Barwm

LgkcakahmsmsZrmfakmkcs
Zrmfakmkcsmf
`maya mf
KML9 0:51403?10??
prndubsm prntntypg
prndub `arakc/iasa

Latgrm Aiar Zrndub Brgao dak Bgwmrausafaak

BD 5.3 Lgkcakahmsms `maya prndubsm prntntypg prndub `arakc/iasa

BD 4.3 Lgkcfmtukc `maya prndubsm prntntypg prndub `arakc/iasa

Mkdmbatnr9
Lgkdgtgbsm `maya-`maya yakc tgriadm dahal prnsgs prndubsm
Lglgrmkem `maya-`maya prndubsm bg dahal suatu craomb
Lglprgsgktasmbak `maya-`maya prndubsm prntntypg `arakc/iasa

VM
ULB/LAB BGHAU UGLGUTGP
0
Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 1
 ZGKDAFWHWAK

A. Dgsbrm
Dgsbrmpsm
psm Umkcba
Umkcbatt
Lnduh mkm lgkyaimbak latgrm tgktakc `maya prndubsm, igkms-igkms `maya prndubsm dak lgkcfmtukc
`maya prndubsm. Dm sgtmap abfmr bgcmatak `ghaiar, dmhgkcbapm dgkcak tgs onrlatmo yakc dmtuiubak
uktub lgkcgtafum tmkcbat pgkcuasaak smswa tgrfadap msm
m sm lnduh.

@. Pghg
Pghgva
vaks
ksmm
Zgkuhmsak bgcmatak `ghaiar dahal `gktub lnduh mkm dmfarapbak lgl`aktu smswa uktub lglafalm
latgrm tgktakc `maya prndubsm, igkms-igkms `maya prndubsm dak lgkcfmtukc `maya prndubsm .

E. Zgtukiub @ghaiar
Zgtukiub `ghaiar dahal bgcmatak `ghaiar mkm9 (1) lglpgrfatmbak mkstrubtur dahal lgkyalpambak
dak lgkcaiarbak latgrm, bgludmak (0) dmsbusm `grbamtak dgkcak latgrm-latgrm hamk yakc tgrbamt
uktub lglpgrdahal latgrm dgkcak eara lgkearm mkonrlasm lghahum lgdma mktgrkgt dak `grtubar
mkonrlasm, sgrta (5) lgkcgriabak hatmfak snah dahal lnduh mkm sgsuam dgkcak latgrm yakc tghaf
dmpghaiarm bgludmak dmenenbbak dgkcak bukem iawa`ak uktub lgkcgtafum iawa`ak yakc `gkar.

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 1
 BAIMAK LATGPM
A. Bnlpgtg
Bnlpgtgksm
ksm Dasar
5.3 Lgkcakahmsms @maya Zrndubsm Zrntntypg Zrndub @arakc/Iasa

@. Tuiuak
Tuiuak Zgl`ghaiar
Zgl`ghaiarak
ak
Lghahum lndgh pgl`ghaiarak Zrn`hgl @asgd Hgarkmkc sgrta takya iawa` dak dmsbusm bghnlpnb,
smswaa lalpu
smsw lalpu lgkcak
lgkcakahm
ahmsms
sms `maya
`maya prndub
prndubsm,
sm, igkms-i
igkms-igkm
gkmss `maya
`maya prndub
prndubsm
sm dak lgkcfm
lgkcfmtuk
tukc
c `maya
`maya
prndubsm.

E. Znbnb-Znbnb
Znbnb-Znbnb Latgrm
1. Zgkc
Zgkcgr
grtm
tmak
ak @may
@mayaa Zrndu
Zrndubs
bsmm
0. Wksur-
Wksur-uks
uksur
ur @maya
@maya Zrndub
Zrndubsm sm
5. Igkms-Igkms
Igkms-Igkms @maya Zrndubsm
Zrndubsm @grdasarbak
@grdasarbak Iakcba
Iakcba Sabtuky
Sabtukyaa
4. Igkms-Igkms
Igkms-Igkms @maya
@maya Zrndubsm
Zrndubsm @grdasar
@grdasarbak
bak _nhulg
_nhulg Bgcmatakky
Bgcmatakkyaa
7. Lgkcc
Lgkccal`
al`arar Burv
Burvaa @may
@mayaa Zrndu
Zrndubsm
bsm
?. Enktnf
Enktnf Akahmsm
Akahmsmss @maya
@maya Zrndub
Zrndubsm sm Dahal
Dahal Dukma
Dukma Zrndubsm
Zrndubsm

D. Wramak
Wramak Latgrm
Latgrm
1. Zgkcg
Zgkcgrtrtmak
mak @maya
@maya Zrndub
Zrndubsmsm
@maya adahaf sglua pgkcghuarak yakc dapat dmubur dgkcak uakc, `amb yakc tghaf,
sgdakc
sgd akc,, laupu
laupuk k yakc
yakc abak
abak dmbghu
dmbghuarb
arbak
ak uktub
uktub lgkcfa
lgkcfasmhb
smhbak
ak suatu
suatu prndub
prndub.. @maya
@maya
prndubsm adahaf pgkcghuarak yakc dmhabubak nhgf wmrausafawak uktub lglpgrnhgf
oabt
oabtnr
nr-o
-oab
abtn
tnrr pr
prnd
ndub
ubsm
sm da
dak
k `a`afa
fak-`
k-`af
afak
ak lgkt
lgktaf
af ya
yakc
kc ababak
ak dm
dmcu
cuka
kaba
bak
k ukuktu
tubb
lgkemptabak `arakc-`arakc prndub brgatmo tgrtgktu.
0. Wksur-
Wksur-uksuksurur @maya
@maya Zrndu
Zrndubsm
bsm
Lgkurut n`igb pgkcghuarakkya, `maya prndubsm dapat dm`acm lgkiadm `g`grapa `acmak
`grmbut.
a. @m
@may
ayaa @af
@afak
ak @abu
abu
@maya `afak `abu adahaf `gr`acam laeal `afak yakc dmnhaf lgkiadm prndub iadm
dak pglabamakkya dapat dmmdgktmombasmbak sgeara hakcsukc yakc lgrupabak `acmak
mktgcrah darm prndub tgrtgktu. Zgkcgrtmak hamk darm `maya `afak `abu adahaf ‘farca
yakc
yak c tgrdmrm
tgrdmrm atas
atas sglua
sglua `afak
`afak yakc
yakc dmbgri
dmbgriaba
abak
k dm dahal
dahal prnsgs
prnsgs prndub
prndubsm
sm uktub
uktub
dmu`af lgkiadm `arakc hamk yakc kaktmkya abak dmiuah“.
`. @maya Tgkaca Bgria Hakcsukc
@maya
@ma ya Tgkaca
Tgkaca Bgria
Bgria Hakcsu
Hakcsukc
kc adahaf
adahaf iasa yakc
yakc dm`grmb
dm`grmbak
ak bgpada
bgpada tgkaca
tgkaca bgria
bgria
hakcsukc nhgf wmrausafawak. @maya tgkaca bgria hakcsukc adahaf `ahas iasa yakc
dm`grmbak nhgf pgkcusafak bgpada tgkaca bgria hakcsukc dak igiab lakoaatkya dapat
dmmdgktmombaasmbak nhgf prndub tgrtgktu.
e. @m
@may
ayaa Nvgrf
vgrfga
gadd
@maya
@ma ya nvgrfg
nvgrfgadad lgrupa
lgrupabak
bak `maya
`maya yakc
yakc dmbghu
dmbghuarb
arbak
ak uktub
uktub lglgku
lglgkufmfm sghuruf
sghuruf
bgcmatak usafa dahal prnsgs pgkeapamak tuiuak. @maya nvgrfgad tgrdmrm atas `afak
tmdab hakcsukc, `maya tgkaca bgria tmdab hakcsukc, sgrta sgluaigkms `maya wmrausafa,

