Ce 327 Final

‫اعداد ‪ :‬أ‪ .
‬لبنى بن طاهر‬
Benghazi University Engineering Faculty
Civil Engineering Department
Laboratory Report : Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, CE 327
Name of Experiment :
Experiment No. : Date : Number of Group:
Student Name :
ID Number :
‫ لبنى بن طاهر‬.‫ أ‬: ‫اعداد‬

‫تعليمات مهمة‬
‫مختبر ميكانيكا الموائع له دورا جوهريا وفاعال في تمكين طالب الهندسة المدنية من اكتساب الفهم المعرفي والمعلومات‬
‫التجريبية في مجال ميكانيكا الموائع‪ .‬ويستخدم هذا المختبر في سلسلة من التجارب التي تخدم مقررات ميكانيكا الموائع‬
‫والمشاريع البحثية‪ ،‬وهو مزود بأجهزة ومعدات تعليمية خاصة بأساسيات ميكانيكا الموائع‪ ،‬أجهزة قياس السريان‪ ،‬و‬
‫معايرة أجهزة قياس معدل تدفق السريان‪ ، ،‬و قياس فاقد الطاقة في األنابيب وملحقات األنابيب‪ ،‬أجهزة قياس السريان ‪.‬‬
‫إن الهدف الرئيسي من إجراء التجارب المعملية هو تمكين الطالب من اإللمام و بشكل جيد بالطرق الصحيحة إلجراء‬
‫التجارب التي تس تخدم خالل مرحلة التصميم او خالل مراقبة التنفيذ كذلك تمكين الطالب من التعود على العمل من خالل‬
‫مجموعات صغيرة و كتابة التقارير الفنية و كذلك تقديمها بالشكل الصحيح‪ .‬لذلك من الضروري جدا حضور كل‬
‫التجارب و االنتباه إلى كل ما يقال خالل إجراء التجربة مع التأكد على صحة البيانات و المعلومات المتحصل عليها‪.‬‬
‫وحيث إن غيرك سوف يستخدم هذه المعدات فتأكد عند تركك للمعمل إن جميع المعدات نظيفة و جاهزة لالستخدام مرة‬
‫أخرى كما انه من الضروري االنتباه إلى عدم استعمال المعدات األخرى و المحافظة عليها نظرا ألهميتها و صعوبة‬
‫الحصول على بديل في حالة كسرها‪.‬‬
‫بعض المالحظات عند كتابة التقارير المعملية ‪:‬‬

‫إن طريقة إعداد تقرير المعمل تعكس فهمك و استيعابك للتجارب التي تجرى في المعمل فيجب إن تقدم بطرقة جيدة و‬
‫بشكل تثبت به انك متخصص في ذك‪.‬‬
‫و يجب إتباع المالحظات اآلتية ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬أن يقدم التقرير بشكل منسق و منطقي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬نقترح استخدام النموذج الشكل اآلتي مع قبول التعديالت حسب التجربة‪.‬‬
‫*الصفحة األولى ( الواجهة ) يجب أن تشمل على‪:‬‬
‫رقم المجموعة‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اسم المقرر و رمزه‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫تاريخ إجراء التجربة وتاريخ التسليم‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫اسم التجربة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫اسم الطالب و رقمه الدراسي‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫*أما فيما يخص محتوى التقرير فبجب أن يقدم بالتسلسل االتى‪:‬‬
‫اسم التجربة‬
‫الغرض من التجربة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫األساس النظري للتجربة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وصف مبسط للمعدات المستخدمة بالتجربة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫وصف مبسط للخطوات المتبعة في إجراء التجربة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫المالحظات المسجلة و النتائج‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫مناقشة النتيجة‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫التقرير يجب أن يكتب بخط واضح و مقروء اوي طبع و موحد اللون دون زخرفه و تزيين‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫النسخ غير مسوح به سواء من المرجع او من الملخص او من طالب الى طالب آخر و كل طالب يجب أن يسلم تقرير‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫منفصل ‪.‬‬
‫يسلم التقرير بعد أسبوع من إجراء التجربة ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫إن درجة التقارير تمثل نسبة عالية من الدرجة النهائية عليه يطلب االهتمام و بشكل جيد بها مع مالحظة عدم النقل من‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫الغير‪.‬‬
‫اعداد ‪ :‬أ‪ .‬لبنى بن طاهر‬

