TIẾNG ANH THẦY CHÍ CHÂU – TÀI LIỆU KYS

KHÓA NGỮ PHÁP TOÀN DIỆN

CHUYÊN ĐỀ 15. SUBJUNCTIVES

THỂ GIẢ ĐỊNH

I. Định nghĩa
Câu giả định là loại câu mà đối tượng thứ nhất muốn đối tượng thứ hai làm việc gì.
Câu giả định có tính chất cầu khiến chứ không mang tính ép buộc như câu mệnh lệnh.
II. Động từ giả định
Các động từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau phải ở dạng giả định:
advise prefer require
ask insist suggest
command move recommend
order request urge
Cấu trúc giả định
S1 + V1 that + S2 + (should) + V.inf

E.g. The doctor suggests that she ___________ smoking.

A. gives up B. should give up C. be given up D. to be giving up
❖ Lưu ý:
• Trong câu giả định, mệnh đề 2 bắt buộc phải có ‘‘______________’’.
• Động từ sau chủ ngữ 2 ở dạng nguyên thể không ‘‘______________’’.
• Nếu muốn thành lập thể phủ định đặt ‘‘____________’’ sau S2, trước nguyên thể
không ‘‘___________’’.
E.g. My boss required that we _____________ the office phone for personal calls.
A. use B. uses C. not use D. don't use
❖ Lưu ý:
Những động từ có thể dùng giả định đằng sau hoặc có thể dùng trong cấu trúc “V + O + to V’’:
ask, order, require, urge.
E.g.
We ask that she be present. = We ask her to be present.
III. Tính từ giả định
Các tính từ đòi hỏi mệnh đề sau phải ở dạng giả định

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 advised important
critical required
crucial suggested
obligatory urgent
imperative proposed
Cấu trúc giả định:
It + be + adj + that + S2 + (should) + V.inf
E.g.
It is necessary that he register the subjects before the term begins. It is important that she should
meet the doctor immediately.
It has been proposed that we not change the topic.
IV. Danh từ giả định:
Các danh từ xuất phát từ những động từ và tính từ trên đều buộc mệnh đề sau nó phải ở dạng
giả định:
advice preference requirement
asking proposal request
command move recommendation
order suggestion urge
Cấu trúc giả định:
N + that + S2 + (should) + V.inf
E.g.
The proposal that drinking be banned in public areas has been criticized by many people. It is a
recommendation from a doctor that the patient stop smoking
He made a suggestion that his wife not go to work.
V. Câu điều ước Wish - If only
A. WISH
Wish dùng ở hiện tại có nghĩa là muốn làm gì
• Wish = want = would like + (sb) + to do sth
E.g.
I wish to pass the entrance exam.
I wish you ___________ a good teacher.
A. will become B. become C. to become D. becoming
• Wish somebody something
E.g. I wish you a happy birthday.

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 1. “Wish” là giả định cách khi nó diễn tả ước muốn trái ngược lại với hiện tại, quá khứ
1.1. Câu điều ước không có thực ở hiện tại
These are wishes where you want to change a present state.
S + wish (that) + S + V2/Ved
E.g.
I don't know the answer. I wish I ___________ the answer.
A. known B. knew C. had known D. have known
❖ Lưu ý:
Trong câu “wish” không có thật ở hiện tại, dùng “____________” nếu là động từ to be cho tất cả
các ngôi.
E.g.
I wish I were younger. (Formal)
I wish I was younger. (Informal)
1.2. Câu điều ước không có thực ở quá khứ
These are wishes where you want to change a past state.
E.g.
I didn't go to his party yesterday. I wish I ___________ to his party.
A. have gone B. went C. had been gone D. had gone
S + wish (that) + S + had + V3/Ved
1.3. Câu ước thể hiện sự phàn nàn hoặc muốn ai đó làm gì.
These are wishes where you want to change a future state.
A + wish (that) + B + would do sth
E.g.
I wish they would stop making noise.
I wish it would stop raining hard in summer.
BẢNG TÓM TẮT CÁCH DÙNG CỦA WISH
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
Reality: We get old. To wish that a present or future situation
Wish: I wish (that) we didn’t get old. were different, we use a past verb form for a
Reality: We are learning about Mars. wish about the present or future.
Wish: I wish (that) we were learning about After wish, we can use that to introduce the
other planets, too. clause, but it is usually omitted.
Reality: I can’t live 150 years.
Wish: I wish (that) I could live 150 years.