sgpgrtm paiab, asuraksm, pgkyusutak, `arakc pgrsgdmaak, pgr`ambak dak pglghmfaraak.

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 0
 @m
@may
ayaa nvgrf
vgrfgagadd adah
adahaf
af `may
`mayaa prprnd
ndub
ubsm
sm tn
tnta
tahh yak
akc
c tmd
tmdab dadappat hahak
kcsuk
csukc c
dmmdgktmombasmbak pada prndub atau pgbgriaak tgrtgktu.
d. @may
@mayaa Gbsp
Gbsphm
hmsm
smtt
@maya
@ma ya Gbsphm
Gbsphmsmt
smt adahaf
adahaf sgiulh
sgiulhaf
af pgkcgh
pgkcghuar
uarak
ak ukuktub
tub lgkdap
lgkdapatb
atbak
ak oabtnr
oabtnr-oab
-oabtnr
tnr
prndubsm dak mkput hamkkya
hamkkya yakc dm`ayarbak lgkccukabak
lgkccukabak uakc.
g. @m
@may
ayaa Mlp
Mlphmsm
hmsmtt
@maya Mlphmsmt lgrupabak `maya yakc tmdab sgeara hakcsukc tgrhmfat, enktnfkya `maya
pgkyusutak `arakc lndah.
5. Igkms-Ig
Igkms-Igkms
kms @maya
@maya Zrndubsm
Zrndubsm @grda
@grdasarb
sarbak
ak Iakcba
Iakcba Sabtuk
Sabtukyaya
@grdasarbak
@grdas arbak iakcba wabtukya,
wabtukya, `maya prndubsm
prndubsm dm`gdabak lgkiadm dua, yamtu `maya
iakcba pgkdgb dak `maya iakcbaiakcba pakiakc.
a. @may
@mayaa Iak
Iakcb
cbaa Zgk
Zgkdg
dgbb
@maya iakcba pgkdgb Adahaf iakcba wabtu dm laka sg`acmak oabtnr prndubsm tmdab
dapat dmtal`af iulhafkya. @grmbut mkm igkms-igkms `maya iakcba pgkdgb
1) @maya
@maya Tntah
Tntah (Tntah
(Tntah Enst/T
Enst/TE)E)
@maya tntah adahaf bgsghurufak `maya yakc dmbghuarbak nhgf suatu usafa yakc
tgrdmrm atas `maya varma`gh dak `maya tgtap.
Pulus. TE < T_E + TOE
0) @maya _arma`gh
_arma`gh Tntah
Tntah (Tntah
(Tntah _arma`hg
_arma`hg Enst/T_E)
Enst/T_E)
@maya varma`gh tntah adahaf bgsghurufak `maya yakc dmbghuarbak usafa dahal
oabtnr prndubsm dak `grsmoat varma`gh atau dapat `gru`af-u`af sgsuam dgkcak
fasmh prndubsm yakc abak dmfasmhbak. Labmk `akyab prndub yakc dmfasmhbak,
labmk `gsar
`gsar puha
puha `maya yakc
yakc farus dmbghu
dmbghuarbak.
arbak. Enktnf
Enktnf `maya `afak
`afak `abu,
`abu,
upaf tgkaca bgria, `afak `abar, dak hamk sg`acamkya.
Pulus9 T_E < TE - TOE
5) @maya
@maya Tgtap
Tgtap (Tnt
(Tntah
ah Omxgd
Omxgd Enst/
Enst/TOE
TOE))
@maya
@ma ya tgt
tgtap
ap adahaf
adahaf `maya
`maya yakc
yakc tmdab
tmdab `gru`
`gru`afaf lgkcmb
lgkcmbutm
utm tmkcba
tmkcbatt prndub
prndubsm.sm.
Artmkya,
Artmky a, `gsar `maya mkm tmdab dmpgkcaruf
dmpgkcarufmm nhgf iulhaf nutput yakc dmfasmhbak.
dmfasmhbak.
Enktnf
Enk tnf99 `maya
`maya a`ndgl
a`ndglgk gk tgh
tghgpn
gpnk,
k, `maya
`maya pglghm
pglghmfar
faraak
aak `akcuk
`akcukak,
ak, `maya
`maya
pgkyusutak, dak hamk-hamk.

Pulus9 TOE < TE - T_E

4) @may
@mayaa ttnt
ntah
ah ra
rata
ta-ra
-rata
ta
@maya
@ma ya tntah
tntah rata
rata-rat
-rataa adahaf
adahaf `maya
`maya tntah
tntah (TE)
(TE) uktub
uktub lglprn
lglprndub
dubsm
sm sgiulha
sgiulhaf
f
`arakc tgrtgktu dm`acm dgkcak iulhaf prndubsm tgrtgktu nhgf pgrusafaak tgrsg`ut
(Q).
Pulus9 ATE < TE/Q
Q < Iulhaf nutput yakc dmfasmhbak
Atau ATE < A_E + AOE
7) @maya _arma`gh
_arma`gh rata-rata
rata-rata (Avgracg
(Avgracg _arma`h
_arma`hgg Enst/
Enst/ A_E)
A_E)
@maya _arma`gh rata-rata adahaf `maya varma`gh tntah (T_E) uktub lglprndubsm
sgiulhaf `arakc tgrtgktu dm`acm dgkcak iulhaf prndubsm tgrtgktu.
Pulus9 A_E < T_E/Q atau A_E < ATE - AOE
?) @maya Tgtap Pata-Pata
Pata-Pata (Avgrac
(Avgracgg Omxgd
Omxgd Enst/AOE)
Enst/AOE)

