S_NBF_M SM_YF IF@ S_LG_MBM

MAYFDFIFAYFT
MAYFDFIF AYFT IF@ IF_FDHL IF@ Y_MOMEL
=. Hnstlrnm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
?. @ls Srnadnpnls N`ustrmilrfs if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
4. Amturm`fzm Eurâindm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
9. @ms Jufatfs if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
6. @m Natfrprftmdnôa if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
=

4. AMYV_M@FUM EV_ÂINDM IF@ IF_FDHL IF@

Y_MOMEL
m. D_NYF_NL
o. DLADFSDNLAFT
d. DLAD@VTNÔA
m. D_NYF_NL5
➯ ]uî fs `m Amturm`fzm
Amturm`fzm Eurâindm. Slr ‐amturm`fzm‒
‐amturm`fzm‒ fatfaifbls f` lrngfa if `ms
dlsms, su prnadnpnl,
prnadnpnl, prldfsl y jna; `m fsfadnm if dmim dlsm. @ls trmtmins
trmtminstms
tms if`
Ifrfd
If rfdhl
hl @molr
@molrm`
m` dlas
dlasni
nifrm
frma
a qu
quff `m amtu
amturm`
rm`fz
fzm
m eurâ
eurâin
indm
dm if` If
Ifrfd
rfdhl
hl if`
Yrmom
Yrmomel
el,, if
ifof
of ma
mam`
m`nz
nzmrs
mrsff if
ifsi
sif
f `m pfpfrs
rspfd
pfdtn
tnvm
vm if` If
Ifrfd
rfdhl
hl SrSrnv
nvmil
mil,, if`
Ifrfdhl Sõo`ndl l if` Ifrfdhl Amturm`.
➯ Smrm ifjnanr `m Amturm`fzm Eurâindm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel, `ls trmtminstms hma
rfm`nzmil su fajlquf ifsif `m sngunfatf pfrspfdtnvm5
Slr sus Alrbms
Slr sus Nastntudnlafs
Slr `m Yutf`m if sus Natfrfsfs
Srfguatm if fxmbfao.
o.55 DLADFSDNLAFT
=. @m Dladfpdnôa Srnvmtnvm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
?. @m Dladfpdnôa Suo`ndnstm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
4. @m Dladfpdnôa Ium`nstm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
9. @m Dladfpdnôa Tldnm` if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
=. @m Dladfpdnôa Srnvmtnvm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
➯ @ls trmt
trmtmin
minst
stms
ms qu
quf
f sl
slst
stnf
nfafa
afa fsfstm
tm dl
dlad
adfp
fpdn
dnôa
ôa dl
dlas
asnif
nifrm
rma
a quf tlil
tlil `l
rf
rf`m
`mtn
tnvl
vl m `m dl dlat
atrmt
rmtmd
mdnô
nôa
a nain
nainvn
vniu
ium`
m` y m `ms dl
dlai
aind
ndnl
nlafs
afs if trm
trmom
omel
el fs
fstí
tí
jlrbmil plr nastntudnlafs if` Ifrfdhl Srnvmil, dlasnifrma quf ifsif `m
ifalbnamdnôa if ‐Dlatrmtl‒ fs ua mdufril if vl`uatmifs. Mindnlam`bfatf
fa su hnstlrnm snfbprf fstuvl dlatfanil ifatrl if` Ifrfdhl Srnvmil.
➯ Fstm dladfpdnôa mrgubfatm quf f` trmomel sf omsm fa ua dlatrmtl, quf
ifof pfrslam`nzmrsf dlbl `ls ifbís, plr `m fsplatmafnimi y vl`uatmrnfimi
if `ms pmrtfs, fa `ms alrbms eurâindms dnvn`fs l fa `ms fqunpmrmo`fs m f``m,
sla ua dlaeuatl if alrbms quf rfgu`ma `m rf`mdnôa if tnpl prnvmil.
➯ Fa Gumtfbm`m. Ifatrl if `m Hnstlrnm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel, plifbls
mam`nzmr quf m`guams if `ms nastntudnlafs if` bnsbl sf fadlatrmoma rfgu`mims
fa f` Ifrfdhl Srnvmil, tm` dlbl `l sfým`m f` Yrmtminstm Bmrnl
?
@ôpfz
@ôpf z @m@mrr
rrmv
mvf,
f, fa su `nor
`norl
l ‐O
‐Orf
rfvf
vf Hn
Hnst
stlr
lrnm
nm if
if`` Bl
Blvn
vnbn
bnfa
fatl
tl Tnai
Tnaind
ndm`
m`
Gumtfbm`tfdl‒, fa f` quf dlbfatm quf fa f` Ifdrftl Guoframtnvl =7: if` 8
if bmrzl if =877 fa f` Dôingl Dnvn` rfgu`mom `ms rf`mdnlafs `molrm`fs dla
f` Dlatrmtl if @ldmdnôa if Tfrvndnls.
DLBF
DLBFAY AYM_M_NLNL55 Fs
Fstm
tm dlad
dladfp
fpdn
dnôa
ôa al if ifjn
jnaf
af `m am amtu
turm
rm`f
`fzm
zm eurâ
eurâin
indm
dm ifif``
Ifrfdhl
Ifrfdh l if` Yrmomel plrquf m pfsmr quf fs ua dlatrmtl,
dlatrmtl, fs f` Fstmil qunfa
im `l
`ls
s `n
`naf
afmb
mbnf
nfat
atls
ls if su dlat
dlatfa
fani
nil,
l, `ls
`ls du dum`
m`fs
fs dl
dlat
atnf
nfaf
afa
a gmgmrmrmat
atâm
âms
s
bâanbms m jmvlr if `ls trmomemilrfs, plr `l quf al fxnstf `m mutlalbâm if `m
vl`uatmi.
 
 
 

Srfguatm if fxmbfa
?. @m Dladfpdnôa Suo`ndnstm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
➯ @m Amturm`fzm Eurâindm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel fa aufstrm `fgns`mdnôa fs if
IF_FDHL SÕO@NDL plr lrqu
quf f dl
dlat
atnf
nfaf
af al
alrb
rbms
ms if natnatfrîs
frîs põpõo`
o`nd
ndl,
l,
nrrfauadnmo`fs, y plrquf f` Fstmil ifof fefrdfr `m vngn`madnm pmrm quf `ls
ifrfdhls bâanbls dlatfanils fa `m `fy sfma mp`ndmo`fs ifsif f` blbfatl
if` nandnl if `m rf`mdnôa `molrm`, fa `m df`formdnôa if ua dlatrmtl if trmomel y
`m fefdudnôa if `m prfstmdnôa if` sfrvndnl fxngnfail f` dubp`nbnfatl if `ms
lo`ngmdnlafs if pmtrlals y trmomemilrfs (anagõa trmomemilr pufif rfauadnmr 
m `ls ifrfdhls quf `f ltlrgm `m `fgns`mdnôa).
➯ Fstnpu`m quf sf trmtm if uam dladfpdnôa puo`ndnstm plrquf sus alrbms sla

tmxmtnvms l if mdmrídtfr
sf vf `nbntmim nbpfrmtnvl,
`m mp`ndmdnôa if fstfl sfm quf `mpufs
ifrfdhl, mutlalbâm if `m tnfaifa
sus alrbms vl`uatmim
prltfgfr natfrfsfs al pmrtndu`mrfs snal if dmrídtfr gfafrm`.
➯ Fa Gumtfbm`m. Dumrtl Dlasnifrmail, Nadnsl ‐f‒, Dôingl if Yrmomel5
]uf fsms dmrmdtfrâstndms nifl`ôgndms if` ifrfdhl if Yrmomel y, fa
dlasfdufadnm, tmbonîa `ms if` Dôingl if Yrmomel, plr sfr îstf uam
dladrfdnôa if mquf`, mimptmims m `m rfm`nimi if Gumtfbm`m sf pufifa
rfsubnr msâ5
…f) F` Ifrfdhl if Yrmomel fs uam rmbm if` Ifrfdh
Ifrfdhll Sõo`ndl, plr `l quf m`
ldurrnr su mp`ndmdnôa, f` natfrîs prnvmil ifof dfifr matf f` natfrîs sldnm` l
dl`fdtnvl; (…)
4. @m Dladfpdnôa Ium`nstm if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
➯ Yrmtminstm
Yrmtmin stmss dlb
dlbl l f` Bmf
Bmfstr
strl
l Tm`
Tm`lbôa
lbôa Glaz
Glazí`fz
í`fz O`madl, dla
dlasni
snifrm
frm quf f`
Ifrfd
frfdhlhl ifif`` Yr
Yrmo
mome
mel
l fs Ium um`` l BnBnxt
xtl,
l, pl
plrq
rquf
uf tli
lil
l `l rf`
rf`mtnv
mtnvl
l m `m
dla
lattrm
rmtm
tmdn
dnôa
ôa na nain
inv
vni
nium
um`` y dlalainindn
dnla
lafs
fs if trmom
rmomel
el fs
fstí
tí jlrbm
lrbmilil pl
plr 
r 
nastntudnlafs if` Ifrfdhl Srnvmil y `l rf`mtnvl m` snaindmtl, naspfddnôa if
trmomel, huf`gm, ifsngamdnôa if `ls juadnlamrnls if `ls trnouam`fs if trmomel,
sf rngfa plr nastntudnlafs if Ifrfdhl Sõo`ndl.
➯ Fstm dladfpdnôa mjnrbm quf plr uam pmrtf f` ifrfdhl if` trmomel tutf`m
natfrfsfs prnvmils y plr ltrm, natfrfsfs if `m gfafrm`nimi. Sfrtfafdf m`
ifrfdhl põo`ndl plr dumatl lrgmanzm uam fspfdnf if tutf`m mibnanstrmtnvm
4
slorf `ls trmomemilrfs, pfrl ifpfaif plr f` dlatrmrnl if` ifrfdhl prnvmil
dumail fstmtuyf slorf `ls dlatrmtls.
➯ F` Yrmtm
Yrmtmin
inst
stmm Fugf
Fugfan
anl
l Sîrf
Sîrfzz Oltn
Oltnem
em,, dlasnifrm m` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
dlbl ua dlaeuatl nainsl`uo`f f nasfpmrmo`f if Nastntudnlafs if Ifrfdhl
Sõo`ndl y if Ifrfdhl Srnvmil.
➯
F` Yrmt
Yrmtmi
põo`ndl mins
nstm
tm Elsî
dumail Els
sf î Iívm
Iívm`l
tutf`m ua s, bmanjnfstm
`ls,
ifrfdhl quf fstmbls
al pmtrnblanm`, jrfatfsf
y dumail m` tutf`m
ifrfdhlua
ifrfdhl pmtrnblanm`,
pmtrnblanm`, als fadlat
fadlatrmbls
rmbls jrfatf m alrbms if ifrfdh ifrfdhl
l prnvmi
prnvmil.l.
Fstm tfsns sf drntndm, pufs vfbls quf f` ifrfdhl jnsdm` fs ifrfdhl põo`ndl,
m pfsmr if quf tutf`m ifrfdhls pmtrnblanm`fs; fa dmbonl, tlil f` rîgnbfa
if jmbn`nm al fs pmtrnblanm` y pfrtfafdf m` ifrfdhl prnvmil. Ymbonîa naindm
quf sn `ls sueftls if `m rf`mdnô
rf`mdnôaa eurâindm sf fadufat
fadufatrmarma pmrm plifr instnagu
instnagunr 
nr 
sn `m alrbm quf `ls rngf fs if ifrfdhl põo`ndl l if ifrfdhl prnvmil; sn `ls
sueftls sf fadufatrma fa ua bnsbl p`mal, fstmbls jrfatf m uam alrbm if
ifrfd
ifr fdhl
hl prprnv
nvmi
mil,
l, fs ifd
ifdnr
nr,, ua
uam
m rf
rf`m
`mdn
dnôa
ôa if dl dllr
lrin
inamd
amdnô
nôa;
a; sn ua
ual
l if `ls
sueftls if `m rf`mdnôa fstí fa ua p`mal if supfrnlrnimi, fstmbls jrfatf m
uam alrbm if ifrfdhl põo`ndl.
Sfrl pufif ldurrnr quf `ls sueftls if `m rf`mdnôa fstîa fa ua p`mal if
ngum`imi y, sna fbomrgl, `ms alrbms quf `ls rngfa sfma if ifrfdhl põo`ndl;
plr fefbp`l, `ls trmtmils natframdnlam`fs.
Ltrl drntfrnl plr f` quf sf nad`nama dmsn tlils `ls mutlrfs fs f` if `m
amtu
am turm
rm`f
`fz
zm if `m al alrb
rbm.m. Tn uam if `ms `ms pm
pmrtrtfs
fs nb
nbpl
plaaf m `m ltrmltrm `ms
`ms
dlaindnlafs if` dlatrmtl, sf fstí jrfatf m alrbms if ifrfdhl põo`ndl; pfrl
sn `m
`ms
s pm
pmrt
rtfs
fs tnfaf
tnfafaa jm
jmdu
du`t
`tmi
mifs
fs pmrm
pmrm insd
insdut
utnr
nr `ms dldlai
aind
ndnl
nlafs
afs l al alrbm
rbms s
 
 

rfgu`milrms if` dlatrmtl, fstmbls jrfatf m` ifrfdhl prnvmil.

Tn f` Fstmil mdtõm dlbl tm`, sn `l hmdf dla fsf plifr jrfatf m ua pmrtndu`
pmrtndu`mr,
mr,
sf fstí fa f` dmbpl if` ifrfdhl põo`ndl; pfrl sn f` Fstmil ifem if mdtumr 
dla su nbpfrnl pl`âtndl y sf dl`ldm fa `m bnsbm sntumdnôa quf f` pmrtndu`mr,
fstm
fstmbl
blss fa f` dm
dmbp
bpll if
if`` if
ifrfd
rfdhl
hl prn
prnvm
vmil.
il. Fefb
Fefbp`
p`nj
njnd
ndmai
mail5
l5 du
duma
mailil f`
Fstmi
Fs tmil
l rf
rfm`n
m`nzm
zm ua
uam
m fxpr
fxprlpn
lpnmd
mdnô
nôa
a fs
fstm
tmbl
blss dl
dl`l
`ldm
dmils
ils fa f` íb íbont
ontl
l if`
ifrfdhl põo`ndl, y dumail df`form ua dlatrmtl if mrrfaimbnfatl, fa f` if`
ifrfdhl prnvmil.
Tna fbomrgl, f` prlo`fbm dlasnstf fa iftfrbnamr sn f` ifrfdhl if` trmomel
fs if` ifrfdhl põo`ndl, if` ifrfdhl prnvmil l if` ifrfdhl sldnm`.
9. @m Dladfpdnôa Tldnm` if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
➯ F` Yrmtminstm
Yrmtminstm Dmr`ls Gmrdâm Lvnfil, indf quf tlil `l rf`mtnvl m `m prfstmdnô
prfstmdnôaa
if sfrvndnls, ifof dlasnifrmrsf ifatrl if` Ifrfdhl Tldnm`, pufs f` grupl
if trmomemilrfs fagfairm prlo`fbms if dmrídtfr sldnm`.
➯ F` Ild
Ildtlr
tlr Yrufo
Yrufom m Vro
Vronam
nam mjnrbm
mjnrbm quf f` Ifr
Ifrfdh
fdhll Tld
Tldnm`
nm` fs ua dlae
dlaeuat
uatl
l if
pr
prna
nadn
dnpn
pnls
ls,, na
nast
stnt
ntud
udnl
nlaf
afss y al alrb
rbms
ms qu
quff fa juad
juadnô
nôa
a if su natf natfgr
grmd
mdnô
nôa
a
pr
prlt
ltfg
fgfa
fa,, tu
tutf
tf`m
`maa y rf
rfnv
nvna
nain
indm
dma
a m `ls
`ls qu
quf
f vnvf
vnvfa
a if su tr trmo
mome
mell y m `ls
`ls
fdlaôbndmbfatf iîon`fs.
9
➯ F` Bmfstrl Bmrnl if `m Dufvm ifjnaf m `ls ifrfdhls sldnm`fs dlbl `ls quf
sf prlplafa fatrfgmr `m tnfrrm m qunfa `m trmomem y msfgurmr m `ls hlborfs
quf vnfrtfa su fafrgâm if trmomel m `m fdlalbâm, `m sm`ui y `m vnim y ua
nagrfsl, fa f` prfsfatf y fa f` juturl, quf hmgm plsno`f ua vnvnr dlajlrbf
dla `m amturm`fzm, `m `nofrtmi y `m inganimi hubmam, mifbís dlasnifrm quf

f` Ifrfdhl
nbpusl if` Yrmomel pmrm
`m Dlastntudnôa fs dlbl f` su
ifjnanr fstmtutl ifjrfatf
plsndnôa `m d`msf trmomemilrm
m` dmpntm` y jnemrquf
`ls
ofafjnd
ofaf jndnls
nls bâa
bâanbl
nblss quf ifofa
ifofa dlr dlrrfs
rfsplai
plaifr`
fr`f
f plr `m prfs
prfstmd
tmdnôa
nôa if sus
sfrvndnls.
➯  M` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel `f ima uam dmtfglrâm aufvm, nadlrplrma m î` uam
sfrnf if nastntudnlafs quf hmdf dlavfrtnr m tlims `ms rf`mdnlafs eurâindms fa
uam bnsbm nifm l jnam`nimi quf fs `m Tldnm`. Sufs tnfaf dmrmdtfrâstndms
prlpnms
prlp nms,, pfd
pfdu`n
u`nmrni
mrnimifs
mifs fsp
fspfdnfdnm`f
m`fs,
s, ifs
ifsolri
olrimm `ls `âb
`âbntf
ntfs
s if `ms grm grmaifs
aifs
rmbms if` ifrfdhl, y fs `âdntl quf sus alrbms sfma ifrlgmims dumail `l
dlavfanil rfsu`tf bís ofafjndnlsl pmrm `m pmrtf bís iîon`.
➯ Fa Gumtfbm`m.
Gumtfbm`m. @m Dlastntudnôa Sl`âtndm if `m _fpõo`ndm if Gumtfbm`m, fa
su mrtâdu`l =3=, rfgu`m quf f` Yrmomel fs ua ifrfdhl if `m pfrslam y uam
lo`ngmdnôa sldnm`. F` _îgnbfa @molrm` if` Smâs ifof lrgmanzmrsf dlajlrbf
m prnadnpnls if eustndnm sldnm ̀.
sldnm` .
d. DLAD@VTNÔA
@m `fgn
`fgns`m
s`mdnô
dnôa
a gumtfbm
gumtfbm`tf
`tfdm,
dm, `ls prna
prnadnp
dnpnls
nls quf `m nas
naspnr
pnrma,
ma, `ms rfsl
rfsl`ud
`udnla
nlafs
fs
 euindnm`fs y `m ildtrnam `fgm` fstmo`fdfa quf `m Amturm`fzm Eurâindm if` Ifrfdhl
if` Yrmomel fs if dmrídtfr Sõo`ndl dlbl `l fstmo`fdf f` dumrtl dlasnifrmail
na
nadn
dnsl
sl ‐f
‐f‒‒ if
if`` Dô
Dôin
ingl
gl if YrYrmo
mome
mel,
l, pufs
pufstl
tl qu
quf
f nain
naindm
dm qu
quff f` bn
bnsb
sbl
l fa su
mp`ndmdnôa prfvm`fdf f` natfrîs dl`fdtnvl slorf f` natfrîs pmrtndu`mr.
6

Srfguatm if fxmbfa
9. @MT JVFAYFT IF@ IF_FDHL IF@ Y_MOMEL
N. IFJNANDNÔA
NN. JVFAYFT Y_MINDNLAM@FT IF @M @F^
NNN. JVFAYFT FTSFDÂJNDMT IF@ IF_FDHL IF@ Y_MOMEL.

NZ.EF_M_]VÂM
NZ.EF_M_]VÂM
IF_FDHL IF@IFY_MOMEL.
MS@NDMDNÔA TVS@FYL_NM IF @MT JVFAYFT IF@
N. IFJNANDNÔA5
Tfgõa Dmomaf``ms5 Fs f` prnadnpnl, juaimbfatl u lrngfa if `ms alrbms eurâindms y, fa
fspfdnm` if` Ifrfdhl Slsntnvl l vngfatf fa iftfrbnamil pmâs l îpldm.
 
