ELP - 101

EXPERIMENT - 7

FALGUN GERA
2022TT12134
GROUP - 12

AIM

Obtain equivalent circuit parameters of transformer by:

1. Open Circuit test
2. Short Circuit test
3. Resistance Measurement test

APPARATUS
1- Phase transformer of identical ratings
2. 1- Phase Auto Transformer
3. Low Power Factor Wattmeter
4. AC Ammeter
5. AC Voltmeter

GENERAL THEORY
A transformer is an electrical device that transfers electrical energy between
two or more circuits through electromagnetic induction. A varying current in
one coil of the transformer produces a varying magnetic field, which in turn
induces a voltage in a second coil.

The equivalent circuit of a single phase transformer can be approximately

represented as shown below:

The parameters R0 and X0 are determined by conducting the Open Circuit

(O.C.) Test
The parameters R1 and X1 are determined by conducting the Short Circuit
(S.C.) Test

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS:

The four parameters of the equivalent circuit are R0, X0, R1 and X1
R0 and X0 are obtained from O.C. test and R1 and X1 are obtained from the
S.C. test as follows:

From OC test:
No load PF (cosΦ0) = W0/V0I0 IW = I0 cosΦ0
Iµ = I0 sinΦ0
R0 =V0/IW
X0 = V0/Iµ

From SC test:
Total impedance referred to secondary side Z2 = VSC / ISC
R2 = WSC/ISC2
X22 = Z22 - R22












SETUP
Open Circuit Test:

Short Circuit Test:

OBSERVATIONS

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

Wattmeter at 150V, Multiplying Factor = 1

Connection B1 – B2

S.no Voltage Applied VOC Power Input Current Drawn ISC

1 120.3 V 38 W (19x2) 0.43 A

2 76.5 V 16 W (8x2) 0.23 A

IMAGES FOR CASE - 1




IMAGES FOR CASE - 2

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

Wattmeter at 300V, Multiplying Factor = 2

Connection B1 – B2

S.no Voltage Applied VSC Current Drawn ISC Power Input WSC

1 13.6V 5.12 A 60 W
2 7.83V 2.98 A 20 W

IMAGES FOR CASE - 1




IMAGES FOR CASE - 2

CALCULATIONS

FOR OPEN CIRCUIT TEST

S.no Voltage Power Current cosΦo sinΦo IW(A) Iµ(A) RO(Ω) XO(Ω)
Applied Input Drawn
VOC ISC

1 120.3 V 38 W 0.43 A 0.54 0.84 0.118 0.185 2040.20 1309.15

(19x2)
2 76.5 V 16 W 0.23 A 0.66 0.75 0.116 0.120 1894.35 1669.49
(8x2)
AVG 0.600 0.796 0.112 0.153 1967.274 1489.318

cosΦo = 0.60
sinΦo = 0.796
IW = 0.112
Iµ = 0.153
RO = 1967.274
XO = 1489.318

FOR SHORT CIRCUIT TEST

S.no Voltage Power Input Current Z2 (Ω) Z2 (Ω) X2 (Ω)

Applied Drawn ISC
VOC

1 13.6 V 60 W 5.12 A 2.65 2.29 1.348

2 7.83 V 20 W 2.98 A 2.63 2.25 1.354
AVG 2.642 2.270 1.351

2
R1 = R2(n1/n2) = 2.270 Ω
2
Similarly, X1 = X2(n1/n2) = 1.351 Ω

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

From the above experiment, we have been able to calculate the various
circuit parameters of a real transformer using the open circuit and the short
circuit tests.
For the given transformer, we calculated the absolute parameters as follows

R0= 1967.274 Ω
X0 = 1489.318 Ω
R1 =2.270Ω






 R2 = 2.270 Ω, X1 =1.351Ω X2 =1.351Ω

Iron Loss = 28.4W Copper Loss = 60W

Resistance of Primary Winding = 1.7 Ω
Resistance of Secondary Winding = 2.2 Ω

SOURCES OF ERROR

1. Scale of multimeter/DSO not appropriate for measurements

2. Loose Connections
3. Resistance of wires not considered and giving rise to inconsistency due to
increase in resistance due to heating.
4. Change in the connections while circuit is closed.

PRECAUTIONS

• Make the connections neat and tight.

• Dont leave the switch on for long continuous periods of time
• Wear proper shoes and use insulated tools.