‫اﻟﻌﻠ ﻲ‬ ‫وزارة اﻟ ﻌﻠ اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ -‬ورﻗﻠﺔ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬

‫ﻛﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺿ ﺎت وﻋﻠ م اﻟ ﺎدة‬

‫ﺎء‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬

‫اﻛﺎد ﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ ة ﻣﻘ ﻣﺔ ﻟ ﻞ ﺷﻬﺎدة ﻣﺎﺳ‬

‫ﺎء‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬

‫ﺎء ﺗ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫‪ :‬ﺑ رﺔ ﺑ زﻗﺎق‪ ،‬ﺟ ﻫ ﻋ اﻟ ﺎر‬ ‫ﻣ إﻋ اد اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺴﺎھﻤﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت‬

‫اﻟﺨﻀﺮاء ﻛﻤﺜﺒﻄﺎت ﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻮﺳﻂ اﻟﺤﻤﻀﻲ‬

‫ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﺎ ﯾ م‪ / /2020 :‬أﻣﺎم ﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﻧﻗ‬

‫رﺋ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎح ورﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺳ ﺎذ ﻣ ﺎﺿ )أ( ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻔﺎر ﷴ ﻟ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎﻗ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎح ورﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺳ ﺎذ ﻣ ﺎﺿ )أ( ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫رﺣ أم اﻟ‬
‫ا‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎح ورﻗﻠﺔ‬ ‫أﺳ ﺎذ ﻣ ﺎﺿ )أ( ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻋﻼو ﻣ ﻌ دة‬
‫ﻣ ﺎﻋ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﺔ د ارﻩ‬ ‫ﺎﻻﻋ ر اﺑ ﺎم‬

‫اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪2020/2019 :‬‬

‫ﻌﻰ اﻻﻧ ﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺎح‬ ‫ﺑ ﻌ ﻪ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺎت ﺷﺊ ‪ ،‬ﺟ ﻞ أن‬ ‫ﷲ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ذﻟ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أن ﯾ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻪ وﻟ‬ ‫ﻓ‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺑﻠﻎ اﻟ ﺳﺎﻟﺔ وأد اﻷﻣﺎﻧﺔ وﻧ ﺢ اﻷﻣﺔ ‪ ......‬إﻟﻰ ﻧ ﺊ اﻟ ﺣ ﺔ وﻧ ر‬

‫ﺳ ﻧﺎ ﷴ ‪‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎة ‪ ...‬إﻟﻰ ﺳ اﻟ ﺟ د‬ ‫‪ ...‬وﻣ ﻓ ر اﻟﻌ ﺎ ﺔ ‪ ...‬إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎن ‪ ...‬وﻣ ﻊ اﻟ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻓ‬

‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ ة ﺟﻬ‬ ‫اﻟ ت ﻷﻗ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺎة‪ .‬أﻫ‬ ‫ﻷرﺗﺎح‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺷﺎرﻓ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺳﻬ ت اﻻﻧﺎم ‪ ...‬وﺗﻌ‬

‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫أﻣﻲ اﻟ‬

‫ﺎن ﺳ ﺎ ﻓﻲ وﺟ د ‪ ...‬إﻟﻰ ﻣ أﺣ ﻞ إﺳ ﻪ ﻞ إﻓ ﺎر ‪ ...‬إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺗ ﻞ اﻟ ﻌﺎب ﻟ ﻟﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ‬

‫أﺑﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫إﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ ة ﺟﻬ‬ ‫أوﺻﻠ ﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎأﻧﺎ ﻓ ﻪ‪ .‬أﻫ‬ ‫اﻷﺳ ﺎب‬

‫ﺔ إﺧ ﺗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ة واﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻠ ﺎت أن ﺗ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻬ ‪ .....‬و ﺟ دﻫ ﺎ اﻛ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﻻ‬

‫‪ ....‬ﺧﻠ ﻔﺔ ‪ ....‬ﻋ ﻧﺎن‬ ‫إ ﺎن ‪ ...‬ر‬

‫ا وﺻﻐ ا‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أﺟ اد ‪ ....‬ﺟ اﺗﻲ ‪ ....‬أﻋ ﺎﻣﻲ ‪ ....‬ﻋ ﺎﺗﻲ ‪ ....‬أﺧ اﻟﻲ ‪ ....‬ﺧﺎﻟ ﻲ وﻟﻰ ﻞ ﻋﺎﺋﻠ ﻲ‬

‫رﻓ ﻘ ﻲ وﻧ ﻔﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌ ﻞ ﺣ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻐ ﺔ إﺗ ﺎم ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ ‪ ....‬و ﺎﻷﺧ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻞ ﻣ ﻋ ﻞ ﻣﻌﻲ‬

‫ﺑ زﻗﺎق ﺑ رﺔ‬

‫ار اﻟ راﺳﻲ ﻞ ﺈﺳ ﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻞ أﺻ ﻗﺎء اﻟ‬

‫ﺗﻲ ﻋﻼو ﻣ ﻌ دة‬ ‫ﻣﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﺳ ﺎذة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻻأﻧ ﻰ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺎء ﺗ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ دﻓﻌﺔ ‪2020‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻣﺎﺳ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺟﻌﻠﻬ ﷲ أﺧ ﺗﻲ ﺎ ‪ .....‬وﻣ أﺣ ﻬ ﻓﻲ ﷲ ‪ ...‬ﻼب ﻗ‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﻞ أﺳﺎﺗ ﺗﻲ ﻣ ﺑ ا ﺔ ﻣ ار اﻟ راﺳﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻏﺎ ﺔ وﺻ ﻟﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣﺎ أﻧﺎ ﻋﻠ ﻪ اﻵن‪.‬‬

‫ﻋ ﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ أﺗ ﻰ أن ﺗ ﻘﻰ ﺻ رﻫ ﺑ‬

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 ‫ﻔﻰ وأﻫﻠﻪ وﻣ وﻓﻰ أﻣﺎ ﻌ ‪ :‬اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و ﻔﻰ واﻟ ﻼة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ ﺎ ﻫ ﻩ ﺛ ة اﻟ ﻬ واﻟ ﺎح‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎ اﻟ راﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫ة ﻓﻲ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻓﻘ ﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻔ ﻠﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﻟﻰ أﻫ ﯾﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻘﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺧ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌﺎب و ﻣ ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻧ ﺎ و ﺎن ﻧ ر‬ ‫ﺎن ﺳ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ‬

‫ﺔ أﺑﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫واﻷﻓﻌﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺟﻪ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎة ﻣ أﺟﻞ راﺣ ﻲ ﺻﺎﺣ‬

‫ﻟﻬ ا ﺔ‬ ‫ﻘ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻘﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‪...‬وﻋﻠ ﻲ‪ ,‬إﻟﻰ أدﺑﻲ‪...‬وﺣﻠ ﻲ‪ ,‬إﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺣ‬

‫واﻟ ﻔﺎؤل إﻟﻰ ﺳﻌﺎدﺗﻲ وﻓ ﺣ ﻲ أﻣﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﯾ ع اﻟ‬

‫ﻌ ﷲ‪ ,‬إﻟﻰ ﻣ أ ﻬ وا ﻟﻲ ﻣﺎ ﻫ أﺟ ﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ﺎة إﺧ ﺗﻲ وﻟﻰ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻗ ﺗﻲ وﻣﻼذ‬

‫ة أﺧﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟﻲ ﺑ زﻗﺎق ﺷﻌ ﺎن‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻞ ﺻﻐ ة و‬ ‫ﻛ ﻧﺎ وﻣ أﻋ‬

‫إﻟﻰ ﺻ ﻘﺔ ﻔ ﻟ ﻲ إﻟﻰ أﺟ ﻞ ﻣﻌﺎﻧﻲ اﻟ ﻓﺎء وﻹﺧﻼص واﻟ ﻋ واﻟﻌ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎد‬

‫ﺣ ﻲ ﺧ ﻟﺔ ﺑ داود‬ ‫واﻟ ﻌ‬

‫ﺑ ﺟ دﻫﺎ ﻣ ﺔ ﻻ‬ ‫ﻐ ﺔ إﺗ ﺎم ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣ اﻛ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﻋ ﻠ‬

‫ﺣ ود ﻟﻬﺎ ﺣ ﻲ ﺟ ﻫ ﻋ اﻟ ﺎر‬

‫ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻲ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺟ اﻫﺎ ﷲ ﻋ ﺎ ﻞ ﺧ‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﺎ ﺈﺷ اﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ا اﻟ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺗ ﻣ‬

‫اﻟ ﻘ ﯾ واﻻﺣ ام إﻟﻰ ﻗ وﺗﻲ اﻷﺳ ﺎذة ﻋﻼو ﻣ ﻌ دة‬

‫ار وﺳﺎﻋ وﻧﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻣ وﺟ ﺗﻬ أﺧ ﺗﺎ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أﺻ ﻗﺎﺋﻲ وﺟ ﻊ ﻣ وﻗﻔ ا‬

‫ﺎء ﺗ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ دﻓﻌﺔ ‪2020‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻣﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻼب ﻗ‬ ‫وﻋﻠ ﻧﻲ أن ﻻ أﺿ ﻌﻬ‬

‫وأﺗ ﻰ أن ﺗ ز ﻋﻠﻰ رﺿﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﺟﻬ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻣ ﺎن رﺣ‬ ‫أﻫ ﯾﻬﺎ ﻟﻬ‬

‫ﺑﺪرﯾﺔ‬
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 ‫و ﻋ ﻓﺎن‬ ‫ﺷ‬
‫ﻌﻞ ﻓ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ ﻟﻰ ﻋ وﺟﻞ أن‬ ‫وﻓﻘ ﺎ وأﻋﺎﻧ ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪ ،‬راﺟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻧﻔﻌﺎ ﻟﻠﻌ ﺎد‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﺔ اﻷﺳ ﺎذة‬ ‫وأﺳ ﻰ ﻋ ﺎرات اﻟ ﻘ ﯾ واﻟﻌ ﻓﺎن واﻻﻣ ﺎن إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳ ﺎذة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎرات اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ ﻘ م ﺄﺧﻠ‬

‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﻼو ﻣ ﻌ دة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺗ ﻞ أﻋ ﺎء اﻹﺷ اف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ ﺟ ﻬﻬﺎ وﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ اء‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗ ﻠﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ اﻫﺎ ﷲ ﻋ ﺎ ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎ‪ .‬ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ‬

‫إﻟﻰ اﻷﺳ ﺎذة اﻟ ﺎﻋ ة ‪ :‬ﺎﻷﻋ ر اﺑ ﺎم‬ ‫ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ ﺟﻪ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﻟﻪ رﺋﺎﺳﺔ اﻟﻠ ﺔ واﻷﺳ ﺎذة رﺣ أم‬ ‫ﺔ اﺣ ام وﺗﻘ ﯾ ﻟﻸﺳ ﺎذ ﺑﻠﻔﺎر ﷴ اﻷﺧ‬ ‫و ﻧ ﺟﻪ ﺑ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫أﺳﺎﺗ ة و ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻣ ﺳﺎﻧ ﻧﺎ ﺧﻼل ﻣ ارﻧﺎ اﻟ ﻌﻠ ﻲ ﻣ أﺳﺎﺗ ة و ﻠ ﺔ ‪ .‬و ﺎﻷﺧ‬ ‫وﻻ ﻔ ﺗ ﺎ أن ﻧ‬

‫ﺎء ﺗ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ دﻓﻌﺔ ‪.2020‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻣﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻗ‬

‫ﺣﻔ ﻬ ﷲ ورﻋﺎﻫ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻠ ﺎت أن ﺗ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻬ اﻟ اﻟ ﯾ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫اﻟ ﯾ ﻟ ﯾ ﻠ ا ﻋﻠ ﺎ ﺑ ﻋ ﻬ ﺳ اء ﻣﺎد ﺎ أو ﻣﻌ ﺎ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻞ اﻟ ﺎس اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻣ ز‬

‫وﻧ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻧﺎت اﻟ ﺎدﻟﺔ أﺛ ﺎء اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ د اﻹﻟ‬ ‫‪n‬‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة اﻟ ﻠﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪T‬‬

‫واﻟ ﺟﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫]‪[OX],[Red‬‬

‫ﻛ ن اﻻﺗ ان ‪.‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬

‫ﻛ ن اﻻﺗ ان اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﻲ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪E0‬‬

‫ن اﻟﻌ س ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛ ة واﻹرﺟﺎع ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪Ered‬‬

‫اﻟﻌ ﻞ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪we‬‬

‫ﺷ ة اﻟ ﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪I‬‬

‫ﻓ دا ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑ‬ ‫‪F‬‬

‫ﻛ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪i‬‬

‫ﻛ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻷﻧ د واﻟ ﺎﺛ د ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ia ,ic‬‬

‫ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪icorr‬‬

‫ﻛ ن اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Ecorr‬‬

‫اﻟ ة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ΔG‬‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ اﻷﻧ د واﻟ ﺎﺗ د ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ة ﻟ ﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﺎﻗ ﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫*‪ΔGa* , ΔGC‬‬

‫ﻣﻘ ار ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻬ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪η‬‬

‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺔ ﺗﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪θ‬‬

‫ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪V‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل ‪.‬‬ ‫‪α‬‬

‫ﺗﻔﺎل اﻷﻧ د واﻟ ﺎﺗ د ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬ ‫‪β a , βc‬‬

‫ﺎﺗ د ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أﻧ د ﺔ و ﺛ اﺑ‬ ‫ﺛ اﺑ‬ ‫‪aa, ba, ac, bc‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪cdl‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ دود اﻟ‬ ‫‪R%‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻣ ز‬

‫اﻟﻐﺎزات اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑ‬ ‫‪R‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫‪RP‬‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪Z‬‬

‫ﻠﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ء اﻟ‬ ‫‪Zim‬‬

‫اﻟ ء اﻟ ﻘ ﻘﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ZRe‬‬

‫ﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫‪DFT‬‬

‫ﻣ ﻬ اﻟﻘ ة اﻟ رﺔ‬ ‫‪AFM‬‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫‪IE‬‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌﺎوﻗﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪EIS‬‬

‫اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ‬ ‫‪PDP‬‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ ﯾﻞ اﻟ دد اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪EFM‬‬

‫وﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻹﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫‪SEM‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎﻗﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪EDX , EDS‬‬

‫اء‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻓ ﻪ ﻟ‬ ‫‪FTIR‬‬

‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ‬ ‫‪OM , OEM‬‬

‫ﺔ اﻟ ﻔ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻛ ن اﻟ‬ ‫‪PZC‬‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ اﻟ ﺋﻲ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻔ‬ ‫‪UV-Vis‬‬

‫ﻛ وﻣﺎﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺎ اﻟﻐﺎز – ﺗﻘ ﺔ ﻗ ﺎس اﻟ ﻒ اﻟ ﻠﻲ‬ ‫‪GC-MS‬‬

‫‪VI‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻷﺷ ﺎل‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻷﺷ ﺎل‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪.....................................‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(1-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻔﺎﻧﻲ‪.............................................‬‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(2-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪........................................‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(3-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻘ ‪..............................................‬‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(4-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺔ‪.........................................‬‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(5-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ‪.............................................‬‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(6-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺧ ﺎر ‪............................................‬‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(7-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻘﻲ‪..............................................‬‬ ‫رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(8-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ Potentionstat-Galvanostat‬ﻣ اﻟ ع ‪.............. PGZ 301‬‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(1-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫ود اﻟ ﺎﻋ ‪......................................‬‬ ‫ﺻ رة ﻓ ﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(2-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ود اﻟ ﺟﻌﻲ‪....................................‬‬ ‫ﺻ رة ﻓ ﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(3-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ود اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪.........................................‬‬ ‫ﺻ رة ﻓ ﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺔ ﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(4-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎر‪......................................‬‬ ‫ﯾ ﺿﺢ اﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻟ ﻐ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(5-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫ن‪...................................‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ ﺿﺢ اﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻟ ﻐ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(6-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫‪......................................‬‬ ‫ن اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ ﺿﺢ اﻹﺛﺎرة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(7-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪28‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪..................‬‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺔ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﻟ ارة‬ ‫ﻰﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(8-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ‪25 C°‬‬ ‫ﻰ ﺑ رﺎ ﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ ﯾ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋ‬ ‫ﯾ ﺿﺢ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(9-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫ﻰ ﺗﻔﺎل‪................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(10-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻰ )‪....................................................... i= f(E‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(11-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪37‬‬ ‫ﻰ )‪...................................................... E= f(i‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(12-Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪52‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5M H2SO4‬ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ‬ ‫ات اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞﺗ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ و ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(1-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮر ﻟﻤﺪة ‪.5h‬‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5M H2SO‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﺮاﻛﯿﺰ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ‬ ‫إﯾ وﺗﺎرم ﻟ ﻧﻐ ﻻﻣ از اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(2-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪A.mexicana‬‬

‫‪VIII‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ اول‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﺠﺪاول‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫اء ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ول )‪(1-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻲ )‪.(HCl‬‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫اء ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ول )‪(2-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻲ )‪(H2SO4‬‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫‪61‬‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اء ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ول )‪(3-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)ﻣ ات(‪.‬‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ل ‪Inhibitive effect of xylopia ferruginea extract on the‬‬ ‫ول )‪(4-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl medium‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ‪ X.ferruginea‬ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ MS‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (1-4-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫‪(1M) HCl‬‬ ‫وﺳ‬
‫‪68‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت )‪(X.ferruginea‬ﻋﻠﻰ‪ MS‬ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (2-4-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫‪1M HCl‬‬
‫‪69‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ل ‪Argemone mexicana leaf extract for inhibition of mild‬‬ ‫ول)‪(5-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪steel corrosion in sulfuric acid solutions‬‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت )‪ (A.mexicana‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬ ‫ول )‪(1-5-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ ‪(0.5M) H2SO4‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠ‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت )‪ (A.mexicana‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (2-5-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ) ‪0.5M (H2SO4‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ل ‪use of saraca ashoka extract as green corrosion‬‬ ‫ول )‪(6 -Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪inhibitor for mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4‬‬
‫‪77‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (1-6-Ⅲ‬ﻗ اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د و ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫)‪.(SA‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ‪ 0.5M‬ﻣ ‪ H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (2-6-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬
‫)‪(S.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ‪ (0.5 M) H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د ﺗ اﻛ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (3-6-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت )‪ (EIS‬ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬
‫)‪(S.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ‪Inhibition and adsorption of oil extract of Balanites‬‬ ‫ول )‪(7-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪aegyptiaca seeds on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid‬‬
‫‪environment‬‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب ﺗ اﻛ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (1-7-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟ‬

‫‪IX‬‬
 ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ اول‬

‫ز )‪.(B.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬

‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (2-7-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫و وﺟ د اﻟ‬
‫‪83‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ (3-7-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬
‫)‪(B.A.‬‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب ﻣ‬

‫‪X‬‬
 ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺋﻤﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﻄﻄﺎت‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻒ أﻧ اع اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪................................................‬‬ ‫)‪(1-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫اﻷﺷ ﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪............................................‬‬ ‫)‪(2-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪..................................................‬‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫)‪(3-Ⅰ‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪XI‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﻬ س‬

‫‪Ⅱ‬‬ ‫اﻹﻫ اء‪...........................................................................‬‬

‫‪Ⅳ‬‬ ‫و ﻋ ﻓﺎن ‪..................................................................‬‬ ‫ﺷ‬
‫‪Ⅴ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻣ ز ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪Ⅷ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻷﺷ ﺎل‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪Ⅸ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ اول‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪Ⅺ‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫‪Ⅻ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻬ س ‪.........................................................................‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘ ﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪......................................................................‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺔ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‪ :‬ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪ .1-Ⅰ‬ﺗ ﻬ ‪....................................................................‬‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ‪...........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2- Ⅰ‬ﺗﻌ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪ .3- Ⅰ‬أﻧ اع اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪................................................................‬‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1-3- Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬
‫‪7‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪.....................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2-3-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻬ و‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪ .3-3-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻟ ﺟﻲ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪ .4- Ⅰ‬اﻷﺷ ﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ‪...................................................‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ .1-4- Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم‪.............................................................‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ .2-4- Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻔﺎﻧﻲ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫‪ .3-4- Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻘ ‪.............................................................‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ . 4-4–Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻘﻲ‪..............................................................‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ .5-4-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺔ‪.............................................................‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪.......................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .6-4-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫‪ .7-4- Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ‪...........................................................‬‬
‫‪11‬‬ ‫‪ .8-4-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺧ ﺎر ‪............................................................‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪ .5- Ⅰ‬اﻟﻌ اﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺛ ة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪......................................................‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ ‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1-5-Ⅰ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫ل‪................................................................. pH‬‬ ‫‪ .2-5-Ⅰ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫‪...............................................................‬‬ ‫اﻷو‬ ‫‪ .3-5-Ⅰ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫‪XII‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﻬ س‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4-5-Ⅰ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ر‪...................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5-5-Ⅰ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﻔﺎت‪.................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .6-5-Ⅰ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ق اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ‪...................................................‬‬ ‫‪.6-Ⅰ‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺳ ﺔ‪...............................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1-6-Ⅰ‬اﺧ ﺎر اﻟ ﻌ ن أو اﻟ‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪ .2-6-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﻟ ﻐ ﺔ‪.............................................................‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ ‪.......................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3-6-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺑ ﻐ‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪........................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4-6-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫‪ .1-4-6-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ‪.........................................................‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫‪ .2-4-6-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻷﻧ د ﺔ‪..........................................................‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪.................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5-6-Ⅰ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل اﻟ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .1-5-6-Ⅰ‬ﺗﻌ‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺎت‪........................................................‬‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .2-5-6-Ⅰ‬ﺗ‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺔ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫ﺔ و اﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪...............................‬‬ ‫‪ .1-Ⅱ‬أﻧ اع اﻟ ق اﻟ‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺿ ﺎع اﻟ ﻠﺔ‪..........................................................‬‬ ‫‪.1-1-Ⅱ‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ .1-1-1-Ⅱ‬ﺗﻌ ﻔﻬﺎ ‪...................................................................‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫‪ .2-1-1-Ⅱ‬ﻣ ؤﻫﺎ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺿ ﺎع اﻟ ﻠﺔ‪.................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3-1-1-Ⅱ‬ﺗ ﯾ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺿ ﺎع اﻟ ﻠﺔ‪................................‬‬ ‫‪ .4-1-1-Ⅱ‬ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ دود ﺣ‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺿ ﺎع اﻟ ﻠﺔ‪................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .5-1-1-Ⅱ‬ﻣ ا ﺎ‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺿ ﺎع اﻟ ﻠﺔ‪.....................................‬‬ ‫‪ .6-1-1-Ⅱ‬ﻣ ﺎو‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪.........................................................‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ .2-1-Ⅱ‬اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫‪ .1-2-1-Ⅱ‬ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ Potentionstat-Galvanostat‬ﻣ اﻟ ع ‪PGZ 301‬‬
‫‪25‬‬ ‫ﻘ ة‪........................................‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ .2-2-1-Ⅱ‬اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬
‫‪27‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻐ ة‪.........................................‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ .3-2-1-Ⅱ‬اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪..............................‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ واﻟ‬ ‫‪ .2-Ⅱ‬اﻟ ﺎﻧ‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ‪......................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .1-2-Ⅱ‬اﻟ ازن اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫‪XIII‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻔﻬ س‬

‫‪29‬‬ ‫دة ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪...........................................‬‬ ‫‪ .2-2-Ⅱ‬اﻟ ﺣﻠﺔ اﻟ‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫ﻰ ﺑ رﺎ ‪................................................................‬‬ ‫‪ .3-2-Ⅱ‬ﻣ‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫‪ .4-2-Ⅱ‬ﺣ ﺎب ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.......................................................‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺔ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻷﺟ ﺔ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ‪ :‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻞ ‪..............................................................................‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ‪.......‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .1- Ⅳ‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬
‫‪65‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪............‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .2-Ⅳ‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‪................‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣ ﺎت اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫‪ .3-Ⅳ‬ﻣ ﺎﻗ ﺔ وﺗﻔ‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺔ ‪.....................................................................‬‬
‫‪88‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻷﺟ ﺔ‪.......................................................................‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪........................................................................‬‬

‫‪XIV‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘ ﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﺗﻠﻔﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ات اﻟ ﻌ ﻧ ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻟ ﯾ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻌ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ اﻟ اﻫ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎﺷ‬ ‫ن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻼﻣ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ و اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ أو اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ‬

‫ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت ﺣ ارة ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ]‪.[1‬‬

‫ﺎد ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻘﺎم اﻷول‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫اﻫ ﺎم اﻟ ول اﻟﻐ ﺔ ﻧ ا ﻟ ﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻠﺔ اﻗ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫و ﺗﻌ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫و أوﺳﻊ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ أﻋ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣﻼﯾ اﻟ وﻻرات ﺳ ﺎ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول اﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻓﺈن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺧ ﺎرة ﺗﻘ ر‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ واﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻒ اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺟ ا ﻹﻋﺎدة اﻟﻌ ان‪ ،‬ﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﺂت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻘ‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫اﻟ ارة اﻟ ﺗﻔﻌﺔ وﻧ ﺔ اﻷﻣﻼح اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ وﻣ ﺎﻛﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﻓ ﺔ وﺗﺄﺛ اﺗﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻞ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟﻌ اﻣﻞ زادت ﻣ‬

‫ﻠﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫أن ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ة ﺟ ا‪ ،‬وﻣ اﻟ ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺑ رﺟﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻛﻞ ﺣ وث ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬

‫ﺂت وﻫ ا اﻷﻣ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ اﻻﻧﻬ ﺎر اﻟ ﻔﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﯾ د‬ ‫ﺔأ‬ ‫وﻧ ﺎ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺎد ﺔ ﻓ‬ ‫اﻗ‬

‫أو ﻣﺎر أو‪......‬اﻟﺦ ]‪.[2‬‬ ‫ﯾﻬ د ﺣ ﺎة اﻟ ﺎس ﺳ اء ﺎﻧ ا ﻋﺎﻣﻠ‬

‫اﻷوﺳﺎ ﺟﻌﻞ ﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫ﻘﺎت اﻟﻬ ﺳ ﺔ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﻪ اﻟ ﻌ ﻔﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫وﻧ ا ﻷﻫ ﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬

‫ث اﻟﻌﻠ ﺔ ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﻪ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬و ﺣ ﺎب ﻠﻔﺔ اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﻟ ا أﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﺔ اﻟﻌ‬

‫ﺿ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻟ ﻧﻬﺎ واﺣ ﻣ أﻓ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎرات ﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌﺎدن واﻟ ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ام اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫وذﻟ‬

‫ﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ أو ﻣ ﻌﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬و ﻣ أﻓ ﻞ أﻧ اع اﻟ‬

‫ق‬ ‫ﻞ ﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻣﺔ وﻏ ﺔ‬ ‫دة‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻟ ﺟﻲ وﻏ‬ ‫ﻬ ﻟﺔ وﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ ﻏ‬

‫اﺳ ﻼﺻﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺎﻷﺣ ﺎض اﻵﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﻠ ات و اﻟﻔﻼﻓ ﻧ ات وﻏ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺔ و ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻔ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﺗﻘ ﺎت‬

‫‪2‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘ ﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺎﻫ ة )ﺗﻌ ﻔﻬﺎ‪ ،‬أﻧ اﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻌ ة‬ ‫ﻫ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﻣ ﻫ ﺎ ﺎن ﻫ ﻓ ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻫ ا اﻟ‬