 
 

 
Srfguatm if fxmbfa `m d`msnjndmdnôa if `ms jufatfs if`
trmomel
NN. JVFAYFT Y_MINDNLAM@FT IF @M @F^.
Mrtâdu`l ?. @fy if` Lrgmansbl Euindnm`. Jufatfs if` ifrfdhl. @m `fy fs `m jufatf
if` lrifambnfatl eurâindl. @m eurnspruifadnm , `m dlbp`fbfatmrí.
@m dlstuborf rfgnrí sô`l fa ifjfdtl if `fy mp`ndmo`f l plr if`fgmdnôa if `m `fy,
snfbprf quf al sfm dlatrmrnm m `m blrm` l m` lrifa põo`ndl y quf rfsu`tf prlomim.
❚ @m @fy5 Ylim alrbm eurâindm rfgu`milrm if `ls mdtls y if `ms rf`mdnlafs hubmams,
mp`ndmo`f fa iftfrbnamil tnfbpl y `ugmr. (Bmauf` Lsslrnl)
Mrtâdu`l =3. @fy if` Lrgmansbl Euindnm`. Natfrprftmdnôa if `m @fy. @ms alrbms
sf natfrprftmría dlajlrbf m su tfxtl, sfgõa f` sfatnil prlpnl if sus pm`morms, m su
dlatfxtl y if mdufril dla `ms insplsndnlafs dlastntudnlam`fs. Dumail uam `fy fs
d`mrm, al sf ifsmtfaifrí su tfalr `ntfrm` dla f` prftfxtl if dlasu`tmr su fspârntu.
F` dlaeuatl if uam `fy sfrvnrí pmrm n`ustrmr f` dlatfanil if dmim uam if sus pmrtfs,
pfrl `ls pmsmefs if `m bnsbm sf pliría md`mrmr mtfainfail m` lrifa sngunfatf5
m) M `m jnam`nimi y m` fspârntu if `m bnsbm;
o) M `m hnstlrnm jnifingam if su nastntudnôa;
d) M `ms insplsndnlafs if ltrms `fyfs slorf dmsls l sntumdnlafs
sntumdnlafs maí`lgms; i) M`
blil quf pmrfzdm bís dlajlrbf m `m fqunimi y m `ls prnadnpnls gfafrm`fs if`
ifrfdhl.
:
❚ @m Eurnspruifadnm5 Fs `m natfrprftmdnôa quf if `m `fy hmdfa `ls trnouam`fs pmrm
mp`ndmr`m m `ls dmsls slbftnils m su eurnsinddnôa. Msâ, pufs, `m eurnspruifadnm fstí
jlrbm
jlrbmimim pl
plrr f` dl
dlaeu
aeuat
atl
l if sfsfat
atfa
fadn
dnms
ms ind
indtm
tmim
imss pl
plrr `ls
`ls bn
bnfbo
fborls
rls if` Sl
Slif
ifr 
r 
Euindnm` slorf uam bmtfrnm iftfrbnamim. (Bmauf` Lsslrnl)
Mrt
rtâd
âdu`
u`l
l :?
:?77. Dô
Dôin
ingl
gl Srld
Srldfs
fsm`
m` Dnvn
Dnvn`` y Bfrd
Bfrdma
matn
tn`.
`. Fa f` fsfsd
drnt
rntl fa quf sf
natfrplagm
natfrpl agm f` rfdurs
rfdursl
l ifofa dntmrsf `ls mrtâdu`ls
mrtâdu`ls vnl`mils y fxplaf
fxplafrsf
rsf `ms rmzlafs
plr `ms dum`fs sf fstnbma najrnagnils.
Al sfrí afdfsmrnm `m dntm if `fyfs, fa rf`mdnôa m` bltnvl if dmsmdnôa quf dlasnstf
fa frrlr if hfdhl fa `m mprfdnmdnôa if `m prufom.
Tn sf m`fgmrf najrmddnôa if ildtrnam `fgm`, ifofa dntmrsf, plr `l bfals, dnadl jm``ls 
uanjlrbfs if` Yrnouam` if Dmsmdnôa quf fauadnfa ua bnsbl drntfrnl, fa dmsls
snbn`mrfs, y al natfrrubpnils plr ltrl fa dlatrmrnl. F` Yrnouam` al tfairí fa dufatm
ltrms `fyfs y ildtrnams `fgm`fs quf `ms dntmims m` natfrplafrsf f` rfdursl l matfs
if sfým`mr iâm pmrm `m vnstm if` msuatl.
Ifrfdhl dlbõa
Ifrfdhl dlbõa sla 6 jm``ls
jm``ls fa f` ifrfdhl
ifrfdhl `molrm` sla 4 jm``ls
jm``ls mrt 94 `fy
`fy if
mbpmrl
❚ @m Dlstuborf5 Híontl miqunrnil plr `m rfpftndnôa if mdtls if `m bnsbm fspfdnf. @m
 Mdmifbnm `m ifjnaf, ifatrl if` vldmou`mrnl jlrfasf, dlbl `m quf sf fstmo`fdf fa
bmtfrnm al rfgu`mim l slorf mspfdtls al prfvnstls plr `ms `fyfs. (Bmauf` Lsslrnl)
Mrt
Mrtâdu
âdu`l
`l 976
976.. Dôing
ôingll Dnvn
Dnvn`.
`. Yl
Ylil
il pr
prlpn
lpnft
ftmrn
mrnl
l tnfaf
tnfaf if
ifrfd
rfdhl
hl if lo`
lo`ng
ngmr
mr m `ls
`ls
vfdnal
vfd nals
s prlpnft
prlpnftmrn
mrnls
ls l pls
plsffi
ffilrfs
lrfs,, m` ifs`
ifs`nai
naiff y m` mble
mblelamb
lambnfa
nfatl;
tl; y sfg
sfgõa
õa `m
dlstuborf if` `ugmr y `m d`msf if prlpnfimi, m dlastrunr y m bmatfafr m prlrrmtm
`ms lorms quf `ls sfpmrfa.
  Srfguatm if fxmbfa sn al fstm onfa vfrgmsl m glrins
NNN. JVFAYFT FTSFDNJNDMT IF@ IF_FDHL IF@ Y_MOMEL
D@MTNJNDMDNÔA
m. Jufatfs Jlrbm`fs
o. Jufatfs _fm`fs
d. Jufatfs Hnstôrndms
prfguatm fxmbfa
m. Jufatfs Jlrbm`fs5 Tla mquf``ls prldfsls plr bfinl if `ls dum`fs sf drfma
 
 
 

alrbms eurâindms y sfgõa `m ildtrnam tfafbls5

=. @m @fy
?. @m Dlstuborf y Vsls `ldm`fs
4. @m Ildtrnam
9. @m Eurnspruifadnm
6. Srnadnpnls if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel
:. @ls Srnadnpnls Gfafrm`fs if` Ifrfdhl
7. @m Fqunimi
7
=. @m @fy5
Fa aufstrl lrifambnfatl eurâindl5 fa bmtfrnm `molrm`
•Dlastntudnôa Sl`âtndm if `m _fpõo`ndm if Gumtfbm`m;
•F` Dôingl if Yrmomel;
•Yrmtmils y Dlavfanls Natframdnlam`fs (Mrtâdu`ls 9: y =3? nadnsl ‐t‒ if `m
Dlastntudnôa Sl`âtndm if `m _fpõo`ndm if Gumtfbm`m);
•_fdlbfaimdnlafs if `m Lrgmanzmdnôa Natframdnlam` if` Yrmomel. •

_fg`mbfatls Natfrnlrfs if Yrmomel (Mrtâdu`ls 67 y :3 Dôingl if Yrmomel); •

Dlavfanls Dl`fdtnvls if Yrmomel (Mrtâdu`ls := nadnsl ‐ý‒, aubfrm` 7 y 48:

Dôingl if Yrmomel)
•Smdtls Dl`fdtnvls if Dlaindnlafs if Yrmomel (Mrtâdu`l 9>, Dôingl if
Yrmomel);
•Tfatfadnm Dl`fdtnvm l @muil Mrontrm` (Mrtâdu`ls 934; 938 y 9=?, Dôingl if
Yrmomel); y
•

Insplsndnlafs @fgm`fs if `ms fatnimifs if` Fstmil y `ms fbprfsms prnvmims

fa Bmtfrnm @molrm`.
?. @m Dlstuborf y Vsls @ldm`fs5
Ifjnandnôa if Dlstuborf5
Tfgõa f` Srljfslr D`muif Iu Smsqunfr5 ‐`m dlstuborf fs ua usl nbp`matmil fa
uam dl`fdtnvnimi y dlasnifrmil plr fstm dlbl eurâindmbfatf lo`ngmtlrnl; fs f`
ifrfdhl amdnil dlasuftuinamrnmbfatf, f` nus blrnous dlastntutub‒.
Tfgõa f` Srljfslr Eu`nfa Olaafdmsf5 ‐`m dlstuborf fs uam rfg`m if ifrfdhl
quf sf dlastntuyf prlgrfsnvmbfatf omel `m naj`ufadnm suodlasdnfatf if `m
aldnôa if ifrfdhl y if `ms mspnrmdnlafs sldnm`fs‒.
Srfguatm if fxmbfa
D`msnjndmdnôa if `m Dlstuborf5
❚ Tfduaiub `fgfb5 Fs ifdnr `m dlstuborf dlnadnif dla f` tfxtl `fgm` l `m

❚ bfelrm. `fgfb5 @m dlstuborf fstí bís m``í if `m `fy sf ifsfavuf`vf fa

Srlftfr
ua írfm rfspfdtl if` dum` `m `fy al sf hm prlauadnmil.
❚ Dlatrm `fgfb5 @m dlstuborf sf nastm`m fa monfrtm dlatrminddnôa dla `m `fy.
Ifof fatfaifrsf quf f``l al pufif sfr jufatf if ifrfdhl sn nbp`ndm f`
ifsdlaldnbnfatl if `ls prnadnpnls oísndls if aufstrl ifrfdhl

Ifjnandnôa if Vsls @ldm`fs5

Srídtndms l rfg`ms if dlaiudtm f natfrpr
Srídtndms natfrprftmdn
ftmdnôa
ôa sfgunims fa ua `ugmr plr tlils
sus hmontmatfs l `m gfafrm`nimi; y, bís fspfdnm`bfatf, plr `ls ifindmils m uam
iftfrbnamim mdtnvnimi5 mgrmrnm, pfdumrnm, bfrdmatn`. ftd.
8
Mrtâdu
Mrtâdu`l
`l ?3. Dôi
Dôingl
ngl if Yrmomel.
Yrmomel. F` dlatrmtl nainvnium` if trmomel lo`ngm, al
sô`l m `l quf sf fstmo`fdf fa î`, snal5 m)  M `m losfrvmadnm if `ms lo`ngmdnlafs y
ifrfd
ifr fdhl
hlss quf
quf fs
fstf
tf Dôin
Dôingl
gl l `ls
`ls dl
dlav
avfafanl
nls
s natf
natfra
ramd
mdnla
nlam`
m`fs
fs rmt
rmtnj
njnd
ndmi
mils
ls plr 
plr 
Gumtfb
Gumt fbm`
m`m,
m, iftf
iftfrb
rbna
nafa
fa pm
pmrm
rm `ms
`ms pm
pmrt
rtfs
fs if `m rf`m
rf`mdn
dnôa
ôa `mol
`molrm
rm`,
`, snfb
snfbpr
prf,
f,
rfspfd
rfspfdtl
tl m fst
fstls
ls õ`t
õ`tnbls
nbls,, duma
dumail
il dlasng
dlasngafa
afa ofa
ofafjn
fjndnl
dnls
s sup
supfrnl
frnlrfs
rfs pmr
pmrm
m `ls
milrfs quf `ls quf fstf Dôingl drfm; y o) M `ms dlasfdufadnms quf if`
trmomemilrfs
trmome
prlp
prlpnl
nl dlat
dlatrm
rmtl
tl sf ifrn
ifrnvf
vfa
a sfgõ
sfgõa
a `m ou
oufa
famm jf
jf,, `m fq
fqun
unim
imi,
i, f` usl
usl y
 
 

dlstuborfs
dlstuborfs `ldm`fs l `m `fy. @ms dlaindnlafs
dlaindnlafs if trmome
trmomel
l quf rnema ua dlatrmtl
l rf`mdnôa
rf`mdnôa `molrm`,
`molrm`, al pufifa m`tfrmrsf juaimbfatm`
juaimbfatm` l pfrbmaf
pfrbmafatfbfat
atfbfatf,
f, sm`vl
quf hmym mdufril fxprfsl fatrf `ms pmrtfs l quf msâ `l mutlrndf f` Bnanstfrnl
if Yrmomel y Srfvnsnôa Tldnm`, dumail `l eustnjnquf p`fambfatf `m sntumdnôa
fdlaôbndm if `m fbprfsm. Indhm prlhnondnôa ifof fatfaifrsf õandmbfatf fa
dumatl m `ms rf`mdnlafs if trmomel quf, fa tlil l fa pmrtf, tfagma dlaindnlafs
supfrnlr
rnlrfs
fs m` bâanbub if prlt rltfddnôa qu
quf
f fstf Dôingl ltlrgm m `ls
trmomemilrfs.
Tla dlaindnlafs l f`fbfatls if `m prfstmdnôa if `ls sfrvndnls l fefdudnôa if
uam lorm5 `m bmtfrnm u loeftl; `m jlrbm l blil if su ifsfbpfýl; f` tnfbpl if
su rfm`nzmdnôa; f` `ugmr if fefdudnôa y `ms rftrnoudnlafs m quf fstî lo`ngmil f`
pmtrlal.
Mrtâ
Mrtâdu `l ==:. Dôingl if Yrmomel. @m elramim lrinamrnm if trmomel fjfdtnvl
du`l
inural al pufif sfr bmylr if ldhl hlrms inmrnms, an fxdfifr if ua tltm` if
dumrfatm y ldhl hlrms m `m sfbmam. @m elramim lrinamrnm if trmomel fjfdtnvl
aldtural al pufif sfr bmylr if sfns hlrms inmrnms, an fxdfifr if ua tltm` if
trfnatm y sfns hlrms m `m sfbmam. Ynfbpl if trmomel fjfdtnvl fs mquf` fa quf f`
trmomemilr pfrbmafzdm m `ms ôrifafs if` pmtrlal. Yrmomel inural fs f` quf sf
fefdutm
fefdut m fatrf `ms sfns y `ms infdnldhl hlrms if ua bnsbl iâm. Yrmomel aldtural
fs f` quf sf fefdutm fatrf `ms infdnldhl hlrms if ua iâm y `ms sfns hlrms if` iâm
sngunfatf.
@m `molr inuram alrbm` sfbmam` sfrí if dumrfatm y dnadl hlrms if trmomel
fjfdtnvl, fqunvm`fatf m dumrfatm y ldhl hlrms pmrm `ls fjfdtls fxd`usnvls if`
pmgl if sm`mr mrnnl. Tf fxdfp
fxdfptõm
tõma
a if fstm
fstm in
insp
spls
lsnd
ndnô
nôa,
a, `l
`lss trmom
trmomem
emil
ilrf
rfss
mgrâdl`ms y gmamifrls y `ls if `ms fbprfsms ilaif `molrf ua aõbfrl
bfalr if trmomel
hlrms if infz, duym `molr inuram
fjfdtnvl, sm`vl alrbm` sfbmam`
dlstuborf bís sfrí if dumrfatm
jmvlrmo`f y ldhl
m` trmomemilr.
Sfrl fstm
Sfrl fstm fx
fxdf
dfpd
pdnôa
nôa al ifof
ifof fxtf
fxtfai
aifrs
frsff m `ms
`ms fb
fbprf
prfsm
smss mg
mgrâ
râdl
dl`m
`ms
s il
ilaif
aif
trmomema qunanfatls l bís trmomemilrfs. ( Ymbonîa vfr mrtâdu`l >, Dôingl if
trmomel.)
4. @m Ildtrnam5
Tfgõa @mstrm @mstrm5 @m dl
dlas
astn
tntu
tuyf
yfa
a `ls
`ls tr
trmo
mome
mels
ls if ‐nav
‐navfs
fstn
tngm
gmdn
dnôa
ôa,,
snstfbmtnzmdnôa f natfrprftmdnôa quf ``fvma m dmol `ls eurnsdlasu`tls fa sus
lorms‒.
Tfgõa
Tfg õa Bmauf` Lsslrnl5
Lsslrnl5 Dlaeuatl if tfsns y lpnanlafs if `ls trmtminstms y
fstuinlsls
fstuinlsls if` Ifrfdhl, quf fxp`ndma y jnema f` sfatni
sfatnil
l if `ms `fyfs l sugnfrf
sugnfrfaa
sl`udnlafs pmrm dufstnlafs mõa al `fgns`mtnvms. Ynfaf nbplrtmadnm dlbl jufatf
bfinmtm if` Ifrfdhl; ym quf f` prfstngnl y mutlrnimi if `ls ifstmdmils eurnstms
>

naj`uyfa m bfauil slorf `m `molr if` `fgns`milr f nad`usl fa `m natfrprftmdnôa

 euindnm` if `ls tfxtls vngfatfs.
Fefbp`
Fef bp`l5l5 Fxpfin
Fxpfinfat fatff ?3?4-?3=
?3?4-?3=:: Dlrtf
Dlrtf if Dlastn
Dlastntudn
tudnlam
lam`ni
`nimi5
mi5  Muaquf `m
`fy if `m bmtfrnm al fxngf f` sfým`mbnfatl prfdnsl, plr pmrtf if` mbpmrnstm, if`
mdtl quf dlasnifrm `f dmusm f` mgrmvnl, sf najnfrf `m afdfsnimi if f``l, ifonil
m qu
quff f` eueufz
fz if mb mbpmpmrl
rl fs eufz
eufz õa
õand
ndm
m y fx
fxd`
d`us
usnv
nvmb
mbfa
fatf
tf if
if`` md
mdtl
tl qu
quf
f
supufstmbfatf trmasgrfif `ls ifrfdhls if` mbpmrnstm; f``l fs eustnjndmo`f y
rmzlamo`f, sn sf pmrtf if` hfdhl quf f` trnouam` if mbpmrl al pufif rfvnsmr 
tlims `ms mdtumdnlafs rfm`nzmims plr f` eufz if `m eurnsinddnôa lrinamrnm, dlbl
sn f` prldfsl if mbpmrl sf trmtmrm if uam tfrdfrm nastmadnm, ifonfail fatladfs
dfýn
df ýnrs
rsf
f m rfm
rfm`n
`nzm
zmrr ua ma
maí`
í`ns
nsns
ns õan
õandm
dmbfa
bfatf
tf sl
slorf
orf `ls mdmdtls
tls fxfxpr
prfs
fsmbf
mbfat
atf
f

nbpu
nbpuga
gami
mils
Srnadnpnl ls;
if; Dladrfdnôa
fs
fstm
tm dnrd
dnrdua
uast
stma
ifmadn
dnm,
m, il
ildt
Mgrmvnl dtrn
rnam
amrn
rnmb
Sfrslam`mbfa
y fatf
tf,, sf dlald
Inrfdtl. dlaldff dlbl
dlbl
9. @m eurnspruifadnm5
Tfgõa bmanjnfstma Imvni Dnfajufgls Tm`gmil y Bnguf` M`femairl @ôpfz
L`vfrm fa su `norl ‐Fstuinls fa Hlbfamef m ila Elrgf Jfraíaifz _unz,
 
 

Ifrfdhl Srldfsm`‒5
Tf mp`ndm m` dlatfanil if `ms ifdnsnlafs if `ls trnouam`fs, prlauadnmims fa
ngum` sfatnil, m` rfsl`vfr dufstnlafs sfbfematfs.
Mrtâd
Mr tâdu`
u`l
l 94. @fy if Mbpmrl,
Mbpmrl, Fxhnondnôa
Fxhnondnôa Sfrslam`
Sfrslam` y Dlastntudnla
Dlastntudnlam`nimi
m`nimi..
Ildtrn
Ild trnam
am `fgm`.
`fgm`. @m natfrprftmdnôa if `ms alrbms if `m Dlastntudnôa y if
ltrms `fyfs dlatfanims fa `ms sfatfadnms if `m Dlrtf if
Dlastntudnlam`nimi, snfatm ildtrnam `fgm` quf ifof rfspftmrsf plr `ls
trnouam`fs m` hmofr trfs jm``ls dlatfstfs if `m bnsbm Dlrtf. Tna fbomrgl,
`m Dlrtf if Dlastntudnlam`nimi plirí sfpmrmrsf if su prlpnm
 eurnspruifadnm, rmzlamail `m naalvmdnôa, `m dum` al fs lo`ngmtlrnm pmrm
`ls ltrls trnouam`fs, sm`vl quf ``fgufa m fbntnrsf trfs jm``ls sudfsnvls
dlatfstfs fa f` bnsbl sfatnil.

Srfguatm if fxmbfa
6. Srnadnpnls if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel5
m. Srnadnpnls Gfafrm`fs
o. Srnadnpnls Smrtndu`mrfs
m. Srnadnpnls Gfafrm`fs5 mrt =6= /8> if `m / =9 y =9 ons dôingl if
if
trmomel
Ldtmvnl Oufal Bmgmal, `l ifjnaf dlbl `ms prlplsndnlafs gfaîrndms if `ms
dum`fs sf ifrnvma `ms ifbís alrbms dlbplafatfs if ua snstfbm.
Ifatrl if `ls prnadnpnls plifbls bfadnlamr5
❚ @m nifm if` Yrmomel dlbl ua Ifrfdhl y ua ifofr sldnm`
=3
❚ @nofrtmi if Yrmomel
❚ Ngum`imi fa f` Yrmomel
❚ Fstmon`nimi fa f` fbp`fl
❚ Srnadnpnl Srltfdtlrnl
❚ Srnadnpnl if mdtumdnôa Dl`fdtnvm
Dlbl jufatf if` ifrfdhl tfafbls quf vfr `ls dmbonls tfdal`ôgndls,
fdlaôbndls, pl`âtndls, du`turm`fs y sldnm`fs if `m sldnfimi.
o. Srnadnpnls Smrtndu`mrfs5
Ifatrl if `ls prnadnpnls plifbls bfadnlamr5
❚ Srnadnpnl if Dlaindnôa bís ofafjndnlsm mrt ?=  dlingl if trmomel  
❚ Srnadnpnl if ngum`imi fa f` trmtl mrt> dôingl if trmomel
❚ Srnadnpnl if Jmvlr if `m iuim mrt =3: if `m dlastntudnôa
 

❚ Srnadnpnl if Srnbmdâm if `m _fm`nimi mrt =6 dôingl if trmomel

❚ Srnadnpnl if `m dlasfrvmdnôa if` dlatrmtl
❚ Srnadnpnl if Srnbmdâm if `m _fm`nimi5
Tfgõa Mbîrn
Mbîrndl
dl S`í _li
_lirâg
râgufz
ufz55 "fs mqu
quf
f` plr f` dum` fa dmsl if
invfrgfadnm fatrf `l quf ldurrf fa `m rfm`nimi y `l quf sf hm p`msbmil fa
`ls ildubfatls, ifof imrsf prfvm`fadnm m `l quf surgf fa `m prídtndm, dla
fstf prnadnpnl sf fstmo`fdf `m fxnstfadnm l al if uam rf`mdnôa `molrm` y dla
f``l sf prldfif m `m prltfddnôa quf dlrrfsplaif dlbl tm`‒.
Tfgõa aufstrm @fgns`mdnôa5
Mrtâdu`l =6. Dôingl If Yrmomel. @ls dmsls al prfvnstls plr fstf Dôingl,
plr sus rfg`mbfatls l plr `ms ifbís `fyfs rf`mtnvms m` trmomel, sf ifofa
rfsl`vfr,
rfsl`v fr, fa prnbfr tîrbna
tîrbnal,
l, if mdufril dla `ls prnadn
prnadnpnls
pnls if` Ifrfdhl if
Yrmomel; fa sfguail `ugmr, if mdufril dla `m fqunimi, `m dlstuborf l f`
usl `ldm`fs,
`ldm`fs, fa mrblaâ
mrblaâmm dla indhls prnad
prnadnpnls;
npnls; y plr õ`tnbl, if mdufril dla
`ls prnadnpnls y `fyfs if Ifrfdhl Dlbõa.
:. @ls Srnadnpnls Gfafrm`fs if` Ifrfdhl5
❚ Tfgõa _monalvndh-Ofrkbma, sf d`msnjndma fa trfs5
m. Srnadnpnls quf fstía jufrm if` lrifambnfatl.
o. Srnadnpnls quf fstía ifatrl if` lrifambnfatl.
d. Srnadnpnls fxtrmeurâindls.
 