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 5
 @maya tgtap
@maya tgtap rata-rat
rata-rataa adahaf
adahaf tntah
tntah `maya
`maya tgtap
tgtap uktub
uktub lglprn
lglprndub
dubsm
sm sgiulh
sgiulhaf
af
`arakc tgrtgktu dm`acm dgkcak iulhaf prndubsm
prndubsm tgrtgktu (Q)
Pulus9 AOE < TOE/Q
3) @maya
@maya Larc
Larcmkamkahh Larcmk
Larcmkah
ah Enst
Enst /LE
Bgkambak `maya prndubsm yakc dmbghuarbak uktub lgkal`af satu satuak nutput.
`. @maya iakcba pakiakc
@maya iakcba pakiakc lgrupabak sgcaha oabtnr prndubsm yakc lasmf dapat `gru`af-
u`af. @grmbut mkm igkms-igkms `maya iakcba pakiakc.
1) @maya
@maya Larc
Larcmkamkahh Iakcb
Iakcbaa Zaki
Zakiakc
akc
@maya
@ma ya Larcmk
Larcmkah ah iakcba
iakcba pakiak
pakiakcc adahaf
adahaf tal`af
tal`afak
ak `maya
`maya bargka
bargka lgkal`
lgkal`afaf
prndubsm sg`akyab
s g`akyab 1 ukmt. Zgru`afak `maya tntah sala dgkcak pgru`afak `maya
varma`gh.
Pulus HLE < ΔHTE/ΔQ
Dgkcak HLE < @maya larcmkah iakcba iakcba pakiakc ( Hnkc Puk Larcmkah Enst)
ΔHTE < Zgru`afak `maya tntah iakcba pakiakc
Δ Q < Zgru`afak nutput
0) @may
@mayaa Pat
Pata-a-Pa
Patata
@maya rata-rata adahaf `maya tntah dm`acm
dm`acm iulhaf nutput

Pulus9
Dgkcak HPAE
HPAE << HTE/Q
@maya rata-rat iakcba pakiakc (Hnkc Puk Aavgracg Enst) dak
Q < iulhaf nutput.
4. Igkms-Ig
Igkms-Igkms
kms @maya
@maya Zrndubsm
Zrndubsm @grdasa
@grdasarbak
rbak _nhulg
_nhulg Bgcmat
Bgcmatakky
akkyaa
@grdasarbak vnhulg bgcmatakkya, `maya dapat dm`gdabak lgkiadm.
a. @maya tg
tgtap
@maya Tgtap adahaf `g`ak `maya yakc tmdab tgrcaktukc atas vnhulg prndubsm yakc
dmfasmhbak nhgf suatu usafa. @maya tgtap `masakya dmpgkcarufm nhgf wabtu, sgpgrtm
caimm baryaw
cai baryawak
ak atau sgwa cgdukc
cgdukc.. @maya
@maya tgt
tgtap
ap `msa
`msa iuca
iuca dmsg`u
dmsg`utt dgkcak
dgkcak `maya
`maya
tal`afak. @maya tgtap `gr`gda dgkcak `maya varma`gh bargka `maya varma`gh hg`mf
tgrcaktukc pada vnhulg prndubsm suatu pgrusafaak.
@maya tgtap `ubakhaf `maya yakc `grsmoat pgrlakgk. @maya tgrsg`ut `msa `gru`af-

u`af sgmrmkc wabtu, kaluk lgrgba tmdab `msa dmu`af nhgf vnhulg prndubsm yakc
dmfasmhbak nhgf suatu usafa prndubsm.
`. @maya varma`gh
@maya varma`gh adahaf `maya yakc `gru`af sgsuam dgkcak vnhulg `arakc atau iasa
yakc dmfasmhbak
dmfasmhbak nhgf suatu prndubsm.
prndubsm. @maya varma`gh adahaf iulhaf
iulhaf sghuruf `maya
Larcmkah. @maya varma`gh `msa iuca dmsg`ut dgkcak
dgkcak `maya knrlah.
knrlah. @grsala dgkcak
dgkcak
`maya tgtap, `maya varma`gh adahaf bnlpnkgk dahal lgl`gktub `maya bgsghurufak.
Tmdab sglua `maya varma`gh tgrlasub bg dahal `maya hakcsukc. @maya varma`gh iuca
`msa dmsg`ut dgkcak `maya ukmt bargka sgtmap ukmt prndubsm lglmhmbm `maya yakc
`gr`gda-`gda.
 Igkms-igkms `maya varma`gh9
1) @maya
@maya varma`
varma`gh
gh tntah
tntah atau
atau tntah
tntah varma`
varma`hg
hg enst
enst

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 4
 @maya varma`gh tntah lgrupabak sghuruf `maya yakc farus dmbghuarbak sghala
lasaa prndu
las prndubsm
bsm nutput
nutput dahal
dahal iulhaf
iulhaf tgrtgk
tgrtgktu
tu uktub
uktub lglpgr
lglpgrnhg
nhgf
f oabtnr
oabtnr
prndubsm yakc dapat dmu`af
dmu`af iulhafkya.
0) @maya varma`gh
varma`gh rata-rata
rata-rata atau avgracg
avgracg varma`hg
varma`hg enst
@m
@may
ayaa va
varm
rma`
a`gh
gh ra
rata
ta-ra
-rata
ta lgru
lgrupapaba
bak
k kmkmha
hamm `m
`may
ayaa ya yakc
kc dmdmpg
pgrn
rnhg
hgf
f da
darm
rm
pgrfmtukcak `maya varma`gh dm`acm dgkcak iulhaf
iulhaf prndubsm.
 Barabtgrmstmb `maya varma`gh9
1) Iulh
Iulhaf
afky
kyaa `msa
`msa `g`gr`
r`gd
gda-`
a-`gd
gdaa tgrca
tgrcakt
ktuk
ukcc da
darm
rm vn
vnhu
hulg
lg prprnd
ndub
ubsm
sm dm da
daha
hal
l
usafa suatu prndubsm
0) @maya
@maya varma`
varma`gh
gh `masak
`masakya
ya `grsmoa
`grsmoatt bnksta
bnkstak
k imba
imba dm`akd
dm`akdmkc
mkcbak
bak dgkcak
dgkcak vnhulg
vnhulg
prndubsm suatu usafa prndubsm
prndubsm
5) @maya varma`gh
varma`gh adahaf
adahaf `maya
`maya yakc `maya yakc
yakc ludaf
ludaf dmhaeab
dmhaeab
4) Ugtmap
Ugtmap lakaigr
lakaigr `msa
`msa lgl`ua
lgl`uatt smasat
smasat dahal lgkcnk
lgkcnktrn trnhh `gsar
`gsar bgemhkya
bgemhkya `maya
`maya
varma`gh.
e. @may
@mayaa Ugl
Uglmm _ar
_arma
ma`g
`ghh
@maya sglm varma`gh atau `maya ealpurak adahaf `maya ealpurak darm `maya tgtap dak
`maya varma`gh. @maya sglm varma`gh `grsmoat tgtap dahal tmkcbatak prndubsm atau
bnksulsm tgrtgktu, kaluk `gru`af lgkiadm `maya varma`gh bgtmba tmkcbat bnksulsm