Fluid Mechanics Lab. CE327 ‫ لبني سليمان بن طاهر‬.‫ أ‬:‫استاذ المقرر‬
Experiment 1. Hydrostatic Pressure
1. Experiment Objective
To determine the center of pressure on partially submerged plan surface.
2. Equipment:
The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench
The F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus
A set of weights.
Below is a diagrammatic representation of the apparatus defining the physical
dimensions, at the same time as the theory for the partially submerged, it will be
clearer to consider the two cases separately.
Quadrant
Max W.L
mm
Figure 1 - Schematic Diagram of a Hydrostatic Bench.
4 ‫ لبنى بن طاهر‬.‫أ‬
The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculations:
Width of quadrant b=7.581 cm
Height of quadrant d=10.0 cm
Length of balance L=27.5 cm
H=a+d=20
Quadrant to Pivot
a=10 cm
Figure 2 - Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus, A set of weights, Hydrostatic Bench.
3. Summary of Theory:
Because no shear stresses can exist in a static fluid, all hydrostatic forces on any
element of a submerged surface must act in a direction normal to the surface. The
hydrostatic forces acting on the two sides of the quadrant counter-balance themselves,
and the forces exerted on the curved surfaces (the circular arc top and bottom faces)
act through the pivot point of the moment arm of the quadrant, hence contributing
nothing to the net moment about the pivot point. The only hydrostatic forces that act
on the quadrant and have a net moment about the pivot point are those acting on the
plane end face of the quadrant. The force due to weight G of the water always produces
the same moment referred to the pinpoint O as the resultant force Fp:
yb
a b
Figure 3 a-Moment balance around pin point, b: Free body diagram of water in the vessel
Fb
Figure 4 - Partial submerged.
The point force equivalent to the distributed hydrostatic forces and the location of the
force action can be calculated from the following formulas:
The horizontal force

b
F = γ.hc .A
F = (ρg) . (y / 2) .(b.y)
W = mg
o for the moment around point O,: d
∑Mo=0 Fp
w.L = F.( a + d – (y / 3 ))
w = mg
m.g.L =ρ.g.y2 / 2 .b (a + d – (y / 3 ))
m.L = ρy2 / 2 .b (a + d – (y / 3 ))
m/y2 = ρ.b / 2L (a + d – (y / 3 ))
divide by Ly2
m/y2 = (ρ.b(a + d ) / 2L) – (( ρ.b / 6L ) y )
m/y2 = k1 + n1y
This equation is a first degree liner equation, y=c-mx where c is the intercept of the y
axis and m is the slope of the equation.
So:
k1=(ρb/2L)(a+d) , n1= ρb/6L
where:
- density of the fluid
g - Gravitational acceleration
hc - distance from the free surface to the centre of gravity of the submerged plane
surface
A - The area of the submerged plane surface
m - Mass placed in the balance pan
L - Distance from the pivot point to the balance pan suspension rod axis
b- The quadrant width
d- The quadrant height
C- is the centroid of the quadrant.
CP- is the Center of Pressure on the quadrant face.
4. Procedure
 Place the quadrant on the two dowel pins and using the clamping screw, fasten to
the balance arm.
 Measure the dimensions a, b, and d, of the quadrant and the distance L from the
knife-edge axis to the balance pan axis.
 Position the tank on the bench and locate the balance arm on the knife
edges(pivot).
 Adjust the counter-balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal. This is
indicated on a gate adjacent to the balance arm.
 Place a weight on the balance pan.
 Slowly fill the tank until the balance arm is horizontal. Record the water level on
the scale of the quadrant and the weight on balance pan.
 Fine adjustment of the water level may be achieved by over-filling and slowly
draining, using the drain cock.
 Repeat the procedure under different masses, using the corresponding water levels.
Repeat readings for reducing masses on the balance pan.
5. Reading and Calculations
Filling tank Draining tank average

Weight Height of water Weight Height of water M y y2
m/y2
mN ym mN ym g m m2
6. Conclusions
Give reasons for the discrepancies, if any, between the measured and predicted values
of the above expressions for the graph parameters.
Experiment 2. Hydrostatic Pressure
To determine the center of pressure on completely submerged plan surface.
2. Equipment:
The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench
The F1-12 Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus
A set of weights.
Below is a diagrammatic representation of the apparatus defining the physical
dimensions, theory for fully submerged plane, :
Quadrant
mm
Figure 1 - Schematic Diagram of a Hydrostatic Bench.
The following dimensions from the equipment are used in the appropriate calculations:
Width of quadrant b=7.581 cm
Height of quadrant d=10.0 cm
Length of balance L=27.5 cm
H=a+d=20
Quadrant to Pivot
a=10 cm
Figure 2 - Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus, A set of weights, Hydrostatic Bench.
The force due to weight G of the water always produces the same moment referred to
the pinpoint O as the resultant force Fp:
Figure 3 Free body diagram of water in the vessel.
Figure 4 - complete submerged.
The point force equivalent to the distributed hydrostatic forces and the location of the
force action can be calculated from the following formulae:
o The horizontal force b
F = γ.hc .A
F = (ρg) . (y / 2) .(b.y)
W = mg d
F
o for the moment around point O, we obtain: e
C
∑Mo=0
w.L = Fh.( a + d / 2 + e )
w = mg
е = Ic / As = ( b . d3 /12) / b . d . y = d2 /12y
m.g.L =ρ.g.y.b.d[ a + (d/2) + ( (d2) / 12y) ]
m/y = ρbd/L (a + d/2 ) + ( (ρbd3) / 12L) . 1/y
m/y = k2 + n2 /y
This equation is a first degree liner equation

