Professional Documents
Culture Documents
مشکلات تغذیه ای درختان مرکبات کشور - 20161005 - 100907
مشکلات تغذیه ای درختان مرکبات کشور - 20161005 - 100907
ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ
ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ
ﻋﻨﻮﺍﻥ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ :ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ
ﻧﻮﻳﺴــﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ :ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﺳﺪﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷــﺎﻫﻰ ،ﻣﺠﻴﺪ ﺑﺼﻴﺮﺕ ،ﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻰ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻯ ،ﺣﺴﻦ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺖ ﻧﻴﺎ ،ﻋﻠﻴﺮﺿﺎ
ﺷﻴﺦ ﺍﺷﻜﻮﺭﻯ ،ﺁﺭﺵ ﺻﺒﺎﺡ ،ﻣﻬﺮﺩﺍﺩ ﺷﻬﺎﺑﻴﺎﻥ ،ﺟﻬﺎﻧﺸﺎﻩ ﺻﺎﻟﺢ ،ﺍﻣﻴﺪ ﻗﺎﺳﻤﻰ
ﻭﻳﺮﺍﺳﺘﺎﺭ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺠﻰ :ﻣﻴﺜﻢ ﻳﻮﺳﻔﻰ ﺭﻭﺳﺘﺎﻳﻰ
ﻣﺪﻳﺮ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻰ :ﺷﻴﻮﺍ ﭘﺎﺭﺳﺎﻧﻴﻚ
ﺗﻬﻴﻪﺷﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ :ﻣﺆﺳﺴﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺁﺏ -ﺩﻓﺘﺮ ﺷﺒﻜﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺗﻠﻮﻳﺰﻳﻮﻧﻰ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﺩﺍﻧﺶ
ﻧﺎﺷﺮ :ﻧﺸﺮ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ
ﺷﻤﺎﺭﮔﺎﻥ 1500 :ﺟﻠﺪ
ﻧﻮﺑﺖ ﭼﺎپ :ﺍﻭﻝ 1395 /
ﻗﻴﻤﺖ :ﺭﺍﻳﮕﺎﻥ
ﻣﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺖ ﺻﺤﺖ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﺑﺎ ﻧﻮﻳﺴﻨﺪﮔﺎﻥ ﺍﺳﺖ.
ﺷﻤﺎﺭﻩ ﺛﺒﺖ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺰ ﺍﻃﻼﻋﺎﺕ ﻭ ﻣﺪﺍﺭﻙ ﻋﻠﻤﻰ ﻛﺸﺎﻭﺭﺯﻯ 49982ﺑﻪ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺦ 95/5/5ﻣﻰﺑﺎﺷﺪ.
ﻧﺸﺎﻧﻰ :ﺗﻬﺮﺍﻥ :ﺑﺰﺭﮔﺮﺍﻩ ﺷﻬﻴﺪ ﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥ -ﺧﻴﺎﺑﺎﻥ ﻳﻤﻦ -ﭘﻼﻙ 1ﻭ -2ﻣﻌﺎﻭﻧﺖ ﺗﺮﻭﻳﺞ
ﺗﻠﻔﻜﺲ021-22413923: ﺹ.پ19395-1113.
ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺒﺎﻥ ﻧﺸﺮﻳﻪ:
ﺍﻫﺪﺍﻑ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺷﻰ:
ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻥ
ﻧﻈـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﻦ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻧـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ
ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﮔﻞﺩﻫـﻲ ﻭ ﺍﻳﻨﻜـﻪ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ
ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗـﻞ ﻣﻰﺭﺳـﺪ ،ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ
ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻏﻠﺐ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﻫﺪﺭ ﺭﻓﺖ ﺳـﺮﻣﺎﻳﻪ ﺑﺎﻏـﺪﺍﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺁﻟﻮﺩﮔﻲ ﺁﺏﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮﺯﻣﻴﻨﻰ
ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻬﺎﻳـﺖ ،ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺩﺭﺁﻣـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﻗﺘﺼـﺎﺩ ﺑﺎﻏـﺪﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ .ﻳﻜـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻬـﻢ ﻭ ﻛﻠﻴـﺪﻱ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ﻭ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺗﻨـﺎﻭﺏ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫـﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ،ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ
ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ) (Fruit setﺍﺳـﺖ .ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ
ﮔﻞﺩﻫـﻲ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺭﺍ ﺑـﻪ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ (1ﻭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ،ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭﻋﻤﺪﻩ ﺍﺯ
ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ )ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺒـﺮﻱ ﻭ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ
ﺟـﻮﺍﻥ( ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ .ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ،ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫﺎﻳﻰ
ﺍﺯ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ ﻣﺠـﺪﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﻧﺎﭼﻴـﺰ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﻤﻲﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ
ﮔﻞﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺧـﺎﺹ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻛﻨـﺪ .ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﺼﺮﻓـﻲ ﺑﻪﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻲ ﺑﻌـﺪ ﺍﺯ
ﮔﻞﺁﻏـﺎﺯﻱ ﻭ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻤﺎﻳـﺰ ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔﻞ ﺗﺄﺛﻴـﺮ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
ﺍﺯ ﻃـﺮﻑ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ،ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻠـﺖ ﺍﺧﺘﻼﻑ ﻓﺎﺯ ﺭﺷـﺪﻱ ﻛﻪ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻓﻠﺶﻫﺎﻱ
ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ،ﺩﺭ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻓﻠﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﮔﻞﺩﻫـﻲ،
ﻓﻌﺎﻟﻴـﺖ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑﺴـﻴﺎﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺘﺮﻳـﻦ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺍﺯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﻲﮔﻴـﺮﺩ .ﺑﻪﻃﻮﺭ
ﻛﻠـﻰ ﺭﺍﻧﺪﻣـﺎﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ 20ﺩﺭﺻﺪ ﺍﺳـﺖ .ﺍﺯ ﻃﺮﻓـﻲ ،ﻧﺘﺎﻳﺞ
ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌـﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻛﻮﺩﺩﻫـﻰ ﭘـﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ،ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐﺗﺮﻳﻦ ﺯﻣـﺎﻥ
ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺑﺮﺧـﻲ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﻏﺬﺍﻳـﻲ ﻭ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﭘﺮﺑﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ
ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻧﻴﺘـﺮﻭژﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺷـﺪﻩ ،ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺟـﻮﺍﻥ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﻓﻴﺒﺮﻱ
ﺫﺧﻴـﺮﻩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﺑﻌـﺪ ،ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻓﻠﺶﻫـﺎﻱ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﻓﺼـﻞ ،ﺟﻮﺍﻧﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﮔﻞ ﻭ
ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺍﻭﻟﻴـﻪ ﻣﻴﻮﻩﭼﻪﻫـﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺄﻣﻴـﻦ ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ .ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑﻪﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺣﺪﺍﻗـﻞ ﺭﺳـﺎﻧﺪﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ
ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻭﺍﺧـﺮ ﺯﻣﺴـﺘﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺍﻭﺍﻳـﻞ ﺑﻬـﺎﺭ ،ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴـﻦ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ،
ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻋﻤﻠﻜـﺮﺩ ،ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﻭ ﺑﺎﺭﺩﻫﻲ ﻣﻨﻈـﻢ ﺑﺎﻍﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻣﺼﺮﻑ
ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﺷـﻴﻤﻴﺎﻳﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻴﻮﻩ ﭘﻴﺸـﻨﻬﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ.
