CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF CONCESSION

I- CLAUSE OF CONCESSION (Mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ)

Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ sự tương phản giữa hai mệnh đề trong câu. Bắt đầu bằng : although, though,
even though, even if (mặc dù) + clause.

Although
Though + Clause (S + V …)
Even though
Even if
Ex1: He was lazy. He passed the test.
-> Although he was lazy, he passed the test.
Ex2: We had a picnic. The weather was bad.
-> We had a picnic though the weather was bad.

II- PHRASE OF CONCESSION: (Cụm từ chỉ sựï nhượng bộ)

Bắt đầu bằng IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE (mặc dù) sau nóù là một cụïm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm danh từ
hoặc cụm danh đông từ.

IN SPITE OF/ DESPITE + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase)

Ex1: Despite studying hard, he failed the final test.

Ex2: We had a picnic in spite of the bad weather.

III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một mệnh đề thành cụm
từ)
1- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là một đại từ (Pronoun) + be + adj khi đổi sang cụm từ ta bỏ BE, đổi chủ từ thành
tính từ sở hữu (possessive adj), đổi tính từu thành danh từ.

Subject (pronoun) + be + adj

Possessive adj + noun

Ex1: Although he was lazy, he passed the test.

Despite his laziness, he passed the test.

Ex2: Though he was poor, he lived a happy life.

2- Mệnh đề có chủ từ là danh từ (noun) + be + adj khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ Be, đổi chủ từ thành sở
hữu cách (possessive case), đổi tính từ thành danh từ

Subject (noun) + be + adj

possessive case + noun

Ex: The car didn’t crash though the driver was careless.
The car didn’t crash despite the driver’s carelessness.
3- Mệnh đề có chủ từ + V(ordinary) khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ chủ từ đổi động từ sang dạng V-ing.

Subject + V(ordinary)

V-ing

Ex: Though he studied hard, he didn’t passed the test.

In spite of studying hard, he didn’t passed the test.

4- Mệnh đề có There be + noun, khi chuyển sang cụm từ ta bỏ there be.

There + be + Noun
-> x + Noun

Ex: Although there were many people there, they couldn’t rescue him.
Despite many people there, they couldn’t rescue him.

* CLAUSE AND PHRASE OF REASON (Mệnh đề và cụm từ chỉ nguyên nhân)

I- CLAUSE OF REASON (Mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân)

Definition: Là mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân của hành động được nêu trong mệnh đề chính. Bắt đầu bằng :
Because (vì) + clause.

Because+ Clause (S + V …)

Ex: He came ten minutes late. He missed the first train.

He came ten minutes late because he missed the first train.
Main clause Clause of reason

II- PHRASE OF REASON: (Cụm từø chỉ nguyên nhân)

Bắt đầu bằng BECAUSE OF (bởi vì) sau nó là một cụm từ (phrase) có thể là cụm danh từ hoặc cụm danh
động từ.

BECAUSE OF + phrase (noun phrase/ gerund phrase

Ex1: Because of the bad weather, they didn’t take part in the trip.
Noun phrase
Ex2: They stayed at home because of being sick.
Gerund phrase

III- THE WAYS OF CHANGING A CLAUSE TO A PHRASE (cách đổi một mệnh đề thành cụm
từ)
- Cách đổi mệnh đề chỉ nguyên nhân sang cụm từ giống như cách đổi mệnh đề chỉ sự nhượng bộ sang cụm
từ
Ex: I catch cold because I went out in the rain yesterday.

I catch cold because of going out in the rain yesterday.

EXERCISES:

Exercise 1: Combine each pair of sentences below, using the conjunction given in brackets.

1. He is very rich. He isn’t happy. (although)

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2. She couldn’t answer the question. She is very intelligent. (though)
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3. He tried. He was not successful. (though)
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4. His life is hard. He determined to study well. (although)
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5. He was wise and experienced. He was not taken in. (though)
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Exercise 2: Change the clause of concession to phrase.

1. She didn’t eat much though she was hungry.

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2. Although he had much experience in machinery, he didn’t succeed in repairing this machine.
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3. We did the test well though it was difficult.
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4. Although he is strong, I’m not afraid of him.
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5. The plane took off though the weather was bad.
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6. Though his English was good, he wasn’t chosen.
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7. Although the streets are narrow, many people drive in this city.
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8. Mr Pike doesn’t wear glasses though he is over sixty.
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9. He ate the chocolate cake even though he was on diet.
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10. He studies very well though his life was hard at that time.

Exercise 3: Change the clause of reason to phrase.

1. Because she was careful, she didn’t make any mistakes in her answers.
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2. I started to cough because there was smoke in the room.
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3. We didn’t go fishing because the water was rough.
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4. I couldn’t do the test because it was difficult.
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5. Peter didn’t go to school yesterday because he was sick.
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6. Mary went to bed early because she felt tired.
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7. She didn’t go to the circus with Betty because she had a bad cold.
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8. John succeeded in his exam because he worked hard.
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9. She stayed at home because her mother was sick.
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10. I like him because his father is kind to me.

Exercise 4 : Choose A, B, C or D that best completes each unfinished sentence

1. ……………….. we were in town , we often met him .

A. For B. Although C. So D. When
2 . She didn’t get the job ……………….. she had all the necessary qualifications .
A. because B. although C. so D. but
3. I could not eat ……………….. I was very hungry .
A. even though B. in spite C. despite D. in spite the fact that
4. In pite ……………….. , the baseball game was not cancelled .
A. the rain B. of the rain C. it was raining D. there was a rain
5. ……………….. he had enough money , he refused to buy a new car .
A. In spite B. In spite of C. Despite D. Although
6. ……………….. , he walked to the station .
A. Despite being tired B. Although to be tired C. In spite being tired D. Despite tired
7. The children slept well , despite ………………..
A. it was noise B. the noise C. of the noise D. noisy
8. She left him ……………….. she still loved him .
A. even if B. even though C. in spite of D. despite
9. ……………….. her lack of hard work , she was promoted .
A. In spite B. Even though C. in spite of D. despite of
10. ……………….. they are brothers, they do not look like .
A. Although B. Even C. Despite D. In spite of
11. We are concerned with the problem of energy resouces ……………….. we must also think of our
environment .
A. despite B. though C. as though D. but
12. ……………….. some Japanese women are successful in business, the majority of Japanese
companies are run by men .
A. But B. Even if C. If D. As though