‫ﻣ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫أو اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ و ﻔﺎءﺗﻬﺎ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ وﻗ رة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ راﺳ ﻬﺎ‪ ،(...‬واﻟ ﻌ ف ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ‬

‫اء‪ ،‬وﺟ اء دراﺳﺎت ﻣ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ث ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺄﺧ ﻣ ﻠﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ام اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳ ﺎﺟﺎت ﺗ ﻋ اﺳ‬ ‫اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ و اﻟ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ وﻣ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻧ ﺎﺋ ﻬﺎ ﻟ ﻘ‬

‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻋﻠ ﻪ ﺗ ﻫ ﺳﺔ ﻫ ا اﻟ‬

‫‪ ‬اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‪ :‬ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ‪ :‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬

‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘ ﻣﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ اﻟﻌﺮﺑﯿﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ " ،(1988) ،‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬أﺳ ﺎ ﻪ و ق‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎن ﺧﻠﻒ ﷴ اﻟ رﺟﻲ‪ ،‬د‪ .‬ﻋ اﻟ اد ﷴ وأﺣ‬ ‫]‪ [1‬د‪ .‬ﻗ‬

‫اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ ﻪ"‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻐ اد‪ 500 ،‬ص‪.‬‬

‫ﺔ واﻵﺛﺎر اﻟ ﻟ ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫د ﺳﻼﻣﺔ‪ ،‬و رﺟ ‪ .‬ﻣﻬﺎ‪ " ،(2011) ،‬اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‬ ‫]‪ [2‬أﺣ ‪ .‬ﻣ‬

‫ث واﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟﻌﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻠ ‪ ،33 :‬اﻟﻌ د‪ ،3:‬ص‪. 101-111:‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻠﺔ ﺗ‬

‫‪4‬‬
‫ﻋﻣوﻣﯾﺎت ﺣول اﻟﺗﺂﻛل‬
 ‫ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪ .1‬ﺗ ﻬ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﺎﻧﻲ ﺟ ﻊ دول اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﻣ ﻣ ﻠﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗ ز ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻫ ة ﻓﻲ ﺻ رة ﺻ أ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ات‬

‫اﻟ ﺋ ﻲ اﻟﻰ ﻋ م ﺛ ﺎت واﺳ ﻘ ار اﻟ ﻌ ن وﻣ ﻠﻪ ﻟﻠ ﺟ ع ﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻪ اﻷﺻﻠ ﺔ ﻣ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫اﻟ ﯾ ﺔ‪ ،‬و ﺟﻊ اﻟ‬

‫ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬

‫ﻣ ﻣ ﺎ ﻩ‬ ‫ﻞ إﻻ أن اﻟﻌﻠ ﺎء ﺗ ﺻﻠ ا إﻟﻰ إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞﻣ‬ ‫وﻣﻊ أن اﻟﻘ ﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ا اﻟ‬

‫ات اﻷﺧ ة‪ ،‬وﻧ ا‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗ ار ﺳ ﻌﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ام اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬وﻟﻘ ﺷﻬ اﺳ‬ ‫وأﺿ ارﻩ ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﻣ‬

‫ن ﻟ ﻊ ﻞ اﻟ ﻌﻠ ﻣﺎت‪ ،‬واﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻬ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺎت ﻓﻘ أﺻ ﺢ ﻋﻠ ﺎ ﻣ ﻘﻼ‪ ،‬ﻟﻪ ﻋﻠ ﺎء ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻸﻫ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻟﻠﻘ ﺎء ﻋﻠ ﻪ ﻓﻲ أ ﺻ رة ﺎن ]‪.[2][1‬‬ ‫ﻋ‬

‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪ .2‬ﺗﻌ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ أو ﻬ و‬ ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻫ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ ﺗﻠﻒ اﻟ ﺎدة ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫أو‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎد‬ ‫ﻫ اﻟﻬ اء اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﺷ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺳ اء ﺎن ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻼﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة ﻣﺎ ]‪.[2‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ آﺧ ‪ ،‬ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

‫ﻋ ﻠ ﺎ ﺳ ﺔ ‪ 1830‬ﻓﻲ ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ ﺎﻻت ﻣ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻋ ف اﻟﻌﻠ ﺎء اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ ﺎﻫ ة ﻣﻌﻘ ة درﺳ‬

‫ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ و اﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‪ ،‬وأﺛ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟ‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪ .3‬أﻧ اع اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺳ اﻷﻛﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻞ أﻧ اع اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺗ ﻌﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻠ‬

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 ‫ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‬

‫أﻧ اع اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ ﻟ ﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫)‪I‬ـ‪ :(1‬ﻣ ﻠﻒ أﻧ اع اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ .1‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟ ﺎﺷ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻪ ]‪ .[4‬أو ﻫ اﻟ ﺄﺛ‬ ‫ف اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻟﻬ م اﻟ ﺎﺷ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻣ‬

‫و اﻟ ﻠ ر وﻣﺎ ﺷﺎ ﻪ ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻞ‪ :‬اﻷو‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ ﻋ ﺎﺻ أﺧ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻣﺎ ﯾ ﺧﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬

‫]‪:[5][2‬‬ ‫ﻫ ا اﻟ ع ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻧ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ﻧﻲ و ﻘ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫نﻣ‬ ‫ﻟ‬

‫و ن‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن واﻟ ر اﻟﻐﺎز ‪ ،‬ﺑ ﻗ ع ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻏ‬ ‫ث ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﺎف‪ :‬و‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺔ ﺗ ﺎﻣﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣ اﻟ‬

‫ﺎ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﺳ إﻣﺎ ﻣﻌ ﻻ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن واﻟ ر اﻟ ﺎﺋﻞ ﺣ‬ ‫ثﺑ‬ ‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ر‬ ‫ب‪ -‬ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫أو ﻗﺎﻋ ﺎ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ .2‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫وﻟ ﺔ ) اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻗﻞ‬ ‫ث ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻞ اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧ اع ﻣ ﺎدﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﻫ‬

‫ﯾ ﻓﻬ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻧ ﻔ‬ ‫ث اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ وﻓ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻬ ﺎء(‪ ،‬ﯾ ﻊ ﻫ ا اﻟ ع اﻟ‬

‫وﻧﻲ ]‪.[6 ][5‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎدل اﻻﻟ‬

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 ‫ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‬

‫‪Métal‬‬ ‫‪cation métalique + éléctron‬‬

‫‪Agent corrosif + éléctron‬‬ ‫‪agent corrosion réduit‬‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪3‬ـ‪ .3‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻟ ﺟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎت‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎر( ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓ‬ ‫ﻠﻒ اﻟ ﺎﺋ ﺎت اﻟ ﻗ ﻘﺔ ) اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫ث ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻧ‬

‫أو وﺳ ﻹﻓ از ﻧ اﺗﺞ ﺗ ﻠﻒ ذﻟ اﻟ ﻌ ن ]‪. [6][4‬‬ ‫ﺳ ﻣﻐ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫و ﺟ ﻧ ﻋﺎن ﻣ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﺋ ﺎت اﻟ ﺔ اﻷﻛﺎﻟﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎ اﻟ ﯾ ‪.‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ O2‬وﺗ ن ﻣ‬ ‫ﻪ أو‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻬ اﺋ ﺔ‪ :‬ﺗ‬

‫ﺎ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻓ ﻬﺎ ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪ O2‬وﺗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣ اﻷو‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻼﻫ اﺋ ﺔ‪ :‬ﺗ‬

‫واﻟ ات‪.‬‬

‫ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻌ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ اﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وﺟ د ﻧ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺣ ل ﻓﻌﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻷ ﺎث اﻟ ﻲ أﺟ‬ ‫وﻗ أﺛ‬

‫اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻵﺧ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ واﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫اﻣﻬﺎ اﻟﻬ روﺟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻻﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫ﯾ‬

‫ﻌ ﺔ]‪.[5‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪ .4‬اﻷﺷ ﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن وﻟﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ أو اﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﻒ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ إﻟﻰ ﺧ ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻫ ا اﻟ‬

‫]‪:[6‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻬ م‪ ،‬وﻣ أﻫ ﻫ ﻩ اﻷﺷ ﺎل ﻧ‬

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‫اﻟﻌﺎم‬
‫اﻻﺧ ﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻐﻠﻔﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫اﺷ ﺎل‬
‫اﻻﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫اﻟ ﺿﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘﻲ‬

‫ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺔ‬

‫)‪I‬ـ‪ :(2‬اﻷﺷ ﺎل اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫(‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .1‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻌﺎم )اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳ ﺢ اﻟ اﺧﻠ ﺔ و‬ ‫ن ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺛﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﺷ ﻋﺎ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫إن ﻫ ا اﻟ ع ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻫ اﻷﻛ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎرﺟ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن ]‪.[7][2‬‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .2‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻔﺎﻧﻲ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎرﺔ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫أو ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬وﻫ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ﻧ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫ﻰ‬ ‫و‬
‫إﻟﻰ إﺗﻼف اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻷﻗﻞ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫أﻛﺎل أﯾ ﻧﻲ ﯾ د‬
‫ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل ّ‬ ‫أو ﻣ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫إﻣﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ﻧ‬
‫]‪.[2‬‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .3‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻘ )اﻟ ﺿﻌﻲ(‪:‬‬

‫اﻷﯾ ﻧﺎت أو‬ ‫ﻫ م ﻌ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋ ﻒ ﻣ ﺿﻌ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ‬ ‫ث اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻫ ا اﻟ ع‬

‫وأﺣ ﺎﻧﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﻧﺎت اﻟ اﺟ ة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬ﻣ د ﺔ إﻟﻰ ﺛﻘ ب ﺻﻐ ة ﻣ ﻔﺎوﺗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌ‬

‫]‪.[7‬‬ ‫ﻌ ﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ن ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﻘ ب ﻣﻌ وﻟﺔ أو ﻗ ﺔ ﻣ‬

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‫ﻋﻲ(‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .4‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻘﻲ )اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﻐ ﺎة ﺳ اء ﺎن‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ق و اﻟ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻷﺟ اء اﻟ ﻌ ﻧ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ ﺿﻌﻲ ﺷ ﯾ‬

‫ﻣﻌ ﻧ ﺔ‪ .‬و ﺞ ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻻﺧ ﻼف إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ ا اﻟﻐ ﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ﺔ ﻣ اد ﻣﻌ ﻧ ﺔ أو ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ﺔ ﻣ اد ﻏ‬

‫ﻟﻠ ﺔ ]‪.[7][6][2‬‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫وﺻ ل اﻷﻛ‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .5‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‪ ،‬ﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ ذات اﺗ ﺎﻫﺎت ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ ﺞ ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻋ ﻓﻌﻞ ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻲ ﻣﻘ ن ﻔﻌﻞ ﻬ و‬

‫ﻣ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻹﺗﻼف و ن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻞ ﺣﻔ أو‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎﺋﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺗ ﺟﺎت ]‪.[6][4‬‬

‫ﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .6‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺑ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻗﻠ ﻞ ﻧ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻫ م ﻣ ﺿﻌﻲ ﺎﻟﻘ ب ﻣ ﺣ ود اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت‪ ،‬ارﺗﻔﺎع و اﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻧ ﺔ أﺣ ﻋ ﺎﺻ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺣ ود اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻔ ﻬﺎ‪ .‬وﻫ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋ وﺟ د ﺷ اﺋ‬

‫ﺔ ]‪.[2‬‬ ‫ﺎت أو اﻧﻌ ال اﻟ رات اﻟ ا ﺔ ﻋ ﺣ ود اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ﺔ ﻣ ﺣ ود اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .7‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد ‪:‬‬

‫وﺳ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ وﺟ د إﺟﻬﺎدات ﺷ ﺧﺎرﺟ ﺔ أو داﺧﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺛ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬ ‫ث ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫اﻷﺣ ﺎن ﯾ ﺞ ﻋ ﻓﻌﻞ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ داﺧﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ ﻏﺎﻟ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺷﻘ ق ﺗ أ ﻣ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن وﺗ‬ ‫ﺗد‬

‫]‪.[4][2‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ‬

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‫‪I‬ـ‪4‬ـ‪ .8‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺧ ﺎر ‪:‬‬

‫أو أﻛ ‪ ،‬ﯾ أ ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ﻧ‬ ‫ن ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ث ﻫ ا اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺗ د ﺔ ﺑ ﺎ ﯾ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﯾ ﻘﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻟ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﻧ‬ ‫اﺧ ﻼف ﻣ ﺿﻌﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬

‫أﻧ د ﺔ ]‪.[2‬‬

‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻐﻠﻔﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(2‬رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(1‬رﺳ ﺗ‬

‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(4‬رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(3‬رﺳ ﺗ‬

‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(6‬رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻌ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(5‬رﺳ ﺗ‬

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‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪I‬ـ‪ :(8‬رﺳ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻹﺧ ﺎر‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪I‬ـ‪ :(7‬رﺳ ﺗ‬

‫‪I‬ـ‪ .5‬اﻟﻌ اﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺛ ة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣ ﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻓ ﻪ‪ ،‬ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻪ وﻣ ﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾ‬ ‫ﯾ ﺄﺛ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻌ ة ﻋ اﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﻬﺎ ﻣﺎ ﯾ ﻘ‬

‫ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ارﺗ ﺎ ﺎ وﺛ ﻘﺎ‬ ‫ا أﺳﺎﺳ ﺎ ﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ ‪ :‬ﻌ‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪5‬ـ‪ .1‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫اﻟ ﻌ ن وﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺳ ]‪.[5][4‬‬

‫ﺿﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻻت ﺎﻧ ﻔﺎض ال ‪ ) pH‬زﺎدة اﻟ‬ ‫‪ :pH‬ﺗ ﺗﻔﻊ ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪5‬ـ‪ .2‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬ روﺟ‬ ‫ﺎ )‪ (pH<4‬ﻓﺎن ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺗ ﺗﻔﻊ ﻧ ا ﻟ‬ ‫ن ‪ pH‬اﻟ ﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋ ﻣﺎ‬

‫اﻟ ﯾ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ ﺗ ﻠﻞ أﻛ‬

‫ﺢ أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻷن ﻣﻌ ن اﻟ ﯾ‬ ‫ن ‪ pH‬اﻟ ﺳ ﻗﺎﻋ ﺎ )‪ (pH>10‬ﻓﺎن ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋ ﻣﺎ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛ ا ﺎﻷﻛ‬

‫ﺎل‪.[8][5] pH‬‬ ‫‪ ‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎل )‪ (10>pH>4‬ﻓﺎن ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻻ ﺗ ﻌﻠ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫‪:‬ﯾﺛ‬ ‫اﻷ ﻛ‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪5‬ـ‪ .3‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ‬ ‫‪ O2‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺔ اﻷو‬ ‫ن ﻋﺎﻣﻼ ﻣ ﺎﻋ ا ﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ إذا ﺑﻠﻐ‬ ‫‪ ‬أوﻻ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ) ‪.(18-15 mg/l‬‬

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‫ﻠﺔ ﻋ )‪ (18-15 mg/l‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪ O2‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ زﺎدة ﻧ ﺔ اﻷو‬ ‫نﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺛﺎﻧ ﺎ‪:‬‬

‫اﻷوﺳﺎ اﻟ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ 35 mg/l‬ﻓﻘ ﯾ ﻌ م اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ]‪.[5‬‬ ‫ﻧ ﺔ اﻷو‬ ‫‪ ‬أﻣﺎ إذا وﺻﻠ‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻻت اﻟ ﺎدرة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬إﻻ ﻓﻲ ﻌ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪ :‬إن زﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ﯾ‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪5‬ــ‪ .4‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫ﻼﺋ اﻟ ﺎس و اﻷﻛ ة‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل‪ ،‬واﻟ ﻰ ﺗ ﻌﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ اﺋ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﺔ ﺣ ف اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ث اﻟﻌ‬ ‫أﯾ‬

‫]‪.[5] [4‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت اﻟ ارة اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻏ‬

‫ﺎت ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻘ ]‪.[4‬‬ ‫ة ﻓﻲ زﺎدة اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻬ أﺣ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ر‪ :‬ﻟﻪ أﻫ ﺔ‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪5‬ــ‪ .5‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫وﻟ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ زﺎدة اﻟ ﻠ ﺣﺔ وﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻣ ﺎﺷ ة ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﻔﺎت‪ :‬ﺗ ﺛ اﻟ ﻠﻔﺎت‬ ‫‪ :6-5-I‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫]‪.[4‬‬ ‫ﺎ اﻟ ﻠﻔﺎت وارﺟﺎع ﺗ ر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫دور‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﺷ ﺑ ﺳ‬ ‫ﻞﻏ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺗﺛ‬

‫ق اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪.6-I‬‬

‫ﻌﺔ أﺷ ﺎل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ واﺧ ﻼف اﻟ وف اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﺎﻋ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ وث ﻫ ﻩ اﻷﺷ ﺎل‬ ‫ﻧ ا ﻻﺧ ﻼف‬

‫ﻣ أﻫ ﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ ﻪ‪ ،‬وﻧ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﻬ ﺎك أﻧ اع ﻣ ﻌ دة ﻣ أﺳﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺳ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ـ‪6‬ــ‪ .1‬اﺧ ﺎر اﻟ ﻌ ن أو اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ أﻓ ﻞ ﺿ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ﻌﺎدن ﻏ‬ ‫رة ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎز اﻟ ﻌﺎدن اﻟ ﻘ ﺔ‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﺋ اﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ر واﺣ ﺗ ن أﻛ‬ ‫نﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﺎﺋ اﻟ ﻌ ﻧ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈن اﻟ ﺎﺋ اﻟ‬

‫ر واﺣ ]‪.[6][4][2‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ ن ﻣ أﻛ‬

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‫‪I‬ــ‪6‬ــ‪ .2‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﻟ ﻐ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺣﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻌ ن أو ﻣﺎدة أﺧ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺑ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌﺎدن واﻟ ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬

‫اﻟ ﻌﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ ﻧ ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻷﻧ اع ﺷ ﻋﺎ ]‪ .[2‬وﻣ اﻷﺳﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ وﺗﻌ اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﻟ ﻐ ﺔ ﻣ أﻛ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ﻧ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ ﺎﻟﻐ‬

‫ﻬ ة‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدن اﻟ‬

‫ﻣﻌ ن ﻓﻲ اﻟ ر اﻟﻐﺎز ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ ﺑ ﺳ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ر اﻟ ﻌ ﻧﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻣ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ‬

‫اﻟ ﺳ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ــ‪6‬ــ‪ .3‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺑ ﻐ‬

‫ﻞ أﻓ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﺢ ﺎﻹﻣ ﺎن اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻋ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺧ ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬

‫و إزاﻟﺔ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ‪ :‬درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪ ،‬اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬وﻣ أﻫ اﻟ اص اﻟ ﻲ‬

‫]‪.[6][4][2‬‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪I‬ــ‪6‬ــ‪ .4‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫أو اﻟ ﺟ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ إزاﺣﺔ ﺟﻬ اﻟﻘ‬ ‫أن ﺗ ن ﺎﺗ د ﺔ أو أﻧ د ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌ‬

‫ﺎﻋﺔ ]‪.[2‬‬ ‫ﻞ واﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫م‬ ‫وﺗ‬

‫‪ .1-4-6-I‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺗﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﯾ ﻌ م ﺗﺄﺛ ﻫﺎ ﺧﺎرج ﻫ ا اﻟ‬ ‫وﻟ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻹﻟ‬ ‫م ﻟ ﻊ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ﺎﻟﻪ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﺎﺗ د ﺎ ﺈ‬ ‫ﺔ إﻟﻰ أﻗ ﺎب ﻣ ﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬وﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻷﻗ ﺎب اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

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‫اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ‪ ،‬إﻟﻰ ﻗ ﺔ أﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻣﻊ إزاﺣﺔ ﺟﻬ ﻗ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠ ﺔ ﻬ و‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫و ﻟ ﺗ ﺣ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻠ ﺎ‪ .‬وﺗ اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ‬

‫ﺎﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ اد ﺣ ﺎﯾ ﻪ ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ أﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ ﻪ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎر ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣ ﺎﺷ ﯾ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﯾ ﺗ ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻰ ﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳفُ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺟ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬

‫ﻠ ﺔ ﻏﻠﻔﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻣﻊ إﻫ ﺎل اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﻠ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ إذا ﺎن اﻟﻘ‬ ‫ل اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﺎرﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ﻠﺔ اﻟﻐﻠﻔﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻋ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ اد ﺣ ﺎﯾ ﻪ ]‪.[6][2‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ن أﻛ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺟ‬

‫‪ .2-4-6-I‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻷ ﻧ د ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻌﻠﻬﺎ أﻗ ﺎ ﺎ ﻣ ﺟ ﺔ ﺈزاﺣﺔ ﻓ ق ﺟﻬ ﻫﺎ إﻟﻰ‬ ‫أ وذﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻌﺎدن اﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫م ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ﻰ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻷﻧ د ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ‬

‫أﻧ د ﺎ ]‪.[8‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌﺎدن اﻟ ﻲ ﻟﻬﺎ اﺳ ﻌ اد ﻟﻠ ﻠ ﺔ ﻋ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ اﻷﻧ د ﺔ ﺗ ﺎﺳ‬

‫ﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .5-6-I‬اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل اﻟ‬

‫ﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .1-5-6-I‬ﺗﻌ‬

‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻗﻠ ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ د إﻟﻰ ﺣﻔ أو إزاﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺄﺛ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻣ اد ﺗ ﺎف إﻟﻰ وﺳ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ .‬و ن ﻋ ﻠﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫ون أو أﯾ ن( اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت )إﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻬ ا اﻟ ﺳ ‪ .‬أو ﻫﻲ ﻣ اد ﺗﻌ ض ﺗ ﻓ اﻟ‬

‫ﺧﻼل اﻹﻣ از ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ]‪.[3][2‬‬

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‫ﺎت‪:‬‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .2-5-6-I‬ﺗ‬

‫آﻟ ﺔ ﻋ ﻞ واﺣ ة ﻟ‬ ‫أن ﻧ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ ﺎ ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣ ﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ‬ ‫إن آﻟ ﺔ و ق ﻋ ﻞ اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ و اﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺔ‪ .‬ﻟ ا ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫أن ﺗ ﻐ‬ ‫ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﺗﺻﻧﯾف اﻟﻣﺛﺑطﺎت‬

‫ﺗﺄﺛﯾرھﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻏﻼت‬

‫آﻟﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻋل‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﺗﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺟﺎل أﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﮭﺎ‬
‫اﻟﻛﮭرو ﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺟزﺋﯾﺔ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ I‬ـ‪ :(3‬ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎل اﺳ ﻌ ﺎﻟﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫أ ـــ ﺣ‬

‫م ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ وأﺧ‬ ‫م ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬أوﺳﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻫ ﺎك ﻣ‬

‫اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ز ت ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣﻌ ة ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ :‬ﺗ ﻌ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫‪ ‬أوﺳﺎ‬

‫واﻟ ﻗ د‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﺳﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣ اﺟﻞ ﺣ ﺎ ﺔ اﻷﺟﻬ ة اﻟ ﻗ ﻘﺔ واﻟ‬ ‫م اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬أوﺳﺎ ﻏﺎز ﺔ‪ :‬ﻋ ﻣﺎ ﺗ‬

‫]‪.[6][4‬‬ ‫ﻪ اﻟﻬ اء اﻟ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ وﻏ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ(‪ :‬ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻬﺎ )ﺗ‬ ‫ب ــــ ﺣ‬

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‫ﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺎت ﻟ‬ ‫ن ﻓﻲ ﺷ ﻞ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻣ ﺎت ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻋ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ أﻧ ﻧ ﺔ وﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻋ‬ ‫رﻫﺎ ﻧ ﺎﺗﻲ أو ﺣ اﻧﻲ وﻫﻲ ﻧ ﻋﺎن‪ :‬ﻣ‬ ‫وﻋﺎدة ﻣ‬

‫ﻛﺎﺗ ﻧ ﺔ ]‪.[9][8‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل ﻣ ﻧﺔ ﺎﺗ ﻧﺎت‬ ‫أﻣﻼح ﺑﻠ رﺔ ﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ :‬ﻋﺎدة ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻏ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ‬

‫ن ﻓﻲ ﺑ ﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﻌ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫واﯾ ﻧﺎت‪ .‬وﻫﻲ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﻣ ﺎت ﻣ ﻣ ﺎدر ﻣﻌ ﻧ ﺔ ﻻ ﺗ‬

‫ة ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ اﻟﻘﺎﻋ ﺔ ]‪.[9][8][4‬‬

‫ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛ ﻫﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ج ــــ ﺣ‬

‫اﻟ ﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬أو ﻫﻲ ﻣ ﺎت ﺗ د إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت أﻧ د ﺔ )ﻣ ﻌ ﺔ(‪ :‬ﻫﻲ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣ ﺗﺄﻛ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ‬

‫ﺗ د إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻞ رواﺳ‬ ‫ﺈﺗ ﺎدﻫﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺷ ارد اﻟ ﯾ اﻟ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ن وذﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎ‬

‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻠﺔ ]‪.[6][4][3‬‬ ‫ﺳ اﻟ ﺎ‬

‫إﻟﻰ‬ ‫وﻧﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗ د‬ ‫وﻓ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻞ ﻻﻛ ﺎب اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ(‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻣ ﺎت إﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺎﺗ د ﺔ )ﻣﻬ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ‬

‫اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ ض ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﺧ ال اﻟ ﺎدﺛﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺣﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ .‬ﺣ‬

‫]‪.[6][3‬‬

‫اﻷﻧ د واﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﻣﻌﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ﻟﻠ ﻔﺎﻋﻠ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣ ﻠ ﺔ‪ :‬ﻫﻲ ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ‬

‫ن اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ ]‪.[3‬‬ ‫ﻔ ﻒ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗﻐ‬

‫ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫آﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ :‬ﻧ‬ ‫د ـــــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ‬

‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻠﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎت ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ن ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ‬ ‫ﺎﻹﻣ از‪ :‬ﺗ ﺎف اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ث ﻟﻬﺎ إﻣ از ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ ﻌ ض ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓ ﻌﻪ ﻣ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﺳ ‪ .‬وﻋﺎدة‬ ‫ﻓ‬

‫ﺔ ]‪.[8][7][2‬‬ ‫ﺎت اﻹﻣ از ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ اﻟ ﺎﻣ‬ ‫مﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺗ‬

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 ‫ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺎ اﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣﻊ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻣ ﻧﺔ أﻛﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺔ‪ :‬ﺗ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺎت ﻫ ا‬ ‫ﺗ ﺄﺛ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗﻘﻞ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻷ ّﻛﺎل‪ ،‬ﻓﻌ ﺧ ﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻋ اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ع ب ‪ pH‬اﻟ ﺳ ]‪.[7‬‬

‫ﺗ ﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬وﺗ ن إﻣﺎ رواﺳ‬ ‫ﻞ رواﺳ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﺳ ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻗﻠ ﻠﺔ اﻟ و ﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ اﻷ ّﻛﺎل ]‪.[9][8‬‬ ‫ﻷﻣﻼح ﻣﻌ ﻧ ﺔ أو ﻣﻌﻘ ات ﻋ‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻷ ّﻛﺎل‪ :‬ﯾ إزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻋ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺈزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻌ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﯾ م ]‪.[8‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺎﺻﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣ أﻫ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻫ ا اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ أو اﻣ‬