11 ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ
ﺳﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ
ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺣﺪ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ .ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ
ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻱ ،ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﻛﻮﺩﻫﺎﻯ ﺣﺎﻭﻯ
ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻭ ﻳـﺎ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫﺎﻯ ﻏﻨـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺳـﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺩﺭﻳﺎﻳﻰ
ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ ،ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﻋﻠـﺖ ،ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﺳـﺖ .ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪﺍﻯ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ
ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ .ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ
ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻋﻤﺪﺗـﺎً ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻱ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺍﻳﻦ
ﻣﺴـﺌﻠﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘـﻰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﺟﻬـﺮﻡ ،ﺟﻴﺮﻓـﺖ ،ﺑﺨﺶﻫﺎﻳـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ
ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ )ﺣﺎﺟﻰﺁﺑـﺎﺩ( ﻭ ﻛﺮﻣـﺎﻥ )ﺟﻴﺮﻓـﺖ ﻭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﻣﺮﻛـﺰﻯ( ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ
ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺁﺳـﻴﺐ ﻣﻰﺯﻧـﺪ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ،ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﺗﺠﻤﻊ ﭘﻴـﺪﺍ ﻣﻰﻛﻨـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺍﺛﺮ ﺟﺬﺏ
ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺗﻮﺳـﻂ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ،ﻣﺴـﻤﻮﻣﻴﺖ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ .ﺧﺎﻙﻫﺎﻳﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﻇﺮﻓﻴﺖ ﺟﺬﺏ
ﺁﻥ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺍﺳـﺖ ،ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻًﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﻮﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﺧـﺎﻙ ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫـﺪ ﺑـﻮﺩ.
ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ 12
ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳـﻦ ﺧﺴـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ ،ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫﺎﻳـﻰ ﺑـﺎ ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺳـﺒﻚ،
ﻧﻈﻴـﺮ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥ ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ ،ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ .ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻰﻫﺎ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ
ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ،ﻏﻠﻈﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺗﺎ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ 0/3ﻣﻴﻠﻰﮔـﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﺘﺮ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻯ ،ﻣﺸـﻜﻠﻰ
ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﻧﻤﻰﻛﻨﺪ.
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ،ﻣﺸـﺎﺑﻪ ﺍﺳـﺖ .ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ
ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ّ
ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺑﺮﮔـﻰ ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﻙ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺳـﺮﻋﺖ ﺗﺒﺪﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻋﻤﺪﺗـﺎً ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ.
ﻣﺮﺩﮔـﻰ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ )ﺷـﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ 2ﺗـﺎ ّ .(7
ﻧﺨﺴـﺖ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺣﺎﻟـﺖ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺁﻥﻛـﻪ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ
ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺭﻓﻊ ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻨﺼـﺮ ،ﺑﻴﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻧـﺪﺍﺯﻩ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ .ﻛﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳـﺮ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺷـﻮﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ
ﻏﻨـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻣﺎﻧﻨـﺪ ﻛﻤﭙﻮﺳـﺖﻫﺎ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﻣﻨﺠـﺮ ﺑـﻪ ّ
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺷـﻮﺭ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻣﺸـﺎﻫﺪﻩ ﺷـﻮﺩ
ﺧﺸـﻚ ﻭ ﻧﻴﻤـﻪ ﺧﺸـﻚ ّ
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ،ﻣﺼﺮﻑ ﺁﺏﻫـﺎﻯ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﺑﻮﺭ
ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻏﻠـﺐ ﻣـﻮﺍﺭﺩ ،ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺍﺻﻠﻰ ّ
ﺍﺳـﺖ .ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎﻯ ﮔﺮﻳﭗﻓﺮﻭﺕ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﻟﻜﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﺯﺭﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺑﺎﻻﻳﻰ
ﺑـﺮگ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﺻﻤـﻎ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳـﻞ ﺑـﻪ ﻗﻬـﻮﻩﺍﻯ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﭘﻬﻨـﻚ ﺑـﺮگ ﺑـﺎ ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﻭ ﻧـﻮﻙ
ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻰ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﻣﺸـﺨﺺ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ )ﺷـﻜﻞ .(2ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻟﻴﻤﻮﻫﺎ ﺑﺎ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻰ ﻧﻮﻙ
ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎ ﺷـﺮﻭﻉ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ .ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﭘﺎﻳﻴﻨـﻰ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﻬﺎﻳـﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﻪ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺑﺮگ ،ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ
ﺑـﻪ ﺭﮔﺒـﺮگ ﻣﻴﺎﻧـﻰ ،ﺯﺍﻭﻳـﻪﺍﻯ ﻗﺎﺋﻤـﻪ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ .ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ﺯﺭﺩﻯ ﻗﺒـﻞ ﺍﺯ ﺳـﻮﺧﺘﮕﻰ ،ﺍﺯ
ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﺑـﺮگ ﺑﻪﻃـﺮﻑ ﺭﮔﺒـﺮگ ﻣﻴﺎﻧﻰ ﺣﺮﻛـﺖ ﻣﻰﻛﻨﺪ .ﻧﺎﺣﻴﻪ ﺳـﺒﺰ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﺭﮔﺒﺮگﻫﺎﻯ
ﻣﻴﺎﻧـﻰ ﺑـﺮگ ،ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻳﻦ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣـﺖ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺑﻮﺭ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞﻫﺎﻯ
3ﺗـﺎ .(7ﺣـﺪ ﺑﺤﺮﺍﻧـﻰ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﺑـﺮگ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺣـﺪﻭﺩ 200ﻣﻴﻠﻰﮔـﺮﻡ ﺩﺭ ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔﺮﻡ
ﺩﺭ ﻭﺯﻥ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﺑـﺮگ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛـﻪ ﺑـﺎ ﺗﻮﺟـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﻭ ﺭﻗـﻢ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺗـﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻯ
ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﺑﺎﺷـﺪ.
ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖﻫﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﺑـﺮگ ﻳﻜﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﻧﻴﺴـﺖ ،ﺍﻣـﺎ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻧﻮﻙ ﺑﺮگ
ﺗـﻚ ﻟﭙﻪﺍﻯﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﺣﺎﺷـﻴﻪ ﺑـﺮگ ﺩﻭﻟﭙﻪﺍﻯﻫـﺎ )ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ( ﻣﻘﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮﻯ ﺑﻮﺭ ﺗﺠﻤـﻊ ﻣﻰﻳﺎﺑﺪ ﻭ
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻫﻢ ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻧﻘـﺎﻁ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ .ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺑﺎﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺁﻥ ﻛﻪ ﻧﻮﻙ
ﻋﻼﺋـﻢ ّ
13 ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ
ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎ ﺑﺨﺶﻛﻮﭼﻜـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻣـﺎﺩﻩ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﺑﺨﺶ ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻰ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺗﺸـﻜﻴﻞ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ ،ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑﻮﺭ
ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺑـﺮگ ﺁﻥ ﻗـﺪﺭ ﺯﻳـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﻪ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻛﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگ ﻭ ﺑﺨـﺶ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻰ
ﮔﻴـﺎﻩ ﺭﺍ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪﺍ ً ﺗﺤـﺖ ﺗﺄﺛﻴـﺮ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ .ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﺤﺮﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ
ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ،ﺍﺑﺘـﺪﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮگﻫـﺎﻱ ﭘﻴـﺮ ﻇﺎﻫـﺮ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ .ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻟﺤـﺎﻅ ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺑـﻪ ﻋﻨﺼﺮ ﺑﻮﺭ،
ﺩﺭ ﮔـﺮﻭﻩ "ﮔﻴﺎﻫـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻛـﻢ" ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﺩﺍﺭﻧﺪ )ﻣﻨﻈـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﻛﻢ ،ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛـﻮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ
ﻛﻤﺘـﺮ ﺍﺯ 1ﻛﻴﻠﻮﮔـﺮﻡ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺩﺭ ﻫﻜﺘـﺎﺭ ﺍﺳـﺖ( ﻭ ﻟـﺬﺍ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻧـﺪﻙ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺸـﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻏﻠﻈـﺖ ﺑـﻮﺭ ،ﺍﻳﻦ
ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻋﻼﺋﻢ ﺳـﻤﻴﺖ ﺁﻥ ﺭﺍ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪ.
ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘـﻰ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺸـﻜﻞ ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ ،ﺷـﻮﺭﻯ ﺁﺏ ﻭ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﺍﺭﻧـﺪ ،ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً
ﻣﻘـﺪﺍﺭ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﻗﺎﺑـﻞ ﺍﺳـﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﺧـﺎﻙ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﺖ .ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﺍﺯ
ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﺩﺍﺭﺍﻯ ﺑـﻮﺭ ﺍﺯ ﺟﻤﻠـﻪ ﺍﺳـﻴﺪ ﺑﻮﺭﻳـﻚ ﺍﺟﺘﻨﺎﺏ ﺷـﻮﺩ.