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 Wish: I’m not young, but I wish (that) I were. We can use an auxiliary verb (were, did,
Wish: I don’t have a good memory, but I wish could, etc.) to shorten the wish clause.
(that) I did.
Reality: You don’t want to study science. Putting would after a wish shows that one
Wish: I wish (that) you would study more person wants a change in another person or
science. situation. Using would sometimes conveys a
Reality: Scientists haven’t found a cure for complaint.
diabetes.
Wish: I wish (that) scientists would find a cure
for diabetes.
Reality: I didn’t know my grandparents. We can wish that a past situation were
Wish: I wish (that) I had known them. different.
Reality: Salvatore Caruso couldn’t serve in We use a past perfect verb for a wish about
the military. the past.
Wish: He wished (that) he could have served. If the real situation uses could, we use could
have + past participle after wish.
Wish: I never knew my great-grandparents, We can use the auxiliary verb had to shorten
but I wish I had. the wish clause.

VI. Cấu trúc giả định trong câu điều kiện

6.1. Câu điều kiện loại 2: diễn tả điều không có thực trong hiện tại
If S + V2/ed/were, S + would/could/might + V.inf
E.g.
I work at night, so I can't attend evening classes.
If I didn't work at night, I could attend evening classes.
6.2. Câu điều kiện loại 3: Diễn tả điều không có thực ở quá khứ
If S + had P2, S + would/could/might + have + P2
E.g.
I didn't catch the plane. I didn't meet John there.
If I had caught the plane, I would have met John there.
6.3. Câu điều kiện trộn
If S + had P2, S + would/could/might + V.inf + now
E.g.
I didn't change my job. I am poor now.

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 → If I had changed my job, I would be rich now.
Exercise. Highlight important words or phrases in the table below.
EXAMPLES EXPLANATION
If astronauts go to Mars, they will have to We can use if to describe a real future
return within a given time period. possibility.
They won’t be able to rely on scientists on We use the present in the if clause and the
Earth if they have a problem. future or a modal in the main clause.
If you’re interested in Mars, you should read
this article.
If you were on Mars, you would weigh about We can use if to describe an unreal situation in
one-third of what you weigh on Earth. the present. These examples are about
If you could go to Mars, would you go? hypothetical or imaginary situations. They are
not plans for the future

VII. Câu giả định dùng với “It’s time”

7.1. Trái ngược với hiện tại:
It’s time/ high time/ about time + S + V2/Ved
(Đã đến lúc ai đó làm gì, thực tế chưa làm)
E.g.
It's time you concentrated on learning English. The exam is coming. It's time they worked hard.
It's time something was done to prevent pollution.
7.2. Trái ngược với quá khứ
It was time/ high time/ about time + S + had V3/Ved
E.g.
It was time they had left for their office.
It was high time he had gone to college.
VIII. Câu giả định dùng “As if/ as though”
8.1. Clauses that start with as if/ as though describe an unreal or improbable situation if they
are followed by unreal tense (the past subjunctive or the past perfect subjunctive)
• Giả định điều không có thật ở hiện tại
PRESENT TENSE + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S + PAST TENSE
E.g.1.
It's very cold today. It looks as though it were autumn now.
[It gives the impression that it is autumn, but it isn't]

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 He isn't my father. He is talking as if he were my father.
[He gives the impression that he is my father, but he isn’t]
• Giả định điều không có thật ở quá khứ
E.g.2.
He seems as though he hadn't slept for days.
[it seems that he hasn't slept for days, but he (probably) has or we don't know whether he has or
not]
The whole were seriously damaged. It looks as if it had been destroyed by bombs.
[But it wasn't destroyed by bomb]
He talked as if he had gone to London.
[But he didn't go to London]
8.2. Clause that start with as if/ as though express a true situation if they are followed by a
present tense.
PRESENT TENSE + AS IF/ AS THOUGH + S + PRESENT TENSE
E.g.
He looks as if he knows the answer. He looks very confident. (Perhaps he knows the answer)
It looks as if it is going to rain. What a miserable weather! (Perhaps it is going to rain)
He seems as if he hasn't slept for days. His eyes have dark circles. (Perhaps he hasn't slept for
days)
IX. WOULD RATHER
9.1.Would rather (thích…hơn)
Would rather do something = would prefer to do something
• Ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
S + would rather (not) + V-bare (+ than + V-bare)
E.g.
Due to the outbreak of Corona virus, I would rather stay at home all month.
I'm broke. I would rather not squander my money on such trivia.
Harry would rather play quidditch than hit the gym.
I'd rather _________ a sailor than soldier.
A. were B. be C. became D. had become
I'd rather _________ in Ancient Greece than Ancient Rome.
A. have lived B. lived C. had lived D. had been lived
• Ở quá khứ
S + would rather (not) + have + V3/Ved (+ than)