 

m. Srnadnpnls quf fstía jufrm if` lrifambnfatl. F` prnadnpnl if m`gl

pufif sfr `l rfjfrnil m dôbl, iôaif l duíail fsf m`gl dlbnfazm. @ls
prnadnpnls quf sf hm``ma jufrm if` lrifambnfatl eurâindl fa sâ pufifa
sfr bftmjâsndls. Fs ifdnr, quf hmdfa rfjfrfadnm m jmdtlrfs quf al sf

==
pufifa pfrdnonr plr bfinl if `ls sfatnils. Slr fefbp`l, quf fa tlils
`ls dmsls prfvm`fzdm `m eustndnm. Sufifa mifbís al fstmr fxprfsls fa
f` lri
lrifam
fambn
bnfat
fatl,
l, pfrl
pfrl tm
tmbp
bpld
ldll sfsfrr bf
bftm
tmjâ
jâsn
sndl
dls,
s, an rf`
rf`ng
ngnl
nlsl
sls,
s, snal
snal
aftmbfatf eurâindls. Fa tm` dmsl, `l alrbm` fs quf sf ifrnvfa if uam
ift
ftfr
frb
bnamim trmin
rmind dnôa. Fs ifd fdnnr, if ua pms msmi
mill, if ua tnfbpl
pr
prl`
l`lag
lagmi
mil,
l, matf
matfrn
rnlr
lr fa quf
quf,, l onfa
onfa jngur
jngurmr
mrla
la ifa
ifatr
trl
l if
if`` fs
fsqu
qufb
fbmm
fxprfsl l onfa sf mp`ndmrla rfntfrmim y pmdâjndmbfatf. M fstls õ`tnbls
f` mutlr `ls ifalbnam prnadnpnls rfsnium`fs, fs ifdnr, quf qufima dlbl
rfstls if ua fstmil matfrnlr if` snstfbm y dmbonma if amturm`fzm,
plrquf su fatlral hm buimil.
Fefbp`l if `m d`msf Mrt ?7? `ntfrm` (m)
Ymbpldl plirí sfr pfrsfgunim an bl`fstmim plr sus lpnanlafs l plr 
mdtls quf al nbp`nqufa najrmddnôa m `m bnsbm‒. @l matfrnlr al fs bís
quf ‐f` prnadnpnl if `nofrtmi‒. F` prnadnpnl, Au``ub drnbfa, au``m plfam
snaf prmfvnm `fgf, `l fadlatrmbls if bmafrm d`mrm fa f` Mrtâdu`l : if
`m Dlastntudnôa, y if ngum` jlrbm fa f` Mrtâdu`l = if` Dôingl Srldfsm`
Sfam`
Sf am`.. Fa fs
fstf
tf fefb
fefbp`
p`l
l fa pmr
pmrtn
tndu
du`m
`mrr mua
muaqu
quff fs
fstf
tf prna
prnadn
dnpn
pnl
l al sf
fadlatrmrm plr fefbp`l dlatfanil fa `m alrbm lrinamrnm, ifof if sfr 
losfrvmil plr `ls lpfrmilrfs eurâindls, pufs sf fadufatrm sâ rfgu`mil

fa `m Dlastntudnôa
aufstrl lrifambnfatldlbl jufatf if `ms alrbms quf jlrbma pmrtf if
eurâindl
o. Srnadnpnls quf fstía ifatrl if` lrifambnfatl. @l bís alrbm` als
in
indf
df _m
_mononal
alvn
vndh
dh-O
-Ofrk
frkbm
bma, a, fs quf `ls
`ls prn
prnad
adnp
npnl
nlss sf pupufi
fima
ma hm`
hm``m
`mr 
r 
ifat
if atrl
rl if
if`` lr
lrif
ifam
ambn
bnfa
fatl
tl bn
bnsb
sbl
l y jlrb
jlrbma
mail
il pmpmrt
rtf
f if î`.
î`. M`gu
M`gual
alss
prnadnpnls sf dl`ldma fa `m Dlastntudnôa, quf fs `m `fy slorf `m quf sf
omsm f` lrifambnfatl eurâindl if ua Fstmil. Mquâ dntl plr fefbp`l f`
 Mrtâdu`l 6µ if aufstrm Dlastntudnôa Sl`âtndm ‐Ylim pfrslam tnfaf
ifrfdhl m hmdfr `l quf `m `fy al prlhâof; al fstí lo`ngmim m mdmtmr 
ôrifafs quf al fstîa omsmims fa `fy y fbntnims dlajlrbf m f``m.
d. Srnadn
Srnadnpnls
pnls fxtrmeurâind
fxtrmeurâindls.
ls. Fstl sf rfjnfrf m `m plsndnôa quf fxnstfa
prnadnpnls quf al dlrrfsplaifa m` ifrfdhl snal m ltrms dnfadnms, dlbl
sldnl`ôgndms, fdlaôbndms, pl`âtndms y onl`ôgndms quf f` Ifrfdhl hm if
ousdm
ous dmrr pm
pmrm
rm imr`
imr`f
f sl`u
sl`udn
dnôa
ôa m ua dmdmsl
sl dl
dlad
adrf
rftl
tl.. Ms
Msââ pl
plrr fefb
fefbp`
p`l
l m
jnam`fs if` sng`l XNX mpmrfdnfrla `fyfs fa Furlpm y Mbîrndm naj`unims
plr ninifms
fms if al alrb
rbms
ms fufugfa
gfaîsîsnd
ndms
ms y rmd rmdns
nstm
tms,
s, du
duyl
ylss prn
prnad
adnpn
npnls
ls if
ifrfdhl onl`ôgndl, ifoâma if ousdmrsf al fa f` tfrrfal eurâindl, snal
fa f` if `m onl` onl`lgâ
lgâm,
m, dldladadrf
rftm
tmbf
bfatatff fa `ms `ms fs
fsdu
duf`
f`ms
ms fufugf
gfaîs
aîsnd
ndms
ms
hfrfimims if Dhmr`fs Imrwna y Jrmadns Im`tla.
❚ Hubofrtl Slifttn dntmail m Mrdf y J`lrfz-Zm`iîs `ls ifjnaf dlbl `ms
nifms
nif ms jua
juaimb
imbfatm
fatm`fs
`fs slo
slorf
rf `m lrg
lrgmanz
manzmdnmdnôa
ôa eurâ
eurâind
indm
m if uam dlb dlbuanuanimi,
imi,
fbmamils if `m dladnfadnm sldnm`, quf dubp`fa juadnlafs
juaimb
jua imbfatm
fatmilrm
ilrms,s, nat
natfrpr
frprftm
ftmtnv
tnvms
ms y sup`
sup`ftlftlrnm
rnm if su tlttltm`
m` lrif
lrifambn
ambnfat
fatl
l
 eurâindl.
Slifttn bmanjnfstm quf su juadnôa ‘‘al sf rfiudf m` dmsl pmrtndu`mr if `ms
`m
`mgu
guam
amss fxfxns
nstf
tfat
atfs
fs fa `m `f `fgn
gns`
s`md
mdnô
nôa„
a„„,
„, snal
snal ququff fa rfm`
rfm`ni
nimi
mi ‘‘tl
‘‘tlim
im `m
fxpf
fx pfrn
rnfad
fadnm
nm eurâ
eurâind
indmm y, pl
plrr tm
tmat
atl,
l, tmbo
tmbonî nîaa `m `fgn
`fgns`
s`md
mdnô
nôa
a ququf
f `m natfg
natfgrm
rm

ifsdmasma slorf
dlasnifrmils dlbl`ls`ls
prnadnpnls
pn`mrfs ygfafrm`fs if` ifrfdhl,
pmrfifs bmfstrls quf pufifa
if` finjndnl sfr 
eurâindl„„.
If mhâ, quf m `m `uz if `ls prnadnpnls fs ‘‘dlbl ifofbls natfrprftmr y
mp`ndmr `ls blif`ls eurâindls m `m rf`mdnôa sldnm` slorf duym eurnindnimi hm
=?
if if
ifdn
dnin
inrr f` eu
eufz
fz,, mu
muaq
aquf
uf hm
hmym
ym in
injn
jndu
du`t
`tmi
mifs
fs if meus
meustf
tf„„
„„.. Fa if
ifjn
jnan
antn
tnvm
vm,, indh
indhls
ls
 
 

pr
prna
nadn
dnpn
pnls
ls gf
gfafr
afrm`
m`fs
fs dl
dlast
astnt
ntuy
uyfa
fa `m
`ms
s om
omsf
sfs
s tfôr
tfôrnd
ndms
ms y `ms
`ms rmzl
rmzlaf
afs
s `ôgn
`ôgndm
dms
s if
if``
lrifambnfatl eurâindl quf rfdnof if f``ms su sfatnil îtndl, s
su
u bfinim rmdnlam` y su
jufrzm vntm` l hnstôrndm.
❚ Fefbp`ls if Srnadnpnls Gfafrm`fs if` Ifrfdhl5
Srnadnpnls if Fqunimi sf trmtm if duornr `m afdfsnimi y natfrfsfs if
•

`ms pfrslams quf sla injfrfatfs fspfdnm`bfatf mquf``ms quf fstí fa

ifsvfatmem fs ua prnadnpnl
prnadnpnl îtndl alrbmtnvl msldnmil nifm if eustndnm
(prltfgfr mquf` quf fstm fa ifsvfatmem quf fs f` trmomemilr)
 
Srnadnpnls if @nofrtmi `nofrtmi if lormr
• lormr sfgõa su vl`uatmi
rfspftmail f` ifrfdhl y f` trmomel mefal
mefal

Srnadnpnls if Eustndnm ua vm`lr juaimbfatm` pmrm dlasfgunr `m

dlavnvfadnm pmdnjndm y f` prlgrfsl if `ms sldnfimifs ousdm f`
fqun`nornl fa f` onfa dlbõa y f` onfa pfrslam`

• Srnadnpnls if Ngum`imi al hmy insdrnbnamdnôa m ltrl if `ls

trmomemilrfs y tma pldl if imrsf  fatrf `m lo`ngmdnlafs if `ls
pmtrlals mrt :9
  • Srnadnpnl if Smdtm suat sfrvmaim, ‐`l pmdtmil Tnganjndm fstf
p mdtmil lo`ngm‒.
prnadnpnl quf iftfrbnam quf tlil dlavfadnô l dlatrmtl sfm susdrntl sfm
rfspftmil m pnf if `m `ftrm l plr `ms pmrtfs navl`udrmims

• Srnadnpnl if olam jnifs, ‐oufam jf‒ tlim `ms pmrtfs fatfrmims if ua

mdtl ifof lpfrmr eustmbfatf fatrlem `m sl`udnôa if `ls prlo`fbms
plr ua butul ofafjndnl y al qufrnfail mbp`nmr `m `fy pmrm su prlpnl
prlpnl
ofafjndnl
Al hmy quf mprlvfdhmr m `m d`msf trmomemilrm m sus ifrfdhls if
prfstmdnôa
• Srnadnpnl if Srnlr na
na tfbplrf, pltnlr na nurf, ‐‐Srnbfrl
Srnbfrl fa f` tnfbpl, bfelr
`molrmr hmy ifrfdhls miqunrnils if `ls
fa f` ifrfdhl‒. Bmtfrnm` `molrmr
trmomemilrfs ifsif matfs quf huonfrma snil
snil uam jufrzm `molrm`
matfs if tfafr `ls =6 mýls tnfaf ifrfdhl `molrm`fs y fstmoma
miqunrnils
7. @m Fqunimi5
Tfgõa f` Inddnlamrnl
Inddnlamrnl if Dnfadnms
Dnfadnms Eurâindms, S
Sl`âtndms
l`âtndms y T
Tldnm`fs
ldnm`fs Bmauf` Lsslrnl5
Fs `m Eustndnm
Eustndnm instrnoutnvm5 fs ifdnr, `m omsmim fa `m ngum`imi l prlplrdnlam`nimi.
Aufstrm @fgns`mdnôa5
Mr
Mrtâ
tâdu
du`l
`l =6. Dô
Dôin
ingl
gl if Yrmo
Yrmomel
mel.. @ls dmsls al prfvnstls plr fstf Dôingl, plr sus
rfg`mbfatls l plr `ms ifbís `fyfs rf`mtnvms m` trmomel, sf ifofa rfsl`vfr, fa prnbfr 
tîrbnal,
tîrbnal, if mdufri
mdufril
l dla `ls prnadnpn
prnadnpnls
ls if` Ifrfd
Ifrfdhl
hl if Yrmomel; fa sfguail `ugmr, if
Yrmomel;
mduf
mdufril
ril dla
prnadnpnls; y plr`mõ`tnbl,
fqun
fqunimi
imi,
, `m dls
dlstub
if mdufril
tubor
orf
f l f` ususll `ldm
`ldm`f
`fs,
s, fa mrbl
mrblaâ
aâm
m dla indh
dla `ls prnadnpnls y `fyfs if Ifrfdhl Dlbõa.
indhls
ls
Mrtâdu`l ?3. Dôingl if Yrmomel. F` dlatrmtl nainvnium` if trmomel lo`ngm, al sô`l m `l
quf sf fstmo`fdf fa î`, snal5
…o) M `ms dlasfdufadnms quf if` prlpnl dlatrmtl sf ifrnvfa sfgõa `m oufam jf, `m
fqunimi, f` usl y dlstuborfs `ldm`fs l `m `fy.(…)
Mrtâdu`l
Mrtâdu `l 4:=. Dô
Dôin
ingl
gl if Yrmo
Yrmome
mel.
l. Tm`vl insplsndnôa fxprfsm fa fstf Dôingl y dla
fxdfpdnôa if `ls ildubfatls põo`ndls y mutîatndls, if `m dlajfsnôa euindnm` y if `ls
hfdhl
hfd hls
s qu
quf
f pf
pfrs
rsla
lam`
m`bf
bfatatf
f dl
dlbp
bprurufo
fof
f f` eufz
eufz,, duy
duyl
l vm vm`l
`lrr ifo
ifofr
fríí fs
fstn
tnbm
bmrs
rsf
f if
dlaj
dlajlr
lrbn
bnim
imi
i dl
dla
a `m
`ms
s rf
rfg`
g`ms
ms if` DôDôin
ingl
gl Sr
Srld
ldfs
fsm`
m` Dnvn
Dnvn`` y Bf
Bfrdrdma
matn`, `m pruf
tn`, prufom
om sf
mprfdnmrí fa dladnfadnm, pfrl m` mam`nzmr`m f` eufz lo`ngmtlrnmbfatf dlasngamrí `ls
prnadnpnls if fqunimi l if eustndnm fa quf juaif su drntfrnl.
o. Jufatfs _fm`fs5
@m dlastntuyfa mquf``ls jmdtlrfs y f`fbfatls quf iftfrbnama f` dlatfanil if `ms
alrbms eurâindms.
=. F`fbfatls5
m. Tupufstl if Hfdhl5 Mdtnvnimi hubmam quf im lrngfa m `m alrbm.
=4
o. Dlatfanil5 Bmaimtl l prlhnondnôa if `m alrbm.
d. Tmadnôa5 Fjfdtl if `m alrbm.
?. Jmdtlrfs5
 
 
 

m. Sl`âtndls
o. Tldnm`fs
d. Fdlaôbndls
d. Jufatfs Hnstôrndms5
Tla mquf``ls f`fbfatls dlbl `norls, fsdrnturms, nasdrnpdnlafs quf fadnfrrma f` tfxtl if
uam `fy l dlaeuatl if `fyfs.
NZ. EF_M_]VÂM IF MS@NDMDNÔA TVS@FYL_NM
TVS@FYL_NM IF @MT JVFAYFT IF@ IF_FDHL
IF_FDHL IF@
Y_MOMEL
Ifatrl if `m efrmrqunzmdnôa if `ms jufatfs if` ifrfdhl `molrm` dntmbls f` Dôingl if Yrmomel y
ifbís `fgns`mdnôa `molrm` mp`ndmo`f fa Gumtfbm`m.
 Mbmurn Bmdmrô Amsdnbnfatl, dntmil plr Mbîrndl S`í _lirâgufz, maltm m` rfspfdtl5 "M`
dlatrmrnl if` ifrfdhl dlbõa, fa f` I Ifrfdhl
frfdhl if` Yrmomel, fatrf vmrnms alrbms slorf `m bnsbm
bmtfrnm, `m pnríbn
bmtfrnm, pnríbnif
if quf fatrf f``ms sf dlastruyf tfai
tfairí
rí fa f` vîrtn
vîrtndf
df al `m Dlast
Dlastntudn
ntudnôa
ôa l `m
`fy jfifrm` l `ms dlavfadnlafs dl`fdtnvms
dl`fdtnvms l f` rfg`mbfatl if tm``fr
tm``fr if blil navmrnmo`f y jnel. F`
vîrtndf
vîrtndf if `m pnríbnif if `ms alrb
alrbms
ms `molrm`
`molrm`fs
fs sfrí ldupmil plr `m alrbm bís jmvl jmvlrmo`f
rmo`f m`
trmomemilr if fatrf tlims `ms injfrfatfs alrbms fa vnglr‒.
Srfguatm if fxmbfa
Dum` fs `m rfg`m if natfr natfrprftmd
prftmdnôa
nôa fa f` ifrfdh
ifrfdhl
l `molrm
`molrm`` dumail fxnstf
fxnstfa
a alrbm
alrbmss quf sf
dlatrmindfa<
Fa bmtfrnm `molrm` al mp`ndm `m pnríbnif if Kf`sfa if dlajlrbnimi dla f` mrtâdu`l =3: if `m
Dlastntudnô
Dlastn tudnôaa Sl`ât
Sl`âtndm
ndm if `m _fpõo`ndm if Gumtfbm`m sf mp`n mp`ndmrí
dmrí f` prnad
prnadnpnl
npnl if naiuonl prl
naiuonl
lpfrmrnl,
lpfrm rnl, `l quf bís jmjmvlrfzd
vlrfzdmm m` trmomem
trmomemilr
ilr .
Slr su pmrtf, f` mutlr bfxndmal Elsî Iívm`ls bmanjnfstm5
Fa bmtfrnm `molrm` `m sntumdnôa efrírqundm if `ms alrbms eurâindms sf prfsfatm fa jlrbm
instnatm quf fa `ms ifbís rmbms if` ifrfdhl.
Fa fjfdtl, fa tmatl quf fa `ms ifbís insdnp`nams, if dlajlrbnimi dla `m ``mbmim tflrâm
pnrmbnim` if` lrifa eurâindl
eurâindl if Hmas Kf`sfa, sf dl`ldm m `m `m Dlastntudnôa fa f` vîrtndf
vîrtndf if uam
supufstm pnríbni
supufstm pnríbnif,
f, dlbl `m alrbm juaimbf
juaimbfatm`,
atm`, y ifomel if f``m m sus `fyfs nabfin
nabfinmtms,
mtms, m
sus rfg`mbfatls,
rfg`mbfatls, m `ls trmtmil
trmtmils
s y ifbís inspl
insplsndnl
sndnlafs,
afs, duym vm`ni
vm`nifz
fz ifpfaifr
ifpfaifrí í if su tltm`
mifdumdnôa m `m alrbm juaimbfatm`, fa f` ifrfdhl if` trmomel, fa dmbonl, `ls f`fbfatls quf
dlajlrbma tm` pnríbnif prfsfatma uam dl`ldmdnôa instnatm, uondíailsf m `m Dlastntudnôa
Dlastntudnôa fa `m
omsf y m `ms ifbís alrbms fa `ls anvf`fs supfrnlrfs.
@l matfrnlr tnfaf su omsf fa `m bnsbm Dlastn
Dlastntudnôa
tudnôa (Bîxndl), ym quf fa f``m sf hm fstmo`fdnil
ua snstfbm
snstfbm if bâanbls snfb snfbprf
prf m jmvlr if` trmome
trmomemilr
milr y if `ls dum`fs sf hm if pmrtnr
pmrtnr,, sna
pfreundnl if quf, plr m`gõa
m`gõa bfinl, dlbl `m dlatr
dlatrmtmdnôa
mtmdnôa nainvnium` l dl`fdtn
dl`fdtnvm,
vm, sf blinjnqufa,
pfrl snfbprf
snfbprf y dumail sfm pmrm ofafjndn
ofafjndnmr`l.
mr`l. Slr fefb
fefbp`l,
p`l, sf hm fstmo`
fstmo`fdnil
fdnil quf `m elram
elramimim
if trmomel tfairí, dlbl bíxnbl, uam iurmdn
iurmdnôa
ôa if ldhl hlrms, fs ví`nim su insbnaudnôa, pfrl
al su mbp`nmdnôa; sf hm iftfrbnamil quf f` trmomemilr insjrutmrí, plr `l b bfals,
fals, plr dmim sfns
iâms if trmomel, if ua iâm if ifsdmasl, fs plsno`f ltlrgmr`f bís iâms i if
f ifsdmasl, y al msâ
rfiudnr l suprnbnr
suprnbnr f` iâm if ifsdmasl dladfinil plr `m @fy.
=9

6.N. @M NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA IF@ IF_FDHL IF@ Y_MOMEL