ﻣﺮگ ﺳﺮﺷﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ
ﻫﻤـﻮﺍﺭﻩ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻟـﻲ ﺑﻴـﻦ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡﻫـﺎﻱ ﺯﻣﻴﻨـﻲ ﻭ ﻫﻮﺍﻳﻲ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺎ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺍﻧﺪﺍﻡ
ﻫﻮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺑـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺑﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﺩ .ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳﺶ ﺳـﻦ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﺷـﺎﺥ ﻭ ﺑﺮگ
ﻭ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻫـﻢ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﻣﻲﻳﺎﺑﺪ .ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ ﺑﺨﺸـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﺷـﺎﺥ ﻭ ﺑـﺮگ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ
ﻛـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺳـﺎﻳﻪ ﻗـﺮﺍﺭ ﻣﻲﮔﻴﺮﻧـﺪ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳـﺞ ﺭﻳﺰﺵ ﺑـﺮگ ﻭ ﻣﺮگ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕ
ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ )ﺷـﻜﻞ .(8ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﻣﻴـﺰﺍﻥ ﻣﻌﻴﻨـﻲ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﭼﻮﺏﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣـﺮﺩﻩ ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺍﺧﻞ ﺗﺎﺝ
ﺩﺭﺧـﺖ ﺗـﺎ ﺣﺪﻭﺩﻱ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﺓ ﺣﻔﻆ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺷـﺎﺧﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ
ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﺍﻱ ﻧﻔـﻮﺫ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﻧـﻮﺭ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﺍﺧـﻞ ﺳـﺎﻳﺒﺎﻥ ﺑﺎﻳـﺪ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻫـﺮﺱ ﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﮔﻴـﺮﺩ.
ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪﻫـﺎﻱ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﻫـﺮﺱ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻠﻮﮔﻴـﺮﻱ ﺍﺯ ﮔﺴـﺘﺮﺵ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﺩﺍﺧﻠـﻲ ﻛﻤـﻚ
ﻣﻲﻛﻨـﺪ .ﻣـﺮگ ﺑﻴـﺶ ﺍﺯ ﺣـﺪ ﺳﺮﺷـﺎﺧﻪﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻃـﺮﺍﻑ ﺧﺎﺭﺟـﻲ ﺗـﺎﺝ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ،ﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ
ﻧﺎﺷـﻰ ﺍﺯ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻠـﻰ ﺑﺎﺷـﻨﺪ ﻛﻪ ﺳـﺒﺐ ﺭﻳـﺰﺵ ﺑﺮگﻫﺎ ﻣﻲﺷـﻮﻧﺪ .ﺍﻳﻦ ﻋﻮﺍﻣﻞ ﺷـﺎﻣﻞ ﺳـﻨﮕﻴﻨﻰ
ﺑﺎﻓـﺖ ﺧـﺎﻙ ،ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺷـﻤﺎﻟﻰ ،ﺗﻨﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺳـﺘﺎﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺟﻨﻮﺑﻰ
ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺑﺎﻓﺖ ﺳـﺒﻚ ﻭ ﮔﺮﻣـﺎﻯ ﺑﺎﻻﻯ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ،ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﺖ ﻧﺎﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪ ﻭ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ،ﺣﻤﻠﻪ
ﻗﺎﺭچﻫـﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻤﺎﺗﺪﻫـﺎ ،ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺳـﻄﺢ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻛﻨﻨـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛـﺮ ﻋﻤﻠﻴـﺎﺕ ﻧﺎﺩﺭﺳـﺖ
ﺯﺭﺍﻋـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻲ ﺩﻭﺭﻩﻫـﺎﻱ ﺧﺸـﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠـﻪ ﻋﺪﻡ ﺗﺄﻣﻴﻦ ﻧﻴـﺎﺯ ﺁﺑﻲ ﮔﻴﺎﻩ ﺣﺘـﻲ ﺩﺭ ﺣﻀﻮﺭ
ﺭﻃﻮﺑﺖ ﻓـﺮﺍﻭﺍﻥ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﺳـﺖ.
ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﺿـﻪ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺟﻴﺮﻓﺖ ﻭ ﻛﻬﻨﻮﺝ ﻧﺎﮔﻬﺎﻧﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ 2ﺗﺎ 3ﻫﻔﺘﻪ ،ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ
ﻼ ﺧﺸـﻚ ﺷـﻮﻧﺪ ﺍﻣـﺎ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ ،ﺑﻪﺻـﻮﺭﺕ ﺗﺪﺭﻳﺠﻲ ﺍﺗﻔﺎﻕﻣﻤﻜﻦ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻛﺎﻣ ً
ﻣﻲﺍﻓﺘـﺪ .ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻲﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺘﻌـﺪﺩ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛﻪ ﻣﻬﻢﺗﺮﻳـﻦ ﻋﺎﻣـﻞ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ،ﺗﻨﺶ ﺁﺑﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ
ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤـﻮﻻً ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼـﻞ ﮔـﺮﻡ ﺳـﺎﻝ ﻭ ﺑـﺎ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺷـﺪﻳﺪ ﺩﻣـﺎﻱ ﻫـﻮﺍ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ .ﺍﻳـﻦ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ
ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃـﻖ ﻛﻮﻫﭙﺎﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺟﻨـﻮﺏ ﻛﺮﻣـﺎﻥ ﻧﻴـﺰ ﮔﺰﺍﺭﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﻭ ﺑﻴﺸـﺘﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻧﻲ ﻛﻪ
ﭘﺎﻳـﻪ ﺁﻥﻫـﺎ ﺑﻜﺮﺍﻳـﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎﻯ ﺳـﻄﺤﻲ ﺍﺳـﺖ ﺭﺥ ﻣﻲﺩﻫـﺪ .ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫﺪ ﻛﻪ
17 ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ
ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﻛﺎﺗﻴﻮﻥﻫﺎﻯ ﺩﻳﮕـﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴﺎﺭﻯ ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺿﻌﻒ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ
ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻧﺎﺭﻧﮕـﻰ ﺳـﻴﺎﻫﻮ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ ﻭ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺭﺍ ﺑﻪﺗﺪﺭﻳـﺞ ﺩﭼـﺎﺭ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻰ
ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﺯﻭﺍﻝ ﻣﻰﻛﻨـﺪ ،ﺑﻪﻃـﻮﺭﻯ ﻛـﻪ ﺣﺘـﻰ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧـﺪ ﺗﻮﻟﻴـﺪ ﭘﺎﻳـﺪﺍﺭ ﺭﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳـﻦ ﺑﺎﻏـﺎﺕ
ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻛﻨﺪ.
-9ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳـﺖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ ﺩﺭ ﻃـﻮﻝ ﻓﺼﻞ ﺭﺷـﺪ ﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ
ﺗﻨـﺶ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ ،ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﻫﻤﭽﻨﻴﻦ ﻛﺎﻫﺶ ﺧﺴـﺎﺭﺕ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮔﺮﻣﺎﻳﻰ
ﻭ ﺧﺸـﻜﻰ ﺑـﺎ ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﻛﺎﺋﻮﻟﻴـﻦ ﺑﺎ ﻏﻠﻈﺖ 2ﺗـﺎ 3ﺩﺭﺻـﺪ ﺩﺭ ﻓﺼﻞ ﮔﺮﻣﺎ.
-10ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﻭژﻧـﻰ ،ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺗﻪ ﻭ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻤﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﺳـﺐ ﺩﺭ ﻓـﺎﺯ ﺩﻭﻡ ﺭﺷـﺪ
ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ،ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻭ ﺳـﺎﺧﺖ ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺘﻮﺳـﻨﺘﺰﻯ ﻭ ﺗﺴـﺮﻳﻊ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻧﺘﻘـﺎﻝ
ﻣـﻮﺍﺩ ﻓﺘﻮﺳـﻨﺘﺰﻯ ﺑـﻪ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻭ ﺑﻬﺒـﻮﺩ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻘﺎﺑـﻞ ﺗﻨـﺶ ﻣﺎﻧـﺪﺍﺏ،
ﺳﺮﻣﺎ ﻭ ﻏﻴﺮﻩ.