y=c-mx where c is the intercept of the y axis and m is the slope of the equation.
So:
K2=(ρbd/L)(a+d/2) , n2= ρbd3/12L

where:
- density of the fluid
g - Gravitational acceleration
hc - distance from the free surface to the center of gravity of the submerged plane
surface
A - The area of the submerged plane surface
m - Mass placed in the balance pan
L - Distance from the pivot point to the balance pan suspension rod axis
b- The quadrant width
d- The quadrant height
C- is the centroid of the quadrant.
CP- is the Center of Pressure on the quadrant face.
4. Procedure
 Place the quadrant on the two dowel pins and using the clamping screw, fasten to
the balance arm.
 Measure the dimensions a, b, and d, of the quadrant and the distance L from the
knife-edge axis to the balance pan axis.
 Position the tank on the bench and locate the balance arm on the knife edges(pivot).
 Adjust the counter-balance weight until the balance arm is horizontal. This is
indicated on a gate adjacent to the balance arm.
 Place a weight on the balance pan.
 Slowly fill the tank until the balance arm is horizontal. Record the water level on the
scale of the quadrant and the weight on balance pan.
 Fine adjustment of the water level may be achieved by over-filling and slowly
draining, using the drain cock.
 Repeat the procedure under different masses, using the corresponding water levels.
Repeat readings for reducing masses on the balance pan.
5. Reading and Calculations

Filling tank Draining tank average
Weight Height of Weight Height of M y
Y =y-d/2 m/y L/y
mN water y m m N water y m g m
6. Conclusions
Give reasons for the discrepancies, if any, between the measured and predicted values
of the above expressions for the graph parameters.
Experiment 3. Bernoulli’s Theorem
To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's theorem as applied to the flow of water in

circular pipe.
2. Equipment's:
The F1-10 Hydraulics Bench which allows us to measure flow by timed volume
collection.
The F1-15 Bernoulli’s Apparatus Test Equipment.
A stopwatch for timing the flow measurement .
Figure 1 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, F1-15.
Figure 2 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, F1-15.discrubtion.
3. Summary of theory:
The Bernoulli equation represents the conservation of mechanical energy for a steady,
incompressible, frictionless flow.
In ideal fluid the energy is constant at all sections along a conical circular pipe.
 Types of energy
1. Elevation head
2. Pressure head
3. Velocity head
We consider that the flow is through six sections, and then Bernoulli’s equation will be
written as:
v 21 p1 v 2 2 p2 v 2 3 p3 v 2 6 p6
  z1    z2    z 3        z6
2 g g 2 g g 2 g g 2 g g
And for this device
z1= z2=……………= z6 , and p=𝛾h=ρgh

v2
If Bernoulli’s theorem is obeyed: H  h
2g
And this value is constant in all sections along the pipe.
The velocity of the flow is measured by measuring the volume of the flow, V, over a
time period, t. Thus gives the rate of volume flow:
Qv = V/t m3/s,
which in turn gives the velocity of the flow through a defined area, A :
v1 = Qv / A1, v2 = Qv / A2, -----atc
4. Procedure
 Level the Bernoulli’s experimental apparatus on the Hydraulic Bench by adjusting the screw
legs.
 Switch on the pump and open the flow control valve to fill the entire apparatus and
manometers with water. Ensure that no air is entrapped in the apparatus or any of the
manometers by opening the air valve at the right end of the air chamber connecting the top
ends of the manometers. Make sure to close the air valve again.
 To make visible the water levels in the manometers, connect and work the hand air pump at
the air inlet to raise the air pressure in the air chamber, thus pushing the manometer columns
down into the glass tubes.
 Note the scale of reading of each manometer level.
 Take at least three sets of reading of volume and time , calculate the flow rate using the
volumetric tank.
 Push the stainless steel probe (pitot-tube) at the right end of the horizontal transparent
section of the pipe into the tapered portion of the pipe. Position its end at stations adjacent to
the manometer openings in the pipe one station at a time. For each position, observe the
corresponding scale reading of the manometer to the probe. Compare the pitot-tube reading to
the manometer reading connected to the same position.
 Stop the inlet feed, drain off the apparatus, withdraw the probe full length, undo the
coupling, reverse the test sections and replace the couplings.
5. Reading ,Results and calculations
1.Determination the flow rate