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E.g.
I wore off the pegs at the party yesterday, but I'd rather have worn haute couture. It all boils
down to the fact that I'm on a tight budget.
I would rather have worn haute couture than off the pegs at the party yesterday.
9.2.Would rather that (mong; muốn)
Would rather is followed by past verb forms in the same way as ________ about the present. It
expresses a preference for actions.
• Ở hiện tại hoặc tương lai
Đề nghị ai đó làm gì một cách lịch sự ở hiện tại
S + would rather (that) + S + V-past simple
E.g.
I would rather you went to school now.
Prof. Dumbledore would rather that all of you came here to learn 'Defense Against the Dark Arts'
next week.
A: Would you mind if I smoked?
B: I'd rather you __________. There is a baby here.
A. didn't smoke B. don't smoke C. smoke D. didn't smoking
I 'd rather you didn't talk in class now.
Jane would rather it __________ not winter now.
A. were B. be C. did D. had
• Ở quá khứ
S + would rather (that) + S + V-past perfect
E.g.
"I would rather you had finished your homework, Ron," said Prof. McGonagall
[But he didn't finish his homework]
I'd rather they __________ more food last week. Bob would rather his wife hadn't divorced him.
A. were B. had been C. did D. had prepared
X. Luyện tập
1. Harry has spent his money as if he _________ a lottery.
A. won B. had won C. has won D. wins
2. It's vital that he ____________ to take her medicine twice a day
A. remember B. remembers C. to remember D. remembered
3. I wish you something instead of just sitting and doing nothing.
A. do B. should C. will do D. would do

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4. I wish Sarah here now.
A. is B. were C. would be D. will be
5. I wish I to the party last night.
A. went B. go C. had gone D. have gone
6. She wishes she a doctor in the future.
A. is B. were C. will be D. would be
7. If only taller, I might be better at basketball.
A. I am B. I were C. I be D. I have been
8. She was absent. I wish she ____________ the conference.
A. would attend B. attended C. have attended D. had attended
9. Mrs. Mary demanded that the heater ___________ immediately. Her apartment was freezing.
A. repaired B. be repaired C. repair D. repairing
10. I like this coat. If it ___________ cheaper, I would buy it.
A. is B. would be C. were D. had been
11. Mr. Basilisk would rather ___________ on The Chambers of Secrets than on the Great Hall.
A. to sleep B. sleeping C. sleep D. have slept
12. I wish you ___________ borrow my things without permission.
A. don't B. won't C. shouldn't D. wouldn't
13. They treat her as if she ___________ their daughter.
A. is B. was C. were D. has been
14. It is time you ____________ a better job.
A. find B. found C. had found D. would find
15. I wish I ___________ to him yesterday
A. talked B. would talk C. talk D. had talked
16. If only I ___________how to find her now!
A. know B. knew C. had known D. would know
17. He suggested that I ___________ready by eight o'clock.
A. am B. were C. had been D. be
18. The requirement that he ___________ work will be hard to meet.
A. will find B. finds C. find D. found
19. I don't understand this point of grammar. I wish I ___________ it better.
A. understood B. would understand C. had understood D. understand
20. I miss my friends. I wish my friends ___________ here right now.
A. were B. would be C. had been D. be

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21. I would rather he ___________ her to his birthday party last Sunday.
A. have invited B. had invited C. invited D. would invite
22. It's high time he ___________ smoking.
A. stop B. stops C. stopped D. had stopped
23. If I weren't working for an accounting firm, I __________ in a bank.
A. work B. will work C. have worked D. would be working
24. If there __________ the rice fields could have been more productive.
A. had been enough water B. were enough water
C. would be enough water D. are enough water
25. The teacher insists that her students __________ on time.
A. are B. being C. be D. were
26. Jake recommended that Susan __________ immediately.
A. hire B. hires C. hired D. be hired
27. She described that place as if she __________ it before.
A. visited B. has visited C. had visited D. were visiting
28. If you had asked him, he __________able to help you.
A. was B. had been C. would be D. would have been
29. If he __________ us, we wouldn't have finished our work so quickly.
A. hasn't helped B. didn't helped C. hadn't helped D. wouldn't help
30. I should never have said that. I wish I __________ that.
A. didn't say B. wouldn't say C. hadn't said D. don't say
31. Dolores Umbridge would rather ___________ freed from Azkaban tomorrow.
A. is B. was C. be D. will be
32. –"What will you do during winter vacation?"–"I don't know, but it's high time ________
something."
A. I decided B. I'll decide C. I'd decided D. I'm deciding
33. The two strangers talked as if they friends for years.
A. should be B. had been C. have been D. were
34. My suggestion is that the sick boy to hospital as soon as possible.
A. is taken B. must be taken C. be taken D. has to be taken
35. The coach wishes the ruby team ________ more motivated.
A. was B. were C. would be D. would have been
36. I ________ help you with your science project if I had more time.
A. would B. were C. will D. would be

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