Ifjnandnôa if Natfrprftmdnôa
NN. Bîtlils if Natfrprftmdnôa Eurâindm
NNN. @ls Tnstfbms Yrmindnlam`fs if Natfrprftmdnôa if `m `fy.
NZ. @m _fg`m if Natfrprftmdnôa if` Naiuonl prl lpfrmrnl.
Z. Natfgrmdnôa if` Tnstfbm if Natfrprftmdnôa if` Ifrfdhl if` Yrmomel.
N. IFJNANDNÔA IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA5
Tfgõa f` trmtminstm Elsî Iívm`ls5 Fs `m if`nbntmdnôa if` snganjndmil y sfatnil if
ua tîrbnal, mrblanzíail`l dla f` tlil m` quf pfrtfafdf. nbp`ndm naimgmr slorf f`
sfat
sfatni
nil,
l, m`
m`dm
dmad
adfs
fs y rf rf`m
`mdn
dnla
lafs
fs if ua prfd
prfdfp
fpttl dl
dla
a `ms
`ms ltrm
ltrms
s al
alrb
rbms
ms if
if``
lrifambnfatl eurâindl.
Fefbp`l mrt =3? dlastntudnôa sl`l f` prnbfr nadnsl k
Mrt =6? dlaingl if trmomel y( sf mp`ndm fstf plrquf jmvlrfdf m` trmomemilr)
NN. BÎYLILT IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA EV_ÂINDM
(Fxtrmâil pmrm jnafs Mdmiîbndls if` @norl ‐BFYLILT IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
EV_ÂINDM‒ IF@ MVYL_ ZNDYL_ FBN@NL MDHLAIL SM_FIFT)
 

BÎYLILT IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
EV_ÂINDM
Zâdtlr Fbn`nl Madhlail Smrfifs*
TVBM_NL5
=. Natrliuddnôa;
?. Invfrsls bîtlils natfrprftmtnvls5
?.= natfrprftmdnôa grmbmtndm`;
?.? natfrprftmdnôa snstfbítndm;
?.4 natfrprftmdnôa hnstôrndm;
?.9 natfrprftmdnôa gfaîtndm;
?.6 natfrprftmdnôa tf`fl`ôgndm;
?.: natfrprftmdnôa mdlrif m` usl m`tframtnvl if` ifrfdhl;
?.7 natfrprftmdnôa mam`ôgndm l fxtfasnvm;
=6
=.- NAY
NAY_L
_LIVD
IVDDNÔDNÔA
A
F` bîtlil fs f` dlaeuatl if pmsls m sfgunr pmrm m`dmazmr ua iftfrbnamil jna; f`
dmbnal quf sf trmzm pmrm `lgrmr`l. Mdtumr bftôindmbfatf pfrbntf smofr `l quf
sf ousdm; f` jna quf sf trmtm if m`dmazmr; y dlaldfr `m bfelr bmafrm if `lgrmr f`
loeftnvl prlpufstl.
Slr `m vnadu`mdnôa quf fxnstf fatrf f` bîtlil y `m tîdandm, fs jrfdufatf quf sf
`fs fqunpmrf. Tna fbomrgl, dlbl `l mpuatm _mjmf` Onf`sm, hmy uam injfrfadnm
dladfptum` fatrf ual y ltrm, pufs f` bîtlil fs f` dmbnal f`fgnil pmrm rfm`nzmr 
uam tmrfm l uam lorm, fa tmatl quf `m tîdandm fs f` nastrubfatl if f`molrmdnôa l
rfm`nzm
rfm `nzmdnô
dnôaa. Fa pm`morms if Wm`tfr Mrf``mal, f` bîtlil tnfaf quf vfr dla `m fstrmtfgn
fstrmtfgnm
m
utn`nzmim pmrm m`dmazmr ua jna; fa dmbonl, `m tîdandm mtnfaif fspfdâjndmbfatf m `ls
f`fbfatls, nastrubfatls, bfdmansbls l hfrrmbnfatms quf m` fjfdtl sf mp`nqufa.
Dum
umaiaill sf tn
tnf
faf afafd
dfs
fsni
nimi
mi if ififsf
sfat
atrm
rmým
ýmrr f` sfa
fatn
tnil
il if ua uam
m al
alrbrbm,m, `fgm
`fgm`` l
dlatrmdtum`, plrquf hmy ifsmdufril dla su dlatfanil, f` natîrprftf `l hmdf rfdurrnfail
m ininvf
vfrs
rsls
ls bî
bîtltlil
ils
s y tîtîda
dand
ndms
ms qu
quff `f pf
pfrb
rbnt
ntma
ma fa
fadl
dlatatrm
rmrr f` snga
snganj
njnd
ndmi
mill if `m
insplsndnôa, pufs if fsf blil tfairí `ls f`fbfatls pmrm rfsl`vfr `m dlatrlvfrsnm
p`matfmim dla bltnvl if `m insdrfpmadnm surgnim m prlpôsntl if` m`dmadf if `m ``fy fy l if
`m fstnpu`mdnôa.
Dnfrtmbfatf quf `m mbongðfimi, `m lsdurnimi, `l dlajusl if` tfxtl, fs `l quf fa
bõ`t
bõ `tnp
np`f
`fs
s ld
ldms
msnl
nlaf
afs
s lo`ng
lo`ngm
m m ous
ousdm
dmrr f` vf
vfrim
rimif
ifrl
rl sf
sfat
atnil
nil if mq mquî`
uî`.. If bm bmaf
afrmrm
prfplaifrmatf, `m injfrfadnm p`matfmim plr f` ifstnamtmrnl if `m alrbm dla rfspfdtl m`
m`dmadf if fstm õ`tnbm, fs `l quf nbplaf `m tmrfm natfrprftmtnvm if qunfa ifof rfsl`vfr 

`m dlatnfaim
Ifof
If of fstm
fstmo`surgnim
o`fd
fdfrsf dla
frsf qufbltnvl
quf if
`m natf
natfrpfsm
rprf
rftm insdrfpmadnm.
tmdn
dnôa
ôa al fs mefamefam
m m `ls
`ls tfxt
tfxtls
ls qu
quff pu
pufi
fima
ma
fstnbmrsf d`mrls, ym quf fa bõ`tnp`fs dmsls `m supufstm d`mrnimi al dlnadnif dla `m
vl`uatmi rfm` if `ls dlatrmtmatfs y fatladfs m`gual if f``ls l mbols dufstnlama f`
dlatfanil if` pmdtl, fa duyl dmsl, f` eufz sf fadufatrm lo`ngmil m rfm`nzmr `m mdtnvnimi
natfrprftmtnvm dlaiudfatf.
Fs lovnl quf `m dlad`usnôa if quf ua tfxtl rfsu`tm d`mrl y quf dlnadnif dla `m
natfadnôa if sus mutlrfs, suplaf quf ym sf hm fjfdtumil `m natfrprftmdnôa, plr `l quf
fstm al fs rfjrmdtmrnm m `m d`mrnimi an tmbpldl prnvmtnvm if `ls tfxtls lsdurls, dlajusls
l mbonguls, muaquf sf rfdlalzdm quf `m bmylr nadnifadnm if dlaj`ndtls fa `ls quf f`
 euzgmilr ifof ifdninr slorf `m insputm plr f` snganjndmil if `ms fstnpu`mdnlafs sf
fadufatrm fa fstls õ`tnbls, fs ifdnr, dumail surgf f` dhlquf fatrf `ls injfrfatfs
sfatnils l m`dmadfs quf `ls natfrfsmils `f ima m uam d`íusu`m dlatrmdtum`, m uam
in
insp
spls
lsnd
ndnô
nôa
a tf
tfst
stmb
mbfa
fatm
tmrn
rnm
m l m ua uamm alrb
alrbmm `fgm
`fgm`` y, if fs
fsff bl
blil
il,, prft
prftfa
faif
ifaa su
mp`ndmdnôa.
Fa lpnanôa if Elrimal Omrrfm y Grmssfttn, f` mjlrnsbl na d`mrns al jnt natfrprftmtnl fs, fa
tîrbnals mosl`utls, rmindm`bfatf jm`sl. Fadnfrrm uam pftndnôa if prnadnpnl, pufs pmrm
 

iftfrbnamr sn uam d`íusu`m mpmrfatfbfatf d`mrm `l fs fa vfrimi, hmy quf hmofr`m

natfrprftmil matfs. F` orldmril, rfdtmbfatf fatfainil, prfsuplaf ym mdmomim `m tmrfm
hfrbfaîutndm.
Fs prfdnsmbfatf fsm vmrnfimi if sfatnils l if snganjndmils quf pufif mtrnounrsf m `ls
pmdtls, `m quf pfrbntf mjnrbmr quf `ls drntfrnls natfrprftmtnvls ifofa sfr if invfrsm
amturm`fzm, ym quf ngum` pufif hm``mrsf f` vfrimifrl snganjndmil alrbmtnvl fa f` tfxtl
=:
if uam insplsndnôa, quf fa `ms dnrduastmadnms nbpfrmatfs fa f` blbfatl fa quf
mquf``m surgnô; fa `ms dmusms quf lrngnamrla su amdnbnfatl; fa `m jnam`nimi ousdmim
dla `m bnsbm; l fa f` dlatfxtl alrbmtnvl m` quf pfrtfafdf.
F``l
``l `l fxp`
fxp`nd
ndm
m Bmauf
mauf`` Mt
Mtnf
nfaz
azm,
m, sf
sfým
ým``ma
mail
il quf
quf fs m trmvî
rmvîs
s if `ms`ms tîda
tîdand
ndms
ms
natfrprftmtnvms dlbl sf ``fgm y sf eustnjndm uam ifdnsnôa natfrprftmtnvm. If mhâ `m grma
nbplrtmadnm quf tnfaf smofr dôbl sf slplrtm `m ifdnsnôa y duí`fs mrgubfatls sf
fsgrnbfa fa su jmvlr, plrquf fa fsm bfinim rfsu`tmrí mdfptmo`f l rmzlamo`f.
Fsm fs `m trmsdfaifadnm quf tnfafa fa `m `molr if natfrprftmdnôa if `ms alrbms y
if `ls
`ls mdtl
mdtlss afgl
afgldn
dnm`
m`fs
fs,, `ls
`ls bîtl
bîtlil
ilss rf
rfsp
spfd
fdtn
tnvl
vls.
s. ‐@m
‐@m grma
grma utn`
utn`nnimi
imi quf
ifsfbpfýma
ifsfbpf ýma `ls bîtlils trmindnlam`fs
trmindnlam`fs if natfrprftmdnôa
natfrprftmdnôa fs `m if dlatrnounr m
uam mrgubfatmdnôa y bltnvmdnôa eurâindm budhl bís sô`nim y prljuaim dumail
sf sustfatm
sustfatm iftfrbnam
iftfrbnamim
im ifdn
ifdnsnô
snôa
a euindn
euindnm`
m` l plsndn
plsndnôa
ôa ilgbítndm rfspfdtl m`
sfat
sfatni
nil
l if `m alrb
alrbmm eurâ
eurâin
indm
dm.. Ylim
Ylim sfat
sfatfa
fadn
dnmm eu
euin
indn
dnm`
m` l ua prldfinbnfatl
dnfatâjndl slorf `m `fy ifsdmasm fa `m rmdnlam`nimi if` p`matfmbnfatl quf sô`l
pufif dlbpmrtnrsf y ``fgmr m` dlasfasl sn fs dlasfdufadnm if` fbp`fl if `ls
bîtlils if natfrprftmdnôa.‒

?.= Natfrprftmdnôa?.- INZF_TLT

grmbmtndm` BÎYLILT
l `ntfrm` NAYF_S_FYMYNZLT
NAYF_S_FYMY
fefbp`l fa d`msf mrtNZLT
:= nadnsl (B)
Fstf bîtlil, ifalbnamil plr m`guals dlbl fxfgîtndl, sf prlplaf fadlatrmr f`
sfatnil if uam alrbm l if uam d`íusu`m fa f` tfxtl if `ms bnsbms. Fs ifdnr, m
pmrtnr if su `ntfrm`nimi, sf mtrnouyf ua snganjndmil m `ls tîrbnals fbp`fmils fa `m
rfimddnôa plr f` `fgns`milr l plr `ls dlatrmtmatfs. Dla myuim if `ms rfg`ms
grmbmtndm`fs
grmbmt ndm`fs y if` usl if` `fagumef, sf naimgm f` snganj
snganjndmil
ndmil if `ls tîrbnals
tîrbnals fa
quf sf fxprfsm uam insplsndnôa alrbmtnvm.
Indh
In dhll sn
snga
ganj
njnd
ndmi
mil
l suf`
suf`ff dlna
dlnadn
dnin
inrr dla
dla f` `fag
`fagum
umef
ef gfaf
gfafrmrm`` fbp`
fbp`fm
fmil
il plr
plr `l
`lss
bnfb
bn fbororls
ls if `m dlbu
dlbuananim
imi,
i, muaq
muaqufuf fa ldms
ldmsnl
nlaf
afss fs bfaf
bfafststfr
fr mt
mtfa
faif
ifrr m`
`fagumef tîdandl quf utn`nzm `m alrbm eurâindm.
Kmrt @mrfaz slstnfaf quf tlim natfrprftmdnôa if ua tfxtl hm if dlbfazmr dla f`
sfatnil `ntfrm`, fa `m bfinim quf sfm dmpmz if jnemr ifjnantnvmbfatf f` snganjndmil if
uam fxprfsnôa.
fxprfsnôa. F` fa`mdf dla f` usl gfafgfafrm`
rm` if` `fagume
`fagumeff fs f` bís fvnifatf, plrquf
sf pufif mdfptmr
mdfptmr quf mquf` quf qunfrf
qunfrf ifdnr m`gl, u usm
sm `ms pm`morms
pm`morms fa f` sfatn
sfatnil
il quf
dlbõabfatf
dlbõabf atf sla fatfai
fatfainims.
nims. F` `fgns`mil
`fgns`milrr sf snrvf if` `fagu
`fagumef
mef gfafrm` plrquf y fa
tmatl sf inrngf m `ls dnuimimals y ifsfm sfr fatfainil plr f``ls.
Tna fbomrgl, dlbl mivnfrtf Zâdtlr Bmauf` _lems Mbmain, `m gfafrm`nimi y mostrmddnôa
if `m `fy, prlpnm if `ls pmâsfs quf jlrbma pmrtf if `m jmbn`nm if` aufvl ifrfdhl
rlbíandl, m `m quf pfrtfafdf f` sn snstfbm
stfbm eurâindl bfxndmal, `f ifema m `m eurnspruifadnm
y m `m ildt
ildtrnam
rnam eur
eurâin
âindm
dm `m ifjnan
ifjnandnô
dnôaa if `m bmyl
bmylrâm
râm if `ls dlad
dladfptl
fptls
s `fg
`fgm`f
m`fs.
s. Fsl
fxp`ndm,
fxp`ndm, fa su lpnanôa
lpnanôa,, quf budhms if `ms pm`morms
pm`morms if `m `fy, quf sf ifofa fatf
fatfaifr 
aifr 
fa su snganjndmdnôa tîdandl-eurâindm, tfagma ltrl snganjndmil fa f` `fagumef dlbõa.
=7

@M NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA G_MBMYNDM@, nbprfsdn sdnaino`

o`ff plrquf ousdusdm f` ̀ 
snganjndmil if ua iftfrbnamil `fagumef eurâindl, prfsfatm f` sngunfatf prlo`fbm5
matf `m plsnon`nimi if ltlrgmr m uam pm`morm l m uam fxprfsnôa ua sfatnil `ntfrm`
nainvnium` u ltrl quf vmym mdlrif m` dlatfxtl fa quf sf dlatnfaf, ¼duí` ifof
prfjfrnrsf<
@m dlafxnôa if snganjndmil if `m `fy iftfrbnam, fa prnbfr `ugmr, quf sf dlbprfaima
 

if `m bnsbm bmafrm `ms jrmsfs y pm`morms nainvnium`fs; pfrl m` bnsbl tnfbpl, `m

dlbprfasnôa if ua pmsmef if` tfxtl fs dliftfrbnamil plr su dlatfanil. Fatrf vmrnms
natfrpr
natfrprftm
ftmdnl
dnlafs
afs pls
plsno`
no`fs
fs sfg
sfgõa
õa f` sfa
sfatni
tnil
l `ntfrm`
`ntfrm`,, miqu
miqunfr
nfrf
f prf
prfjfrf
jfrfadn
adnmm mquf
mquf``m
``m quf
plsnon`ntm `m pfrdfpdnôa loeftnvm dla ltrm insplsndnôa, dla tm` quf pufim mibntnrsf uam
dladlrimadnm loeftnvm fatrf `ls prfdfptls `fgm`fs snagu`mrfs. Slr ltrm pmrtf, `m Ildtlrm
Gnsf`m Bmrâm Sîrfz Jufatfs
Jufatfs p`matfm quf, muaquf f` puatl if pmrtnim if tlim mdtnvn mdtnvnimi
imi
natfrprftmtnvm if ua ildubfatl, ifom sfr `m `ftrm dumail hmym snil rfimdtmil plr 
fsdr
fs drnt
ntl,
l, if tl tlims
ims bm
bmafafrms
rms dm
dmof
of pr
prfgu
fguatatmr
mr quî
quî su sudf
dfif
if sn hm fxfxns
nstn
tnil
il ua md
mdufr
ufril
il
vfrom`. Fa `ls dlatrmtls vfrom`fs, sf rfsplaif indhm mutlrm, `m natfrprftmdnôa ifofrí nr 
prfdf
prf dfininim
im if ua uam
m tm
tmrfm
rfm pr
prlom
lomtl
tlrn
rnm,
m, if jnem
jnemdn
dnôa
ôa if `ms `ms ifd
ifd`m
`mrmd
rmdnl
nlafs
afs quf pl plirí
iría
a
msnbn`mrsf m `m `ftrm, m trmvîs if `m prufom tfstnjndm`.
Lovnmbfatf quf `m natfrprftmdnôa grmbmtndm` fs mp`ndmo`f dumail sf hm f`molrmil ua
fsdrntl duyl dlatfanil prfsfatm insdusnôa; sn sf trmtm if ua mdufril vfrom`, bís m``í
if` prlo`fbm prlomtlrnl quf fatrmýmfatrmým,, `m natfrp
natfrprftmdn
rftmdnôaôa afdfs
afdfsmrnmbfa
mrnmbfatf tf ifof mtfaifr m
ltrl
ltrlss drnt
drntfrn
frnls
ls,, prf
prfdn
dnsm
smbf
bfat
atf
f pl
plrqu
rquff al hm hmy y ua tfxt tfxtl
l m` qu
quff if
ifom
om ms msng
ngaí
aírs
rsf`
f`f
f f`
m`dmadf if su dlatfanil.
@M NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA @NYF_M@ al snfbprf sf rfiudf m ltlrgmr ua snganjndmil m 
pmrtnr if `l quf grmbmtndm`bfatf fxprfsm ua tfxtl, ym quf prfdnsmbfatf `m
afdfsnimi
afdfsni mi if natfrprftmr`l
natfrprftmr`l surgf if `m mbong
mbongðfimi
ðfimi l dlajusnôa
dlajusnôa quf prfsfatm
prfsfatm su
rfimddnôa l, sfadn``mbfatf, if `m dlatrlvfrsnm quf slorf su m`dmadf sf p`matfm.
Imim `m bu`tnp`ndnimi if snganjndmils quf pufif tfafr ua tfxtl, su natfrprftmdnôa
pufif prfsfatmr dlbl vmrnmatfs `m natfrprftmdnôa rfstrndtnvm y `m natfrprftmdnôa
fxtfasnvm.
@M NAYF_S_FYMD
NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
insplsndnôa NÔA _FTY_NDYNZM
pmrm mp`ndmr`m  , quf dlastrnýf
m dmsls fspfdâjndls f` m`dmadf
y `nbntmils, alrbmtnvl
dlbl fasfýmif uam
_lems
Mbmain, pufif fatfaifrsf fa vmrnls sfatnils5 m) `m natfrprftmdnôa quf trmtm if
rfspftmrr `m vl`uatmi
rfspftm vl`uatmi if` `fgns`milr y su tfxtl if `m bmafrm bís jnf` plsno`f; o) `m
quf mdltm f` snganjndmil if `ls tîrbnals if` tfxtl `fgm` m su bfalr íbontl
bmtfrnm` if vm`nifz plsno`f; y d) `m rfiuddnôa if `m `ftrm if `m `fy m su snganjndmil
bís sfgurl y mdfptmil plr tlils l plr budhls, plr ngum`, fa f` íbontl if `ls
fspfdnm`nstms if` ifrfdhl.
@M NAYF_S_FYM
NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA DNÔA FXYFATNZM , fa dmbonl, dlasnstf fa mbp`nmr f` snganjndmil
if ua tfxtl pmrm mp`ndmr`l m sntumdnlafs quf al sf fadufatrma dlbprfainims
d`mrmbfatf fa `ls tîrbnals `ntfrm`fs if `m alrbm.
@m natfrprftmdnôa `ntfrm`, fa gfafrm`, tnfaf invfrsls nastrubfatls pmrm rfm`nzmr`m,
quf nbp`ndma ua rmzlambnfatl bís m``í if `m snbp`f `fdturm.
Fat
atrf
rf f``ls sf faduf
adufaatrma
rma `ls mrgubf
mrgubfatls
atls `nagðâstnd ls y m dlatrmrnl. Fa f`
`nagðâstndls
mrgubfatl
mrgu bfatl `nagðâstnd l, sfgõa mjnrbm _lil`jl @. Zngl, sf navldm f` `fagumef fa
`nagð âstndl
sus injfrfatfs inbfasnlafs5 sfbíatndm, snatídtndm l prmgbítndm. @l dltninmal fs
=8

quf sf mtnfaim
mtnfaim m` `fagumef lri
lrinamrnl
namrnl l if usl dlr
dlrrnfatf,
rnfatf, p
pfrl
frl fa ldmsnl
ldmsnlafs
afs hmorí quî
mduinr m` `fagumef
`fagumef eurâ
eurâindl,
indl, tm
tmatl
atl f` quf utn`n
utn`nzm
zm `m alrbm dlb
dlbll f` quf dlast
dlastruyfa
ruyfa `ls
 eurnstms, sfma ildtrnamrnls l euzgmilrfs. Fa dum`qunfrm if `ls dmsls, `m dlastruddnôa if
`ls tfxtls y f` snganjndmil if `ms pm`morms plr sâ l f` quf `f rfdlaldfa `ls bnfborls if
uam iftfrbnamim
iftfrbnamim dlbu
dlbuanimi,
animi, sf ssustfatm
ustfatmaa juaimbfat
juaimbfatm`bfatf
m`bfatf fa f` `fagumef,
`fagumef, fa f`
m`dmadf tfxtum` if `m alrbm l if `m fstnpu`mdnôa.
If mhâ sf ifrnvm `m instnadnôa if `m natfrprftmdnôa `ntfrm` fa natfrprftmdnôa
sfbíatndm f natfrprftmdnôa snatídtndm.
@m natfrprft mdnôa sfbíatndm  sf ldupm if` sfatnil if `ms pm`morms dlbprfainims
natfrprftmdnôa
fa f` tfxt
tfxtl.
l. ‐Tn
‐Tn `m pm`m
pm`mor
ormm prfs
prfsfa
fatm
tm injf
injfrf
rfat
atfs
fs mdfp
mdfpdndnla
lafs
fs,, `m bnsn
bnsnôa
ôa if `m
natfrprftmdnô
natfrp rftmdnôaa fs lptmr plr f` snganjndmil
snganjndmil hmontum`
hmontum` y dladrftl
dladrftl if` vldmo`l,
vldmo`l, if `ls
invfrsls quf pufim tfafr, tlbmail fa dufatm tmbonîa `ls usls `nagðâstndls if`
 

tîrbnal, msâ dlbl if su prlomo`f mdfpdnôa fspfdâjndm fa f` `fagumef eurâindl‒.