Ѵ (m3) t (sec) Q= Ѵ/t (m3/sec) Qave. (m3/sec) Qave. (mm3/sec)
2. Calculation table
Area
(mm2) H= P/𝛾+
Pipe D P/𝛾 Qave. V=Q/A V2/2g Pitot
V2/2g
No. (mm) D 2 (mm) (mm3/sec) (mm/sec) (mm) reading
(mm)
A
4
1 10.0
2 10.6
3 11.3
4 12.4
5 14.6
6 25.0
For each valve setting, determine the fluid velocity at each tapping position. Determine
theoretical velocity head at each tapping position. Add theoretical velocity head to the
measure static head to determine a theoretical head. Do these computed heads agree with
the total head investigation?
If they differ, what are the reasons?
Comment on the validity of Bernoulli's equation for system tested for :a) converging flow,
b) divergent flow.
Figure 3 – venturi in a straight horizontal pipe.
6. Conclusions
Experiment 4 -Flow Meter Demonstration
To investigate the operation and characteristics of three different basic types of flow
meter, including accuracy and energy losses.
2. Equipment's used
 Hydraulic bench. F1-10
 Flow rate measurement devices.F1-21
 Stop watch.
Orifice
Venturi
Figure-1 Flowmeters in pipes ( Orifice, Venturi ) “Differential Pressure”
Assumptions:
Steady flow.
Incompressible flow.
Frictionless flow.
Flow along a streamline.
For flow though the Venturi meter, Bernoulli’s theorem states that:
( P1 / γ ) + ( V21 / 2g ) + Z1 = ( P2 / γ ) + ( V22 / 2g ) + Z2
∆h = h1 – h2 , Z1 = Z2
∆𝑝 𝑣22 − 𝑣12 𝑄2
∆ℎ = = =
𝛾 2𝑔 𝐴12 − 𝐴22
2𝑔 [ 2 ]
𝐴1 × 𝐴22
2𝑔
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) [ ]
𝐴12 − 𝐴22
2𝑔
𝑄𝑡ℎ = 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[ ] √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝐴12 − 𝐴22
4. Procedure
Place the flow meter test rig on the bench and ensure that it is level (necessary for
accurate readings from the manometers). Connect the inlet pipe to the bench supply
and the outlet pipe into the volumetric tank. Start the pump and open the bench valve
and the test rig flow control valve, to flush the system.
Open the air bleed screw and remove the cap from the adjacent air valve. Connect a
length of small bore tubing from the air valve to the volumetric tank. Next, open the
bench valve and allow flow through the manometer tubes to purge them of air. Check
that all manometer levels are on scale at the maximum flow rate (full-scale reading on
the variable area meter). These levels can be adjusted further by using the air bleed
screw or the hand pump supplied.
At a fixed flow rate, record all manometer heights and the variable area meter reading
and carry out a timed volume collection using the volumetric tank. This is achieved by
closing the ball valve and measuring (with a stopwatch) the time taken to accumulate a
known volume of fluid in the tank, as measured from the sight-glass. You should
collect fluid for at least one minute to minimize timing errors. Repeat this
measurement twice to check for consistency and then average the readings.
5. Reading , Results and calculations
manometer reading
t
Vt
h1 h2 h3 h4 s
m3
1. Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for Venturi and Orifice mathematically:
From the reading obtained on the venturi and orifice plate calculate the volume flow
rate using the basic equation with relevant Cd factor.
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢.
= 𝐶𝑑
𝑄𝑡ℎ
2𝑔
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢. = 𝑄𝑡ℎ 𝐶𝑑 = 𝐶𝑑 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[ ] √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝐴12 − 𝐴22
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢.
𝐶𝑑 =
2𝑔
𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[ ] √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝐴12 − 𝐴22
Venturi Venturi Orifice Orifice

t Qa=Vt/t
√(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) √(ℎ3 − ℎ4 ) Vt
s m3/s
2𝑔
Qth =𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[𝐴2 −𝐴2 ] √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑄
Cd= 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢. 2𝑔
Qth =𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[ 2 2 ] √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
𝑄
Cd= 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢.
m3 1 2 𝑄𝑡ℎ 𝐴 −𝐴1 2 𝑄𝑡ℎ
2. Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for Venturi and Orifice graphically:

𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢 = 𝐾1 √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 )
2𝑔
𝐾1 = 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[ ]
𝐴12 − 𝐴22
From the graph that drawing the values Qactu.=Vt/t , VS, √(ℎ1 − ℎ2 ) the slop of the
line is K1for Venturi, K2 for Orifice,
2𝑔 𝐾𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
K2,K1 (the slope) 𝐶𝑑 × 𝐴1 × 𝐴2 √[ 2 2 ] , 𝐶𝑑 =
𝐴1 −𝐴2 2𝑔
𝐴1 ×𝐴2 √[ 2 2 ]
𝐴1 −𝐴2
K2
K1
Cd is the discharge coefficient for Venturi = 0.94 , for Orifice = 0.63.
6. Conclusions
Experiment 5- Flow over weirs

Finding the flow rate for rectangular and triangular weirs.
2. Equipments used
 Hydraulic bench.
 Flow rate measurement devices.
 Stop watch
 Rectangular and triangular weir
Figure-1 flow channel, Hydraulics Bench, weir plates of different shapes are rectangular notch, vee notch
3. Experiment Theory
A notch is an opening in the side of a tank or reservoir which extends above the
surface of the liquid. It is usually a device for measuring discharge. A weir is a notch
on a larger scale - usually found in rivers. It may be sharp crested but also may have a
substantial width in the direction of flow - it is used as both a flow measuring device
and a device to raise water levels.
The advantages of weirs:
 When the earth surface is a mountainous surface with a slope and the water
position velocity on its surface is large, then it may cause a soil weathering.
 If we want to increase the level of the water to change its position direction.
 To calculate the discharge value.
Types of weirs
1. Sharp crested weirs ( rectangular and triangular )
2. Broad crested weirs
Figure-2 - Types of weirs
A General Weir Equations:
We will assume that the velocity of the fluid approaching the weir is small so that kinetic
energy can be neglected. We will also assume that the velocity through any elemental strip
depends only on the depth below the free surface. These are acceptable assumptions for tanks
with notches or reservoirs with weirs, but for flows where the velocity approaching the weir is
substantial the kinetic energy must be taken into account (e.g. a fast moving river).
 The Rectangular Weir
The flow through any opening = Qth = (2gH)0.5 * A ,

where H = head causing flow
When Qac = Cd * Qth = Cd * (2gH)0.5 * A
For an element
dQac = Cd * (2gH)1/2 * B dh
dQac = Cd * (2g) 1/2 * BH1/2 dh
∫ dQac = ∫Cd * (2g) 1/2 * BH1/2 dh
Qac = Cd * B (2g) 1/2 * (2/3)H3/2
Qac = Cd* (2/3) * B (2g) 1/2 * H3/2
It is a linear equation intercepting the (0,0) point and,
The slope is= Cd (2/3) * B (2g) 1/2
 The Triangular Weir
dQac = Cd * (2g) 1/2 * 2tan(ѳ/2) * H1/2 * Hdh ,

where dB=2 Hdh tan(ѳ/2)
∫ dQac = Cd * (2g) 1/2 * 2tan(ѳ/2) ∫H1/2 * Hdh ,
when ѳ = 90°
Then Qac = Cd *(8/15) * (2g) 1/2 * H5/2
It is a linear equation intercepting the (0,0) point and,
The slope is= Cd *(8/15) * (2g) 1/2
4.procedures
 Fix the weir in its place on the hydraulic bench.

 Allow water to go through the channel until the water begins discharging above the weir
plate.
 Close the flow control valve and let the water level to stay on.
 Adjust the gauge on zero with the weir edge and put it away from the weir.
 Adjust the gauge on the water level and record the reading.
 Repeat the last step four times again with a different flow rate
5. Reading , Results and calculations
o For rectangular weir

B = 3 cm, Determination of flow rate Q :
Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for rectangular weir mathematically:
From the reading obtained on rectangular weir calculate the volume flow rate using
the basic equation with relevant Cd factor.
where
Qac.
Qth = (2/3) * B (2g) 1/2 * H3/2, Qactu. =V/t , Cd =
Qth.
Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for rectangular weir graphically :
From the chart Qactu. VS, H3/2, and it is a linear equation intercepting the (0,0)
point :
The slop = (2/3)Cd * B (2g) 1/2

Therefore Cd = ( The slop) / ((2/3) * B *(2g) 1/2)
o For triangular weir

Ѳ = 90°
Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for triangular weir mathematically:
From the reading obtained on rectangular weir calculate the volume flow rate using the
basic equation with relevant Cd factor.
Qac.
Qth = (8/15)*(2g)0.5 *tan(ѳ/2)*H5/2 , Qactu. =V/t , Cd =
Qth.
Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for triangular weir graphically first:
From the chart Qactu. VS, H5/2, and it is a linear equation intercepting the (0,0)
point :
From the chart ,the slope is= Cd *(8/15) * (2g) 1/2
Cd =( slope) /((8/15) * (2g) 1/2)