Lgatau
7. Lgkcc prndubsm
kccal`
al`ar lghg`mfm
ar Burv
Bu rva stakdar
a @maya
@maya Zrndu yakc
Zrndubsbsmm dmtgktubak.
a. Lglala
Lglalaflmflm cal`ar
cal`ar `maya
`maya prndub
prndubsmsm
Zgrfatmbak burva `grmbut mkm9

Cal`ar 7.1 burva `maya prndubsm

Cal`arr dmatas lgkukiubb
Cal`a lgkukiubbak
ak eara lgkccal`a
lgkccal`arr `maya prndubsm
prndubsm dgkcak
dgkcak lgtndg
statmstmb. Dahal lgtndg statmstmb `may a sglm varma`gh dmpgeaf lgkiadm
lgkiadm `maya varma`gh
dak `maya tgtap dgkcak lgkccukabak
lgkccukabak lgtndg buadrat
buadrat tgrbgemh
tgrbgemh yakc dmighasbak
dmighasbak
sg`acam `grmbut. Trgk
Trgk carms
carms `maya varma`gh dmpgrnhgf dgkcak lgkarmb carms trgkd
yakc lghahum
lghahum `maya
`maya sglm
sglm varma`gh pada `gr`acam tmkcbat abtmvmtas. Zgr
varma`gh Zgrcgs
cgsgra
grakk pada

burva `maya prndubsm dmtgktubak nhgf dua oabtnr `grmbut.

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 7
 1) Tgbk
Tgbknh
nhnc
ncmm mtu
mtu sgkd
sgkdmr
mrmm
Zgru`afak
Zgru`afak tgbknh
tgbknhncm
ncm abak
abak `grpgk
`grpgkcar
caruf
uf tgr
tgrfad
fadap
ap prndub
prndubtmv
tmvmta
mtass sgbahm
sgbahmcus
cus `maya.
`maya.
Zg
Zgru
ru`a
`afa
fak
k tg
tgbk
bknh
nhnc
ncmm yakc
yakc lgky
lgkyg`
g`a`
a`ba
bakk pgkm
pgkmkc
kcba
bata
tak
k pr prnd
ndub
ubtm
tmvm
vmta
tass abak
abak
lgkyg`a`bak turukkya avgracg dak larcmkah prnduet atau pgrcgsgrak bg atas burva
LZ dak AZ, sgbahmcus pgrcgsgrak bg `awaf
`awaf LE dak AEAE..
0) Farca
Farca mkput/
mkput/@ma
@maya
ya prndub
prndubsm
sm
Zgkmkcbatak `maya mkput abak lgkccgsgr bg atas burva-burva `maya. Lgkmkcbatkya

omxgd
tgtapm enst
tmdablgkccgsgr bglarcmka
uktub burva atas burva
larcmkah tntah
h enst enstImba
(LE). (TE) dak avgracg
pgkmkcbatak
pgkmkcba tntahpada
tak tgriadm enst varma`gh
(ATE),
enst, sglua burva tgrlasub larcmkah enst (LE) abak `grcgsgr bg atas.
`. Ubaha Gbnknlms dak Tmdab Gbnknlms
Gbnknlms
1) Ubah
Ubahaa Gbn
Gbnkn
knlm
lmss
Ubaha bgcmatak prndubsm iakcba pakiakc dmbatabak `grsmoat lgkeapam sbaha gbnknlms
apa`mha pgrtal`afak prndubsm lgkyg`a`bak `maya prndubsm rata-rata lgkiadm labmk
rgkdaf.
@grmbut mkm `g`grapa oabtnr pgktmkc yakc lgkml`uhbak sbaha gbnknlms9
 Upgsmahmsasm oabtnr-oabtnr prndubsm
 Zgkcurakcak farca `afak dak bg`utufak prndubsm hamk
 Lglukcbmkbak prndub salpmkcak
 Lgkdnrnkc pgrbgl`akcak usafa hamk

 Zgkccukaak mktgksmo pgrsnkgh

Zgkccukaak pgrsnkgh dgkcak
dgkcak bgafh
bgafhmak
mak tmkccm yakc hg`mf `akyab
`akyab dak
pgkccukaak lndah yakc hg`mf `akyab.
0) Ubah
Ubahaa Tmda
Tmdab
b Gbnk
Gbnknl
nlms
ms
Ubaha tmdab gbnknlms tgriadm bgtmba uburak usafa `grhg`mfak. @grmbut mkm `g`grapa
bglukcbmkak pgkyg`a` sbaha tmdab gbnknlms9
 Bgsubarak pgkcgkdahmak dak pgkcawasak
 Zgl
Zgl`ua
`uatak
tak bgputu
bgputusak
sak yakc
yakc hal`ak
hal`ak sgfu`uk
sgfu`ukcak
cak dgkcak
dgkcak bghg`m
bghg`mfak
fak uburak
uburak
adlmkstrasm
 Bgburakcak lntmvasm baryawak
?. Enktnf
Enktnf Akahmsm
Akahmsmss @maya
@maya Zrndubs
Zrndubsmm Dahal
Dahal Dukma
Dukma Zrndub
Zrndubsmsm
 Latgrm `grmbut mkm abak lgl`afas sg`uaf enktnf tgktakc akahmsms `maya prndubsm
dahal pgl`uatak prndub tgbkmb bnlputgr dak mkonrlatmba. @maya pgl`uatak tgrsg`ut
kaktmkya abak lgkiadm `maya prndubsm. @grmbut mkm dmsaimbak sahaf satu enktnf akahmsms
`maya prndubsm wmrausafa dmcmtah prmktmkc dgsamk craoms.
a. @m
@may
ayaa MMkv
kvgs
gsta
tasm
sm
@maya mkvgstasm adahaf `maya pgl`ghmak lgsmk dak tglpat usafa. Ughamk mtu ada iuca
lndah bgria atau `maya uktub lgl`ghm `afak `abu dak eadakcak caim baryawak
lmkmlah sghala 5 `uhak bg dgpak, `amb mtu usafa uktukc ataupuk rucm.
`. @maya Zrndubsm
@maya prndubsm adahaf `maya yakc dm`utufbak uktub lgl`uat suatu prndub atau
lgl`
lg l`grgrmb
mbak
ak haya
hayaka
kak
k ia
iasa
sa.. Ug
Ug`a
`aca
camm en
enkt
ktnf
nf,, lgsm
lgsmk k Pnha
Pnhakd
kd dm
dmfm
fmtu
tukc
kc `m
`may
ayaa
prndubsmkya `grdasarbak `akyabkya tmkta dak `afak yakc dmpabam. @maya-`maya
pgkyusuk `maya prndubsm
prndubsm dapat dmhmfat pada ta`gh `grmbut.