‫‪18‬‬
 ‫ﻋ ﻣ ﺎت ﺣ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻷول‬

‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ ﺎﻟﻌ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻣﻌ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺑ وت‬ ‫ﻟﻪ"‪ ،‬دار اﻟ اﺗ‬ ‫ر" ﻫ ﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ واﻟ ق اﻟﻔ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫]‪ [1‬د‪ .‬إﺑ اﻫ ﺳﺎﻟ اﻟ‬
‫‪ 230 ،1991‬ص‪.‬‬

‫ق‬ ‫‪" ،(2010) ،‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ـ أﺳ ﺎ ﻪ ـ أﻧ اﻋﻪ ـ‬ ‫اﻟ اد ﷴ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎن ﺧﻠﻒ ﷴ اﻟ رﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻋ‬ ‫]‪ [2‬ﻗ‬
‫‪ 500 ،‬ﺻﻔ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ ﻪ"‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﯾ ﺔ دار اﻟ ﺎب ﻟﻠ ﺎﻋﺔ واﻟ‬

‫‪Euphorbia‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼﻓ ﻧﻲ ﻟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫]‪ [4‬ﺷ ﻲ ﺳ ﺔ‪" ،(2009) ،‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﺎء‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫‪ guyoniana‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬

‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ أوﺳ‬ ‫او ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‪" ،(2007)،‬دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻌ‬ ‫]‪ [5‬ن‪ .‬اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬

‫ﻣ ﻘﺎت ‪4‬ـ أرﻞ ـ‪1‬ـ‪2‬ـ ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺛ ل ـ‪3‬ـ ﺛ ن و‪4‬ـ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﻏ ﺎ ﺔ‪ "،(2004) ،‬اﻟ ﺎﻫ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫]‪ [6‬ز‬
‫ﻧﻲ ‪ 52X‬ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣﺎﻣ ﻲ وﻣﺎء‬ ‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫أرﻞ ـ‪1،2‬ـ ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺛ ل ـ‪3‬ـ ون‪ .‬ودراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻ ﺎﻋﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬

‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷﻋ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫‪" ،(2007) ،‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺑ‬ ‫]‪ [7‬ﻋ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫او ﺔ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﻠﻘ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻌ‬ ‫د ﺔ ﺳ ﺔ‪ " ،(2012) ،‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫ﺧﻠ ﻞ‪ " ،(2006) ،‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وﺗ ﻟ ﺟ ﺎ اﻟ ﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘ ل اﻟﻐﺎز و اﻟ ول"‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻌﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ ،‬دار‬ ‫]‪ [9‬ﷴ أﺣ‬
‫واﻟ زﻊ اﻟﻘﺎﻫ ة‪ 302 ،‬ﺻﻔ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻷﺟ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪[3] C.Rochaix , Ed. Nathan, " Electrochimie-Thermodynamque-Cinétique" , 1996, p184.‬‬

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‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻟﺤﺮﻛﯿﺔ و اﻟﺘﺮﻣﻮدﯾﻨﺎﻣﯿﻜﯿﺔ‬
‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1-II‬اﻟ ق اﻟ‬

‫وﺣ ة اﻟ ﻣ أو ﻌ ﺎرة أﺧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وزن وﺣ ة اﻟ ﺎﺣﺎت ﻋ‬ ‫ﻌ ف ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺄﻧﻪ ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺎﻗ‬

‫ﺎﺣﺎت و وﺣ ة اﻟ ﻣ ]‪.[1‬‬ ‫وﺣ ة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻣﻌ ل اﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻣ اﻟ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‪:‬‬ ‫‪II‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪.1‬‬

‫ﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺧ ﺎرات ﻗ ﺎس أو ﺗ ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن ﻣ اﻟ ق اﻟﻘ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪1-II‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ .1‬ﺗﻌ ﻔﻬﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻌ‬

‫ق ﺷ ﻋﺎ ]‪.[2‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬ﻛ ﺎ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ أﻛ‬

‫وزن اﻟﻌ ﺔ و أﺧ أ ﻌﺎدﻫﺎ ﻗ ﻞ و ﻌ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟ زن‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫‪1-II‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ .2‬ﻣ ؤﻫﺎ‪ :‬ﺗﻌ‬

‫ﻌ ﺻﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﺟ ا ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل اﻷوراق اﻟ ﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻔ ق ﻓﻲ اﻟ زن ﻫ‬ ‫وﻟ ﻲ وذﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻹﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻐ‬

‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ]‪.[4][3‬‬ ‫ﻋ اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﻌ‬

‫‪1-II‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ .3‬ﺗ ﯾ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻋﺔ ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ]‪:[1‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫∆‬
‫‪V‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫)‪………….……..(1‬‬

‫)‪∆m = m − m …………..…..(2‬‬
‫)‪S = 2(LD + LH + HD) ……..(3‬‬

‫ﺣ ‪:‬‬

‫‪ : L‬اﻟ ل‪ :D ،‬اﻟﻌ ض‪ :H ،‬اﻹرﺗﻔﺎع‪.‬‬

‫ن ﺎﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ )‪ (S‬أو اﻟ ﻗ ﻘﺔ )‪ (min‬أو اﻟ ﺎﻋﺔ )‪ (h‬أو اﻟ ﺔ )‪.(an‬‬ ‫أن‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ :t‬زﻣ اﻟﻐ‬

‫ﺎﺣﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ ﺔ ووﺣ ﺗﻬﺎ )‪.(Cm²‬‬ ‫‪ :s‬اﻟ‬

‫وﺗﺎﺧ ﺎﻟﻐ ام )‪.(g‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻗ ﻞ و ﻌ اﻟﻐ‬ ‫‪ :∆m‬اﻟ ﻐ‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪1-1-II‬ـ‪ .4‬ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ دود‪:‬‬

‫ﻌ ﻰ اﻟ دود ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ]‪:[3‬‬

‫= ‪R%‬‬ ‫)‪. 100…………(4‬‬

‫ﺣ ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : V‬ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ ون ﻣ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ :V‬ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ وﺟ د اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ :R%‬ﻣﻌ ل اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‪:‬‬ ‫‪1-1-II‬ـ‪ .5‬ﻣ ا ﺎ‬

‫ﺎع ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ ]‪:[1‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫‪ ‬ﺳﻬ ﻟﺔ إﺟ اﺋﻬﺎ‪.‬‬

‫‪ ‬ﺧﻠ ﻫﺎ ﻣ اﻟ ﻌﻘ ات‪.‬‬

‫أﺟﻬ ة ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬ﻻﺗ ﻠ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‪:‬‬ ‫‪1-II‬ـ‪1‬ـ‪ .6‬ﻣ ﺎوئ‬

‫اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﻌ ض ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻊ اﻟﻔﻠ ات ﻻﺳ ﺎ ﺗﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻣ ﺎوﺋﻬﺎ ﻻ ﺗ ﻠﺢ ﻟﻘ ﺎس ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟ‬

‫ة اﻟ ﻐ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻷن ﻣ ﺎﺣﺔ ﺗ ل اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﺔ ﺗ ن ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻐ ات أو اﻟﻔ ات‪ ،‬ذﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫وﻟ ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺢ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺎﺣ اء ﺣ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ أن ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﻐ ات ﻗ ﺗ ن ﻋ ﻘﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻟﻘ ر اﻟ‬

‫ﯾ ﺛ ﻋﻠﻰ دﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ ]‪.[1‬‬

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 ‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪1-II‬ـ‪ .2‬اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﺛ ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ وﻫ ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ إﺷﺎرة )‪ (signal‬ذات ﺎ ﻊ ﻓ ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﯾ ﺛ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻠﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﻠﺔ )‪S(t‬‬ ‫ﻞ اﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺛ ﻧﻘ م ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻐ ﺎ‬ ‫)‪ e(t‬ﻣ ﻞ‪ :‬إﺷﺎرة ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿ ﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ ارﺔ‪،‬‬

‫ﻟﻬ ا اﻟ ﺄﺛ ‪.‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎر )‪I(t‬‬ ‫ن )‪ E(t‬أو ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ ﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ن إﺷﺎرة اﻟ ﺧ ل ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬إﻣﺎ ﺈﺣ اث ﺗﻐ‬

‫ن‬ ‫ن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎر أو ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﺛ ﺗﻘﺎس اﻻﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺻﻠﺔ واﻟ ﻲ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺗ‬

‫ﺗ ﻊ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﺎ ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﺟﻬﺎز‬ ‫أو ﻣ ﻐ ة ]‪ ،[1‬و‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة اﻟ ﺧ ل )‪ e(t‬ﺛﺎﺑ ﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﻣ‬

‫ﻠﻒ أﻧ ﻋﻪ‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺑ ﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(Potentionstat-Galvanostat‬‬

‫‪ .1-2-1-II‬ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ (Potentionstat-Galvanostat‬ﻣ اﻟ ع )‪:(PGZ 301‬‬

‫ﻗ ﺎس ﻓ ق ﺟﻬ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وﻣﻘﺎوﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻟ وﻣ ﺷ‬ ‫ن ﻫ ا اﻟ ﻬﺎز ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ‬

‫ﻲ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻊ ﻣ ﺧﻼﻟﻪ رﺳ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻣ ﺗ ﯾ ﺗ ﺎر وﺟﻬ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ ﻘ ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛ ﺎ‬

‫ﺗ ﻣ ود‬ ‫ﻠ ﺔ زﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ و ﺟﻬﺎز اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫نﻣ‬ ‫أن ﻫ ا اﻟ ﻬﺎز‬ ‫)‪ i=f(E‬و اﻹﺳ ﻘ ار )‪ .[3] E=f(t‬ﺣ‬

‫ﺑ ﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﺧﺎص‪.‬‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻞ)‪ :(1-II‬ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ Potentionstat-Galvanostat‬ﻣ اﻟ ع ‪.PGZ 301‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫أ‪ -‬اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﺎن‬ ‫ﺎن ﺗ‬ ‫وﻫﻲ ﺧﻠ ﺔ زﺟﺎﺟ ﺔ ﻣ ﻧ ع ‪ ،Pyrex‬ذات ﺷ ﻞ أﺳ اﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣ ﻬﺎ ‪ ،500ml‬ﺑﻬﺎ ﻓ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏ ﺎء ﺧ ﺎﺳﻲ اﻟﻔ ﺎت‬ ‫ود ﻋ ﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗ‬ ‫ود ﻣ ﺎﻋ وﻟ‬ ‫ودات‪ ،‬إﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺈدﺧﺎل ﻧ ﻋ‬

‫ار]‪.[3‬‬ ‫إﺣ اﻫ ﻹدﺧﺎل اﻻﻛ ود اﻟ ﺟﻌﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟ ﺎﻗﻲ ﻹدﺧﺎل اﻟ ﻠ ﻘﺎت ﺎﻟ‬

‫ودات‪:‬‬ ‫ب‪ -‬اﻹﻟ‬

‫ودﯾ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗﻞ‪ ،‬و ﻣ أرﻗﻰ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺗﻠ اﻟ ﻼ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻋ ﻣﺎ إﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ود اﻟﻌ ﻞ]‪.[5‬‬ ‫ود ﻣ ﺟﻌﻲ و إﻟ‬ ‫ود ﻣ ﺎﻋ ‪ ،‬إﻟ‬ ‫ودات‪ :‬إﻟ‬ ‫ﺛﻼث إﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬

‫ور اﻟ ﺎر‬ ‫ﺢ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﺣ ﻪ ﺗﻘ ر ﺑـ ‪1cm2‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼﺗ‬ ‫ع ﻣ‬ ‫ن ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻋ ‪:‬‬ ‫ود اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻹﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎﻋ ‪.‬‬ ‫ود اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪ :(2-II‬ﺻ رة ﻓ ﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻟ‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻊ ﻠ رو اﻟ ﺗﺎﺳ م ‪ KCl‬ﺄﺧ‬ ‫ود ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻣﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ود اﻟ ﺟﻌﻲ‪ :‬ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ إﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻹ ﻟ‬

‫ﻞ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة‬ ‫اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎء اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫إﺣ‬ ‫وﺿﻌ ﻪ ﻋ‬

‫]‪.[-25 mA, + 25 mA‬‬ ‫أﻗ ﺎﻫﺎ ‪ 60 C°‬وﺗ ﺎر ﺑ‬

‫ود اﻟ ﺟﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪ :(3-II‬ﺻ رة ﻓ ﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺔ ﻟﻺﻟ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ود اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪ :‬وﻫ ﻗ ﻌﺔ أﺳ اﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎﺣ ﻬﺎ ‪ 1cm2‬ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬إﻟ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻣﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ﻼﺳ‬

‫ود اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪ :(4-II‬ﺻ رة ﻓ ﺗ ﻏ اﻓ ﺔ ﻹﻟ‬

‫]‪:[1‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ إﻟﻰ ﻧ ﻋ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬ ‫وﺗ ﻘ‬

‫ﻘ ة‪ :‬وﻫ ﻩ ﺑ روﻫﺎ ﺗ ﻞ ﻧ ﻋﺎن ﻣ اﻟ ق‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪1-II‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ .2‬اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﺛ ﻧﻘ م ﻘ ﺎس ﺗﻐ ات اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﺎﺻﻠﺔ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ن ﺛﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻔ ض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ‪ :‬ﺣ‬ ‫أ‪ .‬اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﻣ ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪ :(5-II‬ﯾ ﺿﺢ اﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻟ ﻐ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﺧ ﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ق ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟ ﺎدة داﺧﻞ اﻟ ﻠ ل‪ ,‬أو ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺗ ن‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻔ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫ن ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﻣ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐ ات اﻟ‬ ‫ﺛ ﻧﻘ‬ ‫ﻔ ض ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﺗ ﺎر ﺛﺎﺑ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‪ :‬ﺣ‬ ‫ب‪ .‬اﻟ‬

‫ن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪ :(6-II‬ﯾ ﺿﺢ اﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻟ ﻐ‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻐ ة‪:‬‬ ‫‪1-II‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ .3‬اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﺛﺎﺑ ﺔ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﻣ ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧﺎ( ﻏ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎ ار أو‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺗ ن اﻹﺷﺎرة اﻟ ﻌ ﺎة ﻟﻠ ﻠﺔ )ﺳ اء ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫]‪:[1‬‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ق ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺑ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ رو‬

‫اﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وآﻟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻐ ة وﻫﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ واﺣ ة ﻣ اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺎر وﻗ ﺎس ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ‬

‫(‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟ اﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﻐ‬ ‫ﻧﻪ )وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻐ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺎس اﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻞ اﻟ‬

‫و ﻌ ﻰ ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬

‫)‪∆E = |∆E|Sin(2. π. . t − ∅)…………(5‬‬

‫ﻬﺎ ﺿﻌ ﻔﺔ ﻻ ﺗ ﺎوز ‪.10 mV‬‬ ‫وﻗ‬ ‫|‪ :|∆E‬ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻐ‬

‫اﻻﺑ اﺋﻲ ‪ Ei‬ﺳ اء ﺎن أﻧ دا أو ﺎﺛ دا ﻓﻲ ﺧﻠ ﺔ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺛﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫ ا اﻟ ﻐ‬

‫ﺎرﺔ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫أو ﻓﻲ‬

‫ﺟ ﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎر و ﻋ ﺎرﺗﻪ‪:‬‬ ‫ن ﺗ ن ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻞ ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻐ‬ ‫إﺳ ﺎ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫)‪ΔI=|ΔI| Sin (2 -πtƒ-Ø) …………(6‬‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ن اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪ :(7-II‬ﯾ ﺿﺢ اﻹﺛﺎرة اﻟ‬

‫ﺗﻌ ﻰ ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟ ﻟ ﺗ ﺄ داﺧﻞ اﻟ ﻠﺔ ﻣ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫∆‬
‫=‪z‬‬ ‫∆‬
‫)‪…………(7‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻞ ﻣ ة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗ ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ‪ Z‬اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ ﻣ ﻟ اﻹﺷﺎرات ﻧ‬ ‫ﻗ اﻟ اﺗ‬ ‫ﺑﻐ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠﻲ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫ﻘ ﻪ اﻟ ﻘ ﻘﻲ‬ ‫ﺷﻞﻋدﻣ‬

‫‪z=z‬‬ ‫)‪+ i. z …………(8‬‬

‫ﻰ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ‬ ‫)‪ (Plan complexe‬و ﻋﻰ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﺗ ﺳ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻌﻠ اﻟ‬ ‫ع ﻗ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

‫‪.[6] Diagramme de Nyquist‬‬ ‫ﻰﻧ ﺳ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ ﻟ ﻠ ﺔ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﻟ ارة‬ ‫ﻰﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪II‬ـ‪ :(8‬ﻣ‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻲ ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .2-II‬اﻟ ﺎﻧ اﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ واﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1-2-II‬اﻟ ازن اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ن ﻣﻘ ار اﻟ ﻐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ ة أو أن‬ ‫ﺎﺣ ﻪ ﺗ ﺎﻗ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ ﺎدث ان‬

‫ﻋ ﻪ وﻓ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﺳﺎﻟ ﺎ‪ ،‬و‬ ‫ﺎﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻗﺔ اﻟ ة اﻟ‬

‫)‪∆G = −n. F. E…………(9‬‬

‫ﺣ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﻧﺎت اﻟ ﺎدﻟﺔ أﺛ ﺎء اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪ :n‬ﻫ ﻋ د اﻹﻟ‬

‫)‪(F= 96500 C/mol‬‬ ‫ﻓ دا‬ ‫‪ :F‬ﺛﺎﺑ‬

‫‪ :E‬ﺟﻬ اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ن ﻣﻘ ا ار ﻣ ﺟ ﺎ وﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻻﺑ أن‬ ‫ﺎ و ﺗ ن ‪ ΔG‬ﺳﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓﺈن ﺟﻬ اﻟ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫وﻟﻲ‬

‫رة ﻣ اﻵﻧ د إﻟﻰ اﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺧﻼل ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛ ة‬ ‫وﻧﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎم اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﻰ ﺎﻟﻌ ﻞ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋﻲ و ﻣ ﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﻋﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ أﺟﻞ اﻟ ﺎر ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻹرﺟﺎع‪ ،‬و ﻟ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﯾ ﺗﻘ‬

‫و ﻌ ﻰ ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ب‬

‫‪W = −n. . E‬‬ ‫)‪… … … … (10‬‬

‫ﺣ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓ ادا )‪(F= 96500C/mol‬‬ ‫‪ :F‬ﺛﺎﺑ‬

‫ن اﻟﻌ س ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻷﻛ ة واﻹرﺟﺎع ]‪.[5‬‬ ‫‪ :E‬اﻟ‬

‫دة ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪II‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ .2‬اﻟ ﺣﻠﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ أﻛ ة ﻣﻌ ن إﻟﻰ أﯾ ﻧﺎﺗﻪ‪ ،‬وﻓﻘﺎ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻵﻧ د‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻻت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠ‬

‫ﻟﻠ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪M→ M+n+ ne-‬‬

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 ‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺑﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻋﻠ ﻪ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻔﺔ آﻧ ﺔ و‬ ‫ﻫ ﺎك اﻟﻌ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻵﻧ د ﺔ ﺗ ث أﺛ ﺎء ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪،‬‬

‫ﺔ وﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣ اﻗ ﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ ﺧﻼل ﺛﻼث ﺣ ﺎت ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﺣ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫وﻟ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن واﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣ ﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎﻻت اﻵﻧ د ﺔ واﻟ ﺎﺛ د ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬

‫ة أو اﻟ اﺗﺞ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ ﺎدة اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻣﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ‬ ‫ﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﯾ اﻗ‬

‫ﻘﺔ آﻧ د ﺔ ]‪.[7][5‬‬ ‫ﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﯾ اﻗ‬ ‫إذا‪ ،‬ﻓﺎﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬

‫ﻰ ﺑ رﺎ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪II‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ .3‬ﻣ‬

‫إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﺣ وث اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ب ‪ pH‬اﻟ ﺳ اﻷﻛﺎل ﻣﻊ اﻟﻔ ق ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫ ذﻟ اﻟ‬

‫]‪.[2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻠ اﻟ ﻘﻲ و أﯾ ﻧﺎﺗﻪ اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺑ‬

‫اﻷﺻ ﺎف‬ ‫أن ﺗ اﺟ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻌ ن ﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘ م ﺑ راﺳﺔ ﻞ اﻟ ازﻧﺎت اﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻰ ﺑ رﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺳ ﻣ‬

‫ﻞ ﻞ ﺗ ازن ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺛ ﯾ ﺳ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻠﻔﺔ ﻟﻬ ا اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬وﻓﻲ درﺟﺎت أﻛ ة ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﻞ ﻞ ﻣ ﻬﺎ ﻣ ﺎل‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌﻠ اﻟ ﺎﺑ إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﺗﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌﻠ )‪ ،E=f(pH‬ﺣ‬

‫ﻣ ﻞ أو ﻣ ﺎل اﺳ ﻘ ار ﺻ ﻒ آﺧ ]‪.[8‬‬ ‫ﻏﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻌ‬

‫اﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ وذﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﻧ‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻻت اﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻰ ﺑ رﺎ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻰﻣ‬

‫ﺛﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻞ )‪ (5-II‬وﻣ ﺧﻼل ﻫ ا اﻟ ﻞ ﻧﻼﺣ‬ ‫‪ pH‬اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ‪ ،Nernst‬ﺑ ﻐ‬ ‫ﺑ‬

‫وﻫﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬

‫ﻞ ﻣ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻓ ﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ن )اﻟ ﯾ إﻟﻰ ﺷ ارد ‪ (Fe2+, Fe3+‬وﺗ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﯾ ﻔ‬ ‫أ‪ -‬ﻣ ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ :‬وﻫﻲ اﻟ‬

‫ن ‪.[10][9] E= - 0.44V‬‬ ‫وﻟ ﻲ وﺗ ن ﻋ اﻟ ﯾ اﺑ اء ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ و ﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻹﻟ‬

‫)‪ (Fe3O4‬و اﻟﻬ رو‬ ‫ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ ﻣ اﻷو‬ ‫ﻞ ﻓ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺔ‪ :‬وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ب‪ -‬ﻣ ﻘﺔ اﻟ‬

‫ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗ ﻲ اﻟ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ]‪.[8][3‬‬ ‫ﺑ اﻛ‬

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 ‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ ﻏ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬وذﻟ ﻟ ﺟ د‬ ‫ن ﻓ ﻬﺎ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻏ‬ ‫ج‪ -‬ﻣ ﻘﺔ اﻻﻣ ﺎع‪ :‬وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﻘﺔ‬

‫ﺗ ن ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﺎﺛ د ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن ]‪.[9][3‬‬ ‫ﻷ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﺳ ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬

‫ﻰ ﺑ ر ﺎ ﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ ﯾ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﻋ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة ‪.25 C°‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪ :(9-II‬ﯾ ﺿﺢ ﻣ‬

‫‪II‬ـ‪2‬ـ‪ .4‬ﺣ ﺎب ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ق ﻣ ﻬﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎب ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻌ ة‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎﺣﺔ واﻟ ﻣ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠﺔ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎﺣﺔ واﻟ ﻣ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋ د ﻣ ﻻت اﻟ ﻌ ن ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻣ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﻘ د ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﺷ ة اﻟ ﺎر‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫ﻣﻌ ﻓﺔ ﻋ ة ﻣﻌﻠ ﻣﺎت ﻣ أﻫ ﻬﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ ]‪:[11‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﯾ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫أ‪ -‬ﻗﺎﻧ ن ‪:Bulter-Volmer‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻌ ن‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﺑ‬ ‫ﺎت إﻟﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺢ ﺎﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ﺣ ﺎب ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ ]‪.[13][12‬‬ ‫وﻟ‬ ‫واﻹﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﻼﺗ (‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻣ )ﻣ ﻼ ﻗ‬ ‫‪ Fe2+‬وﻗ‬ ‫ون ﺑ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ )أ( ﺗ‬

‫↔ ‪Fe2+‬‬ ‫)أ(‪Fe3++e-.............‬‬

‫اﺳ ﺎدا إﻟﻰ ﻗﺎﻧ ن ‪.Faraday‬‬

‫د ﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ )‪V (mol/S-1m-2‬‬ ‫ﻛ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ‪ i‬ﺗ ن ﻣ ﺎﺳ ﺔ‬

‫‪n= 1‬‬ ‫ﻧﻔ ض أن‪:‬‬

‫)‪V = (V − V ) …………(11‬‬
‫)‪i = . V = F(V − V ) …………(12‬‬

‫‪ Fe2+‬و‪ Fe3+‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎردﺗ‬ ‫‪ : Vc ,Va‬ﺳ ﻋ ﺎن ﻣ ﺎﺳ ﺎن ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ ﻟﻠ‬

‫ﻗﺎﻧ ن ‪ Arrhenius‬ﻓﺈن‪:‬‬ ‫وﺣ‬

‫‪V =K C‬‬ ‫)‪exp (−∆Ga∗ ⁄R. T) … … … … . . (13‬‬

‫‪V =K C‬‬ ‫)‪exp (−∆Gc ∗ ⁄R. T) … … … … . . (14‬‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪ : K , K‬ﺛﺎﺑ‬

‫وﻟ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟﻔﺎﺻﻞ ﻟﻺﻟ‬ ‫‪ Fe‬و ‪ Fe‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎردﺗ‬ ‫‪ :C‬ﺗ‬ ‫‪,C‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻵﻧ د ‪.‬‬ ‫∆‪ :‬اﻷﻧ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ة اﻟ‬ ‫∗‬

‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻟ ﺎﺛ د ‪.‬‬ ‫∆‪ :‬اﻷﻧ ﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ ة اﻟ‬ ‫∗‬

‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠ أن‪:‬‬

‫∆‬ ‫∗‬
‫∗‪= ∆Ga‬‬ ‫)‪− α . F . ∆E … … … . . (15‬‬
‫∆‬ ‫∗‬
‫)‪= ∆Gc ∗ − (1 − α) . F . ∆E………(16‬‬

‫)‪ (15‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (13‬و ﻟ )‪ (16‬ﻓﻲ)‪ (14‬و ﺿﻊ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌ‬

‫∆‬
‫‪K ′ = K . exp α . F .‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫∆‬
‫‪K ′ = K . exp (1 − (1 − α) . F .‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫)‬

‫ﻧ ‪:‬‬

‫‪V = k′ . C‬‬ ‫)‪exp (−∆Ga∗ ⁄R. T). exp(α. F. ∆E/R. T) … … … … (17‬‬

‫‪V = k′ . C‬‬ ‫)‪exp (−∆Gc ∗ ⁄R. T). exp (1 − α). F. ∆E/R. T … … … … . . (18‬‬

‫و ﺿﻊ‪:‬‬
‫∗‬
‫∆ ‪K ′′ = k ′ . exp(−‬‬ ‫)‪/RT‬‬
‫∗‬
‫∆‪k ′′ = K ′ . exp (−‬‬ ‫)‪/RT‬‬

‫ﺎ ﺔ ﻋ ﺎرﺗﻲ اﻟ ﻋﺔ ‪ Va‬و ‪ Vc‬ﻛ ﺎ ﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪V = k ′′ . C‬‬ ‫)‪exp (α . F . ∆E⁄R. T) … … … … … . . (19‬‬