-11ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺕ ﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ ﻳـﺎ ﺩﻯﭘﺘﺎﺳـﻴﻢ ﻓﺴـﻔﺎﺕ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺮﺩﺍﺷـﺖ
ﻣﻴـﻮﻩ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺳﻴﺴـﺘﻢ ﺩﻓﺎﻋـﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑﻪﻭﻳـﮋﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻘـﻰ ﻛـﻪ
ﺍﺣﺘﻤـﺎﻝ ﻣﺎﻧﺪﺍﺏ ﺳـﻄﺤﻰ ﻭﺟـﻮﺩ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ.
-12ﻣﺤﻠﻮﻝﭘﺎﺷـﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺘـﺎﻥ ﺑـﺎ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻳـﺎ ﻛﻼﺕﻫﺎﻯ ﺭﻭﻯ ﻭ ﺳـﻮﻟﻔﺎﺕ ﻳـﺎ ﻧﻴﺘﺮﺍﺕ
ﻣﻨﻴﺰﻳـﻢ ﺩﺭ ﭘﺎﻳﻴـﺰ ﺟﻬـﺖ ﺍﻓﺰﺍﻳـﺶ ﺗﻮﺍﻧﺎﻳـﻰ ﺩﺭﺧﺖ ﺩﺭ ﺑﺮﺍﺑـﺮ ﺗﻨﺶﻫﺎ.
-13ﺩﺭ ﻫﺮﻣـﺰﮔﺎﻥ ﺑـﻪ ﺩﻟﻴـﻞ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺑـﻮﺩﻥ ﻧﺴـﺒﺖ ﺟـﺬﺏ ﺳـﺪﻳﻤﻰ ﺑـﺎﻻ ﺩﺭ ﺁﺏ ﺁﺑﻴـﺎﺭﻯ،
ﻛﻤﺒـﻮﺩ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻢ ﻣﻮﺟـﺐ ﺣﺴﺎﺳـﻴﺖ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑـﺮﻭﺯ ﭘﻮﺳـﻴﺪﮔﻰ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻰﺷـﻮﺩ .ﻣﻄﺎﻟﻌﺎﺕ
ﻧﺸـﺎﻥ ﻣﻰﺩﻫـﺪ ﻛـﻪ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻛﻮﺩﻫـﺎﻯ ﻛﻠﺴـﻴﻤﻰ ﺩﺭ ﻣﻨﻄﻘـﻪ ﺭﻳﺸـﻪ ﻣﻰﺗﻮﺍﻧﺪ ﺷـﺪﺕ ﻋﺎﺭﺿﻪ
ﺭﺍ ﻛﺎﻫـﺶ ﺩﻫـﺪ ﻭ ﺍﺑﺘـﻼ ﺑـﻪ ﺑﻴﻤﺎﺭﻯﻫـﺎﻯ ﻗﺎﺭﭼـﻰ ﺧﺎﻛـﺰﺍﺩ ﺭﺍ ﻛﻨﺘـﺮﻝ ﻛﻨـﺪ.
-14ﺍﺣﺘﻴﺎﻁ ﺩﺭ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺯﺭﺍﻋﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﻣﻤﺎﻧﻌﺖ ﺍﺯ ﺣﺬﻑ ﺯﻳﺎﺩ ﺭﻳﺸﻪﻫﺎ.
ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ 22
ﻣﻨﺎﺑﻊ
-1ﺍﺳـﺪﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻰ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ،ﻧﮕﻴـﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗـﻰ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻯ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﻮﺩ ﺳـﻤﺮ .1394 .ﺷـﺎﺧﺺ
ﺩﺭﺟـﻪ ﺯﺭﺩﻯ ﻭ ﺁﻫـﻦ ﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺑـﺮﺍﻯ ﺍﺭﺯﻳﺎﺑﻰ ﺗﺤﻤـﻞ ﺑﺮﺧﻰ ﭘﺎﻳﻪﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻫﻚ ﺧﺎﻙ.