@m natfrprftm
natfrprftmdnôa snatídtndm  sf ldupm if fadlatrmr f` sfatnil if ua fauadnmil
dnôa snatídtndm
dlbp`ftl, fa su dlastruddnôa, ‐dla mrrfg`l m `m rf`mdnôa quf gumrima fatrf sâ f`
sueftl y f` prfindmil, f` dmrídtfr mivfrsmtnvl, dladfsnvl, insyuatnvl, dlpu`mtnvl,
ftd., if `ms dlaeuadnlafs, `m dl`ldmdnôa if` prlalborf l if` mivfronl, ftd.‒
F` mrgubfatl m dlatrmrnl sf omsm fa `m prfsuadnôa if quf sn f` `fgns`milr hm rfgu`mil
fxprfsmbfatf uam hnpôtfsns, fatladfs fsm rfgu`mdnôa sf rfjnfrf m indhm hnpôtfsns y
sô`l m f``m, rfdhmzíailsf su mp`ndmdnôa m dum`qunfr dmsl instnatl m` fxprfsmbfatf
dlatfbp`mil plr f` `fgns`milr. Fstl fs, sn `m alrbm sf hmdf õandmbfatf, if bmafrm
fxd`usnvm, pmrm uam iftfrbnamim sntumdnôa, if fsf blil qufim molrtmim `m plsnon`nimi
if fxtfaifr `m sl`udnôa eurâindm m uam sntumdnôa injfrfatf m `m fxprfsmbfatf prfvnstm
plr `m insplsndnôa.
Fs ififdn
dnr,
r, dl
dlbl
bl mjmjnr
nrbm
bm YmYmrf
rf``
``l,
l, im
imil
il ua faua
fauadn
dnmi
mil
l al
alrb
rbmt
mtnv
nvl
l qu
quff prfi
prfind
ndm
m ua
uamm
dm`njndmdnôa alrbmtnvm if ua tîrbnal pfrtfafdnfatf m ua fauadnmil ifstnamil m ua
sueftl l uam d`msf if sueftls, sf ifof fvntmr fxtfaifr f` snganjndmil if mquf` tîrbnal
if tm` blil quf dlbprfaim m sueftls l d`msfs if sueftls al fstrndtm y `ntfrm`bfatf
nad`unils fa f` tîrbnal dm`njndmil plr f` prnbfr fauadnmil.
F` mrgubfatl m dlatrm
dlatrmrnl
rnl fs dlasn
dlasnifrmil
ifrmil ua nast
nastrubfatl
rubfatl if `m natfrp
natfrprftmdn
rftmdnôa
ôa `ntfrm`, fa
dumatl quf `m mdtnvnimi natfrprftmtnvm ``fvmim m dmol al sf sm`f jufrm if` tfxtl m
natfrprftmr, pufs sf trmomem fxd`usnvmbfatf fa ua anvf` `nagðâstndl, mifbís if quf
suplaf f` rfspftl if `m `ftrm, quf sf dlavnfrtf fa `m õandm guâm pmrm `m mtrnoudnôa if
snganjndmil.
Dnfrtl fs quf, trmtíailsf if` mrgubfatl m dlatrmrnl, `m mdtnvnimi if natfrprftmdnôa if`
 euzgmilr qufim dlastrfýnim m` tfxtl quf sf natfrprftm; sna fbomrgl, muaquf fstf
mrgubfatl gumrif fstrfdhm rf`mdnôa dla `m tfxtum`nimi if uam alrbm, plrquf lpfrm fa
dlat
dl atfx
fxtl
tlss ila
ilaif
if if
ifof
of hmo
hmofr
fr m` bfals
bfals m`gõ
m`gõa
a prlau
prlauad
adnm
nmbn
bnfat
fatl
l fx
fxpr
prfs
fsmil
mil fa uam
alrbm, f``l al fs lostídu`l pmrm mjnrbmr quf f` sn`fadnl if` `fgns`milr fs dlaindnôa
pmrm `m mp`ndmdnôa if fstf mrgubfatl, prfdnsmbfatf plrquf rf- qunfrf if uam alrbm
fxprfsmbfatf jlrbu`mim y if if ua supufstl slorf f` dum` al fxnstf rfgu`mdnôa fxp`âdntm.
F` rfsu`tm
rfsu`tmil
il sfrí `m mjnrb
mjnrbmdn
mdnôa
ôa if quf fsf supu
supufst
fstll al rfg
rfgu`m
u`mil
il qufim jufjufrm
rm if`
íbontl if prltfddnôa if `m alrbm jlrbu`mim.
=>

?.? Natfrprftmdnôa snstfbítndm

Fstm natfrprftmdnôa fs `m quf ousdm fxtrmfr if` tfxtl if `m alrbm ua fauadnmil
duyl sfatnil sfm mdlrif dla f` dlatfanil gfafrm` if` lrifambnfatl m` quf
pfrtfafdf. Srldurm
if` quf jlrbm pmrtf. f` snganjndmil mtfainfail m` dlaeuatl if alrbms l snstfbm
Va prfdfptl l uam d`íusu`m ifofa natfrprftmrsf al if bmafrm mns`mim, snal fa
dlaeuatl
uatl dla `ls ifbís fbís prfdfptl
fptlss l d`íusu`ms quf
quf jlrb
lrbma pmrtf if`
if`
lrifambnfatl l if` afgldnl fa dufstnôa.
@m rmzôa fs quf f` sfatnil if uam alrbm al sô`l fstí imil plr `ls tîrbnals quf `m
fxprfsma y su mrtndu`mdnôa snatídtndm, snal plr su rf`mdnôa dla `ms ltrms alrbms.
 Matlanl Snddmtl lpnam quf `ms alrbms
alrbm s eurâindms al pupufifa
fifa sfr dlbpr
dlbprfainims
fainims jufrm if
if``
dlatfxtl m` quf pfrtfafdfa; f` sfatnil if ua fauadnmil alrbmtnvl budhms vfdfs sf vf
dlbp`f
dlb p`ftmi
tmil l plr ltr
ltrls
ls fau
fauadn
adnmils
mils pfrtfa
pfrtfafdn
fdnfat
fatfs
fs m` bns
bnsbl
bl lrif
lrifambn
ambnfat
fatll l m ual
instnatl, plr `l quf fa rnglr `m natfrprftmdnôa if `ms alrbms eurâindms al pufif hmdfrsf
slorf `m omsf if` mns`mbnfa
mns`mbnfatltl if `ls fauadnm
fauadnmils.
ils. Smrm lotfafr
lotfafr uam rfg`m if ifrfdhl
dlbp`ftm fs prfdnsl hmdfr uam dlbp`fem trmvfsâm
trmvfsâm dlastrudtnvm plr budhls fauadnmils,
fs ifdnr, plr budhms alrbms.
@m fxfxp`
p`nd
ndmd
mdnnôa if fs
fsttm vnad
vnadu`
u`md
mdnnôa fat
atrf
rf ua
uamm al
alrb
rbm
m y `ms
`ms ififb
bís if`
if` bn
bns
sbl
lrifambnfatl l fatrf uam d`íusu`m y f` rfstl if` dlatrmtl, sf fadufatrm fa quf `ms
prnbfrms,, quf jlrbma pmrt
prnbfrms pmrtf
f if ua tlil, al pufifa tfafr ua sngan
snganjndmil
jndmil ins
instnatl
tnatl if `ms
 

ifbís
ifbí s y bu buddhl bfals
fals dl dlat
atrm
rmin
ind
dtl
tlrn
rnl,
l, pu
pufs
fs f` dla laeu
euat
atl
l if prfd
prfdfp
fpttls l if
fstn
fs tnpu
pu``md
mdnl
nlaf
afss al sf dla lad dno
nof
f dl
dlbl
bl uamuam snbp`
nbp`ff mdmdub
ubu`u`md
mdnnôa l mgmgrf
rfgm
gmil
il if
insplsndnlafs, snal dlbl ua vfrimifrl y prlpnl snstfbm; plr `l quf `m natfrprftmdnôa
snstfbítndm dlaiudf m fatfaifr `m alrbm pmrtndu`mr fa juadnôa if` dlatfxtl gfafrm` y
if bmafrm dlajlrbf m fstf õ`tnbl.
F` natî
natîrp
rprft
rftf
f ifo
ifof
f mt
mtrno
rnoun
unrr m uam alrbm
alrbm,, du
duyl
yl sngan
snganjn
jndm
dmil
il sf
sfm
m iui
iuils
lsl,
l, ua sfsfat
atni
nil
l
dlagrufatf dla `ms prfsdrnpdnlafs quf fstmo`fdfa ltrms alrbms if` snstfbm. Slr `l
tmatl, m` eufz dlrrfsplaif eustnjndmr f` vâadu`l snstîbndl quf fxnstf fatrf `m alrbm m `m
quf mtrnouyf snganjndmil y `ms if` snstfbm quf `m dnrduaima.
F` snstfbm eurâindl tnfaf uam `ôgndm natfram prlpnm; fa prnbfr `ugmr, plrquf `ms alrbms
jlrbma ua snstfbm quf lotnfaf su dlhfrfadnm if` insfýl rmdnlam` rfm`nzmil plr f`
`fgns`milr y if `ls prnadnpnls quf, dlbl dlasfdufadnm if sfr ua prliudtl rmdnlam`, `l
glonframa; y, fa sfguail `ugmr, plrquf plsff uam dlhfrfadnm natrâasfdm y loeftnvm
quf eustnjndm mduinr m uals prfdfptls pmrm md`mrmr f` snganjndmil if ltrls iuilsls.
Fa f` dmsl if` dlatrmtl, îstf fs ua dlaeuatl lrgíandl y al uam snbp`f subm if
d`íusu`ms; fs ifdnr, dmim fstnpu`mdnôa
fstnpu`mdnôa sf vnadu`m m `m matfrnlr y, m su vfz, fs ifrnvmdnôa
y fjfdtl if `m bnsbm
bnsbm y if `m prlpnm amturm`fzm if` afgldnl
afgldnl eurâindl quf sf df`form; plr 
`l quf fxnstf uam dlafxnôa `ôgndm fatrf `ms instnatms pmrtfs, quf dlaiudf m ua maí`nsns
dlaeuatl.
Fsm natfrprftmdnôa snstfbítndm fa ldmsnlafs als ``fvm m `m dlastruddnôa if` ifrfdhl,
dumail fa ua snstfbm eurâindl iftfrbnamil, sf fadufatrfa fauadnmils pmrtndu`mrfs
dmrfatfs if m`gõa f`fbfatl quf `fs ltlrguf `m d`mrnimi sujndnfatf pmrm iftfrbnamr su
m`dmadf insplsntnvl, fa duyl supufstl fs afdfsmrnl mduinr m `ls ifbís fauadnmils
pmrm dlbp`fbfatmr f` l `ls nadlbp`ftls l dlajusls.
?3
Bís mõa, `m natfrprftmdnôa snstfbítndm sf mplym al sô`l fa `m dlafxnôa bmtfrnm` fatrf
`ls prfdfptls
prfdfptls y fa `ms rmzlaf
rmzlafs s `ôgndms quf
quf mpf`ma m `m uanimi âatn âatnbm
bm if dlafxnô
dlafxnôa a if
`ls
`ls mp
mpmr
mrtm
tmil
ils
s if ua mr mrttâd
âdu`
u`l,
l, snal
snal tm
tmbo
bonînîa
a fa ‐… ‐…`m`ms
s rmzl
rmzlaf
afss hnst
hnstôr
ôrnd
ndms
ms l `ls
`ls
matfdfifatfs ildtrnam`fs.‒
Ymrf``l slstnfaf quf `m natfrprftmdnôa snstfbítndm fs mquf``m quf natfatm iltmr m ua
fauadnmil
fauadnm il if dlbprfasn
dlbprfasnôaôa iuilsm, if ua snganjndmi
snganjndmil l sugfrnil, l al nbpfi
nbpfinil,
nil, plr f`
snstfbm eurâindl if` quf jlrbm pmrtf.
@m ildtlrm Gnsf`m Bmrâm Sîrfz Jufatfs mjnrbm quf5 ‐F` drntfrnl snstfbítndl sf dladrftm
fa5 =µ Tupfrmdnôa
Tupfrmdnôa if matnalbnms
matnalbnms,, ?µ Iftfrbnam
Iftfrbnamdnôa
dnôa if `ms insplsn
insplsndnlafs
dnlafs if dmrídtf
dmrídtfr 
r 
prnadnpm`
prnadnpm` jrfatf m `ms mdd
mddfslrnm
fslrnms s y, 4µ @m snstfbmt
snstfbmtndnim
ndnimii momrdm al sô`l `m mrblaâ
mrblaâm m if
`ms d`íusu`ms snal if ltrls dlatrmtls rf`mdnlamils dumaildumail tlils f``ls sf df`forfa pmrm
dla- sfgunr uam jnam`nimi fdlaôbndm uantmrnm‒.
@m utn`nimi if` bîtlil snstfbítndl fs quf fvntm `ms dlatrminddnlafs fatrf `ms invfrsms
alrbms if ua snstfbm eurâindl y `ms fatnfaif dlbl pmrtfs if ua tlil alrbmtnvl. Dlbl
inrâm Hfgf`, `m dladfpdnôa if` bîtlil snstfbítndl suplaf quf `m vfrimi fstí fa f`
tlil y al fa `ms pmrtfs.
Vam if `ms dlasfdufadnms nbplrtmatfs if dmrmdtfrnzmr ua lrifambnfatl eurâindl dlbl
ua snstfbm, fs `m if quf al pufifa dlfxnstnr fa su sfal alrbms nadlbpmtno`fs l
dlatrmindtlrnms, fs ifdnr, al dmof `m plsnon`nimi if matnalbnms.
Tna fbomrgl, dlbl `l matfrnlr fs uam sntumdnôa nifm` quf fa budhms ldmsnlafs sf vf
afgmim plr `m rfm`nimi, fa vnrtui if quf fa `ls hfdhls sâ surgfa dlatrminddnlafs if
alrbms,
alrb ms, fat
fatlad
ladfs
fs sf hmdf
hmdf afd
afdfsmr
fsmrnl
nl rfs
rfsl`v
l`vfr
fr `m nad
nadlbpm
lbpmtno
tnon`n
n`nimi
imi l dla
dlatrm
trmind
inddnô
dnôa
a
fxnstfatfs.

Smrm rfstmurmr
rfg`ms `m dlhfrfadnm
d`ísndms pmrm if`matnalbnms5
rfsl`vfr `ms snstfbm y `mf` rmdnlam`nimi if` `fgns`milr,
drntfrnl efrírqundl (`m alrbm hmy trfs
supfrnlr 
prfvm`fdf slorf `m najfrnlr); f` drntfrnl drlal`ôgndl (`m alrbm plstfrnlr prnbm slorf `m
matfrnlr); y f` drntfrnl if `m fspfdnm`nimi (`m `fy fspfdnm` ifrlgm m `m gfafrm`).
Al snfb
snfbprprf
f inindh
dhls
ls dr
drnt
ntfr
frnl
nls
s rf
rfsu
suf`
f`vf
vfa
a `ls
`ls dm
dmsl
slss if ma matn
tnal
albn
bnm,
m, pf
pfrl
rl dl
dlbl
bl `m
 

nadl
nadlbp
bpmt mtno
non`
n`ni
nimi
mi if alrb
alrbms
ms al pufipufif f sfr
sfr tl`f
tl`frm
rmim
im,, hm
hmyy ququf
f rfdu
rfdurrrrnr
nr m ltrl
ltrls
s
mrgubfatls
mrgubfa tls quf sf fabmrdma ifatrl if `m natfrprftmdnôa
natfrprftmdnôa snst
snstfbítnd
fbítndm,
m, pufs mtnfai
mtnfaifafa m
`m dlhfrfadnm if` snstfbm, m `m uondmdnôa if `m alrbm fa f` lrifambnfatl y m `ms
dlaf
dl afxn
xnla
lafsfs dldla
a `m
`ms
s if
ifbí
bíss al
alrbm
rbms.
s. Turgf
Turgfaa ms
msââ `ls
`ls mrg
mrgububfat
fatls
ls m dldlhmf
hmfrfa
rfatn
tnm,
m, m
rõorn
rõo rndm
dm,, sf
sfifs
ifs bmbmtf
tfrn
rnmf
mf y snst
snstfb
fbítítnd
ndl
l fa sf sfat
atni
nil
l fs
fstr
trnd
ndtl
tl.. If ngu
ngum`
m` bma
bmafrmfrm,, `ls
`ls
mrgubfa
mrgu bfatls
tls if efrmrquâ
efrmrquâm,
m, p`f
p`fant
antui
ui y fdl
fdlalb
albâmâm sf mgrf
mgrfgma
gma dlbdlbl
l nas
nastru
trubfa
bfatlstls if`
bîtlil snstfbítndl.
@l quf sf mjnrbm rfm`bfatf dumail sf prld`mbm f` dmrídtfr snstfbítndl if` ifrfdhl,
dlbfatm Ofantl if Dmstrl Dni, fs, if ua `mil, quf al pufifa suosnstnr 
dlatrminddnlafs fjfdtnvms fatrf `ms alrbms y, if ltrl, quf hm if imrsf nafvntmo`fbfatf
uam rf`mdnôa butum if dlbp`fbfatmrnfimi fatrf f``ms, dlatrnouyfail mrbôandmbfatf
tlims `ms alrbms m` `lgrl if `ls loeftnvls sldnm`fs quf natfatm rfm`nzmr dmim Ifrfdhl.
F` mrgubfatl m dlhmfrfatnm fs mquf` plr f` quf ils fauadnmils `fgm`fs al pufifa
fxprfsmr ils alrbms nadlbpmtno`fs fatrf f``ms, plr `l quf snrvf tmatl pmrm rfdhmzmr 
`ls snganjndmils if ua fauadnmil quf `l hmgma nadlbpmtno`f dla ltrms alrbms if`
snstfbm, dlbl pmrm mtrnounr inrfdtmbfatf ua snganjndmil m ua fauadnmil, quf `l hmgm `l
bís dlhfrfatf plsno`f dla f` rfstl if` lrifambnfatl.
?=

@m vnsnôa snstfbítndm
snstfbítndm if` lrifa eurâineurâindl
dl nbplaf `m afdfsnimi if rfsl`v rfsl`vfr
fr matnalbnms sn
`ms bnsbms sf mivnfrtfa, pufs `ls f`fbfatls if ua snstfbm al pufifa fstmr fa
dlatrminddnôa y sn m`gual if f``ls al dubp`f dla tm` plstu`mil, sf nbplaf f`nbnamr uam
if `ms sl`udnlafs l fadlatrmr su mrblanzmdnôa.
F` mrgubfatl m rõorndm dlasnstf fa mtrnounr m ua fauadnmil ua snganjndmil snganjndmil sugfrnil plr 
f` tâtu`l l rõorndm quf fadmofzm f` grupl if mrtâdu`ls l d`íusu`ms fa quf mquf` sf
fadufatrm.
F` mrgubfatl sfifs bmtfrnmf fs mquf` quf plr `m mtrnoudnôa if snganjndmil m ua
fauadnmil iuilsl sf rfm`nzm m pmrtnr if` `ugmr quf ldupm fa f` dlatfxtl alrbmtnvl if`
quf jlrbm pmrtf,
pmrtf, ym quf sf pnfasm quf `m `ldm`nz`ldm`nzmdnôa
mdnôa tlplg
tlplgríjndm
ríjndm if uam inspls
insplsndnôa
ndnôa
prlplrdnlam najlrbmdnôa slorf su dlatfanil.
F` mr
mrgub
gubfafatl
tl sn
snst
stfb
fbítítnd
ndl
l fa sf sfatatni
nil
l fs
fstr
trnd
ndtl
tl fs mq mquf`
uf` quf pm pmrm
rm `m mtrn
mtrnoud
oudnô
nôaa if
sn
sngan
ganjn
jndm
dmil
il m ua uamm ins
inspls
plsnd
ndnô
nôa,
a, tnfa
tnfaf
f fa dudufa
fatmtm f` dldlat
atfa
fanil
nil if ltrms
ltrms al
alrb
rbms
ms,, su
dlatfxtl.
F` lrifa efrírqundl if `ms alrbms; `m lo`ngmdnôa if `ls trnouam`fs if rfsl`vfr tlim
dlat
dl atrl
rlvf
vfrs
rsnm
nm mõ
mõaa fa mu musf
sfad
adnm
nm if inspinspls
lsnd
ndnô
nôaa `fgm
`fgm`` fx
fxpr
prfs
fsm m sl
slor
orf
f f` dmdmsl
sl;; y `m
dlav
dl avfan
fanfad
fadnm
nm if fv fvnt
ntmr
mr iu
iup`
p`nd
ndnim
nimifs
ifs,, rfi
rfiua
uaima
imadndnms
ms l rfn
rfntf
tfrmd
rmdnl
nlafs
afs,, tmbon
tmbonîaîa slslaa
mrgubfatls quf jlrbma pmrtf if` bîtlil snstfbítndl.
Fs prfdnsmbfatf f` prnadnpnl if `m natfrprftmdnôa snstfbítndm f` quf naspnrm `m
insplsndnôa sfgõa `m dum`, `ms d`íusu`ms if `ls dlatrmtls if- ofa natfrprftmrsf
`ms uams plr `ms ltrms, mtrnouyfail m `ms iuilsms f` sfatnil quf rfsu`tf if`
dlaeuatl if tlims.
?.4 Natfrprftmdnôa hnstôrndm
@m natfrprftmdnôa hnstôrndm fstuinm `ls dlatfxtls matfrnlrfs quf pufima naj`unr fa
f` fatfainbnfatl mdtum` if `ms alrbms.
Dlbl mjnrbm @mrfaz, m vfdfs `ms pfrspfdtnvms grmbmtndm` l snstfbítndm ifema
monfrtms dnfrtms natfrrlgmatfs quf sf rfiudfa m `m prfguatm5
¼quî qufrâm f` `fgns`milr m` drfmr `m alrbm<
Dla f``l ``fgmbls m` f`fbfatl ‐hnstôrndl‒ if `m natfrprftmdnôa, f` dum` hm if
tfafrsf fa dufatm m` mvfrngumr f` sfatnil, alrbmtnvmbfatf ifdnsnvl, if `m `fy.
If bmbmaf
afrm
rm rfrf`f
`fvm
vmat
atf,
f, `m nanatf
tfad
adnô
nôaa rf
rfgu
gu`m
`mil
ilrmrm if
if`` `fgn
`fgns`
s`mi
milr
lr y `ms
`ms if
ifdn
dnsn
snla
lafs
fs
vm`lrmtnvms plr î` fadlatrmims pmrm dlasfgunr bmanjnfstmbfatf fsm natfadnôa, sngufa
snfail uam pmutm vnadu`matf pmrm f` eufz, nad`usl dumail mdlblim `m `fy -plr `m vâm if
`m natf
natfrp
rprf
rftm
tmdn
dnôa
ôa tftf`f
`fl`
l`ôg
ôgnd
ndm
m l pl plrr `m vâ
vâm
m ifif`` if
ifsm
smrrrrl`
l``l
`l if
if`` if
ifrf
rfdh
dhl-
l- m au
aufv
fvms
ms
 

dnrduastmadnms al prfvnstms plr f` `fgns`milr, l dumail `m dlbp`fbfatm.