Cd is the discharge coefficient for rectangular = 0.62 to 0.75 , for triangular = > 0.58
Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for rectangular ,and triangular weir

graphically (second) :
logarithmic plot., create a temporary, arithmetic plot of (log Q) vs. (log H), and determine
the equation of that plot using linear regression.
log Qact = log K + n log H
 Rectangular
Cd = K 1 / ((2/3) *(2g) 1/2)

n=1.5
 triangular
Cd = K 2 / /((8/15) * (2g) 1/2)

n=2.5
6. Conclusions
Experiment – 6, Flow through Sharp Edged Orifice
To study the path of water jets issuing from orifices. And to determine the
coefficients of discharge, velocity and contraction from a sharp-edged circular
orifice for Falling and constant head.
2. Experiment Equipment's :
 A cylinder with a side orifice and adjustment overflow pipe.
 Stop watch
 Dispenser for flow rate determination
Figure-1 Hydraulics Bench, A cylinder with a side orifice and adjustment overflow pipe
Figure-2 cylinder with a side orifice and clip board and pointers.
3. Experiment Theory:
The coefficient of discharge Cd is the ratio of the actual discharge Qact to the
theoretical discharge Qth.
The theoretical discharge is given by the following relationship where A is the
area of the orifice and H is the total head on the orifice centerline and the actual
discharge can be measured.
The Path of the jet from the orifice is given by the following equation where x is
the horizontal distance, y is the vertical distance and v is the flow velocity from
the orifice.
 First : Flow under a constant head
‫‪Fluid Mechanics Lab.‬‬ ‫‪CE327‬‬ ‫استاذ المقرر‪ :‬أ‪ .‬لبني سليمان بن طاهر‬
‫‪32‬‬ ‫أ‪ .‬لبنى بن طاهر‬


 Second: Flow under a falling head
Ѵ = AT*h , dѴ = AT*dh/dt , Qac = dѴ/dt by substituting with these

values in the next equation we will find that :
Qac = Cd*A0*(2gh)0.5 → AT*dh/dt = Cd*A0*(2gh)0.5 then
∫dh*h0.5 = [Cd*A0*(2g)0.5]/ AT ∫dt , then
h10.5 – h20.5 = [t*Cd*A0*(2g)0.5]/2 AT then
t = -2 AT /[Cd*A0*(2g)0.5] * h20.5 +2 AT /[Cd*A0*(2g)0.5] * h10.5
And it is a linear equation:
slope= -2 AT /[Cd*A0*(2g)0.5]
y-intercept = 2 AT /[Cd*A0*(2g)0.5] * h10.5
Where :
Cc is contraction coff.
Cd is discharge coff.
Cv is velocity coff.
A0 is orifice area
Ѵ is volume of tank
DT is tank diameter
D0 is orifice diameter
t is time
4.Experiment procedures
 First: Flow under a constant head
1. Fix the device with the hydraulic bench and make sure that the over flow pipe is discharging
in the tank.
2. Make sure that the level of needles is with the centre of the orifice.
3. Put a piece of a chart paper on the backboard.
4. Use the overflow adjustment pipe to set the head to be constant and record h.
5. Adjust the needles with the flow line and read the elevations on the chart paper.
6. Take a volume of the discharging water with a time (using stop watch) to determine the flow
rate.
7. Repeat the last three steps three times again with a different head.
 Second: Flow under a falling head
1. Fix the device with the hydraulic bench and make sure that the over flow pipe is discharging in
the tank.
2. Uplift the overflow pipe to the highest head and fill the cylinder with water to the highest level
the close the water supply and record h.
3. Set the stop watch and let the water draining through the orifice and record the time t every
20mm of falling head.
5-Reading , Results and calculations
D0 = 6mm
A0 = π(D0/2)2
DT = 137mm
AT = π(DT/2)2
x1 = 50mm , x2 = 100mm , x3 = 150mm , x4 = 200mm , x5 = 250mm ,