‫‪V = k ′′ . C‬‬ ‫)‪exp (−(1 − α). F . ∆E⁄R. T) … … … … . . (20‬‬

‫‪B + ΔE = E‬‬ ‫‪ΔE = E - B‬‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠ أن‪:‬‬

‫‪ B‬ﻫ ﺛﺎﺑ ‪ E ،‬اﻟ ﻬ اﻟ ﻘ وء‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(21‬‬ ‫‪ B‬أي‪ ΔE ≈ E :‬ﻧ‬ ‫ﺈﻫ ﺎل ﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺑ‬

‫‪V − V = K ′′ . C‬‬ ‫‪exp(α. F. E⁄R. T) − K ′′ . C‬‬ ‫)‪exp(−(1 − α). F. E⁄R. T)………..(21‬‬

‫ون وﻟ وج ‪ OX/Red‬ﻧﺠﺪ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(22‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪ (21‬ﻓﻲ )‪ (12‬وﻣ أﺟﻞ ‪ n‬إﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻌ‬

‫‪i = i + i = n. F. K C‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫‪exp(α. n. F. E⁄R. T) − n. F. K C‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪exp(−(1 − α). F. E⁄R. T) … (22‬‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻋ اﻟ ازن‬ ‫ود‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ وج ‪ OX/Red‬ﻋﻠﻰ إﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻰ اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (22‬ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Bulter-Volmer‬ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺗ ن ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﻣﻌ وﻣﺔ و ن ﻟ ﯾ ﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪E=E‬‬ ‫)‪… … … … … . (23‬‬

‫)‪i = i + i = 0 … … … … . (24‬‬

‫وﻣ ﻪ ﯾ ﺞ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪i‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬

‫‪= −i‬‬ ‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫)‪= i … … … … . (25‬‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺎت ﻋ اﻻﺗ ان‪.‬‬ ‫ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ود‪ ،‬وﻫ ﻩ اﻟﻘ ﺔ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﺎدل ﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫‪:i‬‬

‫ﺎت ﻣ ﺎو ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻞ اﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫أﺻ ﺎف ‪ ox‬و ‪ red‬اﻟ‬ ‫نﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺷ و اﻻﺗ ان‪،‬‬

‫ود )ﻧ ﻣ ﻟﻪ ب ‪ (S‬وداﺧﻞ اﻟ ﻠ ل )ﻧ ﻣ ﻟﻪ ب ‪.(SOL‬‬ ‫ﺳ ﺢ إﻟ‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪=C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)∗( … … … … …‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪=C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫)∗∗( ‪… … … … .‬‬

‫ﺎ ﺔ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Butler-Volmer‬ﺑ ﻻﻟﺔ ‪:i‬‬ ‫)*(‪ (**) ،‬واﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪(22‬‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟﻌ ﺎرﺗ‬

‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪α. n. F‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪−(1 − α). n. F‬‬

‫‪i=i‬‬ ‫‪exp‬‬ ‫‪(E − E‬‬ ‫( ‪)−i‬‬ ‫( ‪)exp‬‬ ‫‪E−E‬‬ ‫)‪. (26‬‬
‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪R. T‬‬ ‫‪C‬‬ ‫‪,‬‬ ‫‪R. T‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻬ و ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ]‪.[13][12‬‬ ‫إذن ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Butler-Volmer‬ﺗﻌ ﻲ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﺑ‬

‫ب‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧ ن‪:Tafel‬‬

‫ﻫ ﺎ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻗﺎم اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل ﺑ ﺿﻊ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠ‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل اﻷﻧ د ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫= ‪B‬‬ ‫‪. .‬‬
‫)‪…………….(27‬‬

‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل اﻟ ﺎﺛ د ‪:‬‬

‫‪.‬‬
‫(= ‪B‬‬ ‫‪). .‬‬
‫)‪… … … … . . (28‬‬

‫اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت واﻟ اﺗﺞ ﻣ ﺎو‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Bulter-Volmer‬ﻣﻊ إﻋ ﺎر أن ﺗ‬ ‫وﺑﻌ‬

‫ﻓﺈن اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ﺗﺄﺧ اﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫)‪i = i exp (η ⁄B ) − i (− η ⁄B ) … … … . . (29‬‬

‫ﺣ ‪:‬‬

‫‪: η0‬ﻫﻲ ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻬ وﺗﻌ ﻰ ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫‪η =E−E‬‬ ‫)‪…………….(30‬‬

‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺗﻘ‬ ‫ن أو ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻬ ‪ η‬و‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ﺑ ﻻﻟﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻠ ﻏﺎر اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻰ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻞﻣ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫وﺟﻬﺔ ﺎﺛ د ﺔ ‪<< −1‬‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺟﻬﺔ آﻧ د ﺔ أﯾ ‪>> 1‬‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﺟﻬ‬

‫(‪:‬‬ ‫ﻰ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل )‪>> 1‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﻧ اﻷﻧ د ﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﺛ د ﺗﺄﺧ ﻋ ﺎرة ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺈﻫ ﺎل اﻟ ﺎﻧ‬

‫)‪i = i = i exp (η ⁄B ) … … … … … . (31‬‬

‫ﺈدﺧﺎل اﻟﻠ ﻏﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌ ﺎرة اﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ و ﺿﻊ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪a = −2.303B Log(i‬‬
‫‪b = 2.303B‬‬

‫ﻋ ﺎرة ﻣ ﻘ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل اﻷﻧ د ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫)‪η = a + b Log(i) … … … … … . (32‬‬

‫(‪:‬‬ ‫ﻰ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل ) ‪<< −‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﻧ اﻟ ﺎﺛ د ﻟ‬

‫ﺎ ﺔ ﻋ ﺎرة ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻵﻧ د‬ ‫ﺈﻫ ﺎل اﻟ ﺎﻧ‬

‫)‪i = i = i exp (−η ⁄B ) … … … … … . (33‬‬

‫ﺈدﺧﺎل اﻟﻠ ﻏﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌ ﺎرة اﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ و ﺿﻊ‪:‬‬

‫) ‪a = −2.303B Log(i‬‬
‫‪b = 2.303B‬‬

‫ﻋ ﺎرة ﻣ ﻘ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل اﻟ ﺎﺛ د ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻧ‬

‫)‪η = a + b Log(i) … … … … … . (34‬‬

‫)‪ (33‬و )‪ (34‬اﻟ ود اﻷﻧ د ﺔ واﻟ ﺎﺛ د ﺔ ﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ ‪ Bulter-Volmer‬وﻣ ﺧﻼل‬ ‫ﺗ ﻒ ﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟ‬

‫ن ﺑ ا ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ]‪.[6][4‬‬ ‫ﻊﺗ ﯾ‬ ‫ﻰ ﺗﺎﻓﺎل ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

‫‪35‬‬
‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻰ ﺗﻔﺎل‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ )‪ :(10-II‬ﯾ ﺿﺢ ﻣ‬

‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‪:‬‬ ‫ج‪ .‬ﻣ‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب واﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﻔ وض ﻋﻠ ﻪ )أ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ i‬ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻋ اﻟ‬

‫ﻧﺳ ﻣ ﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ ض ﻟﻪ( وﻷﺧ ﻓ ة ﻣﻔ ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻋ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻬﺎ‬

‫ﻟﻪ وﻫ ﻧ ﻋﺎن ]‪:[8‬‬ ‫اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ‬

‫ﻰ )‪:i= f(E‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ‬

‫اﻟﻌ ﻞ واﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ن )اﻟ ﻔ وض ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ Potentionstat‬ﻧﻐ‬

‫ﻓﻲ ﻞ ﻣ ة ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﺎر ﻓﻲ اﻟ ارة ]‪:[14‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺟﻌﻲ( وﻧﻘ‬

‫‪36‬‬
‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻰ)‪i= f(E‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪ :(11-II‬ﻣ‬

‫ﻰ )‪:E= f(i‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ‬

‫ن‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ﺎﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﺟﻬﺎز ‪ Potentionstat‬ﺛ ﻘﺎس ﻓﻲ ﻞ ﻣ ة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ة ﻧ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ اﻓ ﻟﻠ‬

‫ﻰ)‪E= f(i‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪ :(12-II‬ﻣ‬

‫‪37‬‬
‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫د‪ .‬ﻗﺎﻧ ن ‪:Stern et Geary‬‬

‫ن اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ )‪ (E‬وﻣ ﻪ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ﻰ )‪i=f(E‬‬ ‫ﺑ ﺳ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ أﺟﻞ ﻗ ﺎس اﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﺔ وذﻟ‬

‫ن ]‪:[12‬‬

‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪− 10(mV) < E < E‬‬ ‫)‪+ 10(mV) … … … (35‬‬

‫ﻟ ﯾ ﺎ‪:‬‬

‫‪∆E = E − E‬‬ ‫;‬ ‫‪∆E → 0‬‬

‫‪i=i‬‬ ‫‪((E − E‬‬ ‫‪⁄B ) − (E − E‬‬ ‫)‪⁄B )) … … . . (36‬‬
‫‪∆E‬‬ ‫‪∆E‬‬
‫‪∆i = i‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪− 2.3‬‬ ‫)‪… … … . . (37‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬
‫‪∆i‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬
‫‪= 2.3. i‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫)‪… … … (38‬‬
‫‪∆E‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪Bc‬‬

‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗ ﻋﻰ ﺎﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫‪R = (1⁄2.3. i‬‬ ‫)‪)(B . B ⁄B + B ) … … … (39‬‬

‫ﯾ اوح‬ ‫‪،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ واﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﻲ ﺑ‬ ‫ﺗ ل ﻫ ﻩ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻷﺧ ة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺎﺳ‬

‫ﻘ ﺔ ﻣ ﺳ ﺔ‪ 10mV :‬ﻣﻊ ارﺗ ﺎب ‪±0,1mV‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ار‬

‫‪.‬‬

‫ﻣﻌ ﻓﺔ ﻗ ﺔ ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺑ ﻗﺔ ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺣ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻼل ﻗ ﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ‪RP‬‬

‫‪i‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪…………(40‬‬

‫‪10mV < B < 30mV‬‬

‫‪38‬‬
‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ ﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻟﻌ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﻠﻘ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻌ‬ ‫د ﺔ‪ .‬ﺳ ﺔ‪" ،(2012) ،‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫]‪[1‬‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ ،‬ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻲ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﻣﻌﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻪ"‪ ،‬دار اﻟ ﺗ‬ ‫ر‪ .‬أﺣ ‪" ،(2000) ،‬ﻫ ﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ واﻟ ق اﻟﻔ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫]‪ [2‬ﺳﺎﻟ ﻣ‬

‫ﺑ وت‪.‬‬

‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷﻋ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺎدر‪" .(2007) .‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫]‪ [3‬ﺑ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ ،‬ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫او ﺔ" ‪ .‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪Euphordia‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻼﻓ ﻧﻲ ﻟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫]‪ [5‬ﺷ ﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳ ﺔ ‪" .(2009) .‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ م وﻋﻠ م اﻟ ﻬ س‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻲ" ‪ .‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫‪ guyoniana‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻد ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ ،‬ورﻗﻠﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺻ‬

‫ق‬ ‫‪" ،(1988) ،‬اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ,‬أﺳ ﺎ ﻪ‪,‬أﻧ اﻋﻪ‪,‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎن ﺧﻠﻒ ﷴ اﻟ رﺟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻋ اﻟ اد ﷴ أﺣ‬ ‫]‪ [7‬ﻗ‬

‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺻﻞ‪ .‬ﻐ اد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﺎﻋﺔ و اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ ﻪ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ﯾ ﺔ دار اﻟ ﺎﺗ‬

‫ﺔ واﻷزوﺗ ﺔ"‪،‬‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺷﺔ‪.‬ﻋ اﻟ ﯾ ‪" ،(2008) ،‬دراﺳﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫]‪[8‬‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ ،‬ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ م وﻋﻠ م اﻟﻬ س‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬

‫ﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎت ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺛ ل ﺛ ن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻌ‬ ‫ة‪" ،(2005) ،‬دراﺳﺔ اﻷﺛ اﻟ‬ ‫]‪ [9‬ﻣﻘ م‪ .‬ﺧ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ ،‬ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻋﺔ أﻟ ﻞ"‪ ،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺿﻌ ﺔ ‪4‬و‪5‬‬

‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ أوﺳﺎ‬ ‫او ﺔ‬ ‫ﻲ‪" ،(2007) ،‬دراﺳﺔ ﻓﺎﻋﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫]‪ [12‬ﻧ ﺳﺔ‪ .‬اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎح‪ ،‬ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ م واﻟﻌﻠ م اﻟﻬ ﺳ ﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ"‪،‬ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬

‫‪39‬‬
‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻣ دﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬

‫ﺛ ن و‬-3-‫ ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺛ ل‬-1,2-‫أرﻞ‬-4 ‫ﻣ ﻘﺎت‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ "اﻟ ﺎﻫ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗ‬،(2004) ، ‫ ز‬.‫[ ﻏ ﺎ ﺔ‬11]

‫ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣﺎﻣ ﻲ وﻣﺎء‬x52 ‫ﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ ون و دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗ‬-3-‫ ﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺛ ل‬-2-1-‫أرﻞ‬-4

.‫ ورﻗﻠﺔ‬.‫ﻣ ﺎح‬ ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬، ‫ ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬،"‫ﺻ ﺎﻋﻲ‬

‫ﺔ وﺛ ﺎﺋﻲ ﺛ ل‬ ‫ﻓ ﻟﻲ ﻟ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎد ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟ‬ ‫ " ﺗﻘ ﯾ اﻟﻔﻌﻞ اﻟ‬،(2012) ،‫ ﻋﺎﺋ ﺔ‬.‫[ ﺻ ﺎد‬14]

.‫ ورﻗﻠﺔ‬،‫ﻣ ﺎح‬ ‫ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﺎﺻ‬،‫ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟﻌﻠ م وﺗ ﻟ ﺟ ﺎ وﻋﻠ م اﻟ ﺎدة‬، ‫ ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬،"‫ﺣﻠﻘﻲ‬

:‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ ﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ اﻷﺟ ﺔ‬

[4] J .P. Diard, B. Le Gorrec, C. Montella. (1996). cinétique électrochimique . vol, 3.
éditions Herman.
[6] Moulay. Yamina , (2012) ̏ investigation phythimique de l’acacia arabica aux propriéts
antioxydantes et inhibitrices ̋ , Mémoire de magister, Faculedes sciences et Technologies et
des sciences de lamatiere, Université kasdi merbah . Ouargla.
[11] J. J. Lamoureux. (1994). ̏ précis de corrosion ̋ . Vol, 1. édition Laval Beauchemin paris
Masson 1994 Imper, au canada.
[13] D. Londolt. (1993). ̏ corrosion et chimie des surfaces des métaux ̋ .VOL 12, presse
polytechniques et Universitaires Romandes.

40
‫اﻟﺪراﺳﺔ اﻻﺳﺘﻘﺼﺎﺋﯿﺔ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﯿﻖ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﻠﺼﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻨﺒﺎﺗﯿﺔ ﻛﻤﺜﺒﻄﺎت ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻣ ﺧﻞ‪:‬‬

‫ﻒ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدن‪ ،‬إﻻ أن ﺗ‬ ‫أ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﺎم ﻹزاﻟﺔ اﻟﻘ ر واﻟ‬ ‫م اﻷﺣ ﺎض‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ة‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﻪ واﺳ ﻬﻼك ﻛ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻧ ﻼﻟﻪ و ﺗﺂﻛﻠﻪ ﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻘ اﻧﻪ ﻟ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ﻬ ر ﺧ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﯾ د‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟﻌ ب اﻟ ﺗ ﺔ ﺎﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ ﻌ ﻧﻲ أﺻ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ وﻣ أﺟﻞ اﻟ ﻐﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻷﺣ ﺎض‪ ،‬وﻟ ﻞ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫اﻟ ق ﻟﻠ ﺎ ﺔ ﻣ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﻫ ة‪ ،‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ أﺣ‬ ‫ﺎت اﺻ ﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻟﻸﺣ ﺎض واﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎف ﻣ‬

‫ﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ أو ﺳﻠ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠﻘﺔ اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻊ ﻣ ﻣ اد ﺧﺎم وﺗ ﺎر ﻣ ﻣ ﺎت ﺑﻬﺎ ذرة ﻏ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ﺎت ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫وأﺛ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﻲ أ ﻬ ت ﻧ ﺎ‬ ‫وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻏ ﻣ إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫ﺗ اﺳ اﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ إﻻ أن ﻣﻌ ﻬﺎ ﺷ ﯾ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻌﺎدن ﻓﻲ اﻷوﺳﺎ‬

‫ﻣ ﻞ اﻻﻫ ﺎم واﻟ‬ ‫أﺻ‬ ‫ﺿﺎرة‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﻧ ﺎﺗ ﺔ( ﺻ ﻘﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺔ وﻏ‬ ‫ﻌ ﺔ )ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت‬

‫اﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻠﻞ وﺗ ﻞ‬ ‫اء وﻣ‬ ‫ث اﻟﻌﻠ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻵوﻧﺔ اﻷﺧ ة ﺎﻋ ﺎرﻫﺎ ﻣ ﺎدر ﺧ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟ‬

‫ﺔ و ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻔ ﺔ ]‪.[1‬‬ ‫اﻣﻬﺎ ﺈﺟ اءات‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ ﺔ ﻏ ﺔ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎدر‬

‫ﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻫ ا اﻟﻔ ﻞ ﻣ ﺧﻼل ﻣ ﺎﻗ ﺔ ﻣ ﻠﻒ اﻟ اﺟﻊ واﻟ ﻘﻼت اﻟﻌﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﯾ ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫وﻫ ا ﻣﺎ ﺳ‬

‫وﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﻌ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟ ﺳﺎﺋ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻬﺎ اﺧ ﺎر اﻟ‬

‫‪42‬‬
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺎت ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬:1-Ⅲ

‫( ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬HCl) ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ اء ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬:(1 –IV) ‫اﻟ ول‬

.‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬

2 1 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
P. R. Vijayalakshmi et al. Ambrish Singh et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
E-Journal of Chemistry Rasayan Journal of Chemistry ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
(Vol :7,No:32010,p:1055-1065) (Vol:3,No:4,2010,p:811-824)
Inhibitory Action of Borassus Inhibition effect of environment ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
Flabellifer Linn. ally benign Kuchla (strychnos
(Palmyra Palm) Shell Extract on Nuxvomica) seed extract on
Corrosion of Mild Steel in Acidic corrosion of mild steel in
Media hydrochloric acid solution
Borassus Flabellifer Linn (Palmyra Palm) Kuchla (strychnos Nuxvomica) (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻟﻘ ة‬ (‫)اﻟ ور‬
(1M) HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ــ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (EIS, ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ ـ اﻟ‬
PDP)
3 % v/v 350 ppm ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL : 98.11% WL: 98% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP:( EIRp= 84.09%) PDP:( IERp= 97%)
Tafal: (EII= 82.59%) Tafal: ( IEI= 98%)
EIS: ( = 86.53%) EIS: ( = 97%)
GC-MS (FTIR)‫ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ ﺗ‬, ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از‬
‫أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﻘﺸﻮر ﻣﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫اﻟ ور ﻟﻠ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(1M) HCl ‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠﺘﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬
‫ﺎ ﺟ ا ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ روس ﻣ‬
‫وﻫ ﺻ ﯾ ﻟﻠ ﺔ‬
.(1M) HCl ‫وﺳ‬
[3] [2] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

43
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

4 3 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Gopiraman mayakrishnam et al. Pondiam bothi raga et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Journal of Lonics International Journal of ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
(Vol :17,2011,p:843-852) Minerals, Metallurgy and
Materials(Vol:18, No:4, 2011,
p:413-418)
Inhibitive action of clematis Inhibitive effect of Xylopia ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
gouriana extract on the corrosion ferruginea extract on corrosion of
of mild steel in acidic medium mild steel in 1M HCl medium
Clematis gouriana Xylopia ferruginea (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻷوراق‬ ((b)‫( وﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق‬a) ‫)اﻷوراق‬
(1M) HCl / ‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (EIS, PDP ) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ‬
400ppm 100ppm ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 85.50% Tafal: IEI= (a: 85%, b: 92%) ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
Tafal: (IEI= 95.70%) EIS : (a: 87%, b:88%)
EIS: =92.77%)

FTIR، SEM ،EDS FTIR، SEM ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬

‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ............ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ أن ﻫ ا‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺔ أن ﻼ‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗﻲ ﻌ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ (‫)اﻷوراق وﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(1M) HCl ‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ .‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻬ إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﺟ ة ﻟ‬
[5] [4] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

44
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

6 5 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Gopal ji et al. C.A.Loto et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
International Journal of International journal of the physical ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
Electrochemical science (Vol:7, sciences (Vol:6, No:15, 2011,
2012, p:12146-12158) p:3616-3623)
Green capsicum annuum fruit Corrosion and plant extracts ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
extract for inhibition of mild steel inhibition of mild steel in HCl
corrosion in hydrochioric acid
solution
Capsicum annuum Tobacco(T) and kolanut(K) (‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫) اﻟ ﺎر‬ ‫ اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ‬٬(K)‫)اﻷوراق اﻟ ﻻ‬
((T)‫ﻟﻠ ﻎ‬
(1M) HCl / ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (0.5M) HCl / ‫اﻹﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ........... ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

(EIS, PDP) ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ـ‬
1400 mg /L 100% , 60% ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 82% WL: 97%(T) ,81.27%(K) ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP:(EII= 86%)
EIS: ( = 83.50%)
OEM .................. ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬

‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ................... ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از‬

‫إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﺟ ة‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺗ‬ .‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬
.‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
[7] [6] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

45
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

8 7 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Chennappan kamal et al. Maduabuchi A . chidiebere et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Industrial & Engineering Chemistry ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
Research (Vol :51, 2012, p:10399- Research (Vol :51,2012, p:668-677)
10407)
Caulerpin-A bis-Indole alkaloid Corrosion inhibition and ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
as a green inhibitor for the Adsorption behavior of punica
corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl granatum extracts on mild steel in
solution from the Mavine alga acidic environments: Experimental
caulerpa racemosa and theoretical studies
Mavine alga Punica granatum (‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
( caulerpa racemosa) (‫)اﻟﻘ ة‬
(1M) HCl / ‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
25ppm 600 mg /L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL : 83% WL : 92% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
Tafal : ( EII= 80%) Tafal : ( EII= 83.3%)
EIS : =85% EIS : =( 80,6%)

AFM DFT ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬

‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ راﺳﺎت أن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ وﻫ ا ﻣﺎ أﻛ ﺗﻪ ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ‬ (1M) HCl ‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬
.‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
[9] [8] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

46
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

10 9 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
K. Anbarasi et al. Venkatesha et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Chemical Science Review and Industrial & Engineering ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
Letters(Vol:3(9), 2014, p: 45-51) Chemistry Research (Vol :52,
2013 , p :722-728)
Corrosion Inhibition Potential of Acalypha torta leaf extract as ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
Cucurbita Maxima Plant Extract on green corrosion inhibitor for
Mild Steel in Acid Media mild steel in hydrochloric acid
solution
Cucurbita Maxima Acalypha torta (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻷوراق‬ (‫)اﻷوراق‬
(1M) HCl / ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
.................
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ــ‬ (WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(EIS, ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
PDP)
2% v/v 1000 ppm ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL : 98% WL: 89% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
EIS: = 90.03%
Tafal: ( EII= 91%)
FTIR SEM ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ‬, ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬

‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫أﺛ‬ ‫اﻹﯾ ﺎﻧ ل ﻟﻸوراق‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌﻞﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺎ ﺟ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ أن اﻟ‬ ‫و ﻔﺎءة‬ ‫ﺟ ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟﻠ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻛ‬
(1M) HCl ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬ .‫ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ‬
[11] [10] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

47
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

12 11 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
K.shalabi et al. Lebe A. Nnama et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Physicochemical problems of International Jorunal of Materials ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
materails protection(vol:51، N°5, Engineering (Vol:4, No:5, 2014,
2015, p908-917) p:171-179)
Adsorption and inhibitive effect Inhibition of mild steel corrosion ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
of Schinus Terebithifolius extract in HCL solution by Pentaclethra
as a green corrosion inhibitor for macrophylla Bentham extract.
carbon steel in acidic solution.
Schinus Terebinthifolius Pentaclethra macrophylla Bentham (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
( ‫)اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ‬ (‫) اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ‬
(0.5M) HCl/ ‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻞ رﺋ ﻲ‬ ‫عﻣ ﻠ ﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫ﻣﻬ ﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻓﻬ ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر‬
(PDP, EIS) ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
EFM ‫ــ ﺗﻘﻨﯿﺔ‬ (PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
900 ppm 0.5 g/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
PDP: (EIRp= 93.3%) W L: 98% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
EIS:( = 96.7%) PDP : (EIRp= 95.6%)
EFM: 95.5%
SEM، EDX SEM, EDS ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﺗ‬, ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬

‫ﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻊ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻧ ﻼل‬ ‫ﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺟ ﻋ ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر‬ ‫ ﻣ ﺣ‬1M‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬
.‫إﻣ از ﻣ ﻧﺎﺗﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬ .‫وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة ﻣ ﺗﻔﻌﺔ‬
[13] [12] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

48
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

14 13 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Taissa F. Souza et al. Chris O.Akalezi et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
International Journal of International Journal Ind chem ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
electrochemical science (vol:10, (vol:6, 2015,p273-284)
2015,p22-33)
Inhibitory action of ILex Rothmannia longiflora extract ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
paraguariensis extracts on the as corrosion inhibitor for mild
corrosion of carbon steel in HCl steel in acidic media
solution
ILex paraguariensis Rothmannia longiflora (‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
( ‫)اﻷوراق واﻟ ﻘﺎن‬ (‫)اﻷوراق‬
(1M) HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ HCl ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ‬
1000 mg/L 1000 mg/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 93% WL: 90.92% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP: (EIRp= 79%) PDP: (EIRp= 84.83%)
EIS:( = 91%) EIS:( = 83.70%)

....... ...... ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬

‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(1M) HCl ‫ﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ (1M) HCl ‫وﺳ‬
[15] [14] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

49
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

16 15 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Obiukwu Osita et al. C.O.Akalezi et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
International lettersof chemistry ,physics International Journal corrosion ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
and astronomy(vol:66,2016 p 25-37) scale inhib (vol:5,N°2, 2016,
p132-146)
The inhibitive effect of Gnetum Mild steel protection in ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
Africanum , Gongronema Latifolium and acidic media using Mucuna
Chromolena Odaratum extract on pruriens seed extract
corrosion of stainless steel in 1M HCl and
H2SO4 solution
(Gnetum africanum)(Ga)(‫)أوراق‬ Mucuna pruriens ( ‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(Gongronema latifolium)(Gl)(‫)أوراق‬ ( ‫)اﻟ ور‬
(Chromolena odaratum)(Ch.o)(‫)أوراق‬

(1M) HCl / ‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) / ‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
HCl ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
..... ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﺿ ﺎع اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(PDP, ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ــ‬
EIS)
20 mL 1000 mg/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: (Ga:76.47%, Gl:85.71%, Ch.o:90.95%) WL: 82.89% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP: (EIRp= 91.01%)
EIS:( = 91.01%)

...... ....... ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬

‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
..... ........ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت ﺗﻌ ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ‬ ‫أوﺿ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫أوراق‬ ‫ﺔ ﺑ ﺎ أﺛ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ (1M) HCl

‫ﻣ ورق اﻟﻌ ﺎز وأوراق‬ ‫أﻧﻬﺎ أﻓ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ اﺑ‬

‫ﻔﻟ م‬ ‫اﻟﻠ‬
[17] [16] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

50
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

18 17 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
A.S.Fouda et al. A.Batah et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Int .J. Ind. Chem.(vol:8, 2017, p 61-73) Moroccan Journal of chemistry ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
(vol:5, N°:3, 2017,p 404-416)
Mitigation of corrosion of carbon steel Electrochemical and ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
in acidic solutions using an aqueous thermodynamic study of the
extract of Tilia cordata as green inhibitory efficacy of methanol
corrosion inhibitor extracts of Rind and Leaves of
Grape fruit plant on the corrosion
of carbon steel in acidic medium
Tilia cordata Grape fruit (‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
( ‫)اﻷوراق‬ ( GFL ‫ واﻷوراق‬GFR‫) اﻟﻘ ة‬
(1M) HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL)‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(PDP, EFM EIS ) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (EIS,PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
300 mg/L 1 g/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 89.8% WL: (GFR: 82.44%, GFL:80.33%) ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP:(EIRp= 92.9%) PDP: (IEI =(GFR:79.89%, GFL:
EFM: 73.1% 80.97%))
EIS:( = 96.5%) EIS: ( =(GFR: 82.86%,
GFL:80.97%))
SEM, EDX OM ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از‬
‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫اﻟ اﻓ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟ‬ ‫أوﺿ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ د إﻟﻰ اﺳ ﺎج أن اﻟ‬ ‫أن‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ روﺳﺔ ﺎﻧ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫أﺧ‬ ‫اﻣﻪ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻧ ل ﻟﻠﻘ ة ﺎن اﻣ ازﻩ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
.‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻧ ل‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓ ﺎﺋﻲ أﻛ‬
‫اﻷوراق‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻸوراق و ﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ ﻓ‬
‫اﻟﻘ ة‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫أﻛ‬
[19] [18] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

51
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

20 19 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Yujie Qiang et al. L.E.Yahaya et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Corrosion science(vol :133, 2018, World Applied Sciences ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
p6-16) Journal(vol :35, N°:6, 2017, p 985-
992)
Evaluation of Ginkgo Leaf extract Green and Black Tea(Camellia ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
as an eco-friendly corrosion Sinensis) extract as corrosion
inhibitor of X70 Steel in HCl inhibitor for mild steel in acid
solution. medium.