Nbfr O. J`lrfs Bfailzm lpnam quf f` bîtlil hnstôrndl fs dlagîantl m `m Fsduf`m
Hnstôrndm M`fbmam y quf tnfaf dlbl puatl if pmrtnim ym al `m `fy snal m` `fgns`milr, l
bfelr indhl su vl`uatmi dlbl rfprfsfatmatf if `m vl`kgfnst l fspârntu if` pufo`l.
??

F` dlrrfsplainfatf mrgubfatl if` bîtlil hnstôrndl snrvf fatladfs pmrm eustnjndmr `m

mtrnoudnôa if snganjndmil m ua fauadnmil, quf sfm mdlrif dla `m jlrbm fa quf `ls
instnatls `fgns`milrfs m `l `mrgl if `m hnstlrnm hma rfgu`mil `m nastntudnôa eurâindm quf f`
fauadnmil mdtum` rfgu`m. Fs ifdnr, f` mrgubfatl hnstôrndl sf fadmrgm if fxp`ndmr uam
iftfrbnamim rfgu`mdnôa eurâindm plr sus lrâgfafs y f` blil fa quf juf
ifsmrrl``íailsf m trmvîs if` tnfbpl.
Fstm natfrprftmdnôa hnstôrndm pufif sfr fstítndm l inaíbndm.
@M NAYF_S_FY
NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
MDNÔA FTYÍYNDM  fs `m jlrbm trmindnlam` l usum` if fatfaifr uam
nastntudnôa l jngurm eurâindm. Muaquf f` `fgns`milr f`molrf aufvms alrbms, sf
fatnfaif quf su natfadnôa fs al mpmrtmrsf if` fspârntu quf trmindnlam`bfatf hm
najlrbmil `m amturm`fzm if `m nastntudnôa eurâindm quf mdtum`bfatf hm rfgu`mil.
 Matf `m iuim slorf f` snganjndmil if ua fauadnmil, f` eufz eustnjndm su sl`udnôa
mrgub
mrgubfa
fatma
tmail
il qu
quf
f fs
fsm
m fs `m jl
jlrb
rbm
m fa qu
quf
f tr
trmin
mindn
dnla
lam`b
m`bfa
fatf
tf sf hm fafatf
tfai
ainil
nil `m
rfgu`mdnôa.
@M NAYF_S_F YMDNÔA INAÍBNDM l fvl`utnvm dlasnstf
NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA dlasnstf fa tlbmr `m hnstlrnm if `ms
na
nast
stnt
ntud
udnl
nlaf
afss eu
eurâ
râin
indm
dmss dl
dlbl
bl uam
uam tftfai
aifa
fadn
dnmm hmdn
hmdnmm f` jutu
juturl
rl,, dla
dla dmrí
dmrídt
dtfr 
fr 
prlgrfsnstm; dlbl ua prldfsl if dmbonl dlatnaul, fa fvl`udnôa, l dlbl ua
prldfsl nrrfgu`mr, dla rupturms y dmbonls fa `ms dnrduastmadnms quf nbpnifa
fatfaifr `ms rfg`ms mdtum`fs dla `ls drntfrnls prlplrdnlamils plr rfgu`mdnlafs
ym ifrlgmims.
Dum`qunfrm if `ms ils vfrtnfatfs, fstítndm l inaíbndm, pmrtf if `m omsf if quf f`
`fgns`milr al sl`l fs uam msmbo`fm dl`fdtnvm, hnstôrndmbfatf butmo`f, vngfatf fa f`
pfrâlil if iurmdnôa if dmim `fgns`mturm, snal ua fatf rmdnlam` quf sf bmatnfaf m `l
`mrgl if` tnfbpl, quf pmrtndnpm fa `m drfmdnôa if uam `fy quf al sl`l fs mp`ndmo`f m ua
fspmdnl tfbplrm`bfatf mdltmil, snal quf vm bís m``í if qunfafs fa fsf blbfatl
natfgrma `m msmbo`fm `fgns`mtnvm, muaquf plstfrnlrbfatf hmym vmrnmdnôa if drntfrnls plr 
f` dmbonl if dnrduastmadnms.
Fa subm
subm,, `m natfrp
natfrprft
rftmd
mdnô
nôa
a hnst
hnstôrn
ôrndm
dm dl
dlas
asns
nstf
tf fa ms
msng
ngam
amrr snga
snganj
njnd
ndmil
mil m ua
uamm al
alrbrbm
m
‐mtfai
‐mtfainf
nfail
ail m `l`ls
s pr
prfd
fdfif
fifat
atfs
fs fxns
fxnstf
tfat
atfs
fs,, fb
fbpf
pfzm
zmail
ail plplrr `ls
`ls nab
nabfi
finm
nmtl
tls‒
s‒.. Ms
Msââ
fatfainim, fstm natfrprftmdnôa fs rfm`nzmim plr `ls eufdfs slorf `m omsf if m`gual l
m`guals dmsls
dmsls rfsuf`
rfsuf`tls
tls dla matf
matfrnlrnim
rnlrnimi,
i, fa `ls quf sf hmym natfrpr
natfrprftmil
ftmil uam alrbm
omel `ls bnsbls rmzlambnfatls.
If fsf blil, sn `m natfrprftmdnôa if uam alrbm fs dlasfdufatf dla `m bmafrm fa quf
`fgns`m
`fgns`milrf
ilrfs
s y eufd
eufdfs
fs hma fatf
fatfain
ainil
il hnstô
hnstôrnd
rndmbf
mbfatf
atf f` m`d
m`dmad
madff if `m rfgu
rfgu`md
`mdnôa
nôa if
indhm alrbm, sf snfatma `ms dlaindnlafs pmrm quf ‐`ls ifstnamtmrnls pufima dlaefturmr 
`ms dlasfdufadnms
dlasfdufadnms alrb
alrbmtnvms
mtnvms ifrnvmims
ifrnvmims if `m mdtum`nz
mdtum`nzmdnôa
mdnôa if` supufs
supufstl
tl prfvns
prfvnstl
tl fa
fsm alrbm‒, dlbl mjnrbm _lil`jl Zízqufz.
Smrm `m natfrprftmdnôa fs rf`fvmatf `m fvl`udnôa quf hm fxpfrnbfatmil `m snganjndmdnôa
if `m `fy ifsif su nandnl if vngfadnm hmstm `m mdtum`nimi, if `l dum` qufim tfstnblanl
fa `m eurnspruifadnm y fa `m ildtrnam.
Dla fstf bît îtli
lill if natfrprft rftmdnôa, lplpnnam _lems Mbmainmain,, sf ouous
sdm fvntmr 
dlasfdufadnms eurâindms naifsfmims, dla myuim if `m fxpfrnfadnm quf mplrtma `ls
drntfrnls if natfrprftmdnôa if `m bnsbm `fy y quf sf hma milptmil iurmatf su vngfadnm
fa `m bnsbm eurnsinddnôa m `m quf indhm `fy pfrtfafdf.
?4

Fa `ls
`ls dl
dlat
atrm
rmtls
tls,, pmr
pmrm
m ift
iftfr
frbn
bnam
amrr `m sngan
snganjn
jndm
dmdn
dnôa
ôa qu
quf
f tnfa
tnfafa,
fa, f` natî
natîrp
rprft
rftf
f ifo
ifof
f
dlaldfr `ls matfdfifatfs if` pmdtl, rfj`femils fa `m sntumdnôa eurâindm, fdlaôbndm l
 

sldnm`
sldnm` fa qufquf `m
`ms
s pmrtf
pmrtfs s sf fafadl
dlat
atrmo
rmomama m` bl
blbfa
bfatltl if df
df`f
`for
ormr`
mr`l,
l, ms
msââ dl
dlbl
bl `m
bmaf
bm afrmrm fa ququf f f` dlalatrtrm
mtl juf dfdf``fo
form
rmiil, fs ifdn
ifdnr,
r, `ls
`ls md
mdtltls
s prf`n
rf`nbn
bnam
amrf
rfs
s l
prfpmrmtlrnls, m` ngum` quf `m dlaiudtm losfrvmim plr `ms pmrtfs fa su fefdudnôa.
_fsu
_f su`t
`tm
m nb
nbpl
plrt
rtma
matf
tf ififttfr
frbn
bnam
amrr `m sng ngan
anjn
jndm
dmdn
dnôa
ôa ququff `ms
`ms pmpmrt
rtfs
fs ltlr
ltlrgm
gma a m `ms`ms
fstnpu`mdnlafs dla su dlaiudtm if dubp`nbnfatl l fefdudnôa if `l pmdtmil.
 M` bnsbl tnfbpl, fs bfafstfr dlasnifrmr fa `m `molr natfrp natfrprftmtnvm
rftmtnvm if `ls afgldnls, `m
rfgu
rfgu`m
`mdn
dnôa
ôa al
alrb
rbmtmtnv
nvm
m if
if`` dldlat
atrm
rmtl
tl fa `ls `ls invf
invfrs
rsls
ls lrif
lrifam
ambn
bnfa
fatltlss `fgm
`fgm`f
`fs
s y su
fvl`udnôa `fgm`, msâ dlbl `ls invfrsls drntfrnls eurnspruifadnm`fs quf fa fsf `mpsl
tfbplrm` sf huonfrma fbntnil pmrm dmsls snbn`mrfs.
?.9 Natfrprftmdnôa gfaîtndm
Fstm natfrprftmdnôa sf sustfatm fa `ms dmusms quf lrngnamrla f` surgnbnfatl if `m
`fy l if` dlatrmtl, pufs fs lovnl quf an uam an ltrl sf gfafrma if `m dmsum`nimi y
sna ua dlatfanil bltnvmilr fspfdâjndl.
@m alalrb rbm
m `f`fgm
gm`` mpmpmrf
rfdf
df pm
pmrm
rm rf
rfgu
gu`m
`mrr ua
uamm snt
sntum
umdn
dnôa
ôa su
surg
rgnnim fa f` sf
sfal
al if `m
dlbuanimi, quf fs if natfrîs gfafrm`. Slr fefbp`l, f` nadrfbfatl if `ls âaindfs if
drnbnam`nimi lrinamrnmbfatf lrngnama pfams bís sfvfrms; `m mdfptmdnôa if `ms uanlafs
bmrn
bm rntm
tm``fs sf prf rfsf
sfatatm
m dlbl
dlbl rf rfsp
spuf
ufst
stmm m` rfd
rfd`mbl
`mbl if grup
grupls
ls if `m sl
sldn
dnfi
fimi
mi
natfrfsmils fa f``l l plr `m sntumdnôa if hfdhl quf sf losfrvm.
Fsms rmzlafs quf hma lrngnamil f` surgnbnfatl if `m `fy l if` dlatrmtl, fa ldmsnlafs
snrv
snrvfa
fa pm pmrm
rm ififjn
jnan
anrr f` sf
sfat
atni
nil
l if `ls`ls tftfxt
xtls
ls qu
quff al slsla
a d`mr
d`mrls
ls y qu
quf
f prlv
prlvld
ldma
ma
dlatrlvfrsnm. Fs fatladfs dumail mpmrfdf `m natfrprftmdnôa gfaîtndm5 `m quf mtnfaif m
`ms dmusms, m` lrngfa, m `m bltnvmdnôa if `m `fy l if `ls pmdtls.
 Muaquf fstm natfrprftmdnôa sf rf`mdnlam if bmafrm fstrfdhm dla `m hnstôrndm, if
anaguam bmafrm ifofa dlajuainrsf. Vam dlasnifrm `ms dnrduastmadnms prfvm`fdnfatfs
fa f` blbfatl fa quf sf fbntnô `m alrbm, `ms dlaindnlafs bmtfrnm`fs y sldnm`fs
nbpfrmatfs
nbpfrm atfs fa fsm jfdhm, quf hma lrngna
lrngnamil
mil f` surgnbnfatl
surgnbnfatl if `m insplsndnôa;
insplsndnôa; ltrm, f`
blil dlbl sf hm fatfainil uam alrbm fa `ms instnatms îpldms, fstl fs fs,, su fvl`udnôa.
@m natfrprftmdnôa gfaîtndm sfsf rfjnfrf m `m dmusm, m` lrngfa, m `m bltnvmdnôa if `m alrbm;
`m natfrprftmdnôa hnstôrndm,
hnstôrndm, m `ls prfdfifatfs `fgns`mtnvls y eurnspruifadnm`fs.
@m fsfadnm if` mrgubfatl gfaîtndl, quf fs prlpnl if fstf bîtlil, rmindm, plr tmatl,
fa fadlatrmr `ms dmusms bltnvmilrms if ua iftfrbnamil prfdfptl l pmdtl.
Fs ifdnr, f` mrgubfatl
mrgubfatl gfaîtndl dlasnstf
dlasnstf fa ifjnanr
ifjnanr f` lrngfa l gfstmdnôa if uam
alrb
lrbm l afgldnl, pmrm duym fxp` xp`ndmdn
mdnôa sf dlasni snifrma `ls trtrmo
mome
mels
ls
prfp
prfpmr
mrmt
mtlr
lrnl
nls,
s, ifom
ifomtf
tfss pmr`
pmr`mb
mbfa
fatm
tmrn
rnls
ls,, indt
indtíb
íbfa
fafs
fs if `ms `ms dlbn
dlbnsn
snla
lafs
fs,, `m
fxplsndnôa if bltnvls l, fa su dmsl, f` blil fa quf sf hma dlbplrtmil `ms
pmrtfs fa f` prldfsl l fa rf`mdnôa m` dlatrmtl df`formil. F` natîrprftf ltlrgm
snganjndmil eurâindl m `m fstn tnp
pu`mdn
mdnôa fa omsf m dnfrtms fxprfsn fsnlafs
afs,
dlbplrtmbnfatls l prlpôsntls quf sla rf`fvmatfs fa f` dmsl.
?9

?.6 Natfrprftmdnôa tf`fl`ôgndm

Fstm natfrprftmdnôa dlasnstf fa mtrnounr snganjndmil m uam alrbm l m uam d`íusu`m
mtfainfail m `m jnam`nimi if` prfdfptl l if` pmdtl.
F` `fgns`milr quf drfm `m `fy l `ms pmrtfs quf df`forma f` dlatrmtl sf prlplafa
ual l vmrnls jnafs if `ls dum`fs `ms alrbms l `ms d`íusu`ms sla ua bfinl; plr `l
quf `m natfrprftmdnôa ifof rfm`nzmrsf tfanfail fa dufatm fsls jnafs l prlpôsntls
ousdmils.
@l matfrnlr suplaf `m oõsqufim if` sfatnil if `m alrbm, quf vm bís m``í if` snbp`f
tfxt
tfxtl;
l; fx
fxng
ngff fadl
fadlat
atrmr
rmr `m jnam`
jnam`nim
nimi
i pr
prlpu
lpufs
fstm
tm dl
dla
a su drdrfm
fmdn
dnôa;
ôa; hm
hm``
``mr
mr f` prl
prlpô
pôsn
sntl
tl
pfrsfgunil plr `m bnsbm.
@ls jnafs quf f` drfmilr if `m alrbm natfatm m`dmazmr sla plr rfg`m gfafrm` ‐jnafs
loeftnvls‒, fstl fs, pfrdfptno`fs, iftfrbnamo`fs y vnadu`mils m uam rfm`nimi dlaldnim.
 

Al sf rfjnfrf m `ls jnafs suoeftnvls if m`guam pfrslam l if ua grupl iftfrbnamil, snal

m `ls loeftnvls rmdnlam`fs quf sla prlpnls if` lrifa eurâindl prfvm`fdnfatf.
Fa f` dmsl if `m `fy, fsls prlpôsntls
prlpôsntls pl plirâma
irâma sfr5 msf
msfgurmbnfa
gurmbnfatltl if `m pmz y `m eustm
sl`udn
sl` udnôa
ôa if `ls `nt `ntngn
ngnls;
ls; f` fqun`
fqun`norn
nornl
l if uam rfgurfgu`md
`mdnôa
nôa fa f` sfa
sfatni
tnil
l if prf
prfstm
stmrr `m
bíxnbm mtfadnôa m `ls natfrfsfs quf sf hm``ma fa eufgl; `m prltfddnôa if `ls onfafs
 eurâindls y ua prldfinbnfatl euindnm` eustl; `m sl`udnôa if uam prlo`fbítndm if dmrídtfr 
gfafrm` surgnim; f` bfelrmbnfatl if dnfrtms dlaindnlafs if natfrîs dl`fdtnvl, ftd.
 M` ifdnr if Dmstn``l M`vm y @ueía Yõpfz, `m natfrprftmdnôa tf`fl`ôgndm nbp`ndm rf`mdnlamr 
f` prfd
prfdfpt
fptll dla `ms vm` vm`lrmd
lrmdnla
nlafs
fs eurâ
eurâind
indms,
ms, îtn
îtndl-
dl-sld
sldnm`
nm`fs
fs y pl`
pl`âtn
âtndl-d
dl-drnb
rnbnam`
nam`fs
fs quf
suoymdfa fa `ms alrbms y fa f` lrifambnfatl eurâindl fa su dlaeuatl. Nbplrtm dlatmr 
dla uam nifm gfafrm` if `m ifpfaifadnm sldnm` if` ifrfdhl. Tuplaf vnadu`mr `m tmrfm
hfrbfa
hfr bfaîuîutn
tndm
dm,, pl
plrr fad
fadnbnbm
m if dr drnt
ntfrn
frnls
ls fxd`
fxd`us
usnv
nvmb
mbfa
fatf
tf `ôgnd
`ôgndls
ls f hnst
hnstôrn
ôrndl
dls,
s, m `ms`ms
fstnbmdnlafs
fstnbm dnlafs eurâind
eurâindmsms nbpfrmat
nbpfrmatfs,
fs, m `m ``mbmim dlasdnfadnm
dlasdnfadnm eurâindm if `m dlbuan
dlbuanimi.imi.
Dubp`fa mquâ ua rl` prltmgôandl f nasustntuno`f `ls dladfptls if onfa eurâindl, eustndnm,
ngum`
ngu m`im
imi,
i, fqu
fquninimi
mi,, sf sfgu
gurn
rnimi
imi eurâi
eurâind
ndm
m y tltlim
im gmb
gmbm m if dl dlas
asni
nifrm
frmdn
dnla
lafs
fs pl`
pl`ât
âtnd
ndl
l
drnbnam`fs.
Hmy qunfafs, sngunfail `m fsduf`m if `m eurnspruifadnm if natfrfsfs, fstnbma quf fa
prnbfr `ugmr sf ifof md`mrmr dla prfdnsnôa duí`fs sla `ls natfrfsfs quf bltnvmrla `m
`fy, pufs sô`l dla omsf fa su dlaldnbnfatl qufimrí d`mrl duí` fs f` loeftl, bltnvl l
jna if `m alrbm.
Fa f` dmsl if `ls dlatrmtls, f` prlpôsntl if `lgrmr `m trmasbnsnôa if `m rnqufzm l f`
mprlvfdhmbnfatl if `ls onfafs, msâ dlbl `m prfstmdnôa if sfrvndnls y `m gmrmatâm if`
dubp`nbnfatl if lo`ngmdnlafs als als pfrbntnrí nifatnjndmr sn dla f` dlatrmtl sf prftfainô `m
trmasbnsnôa
trmasbn snôa if` ilbn
ilbnanl
anl l if` usl if `ms dlsms,
dlsms, `m prfst
prfstmdnôa
mdnôa if ua sfrvnd
sfrvndnl,
nl, f` pmgl
if uam rftrnoudnôa mifdumim y prlplrdnlam`, l sf trmtô
trmtô if uam `nofrm`nimi; tm` vfz, sn sf
ousdô `m smtnsjmddnôa if uam afdfsnimi pmrtndu`mr if `ls dla
trmtmatfs, dlbl jnafs dladrftls ousdmils dla `m df`formdnôa if` afgldnl dlatrmdtum`.
Tn f` tfxtl if `m alrbm l if `m d`íusu`m jufrm mbongul, lsdurl l dlajusl y gfafrmrm
insdusnôa su m`dmadf, `m natfrprftmdnôa plirâm mplymrsf fa `ls jnafs prlpufstls dla su
drfmdnôa.
F` mrgubfatl tf`fl`ôgndl, prlpnl if fstf bîtlil, sf navldm prfdnsmbfatf pmrm
 eustnjndmr quf uam sl`udnôa snrvf m iftfrbnamil jna, ym sfm natrâasfdl m` ifrfdhl l