ﭘﺬﻳـﺮﺵ ﺷـﺪﻩ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺠﻠـﻪ ﭘﮋﻭﻫﺶﻫﺎﻯ ﺧـﺎﻙ )ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺧـﺎﻙ ﻭ ﺁﺏ( ،ﻣﻮﺳﺴـﻪ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﺧﺎﻙ
ﻭ ﺁﺏ ﻛﺸـﻮﺭ ،ﻛـﺮﺝ ،ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ.
-2ﺍﺳـﺪﻱ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻲ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ،ﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻣﻴﺮﻱ ،ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻰ ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ
ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺗـﻲ .1380 .ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ
ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫـﺎ( ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺍﻭﻝ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻــﺮ ﭘـﺮ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ ﻭ ﻣﻴـﺎﻥ ﻣﺼـﺮﻑ .ﻧﺸـﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﻩ
.268ﻧﺸـﺮﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ .ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ،ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ،
ﻛﺮﺝ ،ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ.
-3ﺍﺳـﺪﻱ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻲ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ،ﻧﮕﻴﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗﻲ ﺍﻣﻴـﺮﻱ ،ﻣﺠﺘﺒﻰ ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩﻱ ﻭ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺟﻌﻔﺮ
ﻣﻠﻜﻮﺗـﻲ .1381 .ﺷـﻨﺎﺧﺖ ﻧﺎﻫﻨﺠﺎﺭﻱﻫـﺎﻱ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪﺍﻱ ﺩﺭ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ )ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﻳﺖﻫﺎ
ﻭ ﺗﻮﺻﻴﻪﻫـﺎ( :ﻗﺴـﻤﺖ ﺩﻭﻡ ـ ﻋﻨﺎﺻـﺮ ﺭﻳﺰﻣﻐـﺬﻱ .ﻧﺸـﺮﻳﻪ ﻓﻨـﻲ ﺷـﻤﺎﺭﻩ .269ﻧﺸـﺮ ﺁﻣـﻮﺯﺵ
ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ،ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘـﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺁﻣﻮﺯﺵ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ،ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ ﻛﺸـﺎﻭﺭﺯﻱ ،ﻛـﺮﺝ ،ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ.
-4ﺍﺳـﺪﻯ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﺷـﺎﻫﻰ ،ﻋﻠـﻰ ،ﻏﻼﻣﺮﺿـﺎ ﺛﻮﺍﻗﺒـﻰ ،ﻣﺤﻤـﻮﺩ ﺳـﻤﺮ ﻭ ﻧﮕﻴـﻦ ﺍﺧﻼﻗـﻰ
ﺍﻣﻴـﺮﻯ .1392 .ﺑﺮﺭﺳـﻰ ﻭﺍﻛﻨـﺶ ژﻧﻮﺗﻴﭗﻫـﺎﻯ ﻣﺨﺘﻠـﻒ ﻣﺮﻛﺒـﺎﺕ ﺑـﻪ ﺁﻫـﻚ ﻛﻞ ﻭ ﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺩﺭ
ﺧﺎﻙﻫـﺎﻯ ﺁﻫﻜـﻰ ﺷـﺮﻕ ﻣﺎﺯﻧـﺪﺭﺍﻥ .ﺳـﻴﺰﺩﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻛﻨﮕﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻮﻡ ﺧﺎﻙ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ،ﺩﺍﻧﺸـﮕﺎﻩ ﺷـﻬﻴﺪ
ﭼﻤﺮﺍﻥ ﺍﻫﻮﺍﺯ.
-5ﺧﻮﻳـﻰ ،ﺳـﻠﻄﻨﺖ .1371 .ﺍﺻـﻮﻝ ﺗﻐﺬﻳـﻪ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ .ﺳـﺎﺯﻣﺎﻥ ﭼـﺎپ ﻭ ﺍﻧﺘﺸـﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺕ
ﻓﺮﻫﻨـﮓ ﻭ ﺍﺭﺷـﺎﺩ ﺍﺳـﻼﻣﻰ281 .ﺻﻔﺤﻪ.
23 ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ
ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ
ﻣﺸﻜﻼﺕ ﺗﻐﺬﻳﻪﺍﻯ ﺩﺭﺧﺘﺎﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻛﺸﻮﺭ 24
ﻳﺎﺩﺩﺍﺷﺖ