Ginkgo (Camellia Sinensis) (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

(‫)اﻷوراق‬ BTE‫ واﻷﺳ د‬GTE ‫اﻟ ﺎ اﻷﺧ‬
(1M) HCl / ‫ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl / ‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫ اﻟ ﺳ‬/

‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ........... ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ ـ اﻟ‬ (WL)‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

200 mg/L 0.25 g/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

EIS: :( = 92.5%) We: ( GTE:83.1% ,BTE: 81.7%) ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
Tafal: (IEI= 92.2%)
FTIR, SEM, FTIR ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬
PZC
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از‬

‫ﺣﻘ ﻗ رة ﺗ‬ ‫أﻛ ت اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟ‬ ‫أن ﺗ ن‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ روﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

.(1M) ‫ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬X70 ‫ﻣ ﺎزة ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ود ﺔ ﺻ ﻘﺔ واﻋ ة‬ ‫ﺎﺔﻣ‬
HCl .‫ﻟﻠ ﺔ‬
[21] [20] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

52
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

22 21 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Qihui Wang et al. R.Fadil et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Bioelectrochemistry (vol :128, 2019, p Journal of materials and ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
49-55) environmental sciences (vol :9,
Issue :1, 2018, p358-369)
Evaluation of Ficus Tikoua Leaves Evaluation of alkaloids extract of ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
extract as an eco-friendly corrosion Retama monosperma(L) Boiss.stems
inhibitor for carbon steel in HCl as a green corrosion inhibitor for
media carbon steel in pickling acidic
medium by means of gravimetric,
AC impedance and surface studies
Ficus Tikoua Retama monosperma(L) (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻷوراق‬ (‫)اﻟ ﻘﺎن‬
HCl / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl /‫ات‬ ‫ﻗﻠ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ............... ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (WL)‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
( EIS) ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
200 mg/L 400 mg/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
PDP:(IERp = 95.8%) WL: 83.1% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
EIS: ( = 82.6%)
FTIR, SEM SEM, XPS ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از‬
‫ﻟﻪ ﻗ رة‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت ﺗ ﺎرب اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ أن ﻫ ا اﻟ‬ ‫أﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ام اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
.‫ﺔﺟ ة‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬
(1M) HCl
[23] [22] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

53
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

24 23 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Nkem B. Iroha et al. J .O.Madu et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
An International Scintific Journal Journal of physics : conference ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
(vol:126, 2019, p183-197) series,(vol :1378, 2019, 022051)
Inhibition and adsorption of oil Corrosion inhibition efficiency ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
extract of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds of Terminalia Catappa Leaves
on the corrosion of mild steel in extract on stainless steel in
hydrochloric acid environment. hydrochloric acid.
Balanites aegyptiaca Terminalia Catappa (‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻟ ور‬ (‫)اﻷوراق‬
/ (‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻲ ) ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ (1M) HCl /‫اﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(1M) HCl ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫أﻧ د‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ ﻟ ﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻣ از ﻓ ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

( EIS, PDP ) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
300 ppm 0.09 g/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 98% WL: 97.88% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP: (IERp= 92%)
EIS: ( = 93.9%)

SEM SEM ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬

‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ ﻓ اﻧ ﻟ‬، ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫اﻟ روس‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌﻞﻣ‬ ‫أ ﻬ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ ﺻﻞ إﻟﻰ أن ﻫ ا اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(1M) HCl ‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺟ ة ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛ ات ﻣ‬
‫( وﺳ‬1M) HCl
[25] [24] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

54
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

26 25 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
O.O.Ogunleye et al Moha. Afrokh. Et al ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Heliyon( vol :6, 2020, issue :1, Analytical. Bioanalytical. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
e03205) Electrochemistry(vol :12, N°2, 2020,
p193-207)
Green corrosion inhibition and Cystoseira Gibraltarica extract as ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
adsorption characteristics of Luffa an environmentally susbinable
Cylindrica leaf extract on mild steel corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel
in hydrochloric acid environment in HCl medium
Luffa Cylindrica Cystoseira gibraltarica (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻷوراق‬ (‫اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫)اﻟ‬
(0.5M) HCl ‫اﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) HCl /‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫ اﻟ ﺳ‬/
................ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL)‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(PDP, EIS) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
1 g/L 0.80 g/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL : 87.89% WL : 86.7% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
PDP : 89.6%
EIS: ( = 90.3%)
SEM, FTIR, GC-MS ........... ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﺔﺟ ة‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ا ﻬ اﻟ‬ ‫ام ﻫ ا‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أﻫ ﺔ اﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(0.5M) HCl ‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﻋ ﺎرﻩ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺎ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬
[27] [26] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

55
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

.‫( ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ‬H2SO4) ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ اء ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬:(2 –IV) ‫اﻟ ول‬

2 1 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
P. R. Vijayalakshmi et al. Peter C. Okafor et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
E-Journal of International Journal of ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
Chemistry(Vol :7,No:3 Electrochemical science(Vol:5,2010,p:
2010,p:1055-1065) 978-993)
Inhibitory Action of Borassus Azadirachta Indica Extracts as ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
Flabellifer Linn.(Palmyra Palm) Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel
Shell Extract on Corrosion of in Acid Medium
Mild Steel in Acidic Media
Borassus Flabellifer Linn(Palmyra Azadirachta Indica (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
((RT)‫ اﻟ ور‬,(SD)‫ اﻟ ور‬,(LV)‫) اﻷوراق‬
Palm)
(‫)اﻟﻘ ة‬
(0.5M) H2SO4 / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (2M) H2SO4 /‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺣﻤﻀﻲ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ……….. ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (HEM) ‫ـ ﺗﻘ ﺔ ﻗ ﺎس ﻏﺎز اﻟﻬ روﺟ‬
3 % v/v 4g/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
We : (97.65%) We : ( LV:60.4%, RT:66.8%, ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
EIS: ( = 95.5%) SD:81.8%)
Tafal: (EII= 88.29%) HEM : (LV:40.1%, RT:54.7%,
PDP: (EIRp= 72.58%) SD:58.1%)
GC-MS ............ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ‬, ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻓ اﻧ ﻟ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫أﺛﺒﺘﺖ اﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺑﺄن ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﻘﺸﻮر‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ أن‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻓﻌﺎل‬،‫ﻣﺜﺒﻂ ﻣﺤﺘﻤﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬
(RT)‫ور‬ ‫( واﻟ‬SD)‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ور‬ ‫ﻣ‬
.‫وﺻﺪﯾﻖ ﻟﻠﺒﯿﺌﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﻘ ل‬ ‫(ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ ﺗﻌ ﻞ‬LV)‫واﻷوراق‬
(2M) ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ‬
H2SO4
[3] [28] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

56
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

4 3 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Jamiu k.Odusote et al. Maduabuchi A . chidiebere et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Journal of Electrochemical Industrial & Engineering ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
science and Technology (Vol:14, Chemistry Research (Vol :51,2012,
No:2, 2013, p:81-87) p:668-677)
Corrosion inhibition of mild Corrosion inhibition and ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
steel in acidic medium by Adsorption behavior of punica
Jathropha curcas leaves extract granatum extracts on mild steel in
acidic environments:
Experimental and theoretical
studies
Jathropha curcas Punica granatum (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻷوراق‬ (‫)اﻟﻘ ة‬
(2M) H2SO4 /‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﺣﻤﻀﻲ‬ (0.5M) H2SO4 /‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
........ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL )‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬

(EIS, PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
10ml 600 mg /L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 93.33% WL : 92% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
EIS: ( = 80%)
Tafal: (EII= 83.3%)
OEM DFT ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬

‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬

‫ﺎ ﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫اﻷوراق‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ وﺟ أن ﻣ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
.‫ﺟ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ .(0.5M) H2SO4 ‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬
[29] [8] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

57
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

6 5 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Saviour A.unoren et al. Gopal ji et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
Journal of Environmental chemical International Journal of ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
Engieering (Vol:2, 2014, p: 1048- Electrochemical science (Vol:8,
1060) 2013, p:10878-10889)
Inhibition of mild steel corrosion Argemone Mexicana leaf extract ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
in H2SO4 solution by coconut coir for inhibition of mild steel
dust extract obtained from corrosion in sulfuric acid
different solvent systems and solution
synergistic effect of iodide ions:
Ethanol acetone extracts
coconut coir Argemone Mexicana (‫) اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ اﻟﻐﺒﺎر‬ (‫)اﻷوراق‬

‫ﻠ‬ ‫( وﻣ‬1)‫إﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (0.5M) H2SO4/ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(0.5M) H2SO4/ (2)‫أﺳ ﻧﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬

‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬

(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(EIS,PDP ) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬ (EIS,PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
0.5 g/L 600 mg/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL:[ (1): 79.9%, (2): 69.4%] WL: 86% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
EIS: =[ (1) :75.4%, (2): 62.4%] EIS:( = 84%)
PDP: EII= [ (1) : 58.9% , (2) : 36.8%] Tafal: (EII= 87%)

AFM, FTIR FTIR, OM ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬

‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻓ اﻧ ﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻹﯾ ﺎﻧ ل واﻟ ﺎﻧ ل‬ ‫ﺗﻌ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻷوراق ﻟﻪ إﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫وﺟ أن ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻟﻐ ﺎر ﺟ ز اﻟﻬ‬ .‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟ‬
(0.5M) H2SO4 ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل‬
[31] [30] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

58
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

8 7 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Obiukwu Osita et al Chris O.Akalezi et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
International lettersof International Journal Ind ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
chemistry ,physics and chem(vol:6, 2015,p273-284)
astronomy(vol:66,2016 p 25-37)
The inhibitive effect of Gnetum Rothmannia longiflora ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬
Africanum , Gongronema Latifolium extract as corrosion
and Chromolena Odaratum extract inhibitor for mild steel in
on corrosion of stainless steel in 1M acidic media
HCL and H2SO4 solution
(Gnetum africanum)(Ga) Rothmannia longiflora (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
( ‫)أوراق ﻋﻜﺎزي‬ (‫)اﻷوراق‬
(Gongronema latifolium)(GL)
(‫)أوراق اﻟﻠﻄﯿﻔﻮﻟﯿﻮم‬
(Chromolena odaratum)(Ch.o)
(‫)أوراق اﻟﯿﺰاﺑﯿﺖ‬
(1M) H2SO4 /‫اﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (0.5M) / ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
H2SO4 ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
.......... H2SO4 ‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺗ د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(EIS, ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
PDP)
20 mL 1000 mg/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: (Ga: 67.08% , Gl :60.68% WL: 96.5% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
Ch.o :58.03%) EIS: ( = 88.51%)
PDP: (EIRp= 85.46%)
............ ........... ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬
............... ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﺟ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻌﻞ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
.‫ﺔ‬ ‫أ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ ﻘﺎوم ﻟﻠ‬ .(0.5M) H2SO4 ‫ﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
[17] [14] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

59
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

10 9 ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
Akhil Saxena et al. Karim H .Hassan et al. ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬

Journal of Molecular liquids South african Journal of chemical ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬

(vol :258, 2018, p89-97) engineering (vol :22, 2016, p1-5)

Use of Saraca Ashoka extract as Citrus auratium leaves extracts ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ ﻘﺎل‬

green corrosion inhibition for mild as a sustainable corrosion
steel in 0.5M H2SO4 inhibitor of mild steel in
sulphuric acid
Saraca Ashoka Citrus aurantium (‫)اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(‫)اﻟ ور‬ (‫)اﻷوراق‬
(0.5M) H2SO4 / ‫اﯾ ﺎﻧ ﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ (1M) H2SO4 / ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ / ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ........... ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
(WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ (WL ) ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ـ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
(EIS,PDP) ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ـ اﻟ‬
100 mg/L 100 ml/L ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
WL: 89.98% WL: 89% ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
Tafal:(IEI= 95.48%)
EIS: = 93.09%
FTIR, UV-Vis SEM, FTIR ‫اﻟ ﻘ ﺎت‬
AFM, SEM
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫ﺟ ا ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻞ ﻫ ا اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞﺟ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
(0.5M) H2SO4 ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫و ﻓﻌﺎل ﻣ‬
.‫ﻟﻠﻐﺎ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ . ‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﺳ ﺣ‬
[33] [32] ‫اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

60
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻲ )ﻣ ات(‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ اء ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ :(3 –Ⅲ‬ﻗﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬

‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪H.Amrat et H.Samia‬‬ ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪2007 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﻣ ة ﻣﻬ س دوﻟﺔ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫‪2007‬‬
‫او ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻌ‬ ‫‪Etude de l’effet inhibiteur de‬‬ ‫ة‬ ‫ﻋ ان اﻟ‬
‫‪corrosion des extraits aqueux de‬‬
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺄﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ أوﺳﺎ ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫‪quelqes plantes‬‬

‫ﻧﻲ )‪(X52‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ )‪(X52‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن‬

‫اﻟ روس‬
‫ﻓﺎ )‪(a‬‬ ‫ﺷ ة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﺔ )‪(Co‬‬ ‫اﻻﻛﻠ ﻠﻲ )‪ ،(Ro‬اﻟﻘ‬ ‫اﻻﯾ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻧ ﺎت اﻟﻌﻘﺔ )‪(b‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺢ )‪ ،(Ar‬اﻟ ﺛ )‪) .(Re‬اﻟ ﺔ ﺎﻣﻠﺔ(‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪(1M) H2SO4 /‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪(%20) HCl /‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣﺛﺑط أﻧودي‬ ‫‪---------‬‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن )‪(WL‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن)‪(WL‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪(PDP‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪(PDP‬‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟ‬
‫‪C(WL): [(Ro:1600ppm,Co:800ppm,‬‬
‫‪1400ppm‬‬ ‫])‪Re:1800ppm, Ar:2200ppm‬‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫‪C(PDP): [(Ro :800ppm,‬‬
‫])‪CO :400ppm, Re :2000ppm‬‬
‫)‪IE(WL): ( a: 98.31% , b: 96.69%‬‬ ‫‪IE(WL): [(Ro :92.62%, Co :97.19%,‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫])‪Re :93.24%, Ar :99.1%‬‬
‫)‪PDP: IERp= ( a: 96.54% , b: 98.07%‬‬ ‫‪PDP: IERp= [(Ro :94.43%,‬‬
‫])‪Co :95.59%, Re :95.38%‬‬
‫ﺞ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟ ﺎﺗﺎت اﻟ ﻌ ﺔ ﻟ ﯾﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻲﺟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻪ أﺛ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫أن ﻼ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺟ ة ﺿ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ‪X52‬‬ ‫ﻗ رة ﺗ‬
‫ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ روس‪.‬‬ ‫ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬
‫‪----------‬‬ ‫‪------------‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪---------‬‬ ‫‪------------‬‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫]‪[35‬‬ ‫]‪[34‬‬ ‫رﻗ اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

‫‪61‬‬
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬

‫‪Aissa Tounsi‬‬ ‫‪Moulay Yamina‬‬ ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
‫راﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪2020 ،‬‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪2012 ،‬‬ ‫ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫‪Evaluation de l’activit é antioxydante et de‬‬ ‫‪investigation phythimique de‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫‪l’effet anticorrosif des extraits phenolique‬‬ ‫‪l’acacia arabica aux propriéts‬‬
‫‪de plantes locales (Plantago ciliata et‬‬ ‫‪antioxydantes et inhibitrices.‬‬
‫‪Thymelia microphylla).‬‬
‫ﻧﻲ )‪(X52‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ )‪(X52‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس‬
‫)‪-Plantago ciliata (A‬‬ ‫‪Acacia arabica‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)‪-Thymelia microphylla (B‬‬ ‫)ﺑ ور ﺷ ة اﻟﻌ رة(‬
‫)اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ(‬
‫ﻣ ﺎﻧ ل‪/‬ﻣﺎء(‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻓ ﻟﻲ ) ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻷﺳ ن)‪،(C1‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫)‪(1M) HCl / (20/80‬‬ ‫ﺎﻧ ل)‪(1N) HCl /(C2‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫‪ :A‬ﻣﺛﺑط ﻣﺧﺗﻠط‬ ‫ﺎﺛ د‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫‪ :B‬ﻣﺛﺑط أﻧودي‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن )‪(WL‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪(PDP, EIS‬‬ ‫)‪(PDP, EIS‬‬
‫)‪C(WL): (A,B :5ppm‬‬ ‫‪2000ppm‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫)‪C(PDP): (A :20ppm, B :5ppm‬‬
‫)‪C(EIS): (A:25ppm, B20ppm‬‬
‫)‪IE(WL): (A :53.57%, B :58.91%‬‬ ‫‪Tafal: IE(I)= (C1 :74.10%,‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫)‪PDP: IE(Rp)= (A :60.58%, B :50.11%‬‬ ‫)‪C2 :71.45%‬‬
‫‪EIS:‬‬ ‫)‪= (A:83.07%, B:79.46%‬‬ ‫‪EIS:‬‬ ‫‪= (C1:76.82%,‬‬
‫)‪C2:66.67%‬‬
‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ اﻟ راﺳﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫أﺛ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎرب اﻣ ﺎﻧ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ف‬ ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة ﻣﻌ ة ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت‬ ‫ام اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺿ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ)‪ (X52‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫اﻷﺳ ن‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ و ﺎن ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻷﻛ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪-------‬‬ ‫‪------‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫]‪[37‬‬ ‫]‪[36‬‬ ‫رﻗ اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

‫‪62‬‬
‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬
‫‪6‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬
‫ﻋ اﻟﻘﺎدر‬ ‫ﺑ ﻣ‬ ‫‪Lefahal Mostefa‬‬ ‫اﺳ اﻟ اﻟﻒ‬
‫رﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪2017 ،‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د‬ ‫ﺔ‪2014 ،‬‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د ارﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫‪Etude de l’effet inhibitrice des extrais de‬‬ ‫‪Etude phytochimique, biologique et‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫)‪plantes sur la corrosion de l’acier (CX52‬‬ ‫‪activité anticorrosionde trois‬‬
‫‪plantes médicinales algériennes‬‬
‫‪appartenant aux famille‬‬
‫‪Plumbaginaceae , Tamaricaceae et‬‬
‫‪Apiaceae‬‬
‫ﻧﻲ)‪(X52‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ )‪(APISL GrB‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس‬

‫ﻓﺔ )‪ ,(Co‬اﻟ ﺛ )‪(Re‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘ‬ ‫‪Limonium thouinii (viv) O.kuntze‬‬

‫)اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ(‬
‫)اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ واﻷرﺿﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪(%20) H2SO4 /‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫أﺳ ﺎت اﻹﯾ ﻞ‪(1M) HCl/‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫‪---------‬‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن )‪(WL‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن)‪(WL‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪(PDP‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫اﻟ ق‬
‫)‪(PDP, EIS‬‬
‫)‪C(WL): (Co :800ppm Re :1800ppm‬‬ ‫‪400ppm‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫)‪C(PDP): (Co:400ppm, Re:2000ppm‬‬

‫)‪IE(WL): (Co: 97.19%, Re: 93.24%‬‬ ‫‪IE(WL): 72.72%‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬

‫)‪PDP: IE(I) = (Co: 95.59%, Re: 95.38%‬‬ ‫‪PDP: IE(Rp) = 68.75%‬‬
‫‪EIS:‬‬ ‫‪= 70.21%‬‬

‫ﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ‬ ‫أﺳ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫أ ﻬ ت اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺟ ة ﻓﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺟ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻹﯾ ﻞ ﻌ‬
‫‪،‬و‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (X52‬ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ روس‪.‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (Co‬ﺎن أﻓ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن ﻣ‬
‫‪MEB‬‬ ‫‪--------‬‬ ‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫‪--------‬‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫]‪[39‬‬ ‫]‪[38‬‬ ‫رﻗ اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

‫‪63‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫‪7‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻗ‬

‫‪Selles chaouki‬‬ ‫ﺑﻠﻔﺎر آﺳ ﺎ‬ ‫اﺳ اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
‫ﺎن‪2012،‬‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د ارﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺗﻠ‬ ‫رﻩ‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪2018 ،‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫‪Valorisation d’une plante mèdicinale à‬‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻸﻛ ة وﻟﻠ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻘ رة اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫‪activite antidiabetique de la règion de‬‬
‫‪tlemcen : Anacyclus pyrethrum L‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻟ ﺔ ﻟ ﺎت‬ ‫وﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠ‬
‫‪Application de l’extrait aqueux à‬‬ ‫)‪limoniastrum guyonianum(Dur‬‬
‫‪l’inhibition de corrosion d’un acier daux‬‬
‫)‪dans H2SO4 (0.5M‬‬
‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ)‪(X52‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس‬
‫‪Anacyclus pyrethrum‬‬ ‫)‪limoniastrum guyonianum(Dur‬‬
‫] اﻻوراق‪+‬اﻟ ﻘﺎن )‪,(LS‬اﻷزﻫﺎر)‪,(F‬‬ ‫)اﻟ ء اﻟﻬ اﺋﻲ(‬
‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ور)‪[(R‬‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪(0.5M) H2SO4 /‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﻓ ﻟ ﺔ ﻟ ر ﺧﻼت اﻻﯾ ﻞ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪/‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫واﻟ ﺎﻧ ل ‪(1M HCl)/ A .B.C.D‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪-------‬‬ ‫ﻧ ع اﻟ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪(PDP, EIS‬‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ــ طﺮﯾﻘﺔ ﻓﻘﺪان اﻟﻮزن )‪(WL‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ـ اﻟﻄﺮق اﻟﻜﮭﺮوﻛﯿﻤﯿﺎﺋﯿﺔ)‪(EIS , PDP‬‬
‫‪C(WL): (A:0.015 B :0.02, C:0.025,‬‬
‫‪350mg/L‬‬ ‫‪D:0.001)g/l‬‬
‫‪C(PDP): (A :0.015, B: 0.015, C: 0.02,‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫‪D:0.005 )g/l‬‬
‫‪C(EIS):(A :0.015, B: 0.025, C:0.02,‬‬
‫‪D:0.015) g/l‬‬
‫)‪PDP: IE(Rp)= (LS : 76%, F: 80%, R: 64%‬‬ ‫‪IE(WL): (A:64.27, B: 64.17, C:54.66,‬‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫)‪IE(I) = (LS : 82%, F: 84%, R: 80%‬‬ ‫‪D:30.98)%‬‬
‫‪EIS:‬‬ ‫)‪= (LS :87%, F: 89%, R: 79%‬‬ ‫‪PDP: IE(Rp) = (A:80.79, B: 93.43,‬‬
‫‪C:78.99, D:73.77)%‬‬
‫‪EIS:‬‬ ‫‪= (A: 61.65, B:32.09,‬‬
‫‪C:46.87, D: 31.14)%‬‬
‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻟ ﻞ ﺟ ء‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟ‬ ‫أﺛ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗﻘ ﯾ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓﻌﺎل ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻲ )‪ (X52‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬
‫أن‬ ‫)‪ ،(0.5M‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻞ ﺟ ‪ ،‬و ﺎن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (LS‬ﻛﺎن أﻓ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ A‬ﻫ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪MEB‬‬ ‫‪---------‬‬ ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‬
‫]‪[41‬‬ ‫]‪[40‬‬ ‫رﻗ اﻟ ﺟﻊ‬

‫‪64‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺎت ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔﻟ‬ ‫‪ .2-Ⅲ‬اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬

‫)‪(1-Ⅲ‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﻣ اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻟ روﺳﺔ ﺳﺎ ﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ وﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘ ﺎم ﺑﻬ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ اﺧ ﻧﺎ ﻌ‬
‫م ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌ ﯾ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺎﻫ ة ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﻠﻒ اﻟ ق اﻟ‬ ‫و )‪ (2-Ⅲ‬ﻟﻠ ﻌ ف أﻛ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﻞ اﻫ ﺎم ﻟﻠﻌ ﯾ ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﺎت اﻟ ﯾ ﺔ واﻟ ﻲ أﺻ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ول )‪ :(4-Ⅲ‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ل ‪Inhibitive effect of xylopia ferruginea extract on the corrosion‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪of mild steel in 1M HCl medium.‬‬
‫‪Inhibitive effect of xylopia ferruginea extract on the corrosion of mild steel‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫‪in 1M HCl medium.‬‬
‫‪Randian Bothi raja et la‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
‫‪International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
‫‪Materials, 2011,18(4), pp413-418.‬‬
‫ﺗ اﺧ ﺎر‬ ‫ﺎﻫ ة اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻌ ﺔ ﻟ ﺎرﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻬ ف ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻟ‬
‫ﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪Anmonaceae‬‬ ‫أوراق ﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق ﻟ ﺎت )‪ (Xylopia ferruginea‬اﻟ‬
‫اء واﺧ ﺎر ﻗ رﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ )‪ (SM‬ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﺧ‬ ‫ﻛ‬ ‫ﺣ ل‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ و ﺎﻻﺳ ﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑ ﻘ ﻲ )‪ (SEM‬و‬ ‫و‬ ‫ام اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺗ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ اﻗ ﺔ وﻣ ﻧﺎﺗﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺗ ﻒ ﻋ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﺗ‬ ‫)‪ (FTIR‬ﻟﻠ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺷ ﻪ ﺟ ة ﻣﺎﻟ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻘﺔ ﺟ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎت‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺎﻻرﺗ اد ل ‪ 300g‬ﻣ اﻷوراق اﻟ ﻔﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗ‬
‫‪HCl‬‬ ‫ﻞ ﻣ ﻔ ﻞ ﻣﻊ ‪ 10%‬ﻣ‬ ‫وﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق ﻟ ﺎت )‪ (Xylopia ferruginea‬و‬
‫ﻊ ﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺷ ﺢ ﺛ ﻣﻌﺎدﻟ ﻬﺎ ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ ‪10%‬‬ ‫وأﻣﻼح ﻗﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻟ ة ‪ ،24h‬ﻌ ﻫﺎ ﺗ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺎﻋ ة ﻣ اﻟ ﻠﺢ‪ ،‬وﺗﻌﺎد ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺿﺔ )‪ (pH=8‬ﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ‪ NaOH‬ﺣ ﻰ درﺟﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﺎﻟ ﻠ روﻓ رم ﻌ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﻻرﺗ اد ﻟﻠ ﺎﻟ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﯾ ة ﻟ ة ‪ ،24h‬ﺛ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ق ﯾ اب ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اد اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻣ ﻔﻔﺔ )ﻣ‬ ‫واﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ر اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻟﻠ راﺳﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ق‬
‫وﺳ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫ذو‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ر اﻟ ﺎء )‪ (HCl‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠلﺣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﻘﺎوة )‪ (p=37%‬واﻟ ﺎﻓﺔ )‪ (d=1.18‬واﻟ ﻠﺔ اﻟ ﻟ ﺔ )‪.(M=36.5g/mol‬‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹ ﻟ‬

‫‪65‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺎت اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‪:‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫اﻷﻗ ﺎب اﻟ ﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻐ‬ ‫ﻰ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة اﻟﻐ ﻓﺔ )‪ (30±2 C°‬وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ ﻞﻣ‬
‫ﻌ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ روس ﻟ ة ‪ 30min‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ وف اﻟ‬
‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ )‪ (IE‬ﻣﻦ ﻗﯿﻢ )‪ (Icorr‬اﻟ ﺄﺧ ذة ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫و ﺗ‬
‫ام اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (1‬اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫)(‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪…………(1‬‬
‫) (‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫ن‬ ‫ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟ ﺎر ﻓﻲ ﺗ دد ﯾ اوح ﻣ ‪ 0.1 HZ‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 10000 HZ‬ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻞ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ ‪ 10mv‬ﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ )‪(Ecorr‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ )‪(Rct‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ )‪ (IE‬ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫و‬
‫ام اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪:(2‬‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫) (‬
‫=‬ ‫‪−‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪…………(2‬‬
‫)(‬

‫‪ ,‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻲ ل )‪ (MS‬ﻣﻊ أو ﺑ ون اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ Rct(i‬و )‪ Rct(o‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪:SEM‬‬
‫وﻧﻲ ﻟ ﺻ‬ ‫اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ام ﺟﻬﺎز )‪ (SEM LEO SUPRA 50VP‬اﻟ ﺎﺳﺢ اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫ﺗ اﺳ‬
‫ﻘ ﻟﺔ ذات اﻷ ﻌﺎد‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻏ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺢ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ ات ﺷ ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ 1M HCl‬ﻓﻲ وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب ‪ 100ppm‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫)‪(2,3cm .2,3cm‬‬
‫وﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻟﻬ اء اﻟ ﺎرد‪.‬‬ ‫ﻒ اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﺎﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫اء ﻟ ة ‪ .6h‬ﺛ ﯾ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪:FTIR‬‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ول واﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ اﻗ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻞ ﻣ اﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ )‪ .(FTIR‬وﺗ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻐ‬ ‫ﻣﻔ ﻞ ﻋ‬
‫ﻟ ة ‪ 72h‬ﻣ ﺎ أد إﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﻲ و ‪ 100ppm‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ن ﻣ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ ﺧ ﺷﻬﺎ ﻌ ﺎ ﺔ وﺗ ﻠ ﻠﻬﺎ ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ رﻗ ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ام ﺟﻬﺎز)‪.(Perkin Elmer Systaem 2000 FTIR‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ ﺎﺳ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹ ﻟ‬

‫‪66‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ذﺟ ﺔ ﻣ ﺧﻼل دراﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗﺎﻓﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ اﻟ‬
‫‪ HCl‬وﻣ ﻪ ﺗ ﺣ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت )‪ (X. ferruginea‬ﻓﻲ وﺳ ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ ﻟ‬
‫ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ )‪ (Icorr‬اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻣ اﺳ ﻘ ار ﻣ ﻘ ﻲ ﺗﻔﺎل اﻷﻧ د ﺔ‬ ‫)‪ (IE‬ﻣ ﻗ‬
‫واﻟ ﺎﺛ د ﺔ اﻟ ﺿ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت ‪ X.ferruginea‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(1-4-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫وﺳ ‪(1M) HCl‬‬
‫‪IE%‬‬ ‫)‪bc (mv‬‬ ‫)‪ba (mv‬‬ ‫‪Icorr‬‬ ‫‪Ecorr‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﺟ ء اﻟ ﺔ‬
‫)‪(μA.cm2‬‬ ‫)‪(mv‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻂ‬
‫‪ppm‬‬ ‫ﻌ ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪119‬‬ ‫‪1043‬‬ ‫‪-487‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑﻣ ون ﻣ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ و‬
‫ن‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬ ‫‪253‬‬ ‫‪-504‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪81‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪106‬‬ ‫‪193‬‬ ‫‪-461‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬ ‫‪189‬‬ ‫‪-478‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫اﻷوراق‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪149‬‬ ‫‪-478‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪104‬‬ ‫‪118‬‬ ‫‪-493‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﺧ‬
‫ﻻ اﻟﻠ ﺎء‬
‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪101‬‬ ‫‪109‬‬ ‫‪-479‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪99‬‬ ‫‪116‬‬ ‫‪105‬‬ ‫‪-483‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪92‬‬ ‫‪98‬‬ ‫‪114‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪-488‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬ ‫ل‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ واﻟ وﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻼﺣ أن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬
‫اء‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ روﺳﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ اﻛ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣ ﻗ‬
‫ﺎت ﺗﻘﻠﻞ ﻣ ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ل ‪ MS‬ﻓﻲ وﺳ )‪ (HCl‬ﻟ ﺞ‬ ‫أن اﻟ‬ ‫وﻫ ا ﻣﺎ ﯾ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻷﻗ ﻰ ﻣ ‪ IE‬واﻟ ﻲ ﺑﻠﻐﺔ ﻗ ﻬﺎ ‪ 85%‬و ‪ 92%‬ﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻪ اﻟ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻋﻼوة‬ ‫‪ 100ppm‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻷوراق واﻟﻠ ﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ وﻋ ﻧﻔ‬
‫ﻗ ‪ Ecorr‬ﻓﻲ ﻼ اﻻﺗ ﺎﻫ‬ ‫ﺎت إﻟﻰ ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ ﺗ د إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ‬
‫‪ ba‬و ‪ bc‬وﻫ ا ﯾ ل ﻋﻠﻰ أن‬ ‫ﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺛ د واﻻﻧ د وﻣ ﻪ اﻟ ﻐ‬
‫ﺎت ﻣ ﻠ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷوراق واﻟﻠ ﺎء ﺗﻌ ﻼن‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷوراق وﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق ﻓﻲ وﺳ )‪(1M HCl‬‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫‪‬ﺳ ﻠ‬
‫ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻣ ﻬﺎ ﺗ إ ﺎد اﻟ ﻘﺎدﯾ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻧ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻞ ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ)‪ (Rct‬وﻣ دود‬ ‫ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ دوﺟﺔ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪ (Cdl‬وﻣﻘﺎﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬
‫ﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻣ ﺿ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪(IE‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪67‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻠ ﺎت )‪(X.ferruginea‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ :(2-4-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫وﺳ ‪.1M HCl‬‬

‫‪IE %‬‬ ‫‪Cdl‬‬ ‫‪Rct‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻂ‬ ‫ﺟﺰء اﻟﻨﺒﺘﺔ‬

‫) ‪(μ.F.cm-2‬‬ ‫)‪(Ω.cm2‬‬ ‫‪Ppm‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬

‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪238‬‬ ‫‪18.22‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫ﺑ ون ﻣ‬

‫‪63‬‬ ‫‪263‬‬ ‫‪50.34‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪72‬‬ ‫‪225‬‬ ‫‪65.05‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫اﻷوراق‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪77.59‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪82‬‬ ‫‪207‬‬ ‫‪104.76‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪85‬‬ ‫‪203‬‬ ‫‪126.43‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪199‬‬ ‫‪132.77‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪191‬‬ ‫‪141.58‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪24‬‬ ‫‪192‬‬ ‫‪24.01‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫‪183‬‬ ‫‪32.07‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬ ‫اﻟﻠ ﺎء‬
‫‪59‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪44.95‬‬ ‫‪15‬‬
‫‪67‬‬ ‫‪175‬‬ ‫‪54.87‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪86‬‬ ‫‪167‬‬ ‫‪130.81‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪157‬‬ ‫‪143.90‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪88‬‬ ‫‪152‬‬ ‫‪151.19‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫اء‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺢ أن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ وﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول أﻋﻼﻩ ﯾ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ واﻟ ﻲ ﺎﻟ ﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻧ ﻘﺎل ﺷ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻐﺔ ‪ 87%‬و‪88%‬‬ ‫اﻷﻗ ﻰ‬ ‫ﻗ ﺔ )‪ (IE‬إﻟﻰ اﻟ‬
‫)‪ 100(ppm‬ﻟ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ 141.85(Ω.cm2‬و )‪ 151.19(Ω.cm2‬ﻋ‬
‫ﺎ اﻟ ﻘ ﺎن ﻓﻲ ﻗ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷوراق وﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪ ،‬وﻧﻼﺣ أ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻧﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن وﺗ ﻠ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫إﻣ از اﻟ‬ ‫‪ Cdl‬وذﻟ‬
‫ﻟﻠ ﻘﺔ اﻟ اﻗ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺻ ر‪ SEM‬اﻧﻪ ﺗ ﺗﻘﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻧﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺗ ﻞ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ اﻗ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺗ ﻒ أ‬ ‫اء‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻊ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻓ ق ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ وﻫﻲ اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ اﻟ روﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ )‪ (IR‬أن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧﻼﺣ‬
‫ﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﺎت اﻻﻣ ‪ ,‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﯾ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷوراق وﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق‬ ‫إﻟﻰ أن ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ و اﻟﻘﻠ ات‪ ،‬وﻫ ا‬ ‫اﻟﻬ رو‬
‫ﻘﺔ واﻗﯿﺔ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎت )‪ (X.ferruginea‬ﻏﻨﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎت اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ‬
‫ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﯾﺔ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬

‫‪68‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫اﻷﻗ ﻰ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬وﺟ أن ‪ IE‬ﯾ داد ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬
‫ﺎت‪.‬‬ ‫‪ 100 ppm‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻪ ﻋ ﺗ‬
‫ﻣ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﯾ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻬ دراﺳﺎت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ أن إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻷوراق واﻟﻠ ﺎء‬ ‫ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ أن ﻼ ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ ‪.‬‬ ‫عﻣ‬ ‫ف‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺎت ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻣ از ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪ SEM‬ﺗ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻬ دراﺳﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ )‪ (FTIR‬وﺟ د ﻗﻠ ات ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬
‫ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪.‬‬ ‫و ﻟ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ اﻗ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ أﻓ ﻞ ﻓﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﺎق ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬وﺟ أن ﻣ‬
‫اﻷوراق‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

‫ول)‪ :(5-Ⅲ‬ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ل ‪Argemone mexicana leaf extraact for inhibition of mild‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪steel corrosion in sulfuric acid solutions.‬‬

‫‪Argemone mexicana leaf extraact for inhibition of mild steel corrosion‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫‪in sulfuric acid solutions.‬‬

‫‪Gopal Ji et la‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬

‫‪International Journal of Electrochemical science‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
‫‪2013, 8, pp10878-10889.‬‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ إ ﺎد ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻻﺻ ﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻟ ﺎﻫ ة اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺣﻔ ت اﻟ ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﻔﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬
‫اء ﻓ ﻗﻊ اﻻﺧ ﺎر ﻓﻲ ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ وﻋ ﻠ ﺔ‬ ‫رﺧ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎﺗﻪ ﺿ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻌﺎﺋﻠﺔ ‪ Papaveraceae‬ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫)‪ (Argemone mexicana‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ ل‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‬
‫ﺧﻼل اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻼﺳ ﺔ واﻟ ق‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔﺎءﺗﻪ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ وﻣ اﻗ ﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻹﻟ‬
‫ودراﺳﺎت ‪.FTIR‬‬
‫اﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻘﺔ ﺟ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎت‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﺗ ﺟ ﻊ ‪ 100g‬ﻣ أوراق ﻧ ﺎت )‪ (A.mexicana‬ﻣ اﻟ ﻘﻞ وﻏ ﻠﻬﺎ ﺟ ا ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﻟ ة‬
‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻞ ﺟ ﺣ ﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة اﻟﻐ ﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻌ ﻫﺎ ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾﻣ‬
‫ﻪ ﻟ ة ‪ 48h‬ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﻘﻠ‬ ‫ﺛ اﻻﺣ ﻔﺎ‬ ‫ﺎف إﻟ ﻪ ‪ 100ml‬ﻣ اﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫قﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻟﻠ ﻠ ‪ ,‬ﻌ ﻫﺎ ﺗ ﻔﻒ‬ ‫‪ ،‬ﺛ اﻟﻘ ﺎم ﻌ ﻠ ﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻼص وﺗﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ د اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫‪69‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ اﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺔ اﻻﺧ ة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔ ن ﻋ درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪ 40C°‬ﻟ ﻠﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘﺎ ﺎ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ اﻟ‬

‫ﻣ ﻠ ل اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺈذا ﺔ ‪ 1g‬ﻣ ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ‪ 10ml‬ﻣ اﻟ ﺎء‬ ‫ﺢ ﺟﺎﻫ ة ﻟ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻪ ﺗ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫ق‬
‫وﺳ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫ﺳ آﻛﺎل‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫)‪ (0.5M H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ام ﻣ ﻠ ل ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ اﺳ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ذو درﺟﺔ‬ ‫‪ H2SO4‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ ﻔﻒﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ب ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘﺎوة ‪ 98%‬ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬
‫اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻼﺳ ﺔ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻘﻞ أﺳ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﻟﻠ راﺳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ أﺧ ﻋ ﺎت ﻣ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺄ ﻌﺎد)‪ (1 x 1 x 0.02cm2‬وﺗ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت‬ ‫ام اﻷﺳ ن‪ ،‬ﺛ ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ذو درﺟﺎت ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ‪ ,‬ﻌ ﻫﺎ ﺗ ﻒ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ رق اﻟ ﺎﺷ‬
‫ﻞ اﻟ زن‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫ة ﻟ ة ‪ 5h‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 100ml‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺛ ﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔ ن‬ ‫ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت وﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﻘ د ﻓﻲ ﻞ ﻣ ة‪ .‬ﻛ ﺎ ﯾ ﺳ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓ ة وﻓ ة ﻣ اﻟﻐ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟ ة ‪ 30min‬ﺑ‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ام اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻟ ﻞ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ د ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪…………(3‬‬

‫ﺢ )‪ (θ‬واﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫و ﻬ ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫ﻗﻞ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻪ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪ ،‬ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ك اﻹﻣ از ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺎﺷ ة‬ ‫ﯾﺗ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(4‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪…………(4‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺑ ون وﻣﻊ وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫‪ w0‬و‪ wi‬وزن اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﻐ رة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ)‪:(5‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ ﺎب ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟ ﻞ ﺗ‬ ‫و‬
‫‪,‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪…………(5‬‬

‫و‪ t‬ﻫ زﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫‪ w‬ﻫ اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د ب)‪ (cm-2‬ﻣ اﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ )اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ‪.(d= 7,86 g.cm-3‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﺎﻋﺔ و‪ d‬ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ اد اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻐ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬
‫ﺎت اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‪:‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ام ‪ 100ml‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎرب ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ )‪ (1cm2‬ﺎﺳ‬ ‫أﺟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫‪70‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة اﻟﻐ ﻓﺔ‪.‬‬

‫ام ﻗ ‪ Icorr‬ﻣ اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ )‪:(6‬‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ د ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫)‪. 100…………(6‬‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب ووﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫‪ I0corr‬و‪Iicorr‬‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬

‫‪ 100KHZ‬إﻟﻰ ‪10mHZ‬‬ ‫ﺗ إﺟ اء اﺧ ﺎر اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ ﻟﻠ ﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺎل اﻟ دد ﻣ‬

‫ام اﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ)‪.(7‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ام إﺷﺎرة ﺳﻌ ﻬﺎ‪ .5mV‬ﺗ د ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫)‪. 100…………(7‬‬

‫ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ وﻏ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻠﻌ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎرة ﻋ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺎت ﻧﻘﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫ﻗ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ دوﺟﺔ ‪Cdl‬‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻗ ﺔ ﺧﺎﺻ ﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻘ‬ ‫و‬

‫ﺔ ﺎﻟﻌﻼﻗﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫( =‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫)‪) … … … … … . . (8‬‬

‫ﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻫ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ Y‬ﻫ اﻟ دد اﻟ او و‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻔ‬
‫ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ات ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻣ رﻓ ﻟ ﺟ ﺎ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻻﻟ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ﺎﺣﺔ ‪1cm2‬‬ ‫ﺋﻲ)‪ (Leica DFC 295‬ﺗ إﺟ اء اﻻﺧ ﺎر ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ ﺔ ﻣ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺢ ﻌ ‪ 3h‬ﻣ اﻟﻐ‬ ‫ﺷ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫وﺗ‬
‫ﺢ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫اﻷﻣ ﻞ ﻓﻘ و ﻘﺎرن ﻣﻊ ﺷ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺢﻋ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺄﺧ ﺷ ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌ ﺎت ﻏ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪:FTIR‬‬
‫ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﻟ ﻬﺎز) ‪Thermo‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫اﻷوراق‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺻﻐ ة ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫) ‪ scientific (Nicolet 6700)FT-IR‬وذﻟ ﺑ ﻠ ﻞ‬
‫ﻘﺔ وﺗﻘﺎرن‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎت )‪ ،(A.mexicana‬ﻌ ﻫﺎ ﺗﺄﺧ اﻷ ﺎف اﻟ‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻔ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ ﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﺿﻊ اﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻘ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن(‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻼﺳ ﺔ)‬

‫ﻓﻲ‪0.5M H2SO4‬‬ ‫ات اﻟ‬‫ﻋ ﻞﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪ :(1-III‬ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ و ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻮﻻذ اﻟﻤﻐﻤﻮر ﻟﻤﺪة ‪.5h‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻣ اﻟ ﻞ أﻋﻼﻩ ﻧﻼﺣ ان ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺎن ﻣ ﺗﻔﻌﺎ ﺟ ا ﻘ ﺔ ) ‪37,60‬‬
‫و اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ (mm/an‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ ا ﺔ‪ ,‬ﺛ ﻻﺣ ﺎ اﻧ ﻔﺎﺿﻪ ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬
‫‪ 600mg/L‬وﻣﻌ ل ﺗﺂﻛﻞ‪mm/an‬‬ ‫‪ 86%‬ﻋ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳ ﻞ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻔﺎءة ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ و‬
‫‪.5,26‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ﻓﻬ ا ﯾ ل ﻋﻠﻰ إﻣ از‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫ﻗ ﺗ ﻘﻘ‬ ‫ﺎ أن زﺎدة ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫‪ C‬ﺑﻐ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ ر‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ روس‪ ،‬ﻟ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﺢ ‪ ϴ‬ﻣ أﺟﻞ دراﺳﺔ ﺳﻠ ك اﻻﻣ از ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫=‬ ‫)‪+ C … … … … . . (9‬‬
‫‪θ‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬
‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از ﻣ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺢ ﻟﻠﻌ ﯾ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎوﻟﺔ ﻣﻼﺋ ﺔ ﺑ ﺎﻧﺎت ﺗﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬و‬
‫ﻣﻼﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻷﻛ‬ ‫أن إﯾ وﺗﺎرم ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫‪ ,‬ﻧ‬ ‫وﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫وﺗ‬ ‫ﻓ اﻧ ﻟ‬
‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت )‪.(A.mexicana‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺻﻒ ﺳﻠ ك اﻻﻣ از ﻟ‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻻﻣ از اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5M H2SO4‬ﻟﻜﻞ ﺗﻜﯿﺰات‬ ‫اﻟ ﻞ)‪ :(2-III‬إﯾ وﺗﺎرم ﻻﻧﻐ‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﺨﻠﺺ ‪A.mexicana‬‬
‫اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5M H2SO4‬ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻲ وﺟ د‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ وﻣ دود اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫وﻣ ﻬﺎ ﺗ إ ﺎد اﻟ ﻐ ات اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ‬
‫وﻫﻲ ﻣ وﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول )‪:(1-5-IV‬‬ ‫وﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت )‪ (A.mexicana‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(1-5-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻹﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫وﺳ ‪(0.5M) H2SO4‬‬

‫‪IE%‬‬ ‫‪ba‬‬ ‫‪ba‬‬ ‫‪Icorr‬‬ ‫‪-Ecorr‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬

‫)‪(mv dec-1‬‬ ‫)‪(mv dec-1‬‬ ‫) ‪(μA.cm-2‬‬ ‫)‪(mv.Ag- AgCl‬‬
‫)‪(mg/l‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪62‬‬ ‫‪93‬‬ ‫‪1138‬‬ ‫‪430‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪76‬‬ ‫‪90‬‬ ‫‪450‬‬ ‫‪452‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬ ‫‪94‬‬ ‫‪304‬‬ ‫‪456‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫‪78‬‬ ‫‪73‬‬ ‫‪102‬‬ ‫‪250‬‬ ‫‪468‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬
‫‪87‬‬ ‫‪79‬‬ ‫‪96‬‬ ‫‪145‬‬ ‫‪472‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ داد ﺑ ﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎ ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ ول أﻋﻼﻩ أن ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫‪‬ﺗ‬

‫‪ 600 mg/L‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ أﻗ ﻰ ﻗ ﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻲﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ(‬ ‫ﺎ أن ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ‪) Icorr‬اﻟ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ‪ ،87%‬وﻻﺣ ﺎ أ‬
‫ﻞ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻔﻲ اﻟ ا ﺔ ﺎن ‪ 1138 μA.cm2‬ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ ﻔ‬
‫ﺎ ﺗﺄﺛ ﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻬ أ‬ ‫ﺎ‬ ‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫إﻟﻰ ‪ 145μA.cm2‬ﻋ أﻗ ﻰ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻷﺧ‬
‫ﻠ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ روس ﻣ ﻧ ع اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻗ ‪ ba‬و‪ bc‬أ أن اﻟ‬
‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻲ ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻧ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗﺟ‬
‫ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻘﺎدﯾ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻬﺎ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻞ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋ‬
‫ﻞ‬ ‫)‪ (IE Rct‬ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ )‪ (Rct‬وﻧ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ل )‪ (Rs‬وﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ روس وﻫﻲ ﻣ ﺿ ﺔ ﻓ ﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت)‪(A.mexicana‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ول )‪ :(2-5-Ⅲ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟ ﺄﺛ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ وﺳ ) ‪0.5M (H2SO4‬‬
‫‪IE Rt‬‬ ‫‪Cdl‬‬ ‫‪Y0‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪Rt‬‬ ‫‪RS‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﯿﺰ‬
‫‪%‬‬ ‫‪(μ.F.cm-2‬‬ ‫‪(10 .Ω.cm-‬‬
‫‪-6‬‬
‫)‪(Ω.cm2‬‬ ‫)‪(Ω.cm2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻂ‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫)‬ ‫)‬ ‫)‪(mg/l‬‬
‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪61‬‬ ‫‪198‬‬ ‫‪0.808‬‬ ‫‪37‬‬ ‫‪1.25‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪56‬‬ ‫‪55‬‬ ‫‪154‬‬ ‫‪0.810‬‬ ‫‪83‬‬ ‫‪1.32‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪70‬‬ ‫‪51‬‬ ‫‪132‬‬ ‫‪0.815‬‬ ‫‪120‬‬ ‫‪1.28‬‬ ‫‪400‬‬
‫‪80‬‬ ‫‪48‬‬ ‫‪113‬‬ ‫‪0.820‬‬ ‫‪180‬‬ ‫‪1.70‬‬ ‫‪500‬‬
‫‪84‬‬ ‫‪39‬‬ ‫‪89‬‬ ‫‪0.824‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪1.82‬‬ ‫‪600‬‬

‫ﻲﻗ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻬ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ ﺿ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول)‪ (2-5-IV‬أن ﻗ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬

‫)‪ (37Ω.cm2‬واﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻧ‬ ‫)‪ (A.mexicana‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫زادت ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬
‫ﺎﺣ ﻪ‬ ‫‪،‬وﻫا‬ ‫)‪ (600mg/l‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫زادت ﺣ ﻰ )‪ (220Ω.cm2‬ﻋ اﻟ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻓﻘ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺔ )‪ (Cdl‬ﻣ ﺎ ﯾ ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (84%‬ﻋ ﻧﻔ‬ ‫ﺣﻘ أﻗ ﻰ ﻔﺎءة ﻟﻠ‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫اﻟ ر ﻓﻲ ﺷ ﻞ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻐ‬ ‫ر ﻧﻼﺣ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ‬
‫ﺢ اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟ ﻐ رة‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫‪ H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻐ رة ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬
‫‪ ،‬وﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫وﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣ اﻟ ﻔ‬ ‫ﻬﺎ أﺻ ﺢ أﻣﻠ‬ ‫ﻓ‬ ‫ﺑ ﺟ د اﻟ‬
‫ﻊ‬ ‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت )‪(A.mexicana‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﺳ ﺎج أن ﻣ‬ ‫ﻫ ا اﻷﺳﺎس‬
‫ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ ﻟ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬ ‫ﻪﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻐ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬
‫ﻣ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎ ﻪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺄﻧﻪ ﻏ ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ‪ :‬اﻟ وﺟ ‪ ٬‬اﻷﻛ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻟﻌ ﯾ ﻣ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻬﺎ ﻣ ة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ وﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻔ ﺔ‪ ٬‬اﻟ ﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل‬ ‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت )‪ (A.mexicana‬ﯾ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬وﺟ أن ﻣ‬
‫‪ 600 mg/l‬ﻣ‬ ‫‪ 85%‬ﻋ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻞ أﻗ ﻰ ﻔﺎءة ﺗ‬ ‫‪ H2SO4‬ﻣﻊ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ إﻟﻰ اﻧ اد اﻟ اﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن واﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪ ‬أﺷﺎرت ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫زﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺿ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ ،‬وﻗ وﺟ‬ ‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ ع اﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﻞ‬ ‫أ ً ﺎ أن اﻟ‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت )‪ (A.mexicana‬وﺟ أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ دراﺳﺔ ﺳﻠ ك اﻻﻣ از ﻟ‬

‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﯾ اﻓ ﻣﻊ ﻧ دج اﻣ از ﻻﻧﻐ‬
‫اﻷوراق ﻟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺑ ﺿ ح أن ﻣ‬ ‫ر اﻟ ﻓ ﻟ ﺟ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬أ ﻬ ت اﻟ‬
‫ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻻدﻣ ﺎص ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻋ‬ ‫)‪ (A.mexicana‬ﯾ‬