?6
pr
prld
ldururmi
mill plr
plr m`
m`gu
guam
am alrb
alrbmm eu
eurâ
râin
indm
dm.. F` mrgu
mrgubf
bfat
atl
l tf`f
tf`fl`
l`ôg
ôgnd
ndl
l ‐fst
‐fstrn
rnom
om fa `m
 eustnjndmdnôa if `m mtrnoudnôa if ua snganjndmil mpfgmil m `m jnam`nimi if
if`` prfdfptl, plr 
fatfaifr quf `m alrbm fs ua bfinl pmrm ua jna‒.
F` bîtlil tf`fl`ôgndl, muaquf sf `f dlasnifrm bmylrntmrnmbfatf dlbl f` uondmil fa `m
dõspnif if `m hfrbfaîutndm eurâindm; f` bís nbplrtmatf plrquf sf lrnfatm m ifsduornr 
`m jnam`nimi if `m alrbm y quf fs nastrubfatl fjndmz pmrm rfsl`vfr dlaj`ndtls sldnm`fs,
`lgrmr `m pmz sldnm` y lrgmanzmr `m vnim fa dlbõa; ifof bmafemrsf sna fxmgfrmdnlafs
pmrm al nadurrnr fa f` frrlr if imr m `m alrbm l m `m d`íusu`m uam jnam`nimi quf bís
onfa sfm if `m prfjfrfadnm pfrslam` if` natîrprftf, duym vm`lrmdnôa suoeftnvm plirâm
``fgmr m rffbp`mzmr `m vm`lrmdnôa loeftnvm if `m `fy l `m jnam`nimi if` dlatrmtl.
Dla bltnvl if quf f` bîtlil tf`fl`ôgndl sf prlplaf fadlatrmr `m jnam`nimi if
uam alrbm l dlavfadnôa, hmy qunfafs `l fstnbma instnatnvl if `m Fsduf`m if `m
Eurn
Eurnspr
sprui
uifa
fadn
dnmm Jn
Jnam
am`n
`nstm
stm,, fa tm
tmat
atl
l quf
quf ltrls
ltrls `l vnad
vnadu`
u`ma
ma m `m Fsduf
Fsduf`m
`m if `m
Eurnspruifadnm if Natfrfsfs if Shn`np Hfdk.

?.: Natfrprftmdnôa
Muaquf mdlrif m`if`
f` usl m`tframtnvl usl m`tframtnvl
ifrfdhl if`tflrâm
fs uam ifrfdhl
natfrprftmtnvm, mhlrm sf
m`uif m` bîtlil quf `m bnsbm prlplaf fa `m tmrfm hfrbfaîutndm.
Fa vnrtui if quf, sfgõa fstm plsturm natfrprftmtnvm, sf ousdm prnvn`fgnmr fa f`
p`mal euindnm` `ls natfrfsfs y `m prídtndm if mquf``ls ‐sueftls eurâindls‒ quf sf
 

fadufatrma
fadufa trma slbftn
slbftnils
ils l ilbnam
ilbnamils
ils;; `m natfrpr
natfrprftmd
ftmdnôa
nôa ifof
ifof milptmr
milptmr dmrídtfr 
dmrídtfr 
rfstn
rfstntu
tutlr
tlrnl
nl y if fbmad
fbmadnpnpmdn
mdnôa
ôa,, ifat
ifatrl
rl if uam
uam pl`â
pl`âtn
tndm
dm eu
eurâ
râin
indm
dm l eu
euin
indn
dnm`
m` ym
pfrbntnim plr `ms plsnon`nimifs if` bnsbl lrifambnfatl `fgm`, pmrm fvntmr msâ f`
pfrslam`nsbl l f` vl`uatmrnsbl if` natîrprftf.
F` natîrprftf tnfaf quf mdfrdmrsf m` snstfbm eurâindl y m `m navfstngmdnôa if `ls hfdhls,
ifsprfainils if sus prfeundnls y if sus mjfdtls.
Smrm `l matfrnlr, f` natîrprftf insplaf if uam efrmrquâm if jufatfs fstmo`fdnims plr f`
bnsb
bn sbll sn
snst
stfbm
fbm y if ua uamm bftli
bftlil`ll`lgâ
gâm
m qu
quff sf rfs
rfsuf
uf`v
`vf
f fa ua dl dlae
aeua
uatl
tl if rfg`
rfg`ms
ms
tîdandms quf `f pfrbntnría ifsduornr `ms alrbms mp`ndmo`fs y bmatfafr m` bnsbl tnfbpl
`ms dmrmdtfrâstndms if afutrm`nimi y loeftnvnimi.
Fa fstm tmrfm, f` natîrp
natîrprftf
rftf ousdmrí `m fxp`ndmdnôa
fxp`ndmdnôa mifdumim if `ls vâadu`ls gfaîtnd
gfaîtndls
ls
y juadnlam`fs quf uafa `m supfrfstrudturm if `ls dôingls y if `ls dladfptls eurâindls
m `m tltm`nimi sldnm`; mam`nzmrí `m juadnôa if `ms instnatms nastntudnlafs eurâindms fa
rf`mdnôa dla `m instrnoudnôa rfm` if plifrfs if `m sldnfimi; fstl fs, ifof prlplafrsf
rfdupfrmr `m rf`mdnôa fxnstfatf fatrf alrbms eurâindms y fstrudturms sldnm`fs.
Tngunfail
Tngunf ail fsf dmbnal
dmbnal,, f` eurnst
eurnstm
m ``fgmrí m uam natfrprftmd
natfrprftmdnôa
nôa quf jmvlrfz
jmvlrfzdm
dm `m plsnd
plsndnôa
nôa
if` sueftl fa ifsvfatmem, plrquf f` sfatnil quf mtrnouym m `m alrbm sfrí mquî` quf
sfm bís ofaîjndm m su iîon` sntumdnôa sldnm`.
?:

?.7 Natfrprftmdnôa mam`ôgndm l fxtfasnvm

Muaquf pmrfzdm ua dlatrmsfatnil vnadu`mr m `m natfrprftmdnôa dla `m natfgrmdnôa,
fa rfm`nimi al sf trmtm if dlajuainr mboms jngurms, sna ifemr if tlbmr fa dufatm
quff pmrm
qu pmrm mutl
mutlrf
rfss dlbl
dlbl J`lr
J`lrfs
fs BfBfai
ailzlzm,
m, `m nanatf
tfgr
grmd
mdnô
nôa
a eu
eurâ
râindm fs pmrt
indm pmrtff
suosninmrnm if `m natfrprftmdnôa eurâindm. @l quf sudfif fs quf `m mam`lgâm, quf
pfrbn
pfr bntf tf trms`
trms`mim
mimrr `m sl
sl`u
`udn
dnôa
ôa `fgm`
`fgm`bf
bfatatff prfvn
prfvnstm
stm pmrm
pmrm ua dmsl,
dmsl, m ltrl dmsl
instna
ins tnatl,
tl, al rfgu`m
rfgu`mil
il plr f` lrifamb
lrifambnfa nfatltl eurâin
eurâindl,
dl, pfrl quf fs sfbfematf m`
prnbfr
prnbfrl, l, tnfaf
tnfaf uam dladfpdnô
dladfpdnôa a trmindn
trmindnlam`
lam`,, sfgõa
sfgõa `m dum` fs pfrbntnil dl`bmr 
`m
`mgu
guamamss dla
dla omsf
omsf fa `m nifa
nifatn
tnim
imii if rmzô
rmzôaa (`
(`mm mp`n
mp`ndm
dmdn
dnôa
ôa mam`ô
mam`ôgndm),
gndm), pfrl
tm
tmbo
bonînîaa sf `f hm ltlrltlrgm
gmil
il f` dmrí
dmrídt
dtfr
fr if prld
prldfi finb
nbnf
nfat
atll natfrp
natfrprftmtnv
rftmtnvl
l (`m
fxp`ndmdnôa mam`ôgndm), quf dlasnstf fa quf f` eufz fxp`ndm uam inspls insplsndnôa
ndnôa if
snga
snganjnjnndmil
dmil nadnf
adnfrt
rtl,
l, pfrl
pfrl prfs
prfsfa
fatf
tf fa f` lriflrifam ambn
bnfa
fatl
tl,, m `m `u`uzz if ltrm
insplsndnôa al fquâvldm l bfals fquâvldm, navldmail `m mam`lgâm if `ms ils
prfvnsnlafs.
‐…m injfrfadn
injfrfadnmm if `m nat
natfrp
frprftm
rftmdnô
dnôa
a ilai
ilaif
f hmy uam alrbm eurâindm
eurâindm mp`n
mp`ndmo`
dmo`f
f m` dms
dmsl
l
dladrftl,
dladrftl, fa `m natfgrm
natfgrmdnôa
dnôa if p`mal hmy q
quf
uf fadlatr
fadlatrmr
mr uam, ym sfm plrquf =. Al hmy
alrbm eurâindm mp`ndmo`f —dmrmdtfrnzmim dlbl `mguam alrbmtnvm-; l ?. Muaquf hmy uam
alrbm, al fs mp`n- dmo`f m` dmsl dladrftl plr sus pmrtndu`mrnimifs —dlasnifrmim dlbl
`mguam mxnl`ôgndm‒.
@m mam`lgâm, fatladfs, al sf dlajuaif dla `m natfrprftmdnôa fxtfasnvm, quf mp`ndm `m
alrb
al rbmm m `ls su supupufs
fstl
tls
s nad
ad`u
`unnil
ilss vnrt
vnrtum
um`b
`bfafatf
tf y, pl plrr fa
faif
if,, al dlb lbpr
prfa
fain
inil
ils
s
fxprfsmbfatf.
Tf mjnrbm plr m`guals mutlrfs quf `m natfrprftmdnôa natfgrmilrm fs uam jngurm drfmim
plr `m ildtrn
ildtrnam
am m`fbmam pmrm ``famr f` vmdâl quf rf- prfsfatm `m musfadnm musfadnm fa f` Dôingl
if ua prfdfptl quf sfým`f quf `ls dlatrmtls lo`ngma al sô`l m` dubp`nbnfatl if `l
fxprf
fx prfsm
smbfa
bfatftf pm
pmdtdtm-
m- il,
il, snal
snal tmtmbon
bonîa
îa m tltlims
ims `ms
`ms dl
dlas
asfd
fdufufad
adnm
nms
s qu
quf,f, sf
sfgõa
gõa su
amturm`fzm, sfma dlajlrbf m `m oufam jf, m` usl y m `m `fy. Dla f``m sf ousdm ``famr `ms
`mgu
`mguam
ams
s m pm pmrt
rtnnr if uauamm vl`ua
l`uatmtmi
i pr
prfs
fsua
uatmtm if `ms`ms pm
pmrt
rtfs
fs,, m injf
injfrf
rfad
adnnm if `m
natf
natfrp
rprf
rftm
tmdn
dnôa
ôa lrlrininam
amrn
rnm,
m, qu
quf
f lplpfrfrm
m sl
slor
orf
f `ms
`ms iu
iuimimss if ua uam
m vlvl`u
`uat
atmi
mi rfm`
rfm` pm
pmrm
rm
rfsl`vfr`ms.
‐F` loeftl if indhm natfrprftmdnôa sfrâm uam ifd`mrmdnôa if vl`uatmi d`mrm, pfrl
`mgualsm y lpfrmrâm bfinmatf f` prldfinbnfatl mam`ôgndl‒, lpnam Gmrdâm Mbngl.
Va fefbp`l if mp`ndmd
mp`ndmdnôa
nôa mam`ôgndm fs mquf` fa quf ‐imim uam jlrbu`mdnôa alrbmtn alrbmtnvm
vm
 

dla sngan
snganjndmil
jndmil dlatrlvf
dlatrlvfrtnil,
rtnil, f``m ifof sfr natfrp
natfrprftmim
rftmim mtfainfail m ltrm jlrbu`mdn
jlrbu`mdnôa
ôa
alrbmtnvm ym natfrprftmim dla `m dum` gumrif sfbfemazm rf`fvmatf l niîatndm rmtnl‒.
Tf hm dm`njndmil m `m natfrprftmdnôa natfgrmilrm l natfgrmtnvm if` dlatrmtl dlbl uam
dmtf
dmtfgl
glrâ
râm
m nanatf
tfrb
rbfi
finm
nm fa
fatr
trf
f `m nanatf
tfrp
rprf
rftm
tmdn
dnôa
ôa y `m natfnatfgr
grmd
mdnô
nôa.
a. Tu lo
loef
eftl
tl fs ua
uamm
ifd`
if d`mr
mrmd
mdnô
nôaa if vl vl`u
`uat
atmi
mi d`mr
d`mrm
m pf
pfrl
rl dl
dla
a `m `mgu
guam
ams,s, if jlrb
jlrbmm qu
quf
f bf
bfin
inma
matf
tf ua
uamm
rfdlas
rfd lastr
trud
uddn
dnôa
ôa dl
dlae
aeft
ftur
urm`
m` if `m ifd ifd`m
`mrmd
rmdnôa
nôa,, om
omsí
síai
ails
lsff fa `l ququf
f hm
hmorâ
orâm
m snil
snil `m
vl`uatmi hnpltîtndm if `ms pmrtfs, sf pfrbntf ``famr f` vmdâl fxnstfatf fa `m rfgu`mdnôa
dlatrmdtum`.
Fstm natfrprf
nat frprftmdnôa
tmdnôa mam`ôgnd
m am`ôgndmm l fxtfasnvm,
fxtfas nvm, tnfaf
tnf af invfrsls
invfr sls nastrubfat
nast rubfatls
ls 5
m) F` mrgubfatl fxtfasnvl, f` dum` msubf quf sn f` `fgns`milr hm rfgu`mil
fxprfsmbfatf ua supufstl if hfdhl, qunfrf rfsfrvmr f` bnsbl
?7

trmtmbn
trmtmbnfa
fatl
tl pmrm
pmrm tlil
tlilss `ls
`ls supu
supufstfstls
ls fsfadn
fsfadnm`
m`bf
bfat
atff sfbf
sfbfem
emat
atfs
fs m`
prnb
prnbfr
frl,
l, plrq
plrquf
uf f` snst
snstfb
fbmm eurâ
eurâin
indl
dl rfqu
rfqunf
nfrf
rf quf
quf `ms
`ms sntu
sntumd
mdnl
nlaf
afss
snbn`mrfs lotfagma ngum` trmtl. F` `fgns`milr hm rfsuf`tl tlils `ls dmsls
 eurâindmbfatf rf`fvmatfs, snfail tmrfm if` eufz ifsduornr su rfgu`mdnôa
fatrf `ls fauadnmils fxp`âdntmbfatf indtmils, pufs f` eufz sf bmatnfaf
dlbl mp`ndmilr if `ms alrbms quf `f prlplrdnlam f` `fgns`milr, quf fs f`
õandl quf pufif drfmr f` ifrfdhl.
Al fs f` dmsl if uam `mguam quf ifom dl`bmrsf; bís onfa sf trmtm if msngamr 
snganjndmil m ua fauadnmil quf al fs d`mrl y quf, plr `l bnsbl, ifof sfr 
natfrprftmil. Fstm tmrfm sf hmdf m `m `uz if` snganjndmil quf tnfafa ltrls
fauadnmils quf bmatnfafa snbn`ntui dla f` quf sf natfrprftm, m` dum` sf `f
hmdf fxtfasnvl f` m`dmadf if `ls ltrls.
o) F` mrgubfatl m jlrtnlrn, f` dum`, sfgõa G. Ymrf``l, fs ua prldfinbnfatl plr 
f` quf,
quf, imimimim uam
uam alrb
alrbmm eurâ
eurâin
indm
dm quf
quf prfi
prfind
ndmm uam
uam lo`n
lo`ngm
gmdn
dnôa
ôa u ltrm
ltrm
dm`njndmdnôa alrbmtnvm if ua sueftl, l if uam d`msf if sueftls, sf ifof
dlad
dl ad`u `unr
nr quf
quf tm
tmbo
bonî
nîa
a fs ví`n
ví`nim
im ltrm
ltrm alrb
alrbmm quf
quf prfi
prfinq
nquf
uf `m bnsb
bnsbmm
dm``njn
dm jndm
dmdndnôa
ôa al
alrb
rbmt
mtnv
nvmm if ltrl
ltrl sueueft
ftl
l l d`ms
d`msff if suef
sueftl
tlss quf sf
fadufatrma fa sntumdnôa tm` quf bfrfdfa, dla bmylr rmzôa quf f` prnbfr 
sueftl l d`msf if sueftls, `m dm`njndmdnôa quf `m alrbm imim fstmo`fdf
pmrm f` prnbfr sueftl l d`msf if sueftls.
Hmy ils hnpôtfsns5 `m fxprfsmbfatf prfvnstm plr f` `fgns`milr l plr `ls dlatrmtmatfs,
fa ua prfdfptl l fa uam d`íusu`m, rfspfdtnvmbfatf; y mquî``m m `m quf sf ifof imr 
uam vm`lrmdnôa eurâindm plr bfinl if` mrgubfatl m jlrtnlrn.
Tf omsm fa `m bmylr rmzôa y fa `m prfsuatm vl`uatmi if` `fgns`milr. Al sf fstí fa
prfsfadnm if uam `mguam,
`mguam, if uam nnbprfvnsnôa
bprfvnsnôa if` `fgns`milr, snal quf fstf, fa `ugmr if
indtmrr `m alrbm bís gfafrm` quf lrifam, pf
indtm pfrbntf
rbntf l prlhâof
prlhâof,, hm indtmil fxprfsmbfatf
fxprfsmbfatf
uam alrbm bís pmrtndu`m
pmrtndu`mr,
r, al plrquf al dlasn
dlasnifrf
ifrf dlbl lo`ngmtlrn
lo`ngmtlrnm
m `m bís gfafr
gfafrm`,
m`,
snal plrquf m` rfgu`mr `ls dmsls bís jjrfdufatfs
rfdufatfs l tâpndls, qufrâm ``mbmr fspfdnm`bfatf
`m mtfadnôa
mtfadnôa slorf f``l
f``ls
s f nbp
nbp`âd
`âdntm
ntmbfa
bfatf tf fstmom tfan
tfanfai
fail
l fa dufatm tli tlils
ls mquf``
mquf``ls
ls
dmsls quf bfrfdfa dla bmylr rmzôa quf quf `ls prfvnstls, `m rfgu`mdnôa indtmim.
Fstm bmylr rmzôa, quf prfsubf
prfsubf `l quf f` drfmilr if `m alrbm tuvl fa dufatm (quf `ms
hnpôtfsns
hnpôtf sns al prfvnstms fxp
fxprfsmbfat
rfsmbfatf f bfrfdfa `m bnsbm dlasfdufa
dlasfdufadnmdnm eurâin
eurâindm),
dm), fs f`
f`fbfat
f`fbfatl l quf tnfaf fa dufat
dufatmm f` nat
natîrpr
îrprftf
ftf pmrm fxtfai
fxtfaifr
fr `m rfgu`m
rfgu`mdnô
dnôa
a eureurâin
âindm
dm m
hnpôtfsns al dlatfbp`mims fxprfsmbfatf fa f` tfxtl alrbmtnvl.
d) F` mrgu
mrgubf
bfat
atl
l m pmrt
pmrtnr
nr if `ls`ls prna
prnadn
dnpn
pnls
ls.. @ls
@ls prna
prnadn
dnpn
pnls
ls gfaf
gfafrm
rm`f
`fss if`
if`
ifrfd
if rfdhl
hl sf pufi
pufifafa utn
utn`n
`nzm
zmrr dlbl
dlbl mrgu
mrgubf
bfat
atls
ls pmrm
pmrm `m na
natf
tfgr
grmdn
mdnôa
ôa f
natfrprftmdnôa if` ifrfdhl.
Fa f` pr
prnb
nbfr
fr dm
dmsl
sl,, `ls
`ls pr
prna
nadn
dnpn
pnls
ls sl
sla
a ut
utn`
n`nz
nzmi
mils
ls pm
pmrm
rm dl
dl`b
`bmr
mr `mgu
`mguam
ams
s if `m `fy,
`fy,
rfspftmail msâ f` bmaimtl `fgm` if imr sl`udnôa m tlils `ls dmsls eurâindmbfatf
dlatrlvfrtnils; fa f` sfguail, sla utn`nzmils dla uam jnam`nimi natfrprftmtnvm; fstl fs,
 

matf `m p`urm`nimi if snganjndmils if ua fauadnmil, sf lptmrí plr mquf` quf bfelr sf

meustf m `l fstmo`fdnil plr f` prnadnpnl.
Fs ifdnr, m `ls fauadnmils iuilsls sf `f mtrnouyfa snganjndmils quf dlnadnifa dla `m
vl`uatmi if` `fgns`milr. @m rmzôa fs quf f` snstfbm eurâindl fs dlhfrfatf, al sl`l fa
?8