 First: Flow under a constant head
Determination of flow rate Q

Ѵ (m3) t (sec) Qact= Ѵ/t (m3/sec) Qact (mm3/sec)
1- CV:
Qact2 (mm6/sec2) h(mm) y (mm) x (mm) x2 (mm2) x2/h (mm)
400 50
400 100
400 150
400 200
400 250
𝑥2
*- mathematically Cv = √4𝑦ℎ
*- graphically 𝑥2
√
ℎ 𝑦
Cv = (slope /4)0.5
2- Cd
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡.
ℎ Qact2 (mm6/sec2) 𝑄 = 𝐴0 √2𝑔ℎ 𝐶𝑑 =
𝐴0 √2𝑔ℎ
𝑉
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡. = ,
𝑡 the relation between flow Q2 and head h
5E+09
*- Mathematically:
Q2 (mm6/sec2)
4E+09
3E+09
𝑄𝑎𝑐𝑡.
𝐶𝑑 = 2E+09
𝐴0 √2𝑔ℎ 1E+09
0
330 340 350 360 370 380 390 400 410
*- graphically: h(mm))
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
plot the graph of Q2 against the head :, 𝐶𝑑 =
𝐴0 √2𝑔
3- Cc:
𝑪𝒅 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
Mathematically Cc :
𝑪𝒗 𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚
𝑪𝒅 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
graphically Cc :
𝑪𝒗 𝐠𝐫𝐚𝐩𝐡𝐢𝐜𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐲
 Second: Flow under a falling head:
Run h1 h2 √ h1 √ h2 t Cdfrom1 Cdfrom2 Cdcall

(cm) (cm) (cm)1/2 (cm)1/2 (sec) (cm)
40
40
From the chart

The slope = m= 2 AT /[Cd*A0*(2g)0.5]
The y-intercept = K = 2 AT /[Cd*A0*(2g)0.5] * h105.
6. Conclusions
Experiment – 7, Impact of a Jet
The inquest of the theatrical relation for the force reduced by the water flow on multishape
targets.
2. Equipment's used
 Flow impact devices.
 Stop watch
Figure-1 Hydraulics Bench, set of weights, plates with different shapes
Figure-2 Flow impact devices.
3. Experiment Theory
Application of the momentum equation:

Impact of a jet on a plane surface, Force due to flow round a curved vane,
Force due to the flow of fluid round a pipe bend, Reaction of a jet
Consider a jet of water striking a stationary plate as shown below. The jet is
deflected with a resulting exchange in momentum. From Newton‟s second law of
motion, the momentum flux in the control volume equals the magnitude of the
net reaction exerted by the plate.

4. Experiment procedures
 Measure the diameter of the flow nozzle.
 Put the flat target on the bar connected to the weighs plate.
 Install all device parts, fix the input pipe to the pump on the hydraulic bench and make sure
that the device is in a horizontal situation.
 Move the level gage to be at the mass plate centre level which will be the datum.
 Put the first mass and open the supply valve to let the flow of water.
 Adjust the flow rate until the centre of the plate be at the gage level.
 Take a volume with a time three times to determine the flow rate.
 Increase the mass then you have to increase the flow and find the flow rate.
 Repeat the previous step until you reach the maximum flow.
 Repeat the last steps with a 120° and 180° plate targets.
5. Reading , Results and computations

First: For Flat Plate
Mass Ѵ t Q= Ѵ/t Qavg Q2 Wac= mg Wth=(ρ.Q2/A)
Runs Kth
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec) (m3/sec) (m5/sec2)
Second: For 120° plate

Runs Kth
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec) (m3/sec) (m /sec2)
5
Third: For 180° plate (semi-sphere)

Runs Kth
(g) (m3) (sec) (m3/sec) (m3/sec) (m /sec2)
5
250
y = slope x
200
Mass(g)
150
100
50
0
0 5E+10 1E+11
Q2 (mm5/sec2)
 Compute the Coefficient of Impact K for (Flat Plate, 120° plate, 180° plate (semi-
sphere) mathematically:
Then from the table, to determine average Kth .

Wac = m*g
Wth=( ρ.Q2/A )
Where:
ρ = 1000 kg/m3
r = 0.008 m
K = Wac/Wth= mg / ( ρ.Q2/A ) Coefficient of Impact

The average K = ∑ K /n
For Flat Plate K =1
For 120° plate K=1.5
For 180° plate (semi-sphere) K=2
 Compute the Coefficient of Impact K for (Flat Plate, 120° plate, 180° plate (semi-
sphere) graphically:
Compose a graph with, (flow rate)2 on the horizontal axis, and m Kg on the
vertical axis,
K = ( Slope * A * g ) / ρ
For Flat Plate K =1

For 120° plate K=1.5
For 180° plate (semi-sphere) K=2
6. Discussion:
Experiment – 8,Reynold’s number measurement devices
1. Experiment objective :
Defining the flow conditions which are the laminar, transitional and turbulent. And the
velocity section.
2. Equipment's used
 Reynold devices.
 Stop watch.
 A dye.
Figure-1 Reynold devices, Stop watch, A dye.