‫ول )‪ :(6-Ⅲ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ل ‪use of saraca ashoka extract as green corrosion inhibitor for‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪mild steel in 0.5 M H2SO4‬‬

‫‪use of saraca ashoka extract as green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel in‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫‪0.5 M H2SO4‬‬
‫‪Akhil Saxena et al‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬
‫‪Journal of Molecular liquids 258, 2018, pp89-97.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وﺳﻠ ك اﻻﻣ از‬ ‫ﺎف ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ ﻗﺎم اﻟ ﺎﺣ ن ﻓﻲ ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ ﺑ راﺳﺔ واﺳ‬
‫ﻧ ﺎت )‪ (saraca ashoka‬وﻫ ﻧ ﺎت ﯾ ﻲ إﻟﻰ ﻋﺎﺋﻠﺔ اﻟ ﻘ ﻟ ﺎت‪ ،‬ﺗ اﺳ ﻼص‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻟ‬
‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻪ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5 M‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫ﺣ ل ﺑ ور )‪ (saraca ashoka‬وﻓ‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ .‬و ﺗ اﻟ ﻘ ﻣ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن واﻟ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫‪ H2SO4‬ﺎﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫ام ﺗﻘ ﻲ ‪ AFM‬و ‪ SEM‬و‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ادﻣ ﺎص ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻔﻲ ﻟﻼدﻣ ﺎص‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻬ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻘﺔ ﺟ ﻊ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎت‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻟ ﺎء وﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﻟ ة‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺷ اء ﺑ ور )‪ (saraca ashoka‬ﻣ اﻟ ق‪ ،‬ﻌ ذﻟ‬
‫ق ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ق‪ .‬ﯾ ﺗ ﻘ ﻊ ‪ 100 g‬ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻓ ن ﻋ ‪ °60‬وﺗ‬ ‫ﯾﻣ‬
‫)‪.(pH=9‬‬ ‫‪ 450 cm3‬ﻣ اﻻﯾ ﺎﻧ ل ﻋ ‪ °75‬ﻟ ة ‪ ،3h‬ﯾ ﺷﺢ اﻟ ﻠ ل و ﻘﺎس ال‪ pH‬ﺣ‬
‫ﻌﺎد ﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔ ن‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﻞ اﻟ ﺷﺢ إﻟﻰ ‪ 100ml‬ﻟ ﺞ ﻘﺎ ﺎ ﺑ ﺔ داﻛ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ‬ ‫ﯾ‬
‫ﺑﻠ ن ﺑ ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻﻠ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ‪ 4.5g‬ﻣ راﺳ‬ ‫ﯾ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ‪ 60C°‬ﻟ ة ﯾ ﻣ ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻷﺧ‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻔ ﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﺎﻟ ﻞ اﻻﺧ ﺎر ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ق اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﯾ‬
‫)‪.(0.5 M‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ام ﻣ ﻠ ل ﺣ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫وﺳ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬
‫و اﺗ ﺎذﻩ‬ ‫ام اﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫)‪ (H2SO4‬إﻟﻰ )‪ (0.5 M‬ﺎﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗ ﻔﻒﺣ‬
‫ﻛ ﺳ ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬
‫‪ ،‬ﻌ ذﻟ‬ ‫ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻷﺳ ن وﺷ ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺻﻘﻞ اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﺎﻟ رق اﻟ ﺎﺷ ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﺗ‬
‫ﻲ ﻟ ة ‪ 24 h‬ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﻓﻲ ‪ 20 ml‬ﻣ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ وزﻧﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻌ ﻫﺎ ﺗ ﻏ‬
‫د ﺗ إﺧ اج اﻟﻌ ﺎت وﺷ ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻷﺳ ن وﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ ارة ‪ ،25°c‬ﻌ ﻣ ور اﻟ ﻗ‬
‫ﯾ ﻗ اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د‪.‬‬ ‫ﺛ إﻋﺎدة وزن اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﻟ‬ ‫وﺟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻓ اﻟ‬
‫ﺑ ور‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫ﺔ و ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ـ ـ ﺗ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫)‪ (saraka ashoka‬ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫)‪..........(10‬‬

‫)‪........(11‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫×‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د ﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬ ‫و‬ ‫‪°‬‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹ ﻟ‬
‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ اﺳ ﻘ ار‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟ ة ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل اﻻﺧ ﺎر اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ــ ﺗ ﻏ‬
‫ﺟﻬ اﻟ ارة اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 100KHZ‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 0.1HZ‬ﻣﻊ إﺷﺎرة‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﺗ ﻣ ﺢ ﻣ ﺎل ﻟﻠ دد ﻣ‬
‫ام اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺳﻌ ﻬﺎ ‪ .5 mV‬ﺣ‬
‫‪− °‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫(‪…………..‬‬ ‫)‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫‪ °‬و‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫ﺔ‬ ‫ن ‪ ±250 mV‬ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺎل‬ ‫ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﺗ‬
‫ﺔ ﻣ اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻊ وﺗ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﻣﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ‬
‫‪°‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫(‪……….‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫‪ °‬و‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫ﺔ ‪:uv-vis‬‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺋ ﺔ و ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻔ‬
‫ﻞ أ ﺎف اﻷﺷﻌﺔ ﻓ ق‬ ‫ﺋﻲ‪ ،1800 UV‬ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺎص اﻟ‬ ‫ام ﺟﻬﺎز اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬
‫اﻷ ﺎف ﺗ ﺧ‬ ‫ﺎﻧ‬ ‫‪ .‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (SA‬ﻓﻲ ‪ 0.5M‬ﻣ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺔ ﺑ اﺧﻠﻪ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻠ ل ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟ ﯾ ﻏ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻣ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻫ ﻩ اﻷ ﺎف ﻟ ح آﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺔ ﻓ ﻪ ﻟ ة ‪ .24 h‬وﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻏ‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫اء ‪:FTIR‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ ﻟﻸﺷﻌﺔ ﺗ‬

‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻣ ج اﻟ‬ ‫ﻬﺎز‪ ،FTIR‬ﺣ‬ ‫)‪(SA‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺟ ا‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻟﻔﻬ آﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ل ﻣ ﺟﺔ ‪.4000 -500 cm-1‬‬ ‫ق ‪ KBr‬ﺛ ﺗ ﻠ ﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ‬
‫ﻲ ﻓﻲ وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺔ اﻟ ﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻣ ﻘﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل ﺣ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻏ‬
‫ﻟ ة ‪ ،24 h‬ﺗ ﺷ ﻒ اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﺎء ﻋﺎﻟﻲ اﻟ ﻘﺎوة واﻷﺳ ن ﺛ ﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻷﻣ ﻞ ﻣ اﻟ‬
‫ﺻ ر ﻣ ﻬ اﻟﻘ ة اﻟ رﺔ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻫﺎ أﺧ ﺻ ر ‪ SEM‬ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ ) ‪ (LEO345BP‬وﺗ اﻟ ﻘﺎ‬
‫ام) ‪.( NT-MDT-INTEGRA‬‬ ‫‪ AFM‬ﺎﺳ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬
‫رة ﺳﺎ ﻘﺎ وﻋ ﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ واﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ول اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(1-6-Ⅲ‬ﻗ اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د و ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫ﻣ )‪.(SA‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫‪-1 -1‬‬
‫)‪(IE%‬‬ ‫)‪(θ‬‬ ‫) ‪(mg cm h‬‬ ‫)‪(mg/l‬‬
‫‪00‬‬ ‫‪00‬‬ ‫‪0.0563‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪71.93‬‬ ‫‪0.7193‬‬ ‫‪0.0158‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫واﻟ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫‪77.79‬‬ ‫‪0.7779‬‬ ‫‪0.0125‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪82.52‬‬ ‫‪0.8252‬‬ ‫‪0.00984‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬
‫‪89.98‬‬ ‫‪0.8998‬‬ ‫‪0.00564‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اﻣ از اﻟ‬ ‫وذﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻘﻞ ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬
‫ﺔ ﺗ داد ﺑ ﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫أن اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬
‫‪100 mg/l‬‬ ‫ﺔ ‪ 89.98%‬ﻋ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻔﺎءة ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ام اﯾ وﺗﺎرم‬ ‫)‪ ،(S.A.‬ﺗ اﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ ﻟ ﻠ ك اﻹﻣ از ﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‪.‬‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻋ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻧﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬
‫ﻌ ﻲ ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ اﯾ وﺗﺎرم ﻟ ﻧﻐ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻣ از ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫ﺣ ‪:‬‬ ‫‪θ‬‬
‫)‪= + c … … … . . (14‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺗ ازن اﻻﻣ از‬ ‫ﺔ‪ :k ،‬ﺗﺎﺑ‬ ‫)‪: θ، (S.A‬ﻧ ﺔ اﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫‪ :C‬ﺗ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﺎت ﺗﺎﻓﺎل وﺳﻠ ك اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب وﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ .H2SO4‬ﺣ‬ ‫‪ 0.5M‬ﻣ‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻓﻲ‪ 0.5M‬ﻣ ‪ H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ وﺟ د‬ ‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(2-6-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ اﻟﻠ‬

‫)‪(S.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫وﻏ ﺎب ﻣ‬
‫)‪IE(%‬‬ ‫‪βc‬‬ ‫‪βa‬‬ ‫‪Icorr‬‬ ‫‪Ecorr‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)‪(V/dec‬‬ ‫)‪(V/dec‬‬ ‫)‪(A .cm-1‬‬ ‫)‪(V vsSCE‬‬
‫)‪(mg/l‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪164.25‬‬ ‫‪141.66‬‬ ‫‪0.008909‬‬ ‫‪-0.465‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪79.22‬‬ ‫‪122.91‬‬ ‫‪91.44‬‬ ‫‪0.001851‬‬ ‫‪-0.489‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪86.01‬‬ ‫‪106.23‬‬ ‫‪79.15‬‬ ‫‪0.001254‬‬ ‫‪-0.482‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪90 .37‬‬ ‫‪104.25‬‬ ‫‪51.43‬‬ ‫‪0.0008574‬‬ ‫‪-0.471‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬
‫‪95.48‬‬ ‫‪117.86‬‬ ‫‪57.44‬‬ ‫‪0.0004025‬‬ ‫‪-0.452‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫ﺎﻓﺎت اﻟ ﺎر اﻷﻧ د ﺔ و اﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ وﻧﺔ أﻋﻼﻩ إﻟﻰ اﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ‬ ‫‪‬ﺗ‬
‫أن ﻫ ا اﻹﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻫ ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﺗﻐ ﺔ ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ ،(S.A.‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫وﺟ د ﻣ‬
‫اﻟ روس‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ إﻟﻰ أن اﻟ‬ ‫ة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن وﺗﻘﻠ ﻞ اﻧ ﻼﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻛ ﺎ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻔﺎءة ‪ 95.48 %‬ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ ‪ .‬وﺳ ﻠ‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﻣ اﻟ ع اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻌﻞ‬
‫‪.100mg/L‬‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬
‫ﺗ إﺟ اء ‪ EIS‬ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت ﻣ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻋ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ‪ ( 0.5M) H2SO4‬ﺑ اﻛ‬
‫ول اﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫)‪ ،(S.A.‬اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﺗ ﺿ ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬
‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(3-6-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت )‪ (EIS‬ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ ‪ (0.5 M) H2SO4‬ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د‬
‫)‪(S.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻛ‬
‫)‪IE (%‬‬ ‫‪CPE‬‬ ‫‪Rct‬‬ ‫‪RS‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫)‪(µF.cm-2‬‬ ‫)‪(Ω . cm2‬‬
‫)‪(mg/l‬‬
‫‪-3‬‬
‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1.3*10‬‬ ‫‪25.16‬‬ ‫‪4.65‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪75.48‬‬ ‫‪1.5*10-4‬‬ ‫‪102.66‬‬ ‫‪3.47‬‬ ‫‪25‬‬
‫‪81.76‬‬ ‫‪1.0*10-4‬‬ ‫‪138.02‬‬ ‫‪2.84‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪88.56‬‬ ‫‪6.0*10-5‬‬ ‫‪220.14‬‬ ‫‪2.59‬‬ ‫‪75‬‬
‫‪93.09‬‬ ‫‪4.9*10-5‬‬ ‫‪364.19‬‬ ‫‪3.17‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬

‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن اﻟ ﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﻗ ﺔ ‪ Rct‬ﺗﺆدي إﻟﻰ ﺗﺸﻜﯿﻞ طﺒﻘﺔ واﻗﯿﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ‬ ‫‪ ‬أﺛ‬
‫أﻣﺎ اﻟﺘﻐﯿﺮ ﻓﻲ ﻗﯿﻢ ‪ Rct‬و ‪ CPE‬ﻓﮭﻲ ﺑﺴﺒﺐ اﺳﺘﺒﺪال ﺟﺰﯾﺌﺎت اﻟﻤﺎء ﻋﻦ طﺮﯾﻖ اﻣﺘﺰاز‬
‫اﻟﻤﺜﺒﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ اﻟﻔﻮﻻذ ﻣﻤﺎ ﯾﻘﻠﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺪى اﻧﺤﻼل اﻟﻤﻌﺪن‪.‬‬
‫ــ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺴﺠﯿﻞ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻔﺎء ﺗﺜﺒﯿﻄﯿﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 100 mg/l‬و اﻟﺘﻲ ﺑﻠﻐﺖ ‪.93.09 %‬‬

‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪:FTIR‬‬
‫أ ﻬ ت اﻷ ﺎف ﻓﻲ ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪: FTIR‬إﻫ از ﺗ د ‪ O-H‬ﻋ ‪3379.40cm-1‬‬
‫ﺔ ﻋ ‪ .1602.50cm-1‬ﺗ ﻬ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن‬ ‫‪ C-O‬ﻋ ‪ 1013.52cm-1‬وﺣﻠﻘﺔ ﻋ‬

‫‪78‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫وﺟ د ذرات ‪ O‬واﻟ ﻠﻘﺎت اﻟﻌ‬ ‫)‪(S.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎدة ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺻ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺟ دة ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻣ ﺎﻓ ﺔ اﻷﺷﻌﺔ اﻟ ﺋ ﺔ و ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻔ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺔ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ﺎص اﻟ ﻠ ل ﻗ ﻞ ﻏ‬ ‫ﺎص وﺟ أن اﻣ‬ ‫أ ﺎف اﻻﻣ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻓ ﻪ ﻟ ة ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ ﻏ‬ ‫ﺎص اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﻣ‬
‫*‬
‫‪ 250 nm‬و ‪ 310 nm‬ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪ .‬ﯾ ﺿﺢ ذﻟ أﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻬ اﻧ ﻘﺎل ‪ π-π‬و *‪ n-π‬ﻋ‬ ‫ــــ‬
‫ﺎت‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎص ﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻣﺎ ﺗ ﻏ‬
‫ﻣ اﻟ ﻠ ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪ :SEM‬أ ﻬ ﺷ ﻞ اﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻋ ﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ )‪ (0.5 M‬ﻣ ﺣ‬
‫ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻣﺎﻧﻌﺔ ﻟﻠ ﺎ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫وﺟ د اﻟ‬
‫ﺎن‬ ‫‪.‬ﺣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ‪ :AFM‬أ ﻬ ﺻ ر ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل ﻓﻲ وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬
‫ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ﺢ ‪ 138.807 nm‬و ﺗﻠﻒ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺳ ﺧ ﻧﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﺎن ﻣ ﺳ‬ ‫ﻲ‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫اﻧ ﻼل اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬
‫ﺢ ﯾ ﺟﻊ اﻟﻰ اﻣ از‬ ‫ﺢ ‪ ، 48.60 nm‬اﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻣ ﺳ ﺧ ﻧﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺧ ﻧﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺄﻛ ﺗ ﻞ‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﻓ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺑﻤﺤﻠﻮل ‪H2SO4‬‬ ‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ ﺟ‬ ‫ﺑ ور )‪ (S.A.‬إﻟﻰ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻌﻞ ﻣ‬
‫)‪.(M0.5‬‬
‫ﻠ ‪.‬‬ ‫ن ﻣ اﻟ ع اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫‪ ‬أ ﻬ ت ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب أن اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻲ ﺗ داد و ﺳﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺔ‬ ‫‪ ‬ا ﻬ ت ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ أن ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ دوﺟﺔ ﺗ ﻔ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ‪ %95.48‬ﻋ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﺔ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻬ ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫‪100 mg/L‬‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬زﺎدة اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﺗ ث ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬أﻛ ت ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ‪ SEM‬و ‪ AFM‬واﯾ وﺗﺎرم ‪ Langmuir‬أن آﻟ ﺔ ﺗ‬
‫ﺧﻼل ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻻﻣ از‪.‬‬

‫‪79‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ول )‪ :(7-Ⅲ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ ﻣﻘﺎل ‪Inhibition and adsorption of oil extract of Balanites aegyptiaca‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪seeds on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid environment‬‬

‫‪Inhibition and adsorption of oil extract of Balanites aegyptiaca seeds on the‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ان‬
‫‪corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid environment‬‬

‫‪Nkem.B.Iroha et al‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻟﻒ‬

‫‪An International scientific journal, 126, 2019, pp183-197.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠﺔ‬
‫ﺑ ور‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﻔﺎءة ﺗ‬ ‫ﻗ ﻋ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﺣ ن ﻓﻲ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘ ﯾ‬ ‫ﻣﻠ‬
‫ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫ة‪ .‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (Balanites aegyptiaca‬ذو اﻷﻫ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ ل‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن واﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ر )‪ HCl (1M‬ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫وﻧﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪ (EIS‬وﺗﻘ ﺔ اﻟ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻬ‬ ‫)‪ (PDP‬واﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬
‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻠ ة ا ﻓﻲ ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻘﺔ‬
‫ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ ﺎت‬

‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ ور )‪ (B.A.‬اﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﺔﻟ‬ ‫اﻋ ت اﻟ راﺳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘ ﯾ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ ﻧﻘﻊ ‪ 5kg‬ﻣ اﻟ ور ﻟ ة ‪ 5h‬ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎء‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ و ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ام اﻟ‬ ‫اﺳ ﻼﺻﻪ ﻣ ﻠ ﺎ ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻊ ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻟ ﺞ‬ ‫ﻫﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎء اﻟ اﻓﺊ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﯾ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ ور وﺳ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎرد ﺛ ﻧ ع اﻟﻠ‬
‫ﻪ ﻹزاﻟﺔ أ آﺛﺎر ﻟﻠ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﻘ ﺔ واﻟ ﻔﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ دة‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫‪،‬و‬ ‫ﺣ اﻟﻲ ‪ 100 ml‬ﻣ اﻟ‬
‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻣ ‪ 50ppm‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 300ppm‬ﺑ ﺎءا‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫ق‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﻧ ن اﻟ ﯾ ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ‬
‫وﺳ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)‪(37%‬‬ ‫ام ‪ HCl‬اﻟ‬ ‫ﻩ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺳ أﻛﺎل‪ ،‬ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ر )‪(1M‬‬ ‫ام ﺣ‬ ‫ﺗ اﺳ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫واﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺛ ﯾ ﺷ ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻹﯾ ﺎﻧ ل‬ ‫ـ ـ ﺗ ﺻﻘﻞ اﻟﻘ ﻊ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﺔ ﺄوراق ﺎﺷ ﺔ‪ ,‬ﺛ ﺗﻐ ﻞ ﺎﻟ ﺎء اﻟ ﻘ‬
‫ام ﻣ ان ﺗ ﻠ ﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗ ﻔﻒ ﺎﻷﺳ ن‪ ,‬ﻌ ذﻟ ﺗ زن ﺎﺳ‬
‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟﻘ ﻊ ﻓﻲ ‪ 100 ml‬ﻣ ‪ (1 M) HCl‬ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫ــ ﺗ ﻏ‬
‫‪ 300 k°‬إﻟﻰ ‪ 323 k°‬ﻟ ة ‪.7h‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة ﻣ‬

‫‪80‬‬
 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﻬ اء اﻟ ﻠ ‪ ،‬و ﻌ ﻧﻬﺎ ﺔ اﻻﺧ ﺎر ﺗ اﺳ داد اﻟﻌ ﺎت وﻏ ﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ـ ـ ﺟ ﻊ اﻟ ﺎرب‬
‫ﯾ ﻣﻘ ار اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د ﻓ ﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟ ﺎء وﺗ ﻔ ﻔﻬﺎ ﺎﻷﺳ ن ﺛ ﻌﺎد وزﻧﻬﺎ ﻟ‬
‫ﺔ ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻻت‬ ‫ﺔ و اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫ـ ـ ـ ﺗ ﺣ ﺎب ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ واﻟ ﻐ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫=‬ ‫(‪…………..‬‬ ‫)‬

‫×‬
‫‪ :‬ﻣ ﺳ ﻗ اﻟ زن اﻟ ﻔﻘ د‪ :A ،‬ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻌ ﺔ‪ :t ،‬زﻣ اﻟﻐ ‪.‬‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫=‬ ‫‪°‬‬
‫(‪……………..‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪°−‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫(‪……………..‬‬ ‫)‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫و‪ °‬ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ وﺟ د و ﻏ ﺎب اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬

‫ام‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪ (EIS‬ﻋ ﺟﻬ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ )‪ (Ecorr‬ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎرب ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫أﺟ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫‪ ،0.01Hz-100KHz‬وﺗ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫إﺷﺎرة ﺳﻌ ﻬﺎ ‪ 5mV‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ ﺎل ﺗ دد ﻣ‬
‫ﻓﻲ )‪ (EIS‬ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪− °‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫(‪…………….‬‬ ‫)‬

‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻻﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫‪ °‬و‬

‫دراﺳﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ )‪ (PDP‬ﻌ ل ﻣ ﺢ ‪ 0.333 mV/s‬ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﺎل‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻛ ﺎ أﺟ‬
‫م ‪ ±250 mV‬ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻜﻤﻮن اﻟﺘﺂﻛﻞ‪ .‬وﺗﻢ ﺗﺤﻠﯿﻞ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ‪ PDP‬ﺑﺎﺳﺘﺨﺪام‬ ‫اﻟ ﻬ اﻟ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ‪ .Powersuite software‬وﺗﻢ ﺣﺴﺎب اﻟﻜﻔﺎءة اﻟﺘﺜﺒﯿﻄﯿﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﻮاﻟﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪°‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫=‪%‬‬ ‫×‬ ‫(……………‬ ‫)‬
‫‪°‬‬
‫ﻛ ﺎﻓﺔ ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻠﻰ اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ °‬و‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫اﻟﻌ ﺔ ﻌ ﻏ ﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ اوﺳﺎ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫وﻧﻲ )‪ (XL-30FEG‬ﻟﻔ‬ ‫ام اﻟ ﻬ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ اﺳ‬
‫ﻟ ة ‪.24 h‬‬
‫ﺢ ﻌ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺔ ذات اﻷ ﻌﺎد )‪ (2cm*2cm*0.25cm‬ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﻘﺎ ﺻ رة ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻓ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻷﻣ ﻞ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻐ‬

‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬

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 ‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ وﺟ د‬ ‫‪ :‬ﺗ ﻗ ﺎس ﻣﻌ ل ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ﺣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬

‫‪ 303K°‬و‪. 323K°‬‬ ‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻋ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة ﺗ واح ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻛ‬
‫و ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪ .‬أﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة وﻫ ا‬ ‫وﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗ داد ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫ﻛﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ﻞ أﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪ ،‬وﻗ ﺗ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ اﻣ از ﻣ‬
‫‪.300ppm‬‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻠ ك ﺗﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪(1M‬‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪ :‬ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻓﻲ درﺟﺔ ﺣ ارة ﺗ اوح ﺑ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ر ﺑ اﻛ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺣ‬ ‫واﻟ ﺎﻗ ﺔ‬
‫ام ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن ﻓﻲ ‪ .7h‬وﻟ ﺿ ﺢ ذﻟ ﺗ ﺣ ﺎب‬ ‫‪ 323K° - 303K°‬ﺎﺳ‬
‫ام ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ )‪ Arrhenius‬و‪. (Eyring’s‬‬ ‫‪ ∆S* ،∆H* ، Ea ،‬ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟ‬
‫‪= .‬‬ ‫‪…………… (Arrhenius).‬‬
‫‪……………….. (Eyring’s).‬‬
‫∗ ∆‬ ‫∗ ∆‬
‫=‬ ‫‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺎزات‬ ‫ﻼﻧ ‪ : N ،‬ﻋ د أﻓ ﻗﺎدرو‪ :R ،‬ﺛﺎﺑ‬ ‫‪ :‬ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪ :A ،‬اﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻷﺳﻲ‪: h ،‬ﺛﺎﺑ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب ﺗ اﻛ‬ ‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(1-7-IV‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟ‬
‫ز )‪.(B.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬
‫)‪∆S*(J/mol/K‬‬ ‫)‪∆H*(KJ/mol‬‬ ‫)‪Ea(KJ/mol‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)‪(ppm‬‬
‫‪-148.23‬‬ ‫‪17.45‬‬ ‫‪25.39‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪-136.99‬‬ ‫‪24.55‬‬ ‫‪28.01‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬
‫‪-131.23‬‬ ‫‪26.93‬‬ ‫‪34.92‬‬ ‫‪100‬‬
‫‪-131.54‬‬ ‫‪30.40‬‬ ‫‪38.33‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬
‫‪-127.88‬‬ ‫‪31.01‬‬ ‫‪40.48‬‬ ‫‪200‬‬
‫‪-121.87‬‬ ‫‪30.92‬‬ ‫‪43.51‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻲ ﺑ ون ﻣ‬ ‫أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬وﺟ أن ﻗ ﺔ ‪ Ea‬ﻟﻠ ﻠ ل ﻓﻲ وﺟ د اﻟ‬
‫*‪ ∆H‬اﻻ ﺎﺑ ﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ة‪ .‬أﻣﺎ ﻗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺣ‬
‫ﺔ ﻟﻘ *‪ ∆S‬اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و‬ ‫ﻌﺔ اﻧ ﻼل اﻟﻔ ﻻذ اﻟ ﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻠ ارة‪ .‬ﺎﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ة‬ ‫د اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻟ ﻌ ل اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻌ ﻲ أن اﻟ ﻌﻘ اﻟ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫وﺟ د ﻣ‬
‫ا ﺎﺑ ﺔ‬ ‫أﻛ‬ ‫ﺗ ن ﻗ *‪ ∆ S‬ﻟﻠ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫وﺗ ﻞ اﻹرﺗ ﺎ ﺑ ل اﻟ ﻔ ‪ .‬وﻋﻼوة ﻋﻠﻰ ذﻟ‬
‫زﺎدة ﻓﻲ‬ ‫أن ﺗ ن ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﻼﺣ ﺔ ﻧﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫ﻲ ﻟ ﺣ ة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺎص اﻟ ﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ وﺟ د اﻟ ﺎﻧﻊ‪.‬‬ ‫إﻣ‬ ‫اﻧ و ﺎ اﻟ ﯾ‬
‫ام ﻧ ﺎذج اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از ﺎﺳ ار ﻟ ﺻﻒ آﻟ ﺔ اﻣ از‬ ‫‪ ‬اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻻﻣ از‪ :‬ﺗ اﺳ‬
‫ﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ‬ ‫أن ﺗ ﻓ أدﻟﺔ ﻣﻬ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ﻧ ﺔ ﻷﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