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf ?
 @maya-`maya
Kn pgkyusuk `maya Zgkighasak
prndubsm
1 @maya tgtap @maya yakc sghahu ada Apapuk bnkdmsm usafa akda.
@maya tgtap mkm abak sghahu ada, `amb uktukc laupuk
rucm.
ruc m. Enktnf
Enktnf `maya
`maya tgtap
tgtap yamtu9
yamtu9 `maya
`maya tgh
tghgpn
gpnk,
k, `maya
`maya
hmstrmb, caim baryawak, `maya bgalakak, ds`.
0 @maya `afak @maya yayakc dm`utufbak uktub lgl`ghm `a `afak stmbgr
5 @maya tmkta @maya yakc dm`utufbak uktub lgkegtab. Zgrfmtukcakkya
`grdasarbak bnksulsm lgsmk. Imba lgsmk yakc
dmcukabak `nrns, `maya tmkta iuca abak hg`mf lafah.
4 @maya omkmsfmkc @maya yakc dmpgrhubak uktub lghabubak omkmsfmkc
sgpgrtm halmkasm atau enatmkc. Eara pgrfmtukcakkya yamtu
dgkcak eara lgl`acm farca `afak dgkcak huas argakya.
Labmk `grbuahmtas `afak halmkasm, abak labmk lafah
`mayakya
7 @maya hamk-hamk @maya yakc dmbghuarbak uktub lgkiaca fah-fah yakc
tmdab
tmdab dmmkcm
dmmkcmkba
kbak.
k. Lmsahk
Lmsahkya
ya rgsmbn
rgsmbn cacah
cacah egtab,
egtab, atau
atau
dgprgsmasm/pgkyusutak lgsmk.

 Farca Iuah
Farca iuah adahaf farca suatu prndub, farca iuah dmtgktubak
dmtgktubak nhgf pgkal`afak
pgkal`afak `maya
prndubsm dak larcmk yakc mkcmk dmpgrnhgf. Enktnfkya, Zab Akdm abak lgl`uba
usafa dmcmtah prmktmkc dm sahaf satu wmhayaf dm Unhn dgkcak mkvgstasm dua lgsmk, yamtu
Pnhakd PU?4: (hg`ar egtab 1,?l) dak lgsmk Ouim Vgrnx DE553: (arga egtab 50 x 46
el). Dgkcak bgdua lgsmk tgrsg`ut, Zab Akdm abak lgl`grmbak hayakak iasa utala
sg`acam `grmbut.
a. Haya
Hayaka
kak
k `gr`
`gr`asm
asmss lgsmk
lgsmk Pnha
Pnhakd
kd
1) Egta
gtab ontn
0) Egtab
gtab st
stmb
mbgr
gr
5) Egtab
gtab spa
spakkdu
dub b
4) Egtab
gtab pns
nstg
tgrr
7) Ua
Ua`h
`hnk
nk dmcm
dmcmta
tahh
`. Hayakak `gr`asms lgsmk Ouim Vgrnx
1) Egtab warka/ha
warka/hayakak
yakak dnbul
dnbulgk
gk sgpgrtm
sgpgrtm pgl`uatak
pgl`uatak envgr dak
dak `ubu
`ubu
0) Egta
Egtabb bar
bartu
tu kala
kala
5) Egta
Egtabb stmb
stmbgr
gr ha`
ha`gh
gh
4) Egta
Egtabb ukda
ukdakckcakak
7) Ontnbnpm
Ughakiutkya, akda fmtukc pgrbmraak pgkcgl`ahmak lndahkya.
@maya mkvgstasm pgl`ghmak lgsmk9
1) Zabgt Pnhakd
Pnhakd PU?4:
PU?4: 1 ukmt
ukmt Pp
Pp 01:.::
01:.:::.::
:.:::
:
0) Zabgt Ouim Vgrnx DE553:DE553: 1 ukmt
ukmt Pp
Pp 1?7.:::
1?7.:::.:::
.:::
Tntah `maya mkvgstasm Pp 537.:::.:::

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 3
 Dgkcak lgl`uat pgrbmraak ahmrak uakc bas (easf ohnw), akda `msa lglpgrbmrabak
nlzgt dak pgkdapatak `grsmf usafa. @grmbut easf ohnw uktub usafa Zab Akdm yakc
dm`grm kala usafa Iawara Dmcmtah.

HA]AKAK IAUA

Lgsmk Pnhakd


Egtab Ontn
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 0: l0
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 90
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 1::.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 0::.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 1::.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 1::.:::

 Egtab stmbgr
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 0: l0
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 9 17
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 1::.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 1.7::.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 37:.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 37:.:::

 Egtab spakdub
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 1:: l0
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 9 0:
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 57.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 3::.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 7::.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 0::.:::

 Egtab pnstgr
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 0: l0
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 95
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp ?7.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 1=7.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 10:.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 37.:::

 Ua`hnk dmcmtah
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 1:: l0
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 97
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp ?7.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 507.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 0::.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 107.:::

Lgsmk Ouim Vgrnx

 Egtab warka

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 6
 Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 7:: A5
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 9 37
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 1:.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 37:.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 0?0.7::
Larcmk 9 Pp 463.7::

 Bartu kala
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 0: @nx
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 97
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 57.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 137.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp ?0.7::
Larcmk 9 Pp 110.7::

 Utmbgr
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 07: A5
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 9 0:
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 13.7::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 57:.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 0::.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 17:.:::

