INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

- Consist of the skin, hair, glands, nails, and nerves

- Acts as barrier from the outside environment
- Protects body from harmful organisms, temperature, and other external factors

➢ PARTS OF INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

1) Epidermis- outer layer of the skin
- consists of epithelial cells that contains protein like called keratin
- acts as a barrier that protects the body from ultraviolet radiation, harmful chemicals, and pathogens.
2) Dermis – second layer of the skin
- usually, 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis.
- consist of connective tissues that prevent the skin from tearing and enable the skin to return to its
normal state after being stretched.
3) Hypodermis - the deepest section of the skin.
- refers to the fat tissue below the dermis that insulates the body from cold temperatures and provides
shock absorption.
- Fat cells of the hypodermis also store nutrients and energy.
4) Hair and Nails- contain keratin and develop from epithelial cells.
- Hair cells grow out from the narrow cavities in the dermis called hair follicles.
- The nails act as a protective plate over the fingertips and toes.
- Hair serves many functions such as keeping the body warm.

The skin is one of the first defense mechanisms in your immune system

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

- A series of organs responsible for taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide.
- The main organs of the respiratory system are the lungs which carry out the exchange of gases as we breathe.

➢ MAIN PARTS:
1) Nasal cavity- opening into the nasal passages that are lined with hairs.
- Nostrils have cilia. The cilia filter the dust and other particles present in the air. They also protect the
nasal passages and other regions of the respiratory tract.
2) Pharynx
- The pharynx is also called throat. It is the common passageway for both food, water, and air.
3) Larnyx
- Below the epiglottis is the larynx or voice box. The larynx contains two vocal cords that vibrate when air
passes by them. The larynx is the main site for sound production.
- To prevent food from entering the windpipe or the trachea, the epiglottis closes the larynx when
swallowing. This prevents food and water to enter the passage.
4) Lungs - main organ of the respiratory system.
- This is where exchange of gases occurs.
- This is the site where oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is expelled out.
- Each lung is covered with pleural membrane. This membrane produces slippery fluid that allows the
lungs to glide freely during breathing.
5) Trachea – windpipe
- It filters the air we inhale and branches into the bronchi.
6) Bronchi - are two tubes that carry air into the lungs.
 - Bronchial tubes also branch into smaller tubes called bronchioles.
7) Alveoli - grape-like structures at the end of bronchioles.
- The bronchioles and the alveoli together make up the lungs.
- increase the surface of the lungs for a greater exchange of gases to collect more oxygen.
- protects the lungs from bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.
8) Diaphragm - dome-shaped muscle that controls breathing, which is located at the bottom of the lungs.
- During respiration, the diaphragm flattens out and pulls forward, making more space for the lungs.
- When we inhale or breathe in, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward.
- When we exhale or breathe out, the diaphragm expands.

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

- a transport system of the body.

- responsible for the flow of blood, nutrients, oxygen and other gases, and as well as hormones to and from cells.
- also known as the cardiovascular system
- a network composed of the heart as the pumping station, the blood vessels that distribute blood throughout
the body, and the blood that transports different substances.

➢ MAIN PARTS
1) Heart - hollow, muscular organ about the size of our fist.
- Sends blood around your body
- It is usually beating about 60 to 100 times per minute.
- made up of four different blood-filled areas, and each of these areas is called a chamber.
- The two chambers on top are called the atria while the two chambers on the bottom are called the
ventricles
- ATRIA: receiving chambers for blood
- VENTRICLES: pumps blood out from the heart
2) Blood Vessels - tubes that carry the blood throughout the body. They are connected to the heart.
- TYPES:
o ARTERIES – carry oxygen rich blood away from the heart
o CAPILLARIES – bring oxygen and nutrients to the cells; remove waste products
o VEINS – carry blood back to the heart with wastes
3) Blood - gives your body the oxygen and nutrients that are needed in your body.
- considered as the river of life which carries all nutrients of our body
- It also carries waste to be eliminated.
- BLOOD COMPONENTS:
o RED BLOOD CELLS – carry oxygen to tissue
o PLATELETS – used in coagulation (clotting)
o PLASMA – maintains blood volume and blood pressure, and prevents excessive bleeding
o WHITE BLOOD CELLS – fight infection