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‫– ﻣﻌ ن‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ‬ ‫ﻞ ﺟ ﻣﻊ اﻟ ﺎﻧﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻫ اﻟ ﺎﺳ‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺗ اﻟﻌ ر ﻋﻠﻰ إﯾ وﺗﺎرم ﺗ‬
‫ز )‪ (B.A.‬اﻟ ﻌ ﻰ ﺎﻟ ﻌﺎدﻟﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟ ق اﻹﻟ‬

‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ )‪:(EIS‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﻰ ﻧ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻟ ﺳ ﻣ‬ ‫ام اﻟ ﺎﻧﺎت اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ اﺳ‬
‫)‪(B.A.‬‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻣ‬ ‫‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د ﺗ اﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﺎت ﻓﻲ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻏ‬
‫ﻋ ‪.303K°‬‬
‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(2-7-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫وﺟ د اﻟ‬
‫‪IE%‬‬ ‫‪Cdl‬‬ ‫‪Rct‬‬ ‫‪RS‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)‪( µF.cm-2‬‬ ‫)‪(Ω.cm2‬‬ ‫)‪(Ω.cm2‬‬
‫)‪(ppm‬‬
‫‪...‬‬ ‫‪99.6‬‬ ‫‪17.2‬‬ ‫‪1.48‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪68.8‬‬ ‫‪41.1‬‬ ‫‪55.1‬‬ ‫‪1.89‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬
‫‪93.9‬‬ ‫‪19.3‬‬ ‫‪281.9‬‬ ‫‪1.97‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫وﻫ ا ﻘ ح زﺎدة اﻣ از ﺟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ Cdl‬ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬زادت ‪ Rct‬و اﻧ ﻔ‬
‫ﯾ د إﻟﻰ ﺣ ﺎ ﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ‪.‬‬ ‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻗ ﺔ ﻔﺎءة ‪93.9%‬‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫ـ ـ ‪ IE%‬ﺗ داد ﺑ ﺎدة ‪ Rct‬و اﻧ ﻔﺎض ‪ Cdl‬ﺣ‬
‫ﻋ ‪.300ppm‬‬
‫‪ ‬ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ )‪(PDP‬‬
‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻷﻧ د ﺔ واﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬اﻟ روس‬ ‫دراﺳﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫ﻋ ‪ .303K°‬وﺗ ﻋ ض ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ول اﻟ اﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟ ول)‪ :(3-7-Ⅲ‬ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻼت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬ﻓﻲ‬
‫)‪(B.A.‬‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫وﺟ د وﻏ ﺎب ﻣ‬
‫‪IE%‬‬ ‫‪βc‬‬ ‫‪βa‬‬ ‫‪Icorr‬‬ ‫‪Ecorr‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫)‪(mV dec-1‬‬ ‫)‪(mV dec-1‬‬ ‫)‪(µA .cm-2‬‬ ‫)‪(mV vs SCE‬‬
‫)‪(ppm‬‬
‫…‬ ‫‪51.8‬‬ ‫‪85.2‬‬ ‫‪809.2‬‬ ‫‪-477.8‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪69.1‬‬ ‫‪56.6‬‬ ‫‪101.8‬‬ ‫‪249.9‬‬ ‫‪-452.4‬‬ ‫‪150‬‬
‫‪92.0‬‬ ‫‪59.3‬‬ ‫‪118.4‬‬ ‫‪65.9‬‬ ‫‪-433.9‬‬ ‫‪300‬‬
‫ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫دراﺳﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب أن ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻷﻧ د ﺔ واﻟ ﺎﺗ د ﺔ اﻧ ﻔ‬ ‫‪‬ﻛ ﻔ‬
‫‪،‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫إﺿﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫ن اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ إﻟﻰ اﻹﺗ ﺎﻩ اﻟ ﺟ‬ ‫ﻗ‬ ‫‪ ،‬وﺗ ﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻣ ة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ .‬وأ ﻬ ت اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ أن‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻫ ا إﻟﻰ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﯾد‬

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‫ﻠ ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ اﻟ ع اﻟ‬ ‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻌ ﻞ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻣ‬

‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ أﻋﻠﻰ ﻔﺎءة ﻋ‬ ‫ﺗ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻧﻊ‪ ،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻣﻊ زﺎدة ﺗ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ داد اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫‪ 300 ppm‬ﻗ رت ب ‪. 92%‬‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن واﻟﻘ ﺎﺳﺎت اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻧﻼﺣ ﺗ اﻓ ﺟ ﺑ‬
‫ﺗﻘ ﺎت دراﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬
‫وﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ ﻠ ﻞ اﻟ ﻬ اﻹﻟ‬
‫‪ ‬ﺗﻌ ض ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ ‪ HCl‬دون اﻟ ﺎﻧﻊ إﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧ ﺎق واﺳﻊ‪.‬‬
‫ﻌض‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ رﻗ ﻘﺔ وﻣ ﺣ ة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻌ ﺔ اﻟ ﻐ رة ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﺣ‬
‫ﻲ وﺣ ﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺢ اﻟ ﻐ ر ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻠ ل اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ أﻓ ﻞ‪ ,‬ﻧﺎﻋ ﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟ‬
‫ال)‪(B.A.‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬ ‫ز‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫إﻣ از ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ دﻟ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ أﻧﻪ‬
‫ﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺢ ﻣ اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻋ ل اﻟ‬
‫‪ HCl‬واﻟ ﻔﺎءة ﺗ داد‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎل ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ )‪ (1M‬ﻣ‬ ‫)‪(B.A.‬‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻌﻞ ﻣ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ارﺗﻔﺎع درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪.‬‬ ‫وﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫ﻣﻊ زﺎدة اﻟ‬
‫ﯾ ﺟﻊ أﺳﺎﺳﺎ إﻟﻰ اﻣ ازﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ وﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻻﻣ از‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻋﻞ ﺗ‬
‫)‪.(Temkin‬‬ ‫ﻊ ﻹﯾ وﺗﺎرم ﺗ‬ ‫ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ‬
‫ﻣ ﻠ‬ ‫)‪ (B.A.‬ﻣ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬دراﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب أ ﻬ ت ﺄن ﻣ‬
‫ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ ﺟ ة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻧﻊ‬ ‫‪ ‬أ ﻬ ت ‪ SEM‬أن ﺟ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻣ ﻘﺎرﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن واﻟ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ اﻟ‬

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‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣ ﺎت اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫‪ .3- Ⅲ‬ﻣ ﺎﻗ ﺔ وﺗﻔ‬

‫ﻻﺣ ﺎ ﻣﺎﯾﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ ﺿ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ وﻟ )‪ (1-Ⅲ‬و)‪ (2-Ⅲ‬اﻟ ﺎ ﻘ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ Ⅲ‬ــ‪3‬ــ‪ .1‬اﻟ‬
‫ام ﻣ ﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ وﻏ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ راﺳﺎت ﻋ ﯾ ة وﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻣ ﻬﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎت اﻟ‬
‫أﺟ اﺋﻬﺎ واﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﻞ اﻷوراق‪ ،‬اﻟ ﻘﺎن‪ ،‬اﻟ ور‪ ،‬اﻟﻠ ﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟ ور‪ ،‬اﻟ ت وﻗ ر اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬
‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر وﺣ‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺎﻫ ة اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻣﻬﺎ واﺧ ﺎرﻫﺎ ﻟ‬ ‫اﺳ‬
‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ وأﻗﻞ ﺗ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ‬ ‫ة ﻷﻧﻪ أﻛ‬ ‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر‬ ‫ﻞ اﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﺣ‬ ‫‪ ٬‬وﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻓﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫إﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟ‬ ‫وﻫ ا ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺎرب اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻷﻋ ﺎل اﻟ اﻧ ﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ أﻗﻞ ﺧ رة و أﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎوة ﻣ ﺣ‬
‫ﻲ‪ ....‬ﻓﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ واﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠﻒ اﻟ ﯾ ﺎت ﻣ ﻬﺎ‪ :‬اﻟ ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟ‬ ‫ت اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺟ دة داﺧﻞ اﻟ ﺎت‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫اج اﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻻﺳ‬ ‫ﻣ ﯾ ﺎت ﺗ ﺢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠ ﺔ ذو ﺎن اﻷﻧ‬
‫اﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﺎم ﻫ اﻟ ﺎء‪ ,‬أﻣﺎ اﻟ ﯾ ﺎت اﻷﻛ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻞ ﺗ ﻠﻔﺔ و ﻏ‬ ‫وﻧﻼﺣ أن اﻟ ﯾ‬
‫ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ ﯾ ﺎت ﻋ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﯾ ﻠ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫أﻏﻠ‬ ‫اﻹﯾ ﺎﻧ ل واﻟ ﺎﻧ ل ﻻن ﺗ‬
‫اﻟ اد‬ ‫ﺗ ﻓ ﻬﺎ ﺗ‬ ‫اﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﻫ اﻷوراق ﻷﻧﻬﺎ أﻏ ﻰ ﺟ ء ﻣ اﻟ ﺎت ﺣ‬ ‫اﻷﻛ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟﻌ‬
‫ﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻋ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ Ⅲ‬ــ‪3‬ــ‪ .2‬اﻟ ق اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ وﻣ ﺎﺷ ة وﻫﻲ أول ﺧ ة ﺗ ﻔ ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺳ ﻋﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن و ﻫﻲ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﻲ وﺟ د أﺟﻬ ة أو ﺗ‬ ‫وﻟ ﻲ‪ ،‬واﻟﻘ ﺎم ﺑﻬﺎ ﻻ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠ ل إﻟ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫مﻫﻩ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ إﻟﻰ ذﻟ ﺗ‬ ‫ام أدوات‬ ‫ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن ﺎﺳ‬ ‫اﻟﻐ‬ ‫ﻓﻘ ﺗ ﻋ‬
‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣ اﻟﻐ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ و ﻣ دود اﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺗﺎﺛ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬
‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﻞ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ واﻟ ﻲ ﺗﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﺧ ﺎر اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ق اﻟ ﻬ و‬
‫ﺎت وﻏ ﺎﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺗ ﺎر اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت ﻣ ﺧﻼل ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻣ ﺗ ﯾ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻫ ا ﻋﻠﻰ رﺳ‬ ‫ود اﻟﻌ ﻞ‪ ،‬ﺛ ﻗ ﺎس ﺎﻓﺔ اﻟ ﺎر اﻟ ﺎر ﻓ ﻪ وﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻓ ق اﻟ ﻬ ﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﺑﻐ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻌﺔ اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺗ ﻞأ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎب )‪ i=f(E‬و )‪. Tafel : logi=f(E‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬
‫ﻲ ﺑ ﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾ ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ اﻹﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت وذﻟ ﺑ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎ ﻣ ﺗﻌ‬ ‫واﻟ ﻲ ﺗ‬
‫ﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‪ ،‬وﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﻋﻔﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫وﻏ ﺎ ﻪ و ﻟ ﻣﻌ ﻓﺔ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ‬

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‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫ﺳ ﺢ ﻣﻌ ن\ﻣ ﻠ ل واﻟ ﻲ ﻣ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ‬ ‫وﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻟﻼﻧ ﻘﺎل اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻠ ﻣﺎت اﻟ اﺣﻞ اﻟ‬
‫)‪.(Nyquist‬‬ ‫ﺎت ﻧ‬ ‫ل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣ‬ ‫ﯾ اﻟ‬
‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻣ ﻘﺎرﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن واﻟ ق اﻻﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻣ ﻗ ﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎﺋﺞ اﻟ‬
‫اﻻﻋ ﺎد‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫أن ﻼ اﻟ‬ ‫أ‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻞ ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﺟ ة ﻓﻲ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺟ ا وﻧ ﺔ اﻟ‬
‫ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻋﻠ ﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﺣ ﺎب اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .3-3-Ⅲ‬ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫رة‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ ﻋ ﻠ ﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ دراﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ‬
‫ﺗ ﺷ ح ﺗﺄﺛ ﻫﺎ ﺑ اﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫‪،‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن وذﻟ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫ام‬ ‫أﻋﻼﻩ ﺎﺳ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻟ ﺣ ﻋ ﻣﺎ ﺎن زﺎدة درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ﺗ د إﻟﻰ اﻣ از ﺟ ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎدﻟﺔ أرﻫ س ﺣ‬
‫ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ وﺗ ﻔ‬ ‫ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن و ﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ زﺎدة ﻣﻌ ل أﻛ ة اﻟ ﯾ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓ‬
‫ﺔ‪ ،‬و ﻧﻘ ﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﯾ د إﻟﻰ اﻧ ﻔﺎض ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ و ﺎﻟ ﺎﻟﻲ اﻟ ﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﻔﺎءة‬ ‫اﻟ ﻔﺎءة اﻟ‬
‫ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫‪.4-3-Ⅲ‬إﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﻣ أﻫ اﻟ اﺿ ﻊ ﻓﻲ دراﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻌ ﻲ ﻣﻌﻠ ﻣﺎت‬ ‫إﻣ از اﻟ‬ ‫ﻌ‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﺗ ن واﺿ ﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑ‬ ‫ﺣ ل اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ دوﺟﺔ اﻟ ﻬ ﺎﺋ ﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ‬
‫وﻫ ﺎ اﻹﻣ از اﻟﻔ ﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻠ ك اﻟ‬ ‫ﻔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل اﯾ وﺗﺎرم اﻹﻣ از وﻫ ﺎك ﻧ ﻋﺎن ﻣ اﻹﻣ از اﻟ‬
‫ﻌﺔ وﻗ ة اﻹﻣ از ﺗ اﺧ ﺎر إﯾ وﺗﺎرم )‪(Langmuir , Temkin, Frumkin‬‬ ‫ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬وﻟ ﺿ ﺢ‬ ‫واﻟ‬
‫دج اﻟ ﻊ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻞ اﻻرﺗ ﺎ ﻟ ﻌ ﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﻣ ﺧﻼﻟﻬﺎ ﯾ ﺗﻌ‬ ‫اﻟ ﻌﺎدﻻت اﻟ‬ ‫ﺑ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻣ از اﻟ‬
‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن أد إﻟﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ وﺟ أن إﻣ از اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ‬
‫ﻧ ذج اﯾ وﺗﺎرم )‪(Langmuir‬‬ ‫ﻘﺔ واﻗ ﺔ وﺣ ة ﺗ اﻓ‬ ‫ﺗ‬

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‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻟﻌ ﺔ ‪:‬‬

‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻓﻲ أوﺳﺎ‬ ‫او ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﺗﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ‪" ،(2007)،‬دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻌ‬ ‫]‪ [35‬ﻧ ﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ‬
‫‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋ ﺔ" ﻣ ة ﻣﺎﺟ‬

‫اﻟﻘﺎدر‪Etude de l’effet inhibitrice des extrais de plantes sur l acier " (2017) ،‬‬ ‫ﻋ‬ ‫]‪ [39‬ﺑ ﻣ‬
‫ر‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ا‬ ‫‪ ، "CX52‬رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د‬

‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟﻔ ﻟ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎ وﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﺎدة ﻟﻸﻛ ة وﻟﻠ‬ ‫]‪ [40‬ﺑﻠﻔﺎر آﺳ ﺎ‪" ، (2018) ،‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻘ رة اﻟ‬
‫ﻟ ﺎت ‪ ،"Limoniastrum guyonianum Dur‬رﺳﺎﻟﺔ د راء‪ ،‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ورﻗﻠﺔ‪.‬‬

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‫ﺎت ﻟﻠ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻞ اﻟ ﺎﻟ‬

:‫اﻟ اﺟﻊ اﻷﺟ ﺔ‬

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[27] O.O. Ogunleye , A.O. Arinkoola , O.A. Eletta , O.O. Agbede , Y.A. Osho , A.F.
Morakinyo , J.O. Hamed, (2020), "Green corrosion inhibition and adsorption characteristics
of Luffa cylindrical leaf extract on mild steel in hydrochloric acid environment ", Heliyon :
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[30] Gopal Ji, S.K. Shukala, Eno E. Ebenso, R.Prakask, (2013), " Argemone Mexicana leaf
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[31] S.A. Umaren, M.M. Solomon, U.M. Eduok, Ime B.Obot, (2014), " A.U. Israel, Inhibition
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[41] S. Chouki, (2012), "Valorisation d’une plante mèdicinale à activite antidiabetique de la
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90
‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬
 ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫اء ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺧ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﻬ ف ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻋ ض اﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋﻲ ﻷداء ﻌ‬

‫اﻟ ﻘﺎ‬ ‫اﻷ ﺎث اﻟﻌﻠ ﺔ اﻟ روﺳﺔ ﺗ اﺳ ﺎ‬ ‫ﺧﻼل ﺟ ﻠﺔ ﻣ‬ ‫ﻲ‪ .‬و ﻣ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬
‫اﻟ اﻟ ﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ام ﻣ ﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺎﺳ‬ ‫ﺔ وذﻟ‬ ‫ﺔ وﻏ‬ ‫ﻌ ﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ راﺳﺎت ﻋ ﯾ ة و ﻣ ﻋﺔ ﻣ ﻬﺎ اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬اﻟ ﺎت اﻟ‬

‫أﺟ اﺋﻬﺎ وﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻷوراق‪.‬‬
‫ﻲ‪ .......‬أﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﻲ واﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﻠﻒ اﻟ ﯾ ﺎت ﻣ ﻬﺎ‪ :‬اﻟ ﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟ‬ ‫ت اﻟ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺣ‬
‫ﺳﺎم ﻫ‬ ‫اﻷﻗﻞ ﺗ ﻠﻔﺔ و ﻏ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻟ ﯾ‬ ‫اﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﻫﻲ اﻹﯾ ﺎﻧ ل واﻟ ﺎﻧ ل‪ .‬ﻛ ﺎ ﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ ﯾ ﺎت اﻷﻛ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎء‪.‬‬
‫اﻟ‬ ‫وﺣ‬ ‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ اﺧ ﺎر ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺎﻧﻲ وﻫ ا ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ وأﻗﻞ ﺗ ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ة ﻷﻧﻪ أﻛ‬ ‫اﻷول‬ ‫ﻞ اﺳ ﻌ ﺎل اﻟ‬ ‫وﻧ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋ ﺎل اﻟ اﻧ ﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ أﻗﻞ ﺧ رة‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫إﺳ ﻌ ﺎل ﺣ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ ،‬وﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎرب اﻟ‬
‫اﻟﻬ رو ﻠ ر ‪.‬‬ ‫ةأﻋﻠﻰ درﺟﺔ ﻧﻘﺎوة ﻣ ﺣ‬
‫ﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣ أﺷﻬ اﻟ ق‬ ‫ﻐ ق ﻓ ة زﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺗ ﻠﻔﺔ وﻻ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت ﻻ ﯾ ﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﺣ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ ﻬ و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ ﻠﺔ و‬ ‫اﻟﻌ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻫﻲ‬
‫ﻌ ﻲ ﻧ ﺎﺋﺞ ﻣ ﻘﺎرﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﻼ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ و ﺗ‬ ‫اﻷوﻟﻰ و اﻟﻠ ﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬
‫درﺟﺔ اﻟ ارة ﻋﻠﻰ زﻣ اﻟﻐ ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌ ل اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ و ﻣ دود اﻟ‬ ‫م دراﺳﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺗﺄﺛ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﺗ‬
‫ﺔ ﻟﻠ ﻌ ن اﻟ روس واﻟ ﻲ أدت إﻟﻰ ﺗ ﯾ ﺣ ﺔ اﻟ ﻔﺎﻋﻞ واﻟﻌ اﻣﻞ اﻟ ﯾ ﺎﻣ ﺔ‬ ‫ﺎﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬
‫اﻟ ارﺔ اﻟ ﻲ ﺗ ﻬ ﻧ ع اﻻﻣ از‪.‬‬
‫اﺧ ﺎر ﻧ ﺎذج أﺷﻬ ﻫﺎ )‪ (Langmuir , Temkin, Frumkin‬ﺣ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ وﻗ ة اﻹﻣ از ﯾ‬ ‫‪ ‬وﻟ ﺿ ﺢ‬
‫ﻊ ﻟ ذج‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ ﺎ ﻘﺔ ﺄن إﻣ از اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌ‬ ‫ﺗ‬
‫اﯾ وﺗﺎرم )‪(Langmuir‬‬

‫ﺗﻌ ﻞ اﻷوﻟﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ رﻓ ﻟ ﺟ ﺔ أﻫ ﻬﺎ‪ SEM :‬و ‪ FTIR‬ﺣ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﺗ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺢ ﻓﻲ ﻏ ﺎب و ﻓﻲ وﺟ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻣ ﺧﻼل ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﺻ رة اﻟ‬ ‫إﺛ ﺎت اﻣ از اﻟ‬
‫ﻔ ﺔ اﻟ ﺟ دة‬ ‫ﻋﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻞ اﻟ ﻘﺔ اﻟ اﻗ ﺔ‪ ،‬أﻣﺎ اﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻌ ﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ ﻌ ف ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣ ﺔ ﺗ‬
‫‪.‬‬ ‫وﻟﺔ ﺑ ورﻫﺎ ﻋ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ أﺟ اء اﻟ ﺎت و اﻟ‬

‫‪92‬‬
 ‫اﻟ ﻼﺻﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‬

‫ﺎت‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ اﺣ اﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋ د ﻫﺎﺋﻞ ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫‪ ‬ﻟﻘ ﺗ‬

‫ﻣ ﺎﻋﻔﺔ‪ ،‬ذرات ﻣ ﻐﺎﯾ ة‪ ،‬ﺣﻠﻘﺎت اروﻣﺎﺗ ﺔ وو ﺎﺋﻒ‬ ‫ة ب‪ :‬روا‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻎ اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ذات اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻬﺎ ﻓﻌﺎﻟ ﺔ ﺗ‬ ‫ﻠﺔﻣ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻫ رو‬
‫ﺔ ﻣ أﺟﻞ ﺗ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ ﻧ‬ ‫اﻟ ﺎﻟ ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣ‬ ‫أن ﻧ ﺟﻪ ﺟﻬ د اﻟ‬ ‫ﺻﻠﺔ‬ ‫و أﺧ ا‬
‫ﺎت ﺑ ﯾﻠﺔ ﻣ ﺎزة وﻣﻘ ﻟﺔ ﺑ ﺎ‪ ،‬وﻣ ﻓ ة و ﻠﻔﺔ ﻣ ﻔ ﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺎت ﺗﻌ‬ ‫ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ راﺳﺎت ﻷن ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬

‫‪93‬‬
 :‫اﻟﻤﻠﺨﺺ‬
‫ﺎت ﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ ﻓﻲ اﻟ ﺳ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﯾﻬ ف ﻫ ا اﻟﻌ ﻞ إﻟﻰ ﻣ ﺎﻫ ﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟ راﺳﺔ اﻻﺳ ﻘ ﺎﺋ ﺔ ﻟ‬
‫ﺗ اﺧ ﺎرﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ ‫ ﺣ‬.‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ ﻣ ﻣ ﻠﻒ اﻷﻋ ﺎء ﺧﺎﺻﺔ اﻷوراق ﻓﻲ ﻣ ﯾ ﺎت ﻗ‬ ‫ت ﻫ ﻩ اﻟ‬ ‫ ﺣ‬،‫ﻲ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
‫ﻘﺔ اﻷوﻟﻰ اﻟ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ و اﻟﻠ ﺔ اﻷﺳﺎﺳ ﺔ‬ ‫اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ و ﺗﻌ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن و اﻟ‬ ‫ﻲ ﺑ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫وﺳ‬
‫ﺧ ﻌ‬ ‫( ﺣ‬Langmuir , Temkin, Frumkin) ‫اﺧ ﺎر ﻧ ﺎذج أﺷﻬ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﻌﺔ وﻗ ة اﻹﻣ از ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻟ ﺎﻧ ﺔ وﻟ ﺿ ﺢ‬ ‫ﻟﻠ‬
FTIR ‫ و‬SEM :‫اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ رﻓ ﻟ ﺟ ﺔ أﻫ ﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻟ راﺳﺔ ﺳ ﺢ اﻟ ﻌ ن ﺗ‬.(Langmuir) ‫ﻣﻌ ﻬﺎ ﻟ ذج اﯾ وﺗﺎرم‬
‫ﻎ‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ ذات اﻟ‬ ‫ﺎت اﻟ‬ ‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ اﺣ اﺋﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌ د اﻟﻬﺎﺋﻞ ﻣ اﻟ‬ ‫ﻣ ﺧﻼل اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ ﻠ ﻠ ﺔ ﻟﻠ‬ ‫ﻟﻘ ﺗ‬
.‫ة‬ ‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ اﻟ‬ ‫اﻟ‬
،‫ﺎﺋ ﺔ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻘﺔ اﻹﻟ‬ ‫ اﻟ‬،‫ﻘﺔ ﻓﻘ ان اﻟ زن‬ ‫ﻲ‬ ‫ اﻟ ﺳ اﻟ‬،‫اﻟ ﺂﻛﻞ‬ ‫ ﺗ‬،‫ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﺎﺗ ﺔ‬ ‫ اﻟ‬،‫ اﻟﻔ ﻻذ‬:‫اﻟ ﻠ ﺎت اﻟ ﻔ ﺎﺣ ﺔ‬
.‫ اﻟ راﺳﺎت اﻟ رﻓ ﻟ ﺟ ﺔ‬،‫اﻹﻣ از‬

Résumé:
Le but de ce travail est de mener une étude de la littérature scientifique pour contribuer à
l'application d'extraits végétaux comme inhibiteurs de corrosion de l'acier en milieu acide Ces
extraits végétaux ont été préparés à partir de divers organes notamment de feuilles dans des
solvants polaires. Là où il a été testé en milieu acide en appliquant la méthode de perte de masse
et la méthode électrochimique, et la première méthode est le support et l'élément de base de la
deuxième méthode. Pour clarifier la nature et la force de l'adsorption, les modèles les plus
connus (Langmuir, Temkin et Frumkin) sont testés, où la plupart d'entre eux ont été soumis au
modèle isotarm (Langmuir) .Pour étudier la surface du minéral, des études morphologiques sont
appliquées, dont les plus importantes sont: SEM et FTIR. Des études analytiques sur des extraits
de plantes ont révélé qu’ils contiennent un grand nombre de composés chimiques avec des
formules chimiques distinctes.
Les mots clés: aciers, extraits végétaux, inhibition de la corrosion, milieu acide, méthode perte
de masse, méthode électrochimique, adsorption, études morphologiques.

Abstract:
The aim of this study is to conduct a survey of the scientific literature to contribute to the
application of plant extracts as corrosion inhibitors of steel in an acidic medium. These
extracted plant have been prepared from various organs, in particular leaves, in polar solvents.
Where it has been tested in acidic medium by applying the mass loss method and the
electrochemical method, the first method is the support and building block of the second method.
To clarify the nature and the strength of adsorption, the best models (Langmuir, Temkin and
Frumkin) are tested, where most of them have been subjected to the isotarm model (Langmuir).
To study the surface of the mineral, morphological studies are applied, the most important are:
SEM and FTIR. Analytical studies on plant extracts have shown that they contain a large number
of chemical compounds with distinct chemical formulas.
Key words: steels, plant extracts, corrosion inhibition, acidic medium, mass loss method,
electrochemical method, adsorption, morphological studies.