.
3. Experiment theory
Figure-2 Types of flow according to the dye shape .
The English scientist -Osborn Reynold -1883- has explained that the flow type is
to be spotted according to the fluid particles behaviour during their movement.
And it depends on those factors:
µ ► Dynamic viscosity.
v ► Fluid velocity.
D ► pipe diameter.
ρ ► density.
4. Experiment procedures :
1. Fill the dye pipe, put the device on the bench and fix the supply pipe to the flow source.
2. Close the flow valve and control the water level with the overflow pipe then let the
water to be in steady state.
3. Open the supply valve slowly to let the water go through the out let pipe.
4. Open the control valve of the dye.
5. Open the discharge valve partially to get a slow flow which will be laminar.
6. Take an amount of water with a time to find the flow rate.
7. Repeat the last two previous steps with a bigger flow rate to get a turbulent and
transitional flow.
8. Measure the temperature to find the density and the viscosity of the water.
5. Reading Results and calculations:
D = 1 cm
Temp. =
ρT° =
µT° =
Ѵ t Q= Ѵ/t v = Q/A Type of flow Type of flow

Runs Rn = ρvD/µ
(cm3) (sec) (cm3/sec) (cm/sec) visually from Rn
6- Discussion:

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‫اعداد ‪ :‬أ‪ .

Civil Engineering Department

Laboratory Report : Fluid Mechanics Laboratory, CE 327

Experiment No. : Date : Number of Group:

‫ لبنى بن طاهر‬.‫ أ‬: ‫اعداد‬

‫بعض المالحظات عند كتابة التقارير المعملية ‪:‬‬

‫اعداد ‪ :‬أ‪ .‬لبنى بن طاهر‬

Experiment 1. Hydrostatic Pressure

To determine the center of pressure on partially submerged plan surface.

Figure 1 - Schematic Diagram of a Hydrostatic Bench.

Figure 2 - Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus, A set of weights, Hydrostatic Bench.

Figure 4 - Partial submerged.

The horizontal force

5. Reading and Calculations

Filling tank Draining tank average

Experiment 2. Hydrostatic Pressure

To determine the center of pressure on completely submerged plan surface.

Figure 1 - Schematic Diagram of a Hydrostatic Bench.

Figure 2 - Hydrostatic Pressure Apparatus, A set of weights, Hydrostatic Bench.

Figure 3 Free body diagram of water in the vessel.

Figure 4 - complete submerged.

o The horizontal force b

This equation is a first degree liner equation

K2=(ρbd/L)(a+d/2) , n2= ρbd3/12L

5. Reading and Calculations

Experiment 3. Bernoulli’s Theorem

To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's theorem as applied to the flow of water in

Figure 1 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, F1-15.

Figure 2 Bernoulli’s Theorem Demonstration Apparatus, F1-15.discrubtion.

z1= z2=……………= z6 , and p=𝛾h=ρgh

v1 = Qv / A1, v2 = Qv / A2, -----atc

5. Reading ,Results and calculations

1.Determination the flow rate

Figure 3 – venturi in a straight horizontal pipe.

Experiment 4 -Flow Meter Demonstration

Figure-1 Flowmeters in pipes ( Orifice, Venturi ) “Differential Pressure”

5. Reading , Results and calculations

1. Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for Venturi and Orifice mathematically:

Venturi Venturi Orifice Orifice

2. Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for Venturi and Orifice graphically:

Cd is the discharge coefficient for Venturi = 0.94 , for Orifice = 0.63.

Experiment 5- Flow over weirs

Figure-2 - Types of weirs

A General Weir Equations:

 The Rectangular Weir

The flow through any opening = Qth = (2gH)0.5 * A ,

 The Triangular Weir

dQac = Cd * (2g) 1/2 * 2tan(ѳ/2) * H1/2 * Hdh ,

 Fix the weir in its place on the hydraulic bench.

5. Reading , Results and calculations

o For rectangular weir

Ѵ (m3) t (sec) Q= Ѵ/t (m3/sec) Qave. (m3/sec) Qave. (mm3/sec)

Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for rectangular weir mathematically:

Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for rectangular weir graphically :

The slop = (2/3)Cd * B (2g) 1/2

o For triangular weir

Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for triangular weir mathematically:

From the chart ,the slope is= Cd *(8/15) * (2g) 1/2

Cd =( slope) /((8/15) * (2g) 1/2)

Compute the Cd discharge coefficient for rectangular ,and triangular weir

log Qact = log K + n log H

Cd = K 1 / ((2/3) *(2g) 1/2)

Cd = K 2 / /((8/15) * (2g) 1/2)

Experiment – 6, Flow through Sharp Edged Orifice

From the chart ,the slope is= Cd (8/15) (2g) 1/2

Ѵ = ATh , dѴ = ATdh/dt , Qac = dѴ/dt by substituting with these