dumatl quf sus prfdfptls sla dlasnstfatfs, snal fa dumatl quf sus alrbms
rfsplaifa m drntfrnls l prnadnpnls naspnrmilrfs dlbuafs.
_ndmril Gumstnan uondm m fstm natfrprftmdnôa fa `l quf ifalbnam `m natfrprftmdnôa
drfmdnôa, ‐quf dlasnstf fa mtrnounr m ua tfxtl ua snganjndmil ‐aufvl‒ (al dlbprfainil
fatrf `ls snganjndmils nifatnjndmils plr `m natfrprftmdnôa-dlaldnbnfatl) y/l ifiudnr if`
tfxtl `ms alrbms ``mbmims ‐nbp`âdntms‒ plr bfinls psfuils-psndl`ôgndls (fs ifdnr, plr
uals rmzlambnfatls al ifiudtnvls, y pufs al mprfbnmatfs5 plr fefbp`l, plr f`
mrgubfatl mam`ôgndl)‒.
NNN. @LT TNTYFBMT Y_MINDNLAM@FT IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA IF @M @F^ FA
GVMYFBM@M
FXY_MÂIL SM_M JNAFT MDMIÎBNDLT IF@ @NO_L ‐IF_FDHL
TVTYMAYNZL NAINZNIVM@ IF@ Y_MOMEL‒ IF@ MVYL_ F@ @NDFADNMIL
DÎT_ @MAIF@NAL J_MADL @ÔSFU
m. Natfrprftmdnôa Hnstôrndm
o. Natfrprftmdnôa @ntfrm`
d. Natfrprftmdnôa Mam`ôgndm
i. Natfrprftmdnôa Mutîatndm
m. NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA HNTYÔ_NDM5 fefbp`l fa d`msf mrt >: dôingl if trmomel
trmomel  
bna==>
@m natfrprftmdnôa hnstôrndm sf dlastntuyf fa `m fxp`ndmdnôa l md`mrmdnôa if` sfatnil
if `m `fy, tlbmail dlbl omsf `ls matfdfifatfs `fgns`mtnvls quf prfdfinfrla m `m
vngfadnm if `m `fy, l onfa, `ls matfdfifatfs if alrbms matfrnlrfs quf jufrla
ifrlgmims, pfrl quf rfgu`mrla ua iâm `ls bnsbls supufstls rfgu`mils plr `m
alrbm quf sf ousdm natfrprftmr.
Fa dlasfdufadnm, `l quf sf ousdmrí dla fstf tnpl if natfrprftmdnôa sfrí prfdnsmr 
f` pfasmbnfatl if` `fgns`milr l if `m alrbm, sntuíailsf fa f` tnfbpl fa `m quf
juf indtmim, pmrm naimgmr dla bmylr sfgurnimi f` sfatnil if `ms pm`morms y if `ms
nastntudnlafs fa tm` îpldm fa mrblaâm dla f` pmalrmbm if `m vnim eurâindm y
gfafrm` if fatladfs.
Fefbp`l5

o. Mrtâdu`l >: Dôingl

NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
NAYF_S_FYMDN ÔAif@NYF_M@5
Yrmomel.
Ymbonîa ``mbmim natfrprftmdnôa grmbmtndm` y dlasnstf fa `m natfrprftmdnôa quf sf
juaim fa `m ifd`mrmdnôa if ua tfxtl `fgm` mtfanîailsf m` snganjndmil fstrndtl if
`ms pm`morms y plr dlasngunfatf m `m `ftrm if `m `fy.
?>
Fstf tnpl if natfrprftmdnôa fs `m quf mdlgf f` Mrtâdu`l =3 if `m @fy if`
Lrgmansbl Euindnm` fa f` ifrfdhl gumtfbm`tfdl.
Mrt
rtâd
âdu`
u`l
l =3
=3.. @f
@fyy if
if`` Lrgm
Lrgman
ansb
sbl
l Euin
Euindn
dnm`
m`.. Na
Natf
tfrp
rprf
rftm
tmdn
dnôa
ôa if `m @fy.
@fy. @ms
alrbms sf natfrprftmría dlajlrbf m su tfxtl, sfgõa f` sfatnil prlpnl if sus
pm`morms, m su dlatfxtl y if mdufril dla `ms insplsndnlafs dlastntudnlam`fs.
Dumail uam `fy fs d`mrm, al sf ifsmtfaifrí su tfalr `ntfrm` dla f` prftfxtl if
dlasu`tmr su fspârntu.
F` dlaeuatl if uam `fy sfrvnrí pmrm n`ustrmr f` dlatfanil if dmim uam if sus
pmrtfs, pfrl `ls pmsmefs if `m bnsbm sf pliría md`mrmr mtfainfail m` lrifa
sngunfatf5
f) M `m jnam`nimi y m` fspârntu if `m bnsbm;
 

j) M `m hnstlrnm jnifingam if su nastntudnôa;

g) M `ms insplsndnlafs if ltrms `fyfs slorf dmsls l sntumdnlafs
sntumdnlafs maí`lgms; h)
 M` blil quf pmrfzdm bís dlajlrbf m `m fqunimi y m `ls prnadnpnls gfafrm`fs
if` ifrfdhl.
Mr
Mrtâ
tâddu`
u`l
l =3=3.. Dôi
ôing
ngll if Yrmo
Yrmome mel.
l. TlTla
a au`ls
u`ls nps
npsl eurf
eurf y al lo lo`n`ngm
gma
a m `ls
`ls
dlat
dl atrm
rmtm
tmat
atfs
fs,, tl
tlil
ilss `ls
`ls md
mdtl
tlss l fs fstn
tnpu
pu`m
`mdn
dnla
lafs
fs ququff nb
nbp`
p`nq
nquf
ufa a rfau
rfauad
adnm
nm,,
in
insb
sbna naud
udnônôa
a l tftfrg
rgnv
nvfr
frsm
smdn
dnôa
ôa if `ls `ls if
ifrf
rfddhl
hls
s ququf
f `m DlDlas
astntntu
tudn
dnôa
ôa if `m
_fpõo` o`nndm, f` prfrfs
sfatf Dôi ôinngl, sus rfg`m g`mbfafattls y `ms ifbís `fy fyfs
fs y
insplsndnlafs if trmomel l if prfvnsnôa sldnm` ltlrgufa m `ls trmomemilrfs,
muaquf sf fxprfsfa fa ua rfg`mbfatl natfrnlr if trmomel, ua dlatrmtl if trmomel

u ltrl pmdtl l dlavfanl dum`qunfrm.

d. NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA MAM@ÔGNDM5
Fstm natfrprftmdnôa prldfif dla omsf fa `m mam`lgâm y sl`l fa dmsl if dumail
`ms alrbms al dlatf
dlatfbp`fa
bp`fa ua supufs
supufstl
tl fspfdâjndl,
fspfdâjndl, pfrl rfgu`fa ltrl sfbfematf,
fatrf `ls quf sf mprfdnf nifatnimi if rmzôa.
Fefbp`l5 Mdtum` trmomel fa dmsm. Zfr ildubfatl mieuatl (nandnmtnvm if `fy slorf
f` Yf`ftrmomel)
i. NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA MVYÎAYNDM5
Fstm fs `m quf fbmam l prldfif if` prlpnl mutlr if `m `fy, fs ifdnr `m quf rfm`nzm
f` `fgns`milr. Fa f` dmsl if `ms sfatfadnms sfrí `m quf hmgma `ls eufdfs; fa f`
dmsl if `ls dlatrmtls, `m quf hmgma `ms pmrtfs; y fa f` dmsl if` tfstmbfatl `m
quf
qu f hmgm
hmgm f` prprl
lpnl
pnl tf
tfs
stm
tmil
ilr.
r. Fa dlalassfd
fduf
ufad
adnnm if
ifof
of fa
fattfa
faif
ifrs
rsf
f qu
quff `m
natfrprftmdnôa mutîatndm fs `m md`mrmdnôa quf f` prlpnl `fgns`milr hmdf if `m `fy
indtmim plr î`.
Fefbp`l5
  43
]uf fs f` tfbpl fjfdtvl if` rmomel<
Mrtâdu`l ==:. Dôingl if Yrmomel. @m elramim lrinamrnm if trmomel fjfdtnvl inural
al pufif sfr bmylr if ldhl hlrms inmrnms, an fxdfifr if ua tltm` if dumrfatm y
ldhl hlrms m `m sfbmam.
@m elramim lrinamrnm if trmomel fjfdtnvl aldtural al pufif sfr bmylr if sfns
hlrms inmrnms, an fxdfifr if ua tltm` if trfnatm y sfns hlrms m `m sfbmam. Ynfbpl
if trmomel fjfdtnvl fs mquf` fa quf f` trmomemilr pfrbmafzdm m `ms ôrifafs
if` pmtrlal.
Yrmomel inural fs f` quf sf fefdutm fatrf `ms sfns y `ms infdnldhl hlrms if ua
bnsbl iâm.
Yrmomel aldtural fs f` quf sf fefdutm fatrf `ms infdnldhl hlrms if ua iâm y `ms
sfns hlrms if` iâm sngunfatf.
@m `molr
`molr in
inura
uram
m al
alrbm
rbm`` sf
sfbma
bmam`
m` sf
sfrírí if du
dumr
mrfat
fatm
m y dnad
dnadl
l hlr
hlrms
ms if trtrmom
momel
el
fjfdtnvl, fqunvm`fatf m dumrfatm y ldhl hlrms pmrm `ls fjfdtls fxd`usnvls if`
pmgl if sm`mrnl. Tf fxdfptõma if fstm insplsndnôa, `ls trmomemilrfs mgrâdl`ms y
gmamifrls y `ls if `ms fbprfsms ilaif `molrf ua aõbfrl bfalr if infz, duym
`molr inuram alrbm` sfbmam` sfrí if dumrfatm y ldhl hlrms if trmomel fjfdtnvl,
sm`v
sm `vl
l dl
dlst
stub
ubororf
f bís
bís jm
jmvl
vlrmo
rmo`f
`f m` tr
trmom
momem
emil
ilr.
r. Sf
Sfrl
rl fs
fstm
tm fx
fxdf
dfpd
pdnô
nôaa al ifo
ifoff
fxttfa
fx faif
ifrs
rsf
f m `ms`ms fbpr
fbprfs
fsms
ms mgrâ
mgrâdl
dl`m
`ms
s il
ilai
aif f tr
trmo
mome
mema
ma ququna
nannfa
fattls l bíbíss
trmomemilrfs

NZ.
F` @M _FG@M
prnadnpnl IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA
juaimbfatm` IF@ NAIVONL
if `m natfrprftmdnôa S_L
fa bmtfrnm LSF_M_NL.
`molrm` fs f` naiuonl prl
lpfrmrnl y sf ifjnaf dlbl prnadnpnl gfafrm` if` ifrfdhl if amturm`fzm fxfgîtndm
ifrnvmi
ifrnvmill if` dmrídtfr
dmrídtfr tun
tuntnv
tnvl
l if` ifrfdhl
ifrfdhl `mol
`molrm`. Lrifam natfrprftmr `m `fy fa
rm`. Lrifam
ofafjndnl if` trmomemilr fa `ls dmsls if iuim l dlaj`ndtl alrbmtnvl.
 

Mrtâdu`l =3:. Dlast stnntud

tudnôa Sl`âtndm if `m _fpõ fpõo`
o`nndm if Gumtf tfb
bm`m.
m`m.
Nrrfaua
Nrrfauadnm
dnmon`
on`nim
nimi
i if `ls Ifrfdhl
Ifrfdhlss @molrm`
@molrm`fs.
fs. @ls ifrf
ifrfdhl
dhls
s dla
dlasng
sngamil
amils
s fa
fstm sf
fstm sfdd
ddnô
nôa
a sl
slaa nrrf
nrrfau
auad
adnm
nmo`
o`fs
fs pm
pmrm
rm `ls
`ls trmom
rmomem
emil
ilrf
rfs,
s, susd
susdfp
fptn
tno`
o`fs
fs if sfsfr 
r 
supfrmils m trmvîs if `m dlatrmtmdnôa nainvnium` l dl`fdtnvm, y fa `m jlrbm quf jnem `m
`fy. Smrm fstf jna f` Fstmil jlbfatmrí y prltfgfrí `m afgldnmdnôa dl`fdtnvm. Tfría
au`ms npsl eurf y al lo`ngmría m `ls trmomemilrfs, muaquf sf fxprfsfa fa ua
dlatrmtl dl`fdtnvl l nainvnium` if trmomel, fa ua dlavfanl l fa ltrl ildubfatl, `ms
fstnpu`mdnlafs quf nbp`nqufa rfauadnm, insbnaudnôa, tfrgnvfrsmdnôa l `nbntmdnôa if
`ls ifrfdhls rfdlaldnils m jmvlr if `ls trmomemilrfs fa `m Dlastntudnôa, fa `m `fy,
fa `ls trmtmils natframdnlam`fs rmtnjndmils plr Gumtfbm`m, fa `ls rfg`mbfatls u
ltrms insplsndnlafs rf`mtnvms m` trmomel.
Fa dmsl if iuim slorf `m natfrprftmdnôa l m`dmadf if `ms insplsndnlafs
`fgm`fs, rfg`mbfatmrnms l dlatrmdtum`fs fa bmtfrnm `molrm`, sf natfrprftmría
fa f` sfatnil bís
bí s jmvlrmo`f
jmvlrm o`f pmrm `ls trmomemi
tr momemilrfs
lrfs .
4=
Mrtâdu`l =6. Dôingl if Yrmomel. @ls dmsls al prfvnstls plr fstf Dôingl, plr sus
rfg`mbfatls l plr `ms ifbís `fyfs rf`mtnvms m` trmomel, sf ifofa rfsl`vfr, fa
prnbfr tîrbnal, if mdufril dla `ls prnadnpnls if` Ifrfdhl if Yrmomel; fa sfguail
`ugmr, if mdufril dla `m fqunimi, `m dlstuborf l f` usl `ldm`fs, fa mrblaâm dla
indhls prnadnpnls; y plr õ`tnbl, if mdufril dla `ls prnadnpnls y `fyfs if Ifrfdhl
Dlbõa.
Mrtâdu`l =:. Dôingl if Yrmomel. Fa dmsl if dlaj`ndtl fatrf `ms `fyfs if trmomel
l if prfvnsnôa sldnm` dla `ms if dum`qunfr ltrm âail`f, ifofa prfilbnamr `ms
prnbfrms.  Al hmy prffbnafadnm
prffbnafadnm fatrf `ms `fyfs if prfvnsnôa
prfvnsnôa sldnm` y `ms if
trmomel.
Mrtâdu`l =64. Dôingl if Yrmomel. Ylim trmomemilrm fa îpldm if `mdtmadnm pufif
insplafr fa f` `ugmr ilaif trmomem if bfinm hlrm ils vfdfs m` iâm iurmatf sus
`mol
`molrf
rfs
s dla f` loloeeft
ftl
l if m`nb
m`nbfa hnel.. @m tr
fattmr m su hnel trmo
mome
memi
milr
lrmm fa îpld
îpldmm if
`mdtmadnm plirí mdubu`mr `ms ils bfinms hlrms m quf tnfaf ifrfdhl y fatrmr 
uam hlrm ifspuîs if` nandnl if `m elramim l sm`nr uam hlrm matfs if quf îstm
jnam`ndf,  dla f` loeftl
loeftl if m`nbfatmr
m`nbfatmr m su bfalr hnel
hnel l hnem.
hnem. Indhm
Indhm hlrm sfrí
rfbuafrmim y f` nadubp`nbnfatl imrí `ugmr m `m smadnôa dlrrfsplainfatf pmrm
f` fbp`fmilr
fbp`fmilr.. F` pfrâlil
pfrâlil if `mdtmad
`mdtmadnm
nm sf ifof dlbputmr m pmrtnr if` iâm fa
quf `m bmirf rftlraf m sus `molrfs y hmstm infz (=3) bfsfs ifspuîs, sm`vl
quf plr prfsdrnpdnôa bîindm îstf ifom prl`lagmrsf.
Mrtâdu`l =3? Nadnsl ‐k‒. Dlastntudnôa Sl`âtndm If @m _fpõo`ndm if Gumtfbm`m.
Tla ifrfdhls sldnm`fs bâanbls quf juaimbfatma `m `fgns`mdnôa if` trmomel, y `m
mdtnvnimi if `ls trnouam`fs y mutlrnimifs5
… k) k) Srltfddnôa m `m buefr trmomemilrm y rfgu`mdnôa if `ms dlaindnlafs fa quf
ifof prfstmr sus sfrvndnls. Al ifofa fstmo`fdfrsf injfrfadnms fatrf dmsmims y
sl`tfrms fa bmtfrnm if trmomel. @m `fy rfgu`mrí `m prltfddnôa m `m bmtfranimi if `m
buef
bu efrr trmo
trmome
memi
milr
lrm,
m, m qu
qunf
nfa
a al sf `f if ifof
of fx
fxng
ngnr
nr anag
anagõa
õa tr
trmo
mome
mell qu
quff rfqu
rfqunf
nfrm
rm
fsjufrzl quf plagm fa pf`ngrl su grmvnifz. @m bmirf trmomemilrm glzmrí if ua
ifsdmasl jlrzlsl rftrnounil dla f` dnfatl plr dnfatl if su sm`mrnl, iurmatf `ls
trfnatm
trfnatm iâms quf prfdfima
prfdfima m` pmrt
pmrtl
l y `ls dumrf
dumrfatm
atm y dna
dnadl
dl iâms sng
sngunfatfs.. Fa `m
unfatfs
îpldm if `m `mdtmadnm tfairí ifrfdhl m ils pfrâlils if ifsdmasl
fxtrmlrinamrnls, ifatrl if `m elramim . @ls ifsdmasls prf y plstamtm` sfría
mbp`nmils sfgõa sus dlaindnlafs jâsndms, plr prfsdrnpdnôa bîindm;…
_FG@MBFAYL SM_M F@ GLDF IF SF_ÂLIL IF @MDYMADNM.
Mrtâdu`l ?. F` pfrâlil if ifsdmasl dla bltnvl if `m `mdtmadnm sf jnem fa infz
 

bfsfss m pmrt
bfsf pmrtnr
nr if`
if` blbf
blbfat atl
l if`
if` pmrt
pmrtl,
l, sm
sm`v
`vl
l dlavf
dlavfan
anl
l l dlst
dlstub
ubor
orff bís
bís
jmvlrmo`f m `m trmomemilrm.
Mrtâdu`l 4. F` pfrâlil if `mdtmadnm plirí mbp`nmrsf plr prfsdrnpdnôa bîindm,
pfrl fa anagõa dmsl plirí fxdfifr if ildf bfsfs ifspuîs if` pmrtl.
DLBFAYM_NL5 Fa bmtfrnm
bmtfr nm `molrm
`molrm`` al mp`ndm `m Snrí
Snríbnif
bnif if Kf`s
Kf`sfa.
fa.
4?
Z. NAYFG_MDNÔA IF@ TNTYFBM IF NAYF_S_FYMDNÔA IF@ IF_FDHL IF@
Y_MOMEL
Fa dmsl al fxnstm alrbm pmrm rfgu`mr ua dmsl dladrftl ifof mp`ndmrsf `m
natfgrmdnôa if `m alrbm plr pmrtf if` euzgmilr.
Mr
Mrtâ
tâdu
du`l
`l =7. Dôin
Dôingl
gl if Yrmomel.
Yrmomel. Smrm `ls fjfdtls if natfr
natfrprftmr
prftmr f` prfsfatf
Dôingl, sus rfg`mbfatls y ifbís `fyfs if trmomel, sf ifof tlbmr fa dufatm,
juaimbfa
jua mbfatm
tm`b
`bfa
fatf
tf,, f` natf
natfrî
rîss if `ls
`ls trm
rmo
omemi
memil
lrf
rfss fa mrb
mrblaâm
aâm dla
dla `m
dlavfanfadnm sldnm`.
Mr
Mrtâ
tâdu
du`l
`l 4?
4?:.
:. Dô
Dôin
ingl
gl if Yr
Yrmo
mome
mel.
l. Fa du
duma
mail
il al dlat
dlatrm
rmrâ
râfa
fa f` tfxt
tfxtl
l y `ls
`ls
prnadnpnls prldfsm`fs quf dlatnfaf fstf Dôingl, sf mp`ndmría sup`ftlrnmbfatf
`ms insplsndnlafs if` Dôingl Srldfsm` Dnvn` y Bfrdmatn` y if `m `fy dlastntutnvm
if` Lrgmansbl Euindnm`. Tn huonfrf lbnsnôa if prldfinbnfatls, `ls trnouam`fs
if Yrmomel y Srfvnsnôa Tldnm` fstía mutlrnzmils pmrm mp`ndmr `ms alrbms if `ms
rfjfrnims `fyfs plr mam`lgâm, m jna if quf pufim indtmrsf dla prlatntui `m
rfsl`udnôa quf ifdnim nbpmrdnm`bfatf `ms prftfasnlafs if `ms pmrtfs.
@ms alrbms dlatfanims fa fstf tâtu`l sf mp`ndmría m su vfz, sn al huonfrf
nadlbpmtnon`nimi, fa
fa sn`fadnl if `ms ifbís rfg
rfg`ms
`ms if` prfsfatf Dôing
Dôingl.
l. @ls õandls
nadnifatfs, nadnifadnms
nadnifadnms y rfdursls quf sf trmbntmría
trmbntmría fa `m bnsbm pnfzm if mutls,
sfría `ls quf sfým`f fxprfsmbfatf
fxprfsmbfatf fstf Dôingl. @ls ifbís sf sustmadnmría fa
pnfzm sfpmrmim, sna natfrrubpnr f` prldfsl.
@ls prldfinbnfatls y p`mzls prldfsm`fs sl`mbfatf qufimría natfrrubpnils dumail
``fgmil f` blbfatl if indtmr sfatfadnm l mutl quf plagm jna m` prldfsl huonfrfa
nadnif
nadnifatf
atfs
s l rfd
rfdurs
ursls
ls sna rfs
rfsl`v
l`vfr
fr,, du
dumai
maill `ls bns
bnsbls
bls al ifo
ifoma
ma rfs
rfsl`v
l`vfrs
frsf
f fa
sfatfadnm.
44