 MD Eard
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 7:: pes
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 9 1:
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 7.7::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 77.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 57.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 0:.:::

 Zas Ontn
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 1:: A4
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 97

Farca iuah/satuak
Nlzgt 99 Pp
Pp 1:.:::
7:.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 0:.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 5:.:::

Lgsmk Lmlabm
 Euttmkc stmbgr
Bapasmtas prndubsm 97l
Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 90
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp 57:.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp 3::.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 0::.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 7::.:::

 Ua`hnk dmcmtah
Bapasmtas prndubsm 9 7: pes

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf =
 Gstmlasm pgkiuahak/farm 91
Farca iuah/satuak 9 Pp ?7.:::
Nlzgt 9 Pp ?7.:::
@maya prndubsm 9 Pp 4:.:::
Larcmk 9 Pp 07.:::

Tntah Nlzgt 9 Pp 7.:?7.:::

Tntah Larcmk 9 Pp 0.373.:::

Bglalpuak prndubsm lgsmk egtab, yamtu dgkcak iulhaf ial bgria 17 ial. Adapuk
pgkcfmtukcak bguktukcak `grsmf yakc dmpgrnhgf darm fasmh pgkiuahak prndub atau
hayakak iasa dmighasbak sg`acam `grmbut9
a. Iulhaf farm bgria pgr `uhak 9 07 farm
`. Iulhaf baryawak 9 10 nrakc
e. Tntah caim baryawak pgr `uhak 9 Pp 0:.:::.:::
d. Om
Omxg
xgd
d ens
enst/
t/`m
`may
ayaa ttgt
gtap
ap
1) Caim baryawak 9 Pp 0:.:::.:::
0) Ugwa tglpat 9 Pp 5.:::.:::
5) Hm
Hmstrmb 9 Pp 1.:::.:::

4) Tg
Tghpnk 9 Pp 1.:::.:::
7) Dgprgsmasm lgsmk 9 Pp 3.555.555
?) Hamk-hamk 9 Pp 1.?47.1?3
Tntah 9 Pp 54.353.7::
g. Tntah mkvgsta
mkvgstasm
sm lgsmk Pnhakd
Pnhakd PU?4:
PU?4: dak
dak Ouim
Ouim Vgrnx DE003
DE003:
: 9 Pp 537.::
537.:::.::
:.:::
:
Dgkcak dglmbmak, dapat dmpgrbmrabak nlzgt dak larcmk pgr `uhak adahaf9
a. Nlzgt
Nlzgt 9 Pp 7.:?7
7.:?7.::
.:::
: x 07 farm
farm < Pp 10?.?
10?.?07.
07.:::
:::
`. Larcmk bntnr 9 Pp 0.737.:::
0.737.::: x 07 farm < Pp ?4.537.:::
Wktub lgkdapatbak kmham larcmk `grsmf
Pp ?4.537.::: - Pp 54.353.7:: < Pp 0=.?53.7::
Darm data dm atas, bmta dapat lgkcfmtukc pgkcgl`ahmak lndah `grdasarbak larcmk
`grsmf, yamtu dgkcak lgl`acm tntah mkvgstasm dgkcak larcmk `grsmf.
@GZ < Pp 537.:::.:::/Pp
537.:::.:::/Pp 0=.?53.7:: < 10, 3 `uhak

Dapat dmhmfat `afwa pgrbmraak wabtu pgkcgl`ahmak lndah adahaf 10,3 `uhak atau
1 tafuk 3 farm. Dgkcak bguktukcak `grsmf sgbmtar Pp 0= iuta, dapat dmbatabak
`afwa usafa dmcmtah prmktmkc dgsamk craoms sakcat egraf dak prnspgbkya sakcat
`acus sgfmkcca bmta `msa lgkgbukm wmrausafa tgrsg`ut.

G. Onr
Onrul
ul Dmsbusm (Tucas
(Tucas Bghnlpnb)
Bghnlpnb)
@gktubhaf bghnlpnb yakc tgrdmrm atas 7 nrakc. Dmsbusmbak dgkcak tglak bghnlpnb tgktakc
eara pgrfmtukcak `maya prndubsm wmrausafa `mdakc bnlputgr MT, luhtmlgdma dak akmlasm
`grmbut, yamtu9 usafa iasa ontn dak vmdgn sfnntmkc,
s fnntmkc, usafa iasa dmcmtah prmktmkc dgsamk craoms,
dak usafa iasa pgl`uatak mbhak akmlasm. Zrgsgktasmbak fasmhkya dm dgpak bghas!

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 1:
 ZGKWTWZ
A. Pakc
Pakcbubulalakk
@maya prndubsm adahaf abuluhasm darm sglua `maya-`maya yakc dm`utufbak dahal prnsgs
prndubsm dgkcak tuiuak uktub lgkcfasmhbak suatu prndub atau `arakc. @maya prndubsm mkm
lghm
lg hmpu
putm
tm `may
`mayaa `a
`afa
fak
k `a
`abu
bu,, `may
`mayaa tgka
tgkaca
ca bg
bgri
ria,
a, `m
`may
ayaa np
npgra
grasm
smnk
nkah
ah `a`ara
rakc
kc,, da
dak
k ha
hamk
mk
sg`acamkya.
Wksur-uksur `maya prndubsm lghmputm `maya `afak `abu, `amay tgkaca bgria hakcsukc, `maya
nvgrfgad, `maya gbsphmsmt, dak `maya mlphmsmt.
Igkms `maya prndubsm iba dmhmfat darm vnhulg bgcmatakkya lghmputm `maya tgtap, `maya varma`gh
dak `maya sglm-varma`gh

@. Tgs
Tgs onr
onrla
latm tmoo
@grmhaf takda smhakc pada furuo a, `, e, d, atau g dm dgpak iawa`ak yakc pahmkc tgpat!
1. @grmbu
@grmbutt mkm yakc `ubak
`ubak tgrlasub
tgrlasub bg dahaldahal `maya prndubs
prndubsmm wmraus
wmrausafa
afa prndub
prndub tgbkmb
tgbkmb

bnlputgr, luhtmlgdma, dak mkonrlatmba adahaf...

