESifh pressure effect udkrSm;,Gif;ajzqdkjcif;? increasing ESifh
decreasing udk rSm;,Gif;ajzqdkjcif;rsm; rMumcP awGU&wwfonf/
Example 2. What would be the effect of increasing temperature and decreasing
temperature on the following equilibrium?
PCl3 + Cl2 PCl5 + 92kJ
- Forward reaction is heat evolving reaction.
- Backward reaction is heat absorbing reaction.
Increasing temperature
- heat absorbing (backward) reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the left.
- more PCl3 and Cl2 will be formed. (or) concentration of PCl3 and Cl2 will increase.
(or) concentration of PCl5 will decrease.
Decreasing temperature
- heat evolving reaction (forward) reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the right.
- more PCl5 will be formed. (or) concentration of PCl5 will increase. (or)
concentration of PCl3 and Cl2 will decrease.
Heat absorbing reaction udk endothermic reaction [k4if;? Heat evolving
reaction udk exothermic reaction [k4if; a&;om;Edkifygonf/
2. Effect of pressure
Gas rygaom "mwfjyKjcif;rsm;wGif Pressure effect r½Sday/ Solid,
liquid wdkU\ volume udk zero [k,lqonf/ xdkUaMumifh pressure effect
udkajzqdk&mwGif physical state onfta&;ygayonf/ Gas ygaomfvnf;
reactant ESifh product \total volume ajymif;vJrI r½Sdyguvnf; pressure effect
r½Sday/

Example 1. What would be the effect of increasing pressure and decreasing pressure
on the following equilibrium?
CaCO3(s) + heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)
1 mole 1 mole 1mole
0 volume 0 volume + 1 volume
0 volume 1 volume
- Forward reaction is volume increasing reaction.
- Backward reaction is volume decreasing reaction.
Increasing pressure
- volume decreasing (backward) reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the left.
- more CaCO3 will form (or) concentration of CaCO 3 will increase (or)
concentration of CaO and CO2 will decrease.
Decreasing pressure
- volume increasing (forward) reaction will be favoured.
 - equilibrium will shift to the right.
- more CaO and CO2 will form (or) concentration of CaO and CO 2 will increase (or)
concentration of CaCO3 will decrease.

Example 2. What would be the effect of pressure on the following equilibrium?

N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
1 mole + 1mole 2 mole
1 volume + 1 volume 2 volume
2 volume 2 volume
There is no change in total volume.
There is no pressure effect.

3. Effect of concentration
rQajc½Sd substance
wpfck\ concentration udk wdk;ay;ygu
xdkwdk;vmaom substance onfydkí"mwfjyKrnf/ xdkUtwl rQajc½Sd
substance wpfck\ concentration udk avQmhvdkufygu
xdkavsmhoGm;aom substance ydkíjzpfvmrnfjzpfonf/
Example 1: Predict the effect of increasing concentration of SCN- ions on the
following equilibrium.
Fe3+(aq) + SCN-(aq) FeSCN2+(aq)
SCN- \ yrmPwdk;vmygu Fe3+ ESifhydkí"mwfjyKjyD; FeSCN2+
ydk&rnfjzpfw,f/
Increasing SCN- ions,
- forward reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the right.
- Concentration of FeSCN2+(aq) will increase.

Example 2: Predict the effect of decreasing concentration of NH3(g) on the following

equilibrium.
2NH3(g) N2(g) + 3H2(g)
NH3 \yrmPavsmhoGm;ygu N2 ESifh H2 ydkaygif;jyD; NH3
ydk&rnfjzpfw,f/
Decreasing NH3 gas,
- backward reaction will be favoured.
- equilibrium will shift to the left.
- Concentration of NH3 will increase.

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pnf;rsOf;ESifhtnD wdwdusus jynfhjynfhpkHpkHajzqdkrSom
trSwfjynfh &½Sdrnfjzpfw,f/ Definition rsm;udk abmifcwfí
azmfjycJhjyD;jzpfygw,f/ ar;cGef;a[mif;rsm;rS Objective
ar;cGef;rsm;udk avhusifhEdkif&ef jznfhpGufay;vdkufygw,f/
ausmif;ol ausmif;om;taygif; xl;cRefpGm
atmifjrifEdkifMuygap/

avhusifh&efar;cGef;a[mif;rsm;

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.

