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CHEMISTRY

Chemistry – is the science that deals with the composition of matter, the changes
it undergoes, the conditions that influence such changes, and its properties and
uses.

Atom – is the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical
change.
– derived from the greek word “atomos” means “uncut” or indivisible.

Sub-Atomic Particles of an Atom

1. Electron – negatively charge particle of an atom filling the space about the
nucleus.
2. Proton – positively charge particle of an atom found in the nucleus.
3. Neutron – zero charge particle of an atom found also in the nucleus.

Table 1. Properties of Particles of an Atom

Mass Electrical charge

Electron 9.11 x 10-28 grams - 1.6 x 10-19 C
Proton 1.67 x 10-24 grams 1.6 x 10-19 C
Neutron 1.675 x 10-24 grams 0

atomic no.
8
approximate amu or mass no.
16
or
approximate awu or atomic wt.

Atomic No. = no. of protons = no. of electrons

Mass No. = no. of protons + no. of neutrons
Ion – is an atom with an electric charge.
– is an atom or group of atoms that has lost or gained valence electrons.

The ionic Bond: When one or more valence electrons are transferred from one
atom to another, an IONIC BOND is formed.

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Illustration

Sodium atom, Na or Na Chlorine atom, Cl or Cl

e– e–
e– e– e– e–
e– e–
e– e– – e– e– e–
e– +11 e–
e e–
e– +17 e– e–
e– e–
e e–
–
e e–
–

e– e–
Protons = +11 Protons = +17
Electrons = –11 Electrons = –17
Charge on atom = 0 Charge on atom = 0

By Electron Dot Notation:

Before Bonding: After Bonding 


 
Na 
Cl 

Na+  Cl– 

   

Sodium Ion, Na+ Chloride ion, Cl –

(cation) (anion)
Protons = +11 Protons = +17
Electrons = –10 Electrons = –18
Ion charge = + 1 Ion charge = – 1

 

Na 
+  Cl  Na +


+ 
 Cl–  Sodium Chloride (Na+ Cl–)
   

Note: Metals are electron “givers”. Non-metals are electron “receivers”.

Questions: Answer:
(a.) What is the charge on a sodium ion? +1 or 1+
(b.) What is the charge on a sodium nucleus? +11 or 11+
(c.) What is the charge on a sodium atom? 0

Isotopes – same number of protons but have different masses.

35 37
Example: 17 Cl 17 Cl

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Electronic Configuration – is the arrangement of electrons of the element in the

free state.

Subdivisions of Main energy Levels

Main Energy Level 1 2 3 4

Number of Sublevels(n) 1 2 3 4
Number of Orbitals (n2) 1 4 9 16
s s p s p d s p d f
Kind and no. of Orbitals per sublevel
1 1 3 1 3 5 1 3 5 7
Maximum no. of electrons per sublevel 2 2 6 2 6 10 2 6 10 14
Maximum no. of electrons per main
2 8 18 32
level (2n2)

Energy Sequence

1s 2s 3s 4s 5s 6s 7s
2p 3p 4p 5p 6p 7p
3d 4d 5d 6d
4f 5f

Example
Atoms Ions
Na 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1 Na+ 1s2 2s2 2p6
Cl 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 Cl– 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

Colligative Properties

760 mm = 1 atm Tb = kbm

Pressure of Vapor

pure liquid solvent

pure solid solvent

Tb

solution
TC

A B Temperature C D
where: A = f.p. of solution

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B = f. p. of pure solvent
C = b.p. of pure solvent
D = b.p. of solution

1. Boiling Point Elevation (Tb)

Tb = Tb sol’n – Tb solvent

where: kb = molal b.p. constant

kb = ibulliouscopic constant

For H2O,
kb = 0.512 oC/molal
m = molality of solution

2. Freezing Point Depression (Tf)

Tf = kf m
Tf = Tf solvent – Tf solution

where: kf = molal f.p. constant

kf = cryoscopic constant

For H2O,
kf = 1.86 oC/molal

3. Vapor Pressure Lowering (P)

P = m kvp
P = Psolvent – Psolution
Psolution = Xsolvent Psolvent
Psolution = Psolvent (1 – Xsolute)
Psolution = Psolvent – Psolvent Xsolute
Psolvent – Psolution = Xsolute Psolvent
P = Xsolute Psolvent

where: kvp = 0.428 mm at 25oC

4. Osmotic Pressure () – mechanical pressure created to prevent osmosis.

 = CRT

where:  = osmotic pressure in atm

C = concentration in moles/liter
R = ideal gas constant = universal gas constant

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liter  atm
R  0.08205
mole  K

pH (power of Hydrogen)

pH Meter
ACIDIC BASIC

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

1. The solution is ACIDIC if pH is less than 7.

2. The solution is BASIC if pH is greater than 7.
3. For Neutral solution, pH = pOH = 7
Since for neutral solution [H+] = 1 x 10–7 M
Also [OH–] = 1 x 10–7 M
4. +
pH = –log [H ]
5. pOH = –l og [OH–]
6. pH + pOH = 14

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