a. @afak `abu
`. @afak-`afak pgl`aktu dak pgknhnkcpgknhnkc
e. Wpaf
Wpaf tgka
tgkacca bgr
bgria
ia
d. Zgkyu
Zgkyusut
sutak
ak pgrahat
pgrahatak
ak prndub
prndubsm
sm
g. Bguk
Bguktutukc
kcak
ak yak
yakcc dmp
dmpgr
grnh
nhgf
gf
0. @grmbut
@grmbut mkm yakc dmcnhnkcb
dmcnhnkcbak ak sg`acam
sg`acam `maya
`maya tgtap
tgtap adahaf..
adahaf....
a. Ugwa
Ugwa tgl
tglpat
pat u
usa
saffa
`. @maya pgkccukaak hmstrmb
e. @may
@mayaa pgkc
pgkccu
cuka
kaak
ak amr
amr
d. @maya pgkccukaak
pgkccukaak lmkyab
lmkyab uktub
uktub bgkdaraak
bgkdaraak `grlntnr
`grlntnr
g. @maya tatakaf
5. @grmbut
@grmbut mkm yakc
yakc tmdab tgrlasu
tgrlasub b bg dahal
dahal igkms `maya
`maya prndubs
prndubsmm adahaf...
adahaf...
a. @may
@mayaa adl
adlmk mkms
mstr
tras
asmm
`. @maya pglasarak
e. @m
@may
ayaa `gp
`gpgrgrc
cmak
mak
d. @m
@may
ayaa bgr
bgruucmak
cmak
g. @m
@may
ayaa bgu
bguakakccak
4. @maya
@maya larcmk
larcmkah ah abak luha
luhamm lgkmkcb
lgkmkcbat
at bgtmba.
bgtmba...
..
a. Zrnd
Zrndububsm
sm tnt
tntah
ah luh
luham am lgku
lgkururuk
k
`. @maya prndubsm tntah lgkeapam labsmlul
e. @maya
@maya prndu
prndubsmbsm rata
rata-rat
-rataa lgkeap
lgkeapam
am lmkml
lmkmlul
ul
d. Zrndub
Zrndubsm sm larcmk
larcmkah ah luha
luhamm lgrn
lgrnsnt
snt
g. Zr
Zrnd
ndub
ubsm
sm `grb
`grbururak
akc c
7. Pulus
Pulus lgkcfm
lgkcfmtuk
tukc
c tntah
tntah `maya
`maya tgtap adaha
adahaf..
f....
a. TE ― T_E

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 11
 `. TE ― TOE
e. TE 9 TOE
d. T_E 9 TE
g. T_E x TE
?. @maya
@maya uktub
uktub lglprndu
lglprndubsm bsm sgiulhaf
sgiulhaf `arakc
`arakc tgrtgk
tgrtgktu
tu dm`acm
dm`acm dgkcak
dgkcak iulhaf
iulhaf prndubsm
prndubsm
tgrtgktu dmkalabak...
a. @may
@mayaa tnta
tntahh rata
rata-r
-rat
ataa
`. @maya tntah
e. @maya tg tgtap
d. @m
@may
ayaa var
varma
ma`g
`ghh
g. @may
@mayaa sglm
sglm-v-var
arma
ma`g
`ghh
3. Lgkurut
Lgkurut iakcba
iakcba wabtuky
wabtukya, a, `maya
`maya prndubsm
prndubsm dm`gdab
dm`gdabak
ak lgkiadm..
lgkiadm....
a. Dua
`. Tmca
e. Glpat
d. Hmla
g. Gkal
6. Caim
Caim ba
bary
ryaw
awak
ak wmwmraraus
usafafaa pr
prnd
ndub
ub MT,
MT, luht
luhtml
mlgdm
gdmaa da
dak
k mk
mkon
onrl
rlatatmb
mbaa lasu
lasub
b bg da
daha
hal
l

`maya...
a. Tgpat
`. Tgtap
e. _arma`gh
d. Ealpurak
g. @gru`af
=. Zgrkyataak
Zgrkyataak dm `awaf
`awaf mkm yakc
yakc pahmkc
pahmkc tgpat
tgpat adahaf.
adahaf...
..
a. Burva `maya larcmka
larcmkahh lglntnkc
lglntnkc AE AE pada kmham AEAE yakc pahmkc
pahmkc labsmlul
labsmlul
`. Burva `maya larcmkah lglntnkc AE dak A_E pada tmtmb-tmtmbkya yakc pahmkc
lmkmlul.
e. Burva `maya larcmkah
larcmkah kamb
kamb darm
darm bmrm
bmrm `awaf
`awaf bg bakak
bakak atas.
d. Burva `maya
`maya larcmkah
larcmkah sghahu
sghahu lglntnk
lglntnkc c AE dak A_E
A_E dm sg`ghaf
sg`ghaf bmrm
bmrm AE dak A_E
A_E
g. Burva TOE `gr`ak
`gr`akdmkc
dmkc hurus
hurus dgkcak
dgkcak burva T_E pada
pada prndubsm
prndubsm nptmlah
nptmlah
1:. Oabtnr yakc lglpgkcarufm sbaha gbnknlms adahaf...
a. Tmkcba
Tmkcbatt prndub
prndubsmsm yakc
yakc mkcmk
mkcmk dmea
dmeapam
pam
`. Upgsmahmsasm oabtnr prndubsm
e. Umoat
Umoat darm
darm pmhmfa
pmhmfak
k bapasmt
bapasmtas
as pa`rmb
pa`rmb yakc
yakc tgrsg
tgrsgdma
dma
d. Farca mkput
mkput yakc
yakc dmcuka
dmcukabak
bak dahal prnsgs prndubsm
prndubsm
g. Farca tg
tgtap

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 10
 Bukem iawa`ak tgs onrlatmo
1. G ?. A
0. A 3. A
5. E 6. @
4. E =. @
7. A 1:. @

HGL@AP BGPIA ZGUGPTA DMDMB

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 15
 a. Zgtukiub
1. Ug`ghul
Ug`ghul lgluham
lgluham pgbgria
pgbgriaak
ak ue
ueapbak
apbakhaf
haf `mslmhha
`mslmhhafmrrn
fmrrnflaak
flaakmrrnf
mrrnfmml
mml
0. @aea
@aea dak pafalm
pafalmhaf
haf HBZD
HBZD mkm
mkm tgrhg`
tgrhg`mf
mf dafuh
dafuhuu
5. Iawa`h
Iawa`haf
af snah-s
snah-snah
nahkya
kya dgkc
dgkcak
ak `amb
`amb dak
dak `gkar
`gkar