1. A catalyst that increases the rate of reaction is called a positive catalyst.
2. The rate of reaction means the change in concentration of the reactants or product per unit
time.
3. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants.
4. Reactions can proceed at different rates.
5. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the time.
 6. At the equilibrium, the reactions are still proceeding with equal rate on both sides.
7. A catalyst alters the rate reaction.
8. Ptyalin (in saliva) is used as catalyst to break down a large molecule of starch.
9. A catalyst speeds up the forward reaction and slows down the reverse reaction.
10. A negative catalyst is an inhibitor.
11. An inhibitor is used to initiate an unwanted reaction.
12. An inhibitor increases the rate of reaction.
13. Catalysts are consumes by the chemical reaction.
14. The rate of reaction is proportional to the time taken.
15. A positive catalyst decreases the rate of reaction.
16. A catalyst decreases the rate of reaction is called a positive catalyst.
17. More amount of product would be obtained by using a proper catalyst.
18. The composition of equilibrium mixture does not change by the catalyst.
19. Enzyme is a biocatalyst.
20. Catalyst found in living cell is known as enzyme.
21. A very large number of catalysts called enzymes are found in living tissues.
22. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as inhibitor.
23. Enzyme is an inhibitor.
24. Addition of catalyst changes the position of equilibrium.
25. A large quantity of catalyst is sufficient to catalyst the reaction of a large quantity of
reactants.
26. Reversible reactions can proceed in the forward direction only.
27. An activated complex has the highest energy.
28. At the equilibrium the reactions are still proceeding with equal rates on both sides.
29. At equilibrium, the forward and reserve reaction are stopped.
30. No net chance in concentration of reactants and products are observed at equilibrium.
31. The maximum energy required to form activated complex in called activation energy.
32. The reaction is completely stopped at the equilibrium.
33. An activated complex is stable.
34. As the concentration of the reactants is increased, the rate of reaction increases.
35. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the reserve reaction.
36. An increase in temperature would favour the exothermic reaction.
37. The effect of charging the pressure on reaction just involving liquids is negligible.
38. The more frequent the contact between the reacting species the greater can be the rate of
reaction.
39. Every collision leads to the chemical reaction.
40. Chemical reaction depends upon collisions between the reacting particles.
41. As the concentration of the reactants is increased, the reaction time decreases.
42. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the forward reaction.
43. Chemical reactions occur only when collisions involves more than a certain amount of
energy.
44. For the same mass of substance, the smaller particles have a larger total surface area than
larger particles.
45. A large particle has the larger surface area than the smaller particles of the same mass.
46. The larger the surface area of the reactant the greater will be the rate of reaction.
47. The larger the surface area, the rate of reaction is slower.
48. Powdered aluminium reacts much more readily than aluminium foil.

Fill in the blanks with correct word(s), phrase(s), term(s), unit(s) etc.,
1. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as ------------------------------ .
2. A catalyst found in the living cell is known as ------------------------------ .
3. An activated complex has the ------------------------------ energy.

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc given in the brackets.
 1. (V2O5, Fe, Zn) is used as a catalyst in the contact process for manufacturing sulphurioxide.
2. A catalyst is a substance which (changes, alters, does not change) the rate of a chemical
reaction.
3. A negative catalyst is a substance which (stops, decreases, increases) the rate of reaction.
4. A catalyst that usually increases the rate of reaction is called a (positive, negative, neutral)
catalyst.
5. A catalyst found in the living cell is known as (positive catalyst, negative catalyst, enzyme).
6. A negative catalyst is a(an) (biocatalyst, inhibitor, intermediate).
7. (Every collision, Collision with enough energy, Collision with low energy) leads to
chemical reaction.
8. An inhibitor (decreases, increases, does not change) the rate of reaction.
9. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as (biocatalyst, negative catalyst,
positive catalyst).
10. Enzyme is a(an) (biocatalyst, inhibitor, intermediate).
11. A (positive catalyst, negative catalyst, neutral catalyst) or inhibitor decreases the rate of
reaction.
12. A catalyst changes (the rate of reaction, concentration of products, frequents of collisions).
13. Collision theory states that the more frequent the contact between reacting species, the
(smaller, greater, same) can be the rate of reaction.
14. (Cu, MnO2, Fe) is used as a catalyst for production of oxygen.
15. A very large number of catalyst called (enzyme, light radiation, free radical) are found in
living tissue.
16. (Pt, Cu, Fe) is used as the catalyst in the Haber process for manufacturing ammonia.
17. Roughly, the rate of reaction becomes double when the temperature is raised by (five, ten,
twenty) degree.
18. Effect of pressure on (solids, liquids, gases) is negligible.
19. The effect of changing the pressure on reactions just involving liquids is (very large,
negligible, significant).
20. The (minimum, maximum, minimum or maximum) energy required to form the activated
complex is called activation energy.
21. The larger the surface area, the (slower, faster, same) is the reaction rate.
22. Powdered lead reacts more (slowly, rapidly, moderately) than lead plate.
23. The rate of decomposition of A is denoted by ( -d[A]/dt , d[A]/dt , [A]/dt ).
24. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the (reverse, forward, backward) reaction.
25. The rate of reaction is (inversely proportional, directly proportional, equal) to the
concentration of the reaction.
26. An activated complex is (stable, unstable, less energetic) intermediate.
27. Increase of (reactant particle size, reactant partial pressure, temperature) decreases the rate
of reaction.
28. The rate of reaction depends on (catalyst, potential, electricity).
29. The unit used for the rate of redaction is (moldm -3sec-1, dm-3sec-1, moldm3sec-1).
30. The rate of formation of C is denoted by ( -d[c]/dt , d[c]/dt , [c]/dt ).
31. The rate of reaction is (inversely proportional, directly proportional, equal) to the rate of
concentration of the reaction.

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