`. Latgrm
@maya
@maya prndu
prndubsm
bsm adahaf
adahaf abuluh
abuluhasm
asm darm
darm sglua
sglua `maya-
`maya-`ma
`maya
ya yakc
yakc dm`utu
dm`utufba
fbak
k dahal
dahal
prnsgs prndubsm dgkcak tuiuak uktub lgkcfasmhbak suatu prndub atau `arakc. @maya
prndubsm mkm lghmputm `maya `afak `abu, `maya tgkaca bgria, `maya npgrasmnkah
npgras mnkah `arakc,
dak hamk sg`acamkya.
Wksur-uksu
Wksur -uksurr `maya prndubsm
prndubsm lghmputm
lghmputm `maya `afak `abu, `amay tgkaca bgria hakcsukc,
hakcsukc,
`maya nvgrfgad, `maya gbsphmsmt, dak `maya mlphmsmt.
Igkms `maya prndubsm iba dmhmfat darm vnhulg bgcmatakkya lghmputm `maya tgtap, `maya
varma`gh dak `maya sglm-varma`gh .

e. Hatmfak Un
Unah
Unah msmak
1. Tuhmsbak
Tuhmsbak igkms-igkm
igkms-igkmss `maya
`maya prndubsm
prndubsm dmhmfat
dmhmfat darm vnhulgvnhulg bgcmatakkya
bgcmatakkya!!
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0. Tuhmsba
Tuhmsbak k uksur-
uksur-uks ..........................................................
uksur ur dahal
dahal `may `mayaa ..........................................................
prndub
prndubsm! sm! ..........................................................
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5. Apa saiasaia oabtnr
oabtnr pgktmkc
pgktmkc yakc yakc lgkml`uhbak
lgkml`uhbak sbaha gbnknlms>9 gbnknlms>9
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4. Tuhmsba
Tuhmsbak k pgkyg
pgkyg`a` `a` sbaha
sbaha tmdab
tmdab gbnknl
gbnknlms! ms!
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7. Apa yakcyakc dmlab
dmlabsud sud dgkcak
dgkcak farcafarca iuah iuah>>
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Unah Lghgkcbapm Bnhnl

Hgkcbapmhaf enktnf spgsmomb darm `maya-`maya `grmbut mkm!

Kn Igkms @maya Enktnf

1 @maya tgtap 


0 @maya _arma`gh 


5 @maya ssgglm-varma`gh 



Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 14
 HGL@AP ZGKMHAMAK

a. Zgkmhamak
Zgkmhamak Umbap
Umbap
ZGKMHAMAK UMBAZ
H/ Pasa
Kn KMUK KALA UMUSA Bgria
Z mkcmk Uaktuk Bnlukmbatmo
sala
tafu
1
0
5
4

Bnhnl aspgb pgrmhabu dmmsm dgkcak akcba yakc sgsuam dgkcak brmtgrma `grmbut9
4 < Uakcat `amb
5 < @amb
0 < Eubup
1 < Burakc

`.Zgkmhamak Zgkcgtafuak
ZGKMHAMAK
H/ ZGKCGTAFWAK
Kn KMUK KALA UMUSA Tgs
Z Tgs Zgkucasa
Tgrtuhm
Hmsak k
s
1
0
5
4

Ubnr Zgr
Zgrnhgfak
nhgfak
Kmham< x 1::%
Ubnr Labsmlah

Zgdnlak pgksbnrak
 Ubnr 4 imba iawa`ak smswa `gkar sgeara sglpurka
 Ubnr 5 imba iawa`ak smswa `gkar tapm `ghul sglpurka
Ubnr 0 imba iawa`ak smswa `ghul tapm lasmf iauf darm sglpurka
Ubnr 1 imba iawa`ak smswa `ghul `gkar


e. Zgkmhamak Bgtgralpmhak
Bgtgralpmhak
Hgl`ar Zgkcalatak
Zgkmhamak Bgtgralpmhak - Wkiub Bgria/Bmkgria/Zrabtmb
Tnpm
Tnpmb
b 9 Lgl`
Lgl`ua
uatt eenk
nktntnf
f dnb
dnbul
ulgk
gk pg
pgkc
kcfm
fmtu
tukc
kcak
ak `m
`may
ayaa prn
prndu
dubs
bsmm suat
suatu
uppgr
grus
usaf
afaa
aak
k
BD 9 Lgk
Lgkcaka
cakahm
hmsm
smss @ma
@maya
ya Zr
Zrnd
ndub
ubsm
sm Zr
Zrnt
ntn
nty
typg
pg Zr
Zrnd
ndu
ub @ararak
akc
c/Ias
/Iasaa

K Kal Zgrsmapak Zghabsakaak Bgcmatak Abfmr Iulhaf

n a Zrabtgb Zrabtgb Zrabtgb Ubnr
1
0
5
4

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 17
 K Ubn
Bgtgralpmhak yakc dmkmham Pu`rmb
n r
Zgrsmapak Zrabtgb - Ahat-ahat tgrtata rapmf sgsuam dgkcak
(Lgkymapbak ahat @afak) bgpgrhuakkya
- @afak-`afak yakc dmcukabak tgrsusuk dgkcak
5:
`gkar dak tgpat
1
- Bgrapmfak dak pgkcukaak @afak-`afak
tgrsgdma dm tglpat yakc sudaf dmtgktubak.
0: Ada
Ada 0 asp
spgb
gb yak
akc
c tgr
grsg
sgd
dma
1: Ada
Ada 1 asp
spgb
gb yak
akc
c tgr
grsg
sgd
dma
Zghabsakaak Zgren`aak - Lgkccukabak ahat dgkcak tgpat
- Lgl`uat `arakc
`arakc yakc dmpgrhubak dgkcak tgpat
0 5:
- Lgkuakcbak / lgkal`afbak
lgkal`afbak `afak yakc tgpat
- Lgkcalatm fasmh prabtgb dgkcak tgpat
0: Ada
Ada 5 asp
spgb
gb yak
akc
c tgr
grsg
sgd
dma
1: Ada
Ada 0 asp
spgb
gb yak
akc
c tgr
grsg
sgd
dma
Bgcmatak abfmr prabtmbul - Lgl`uakc `arakc tab tgrpabam atau salpaf
bgtglpatkya
5: - Lgl`grsmfbak ahat dgkcak `amb
5 - Lgl`grsmfbak lgia
- Lgkcgl`ahmbak `arakc bghas bg tglpat sgluha
0: Ada
Ada 5 asp
spgb
gb yak
akc
c tgr
grsg
sgd
dma
1: Ada
Ada 0 asp
spgb
gb yak
akc
c tgr
grsg
sgd
dma

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 1?
 DAOTAP ZWUTABA

Aslnrn, Umwm Smdm, 0:1=. Zrndub Brgatmo dak Bgwmrausafaak. ]ncyabarta9

Zgkgr`mt AKDM

fttp9//rgzalardmaksyaf:3.`hncspnt.enl/0:10/:4/`maya-prndubsm.ftlh

Bartwm Zrmfatkmkcsmf 13