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不同湿度对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响
孙永波,王亚,萨仁娜,张宏福
(中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所/动物营养学国家重点实验室,北京 100193)
摘要:【目的】通过模拟高、中、低三种湿度旨在研究舍内不同湿度对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力以及免疫
功能的影响,为舍内湿度环境的合理调控提供数据支持,促进肉鸡健康养殖的发展。
【方法】采用单因素完全随机
设计,选用 1 日龄健康、体重相近的 AA 肉公雏 270 只,随机分成 3 组:正常湿度组(对照组,60% RH)
、低湿组
(30% RH)和高湿组(90% RH),每组设 6 个重复,每个重复 15 只。试验于 2016 年 2—4 月在动物营养学国家重
点实验室昌平基地的人工气候舱内进行,舱内配置湿度传感器,24h 连续监测舱内湿度,并根据实时监测值进行
湿度调节。试验期为 42d,1—21 日龄为试验前期,22—42 日龄为试验后期。肉鸡采用平养笼饲养,自由采食和
饮水,24h 光照。按照 AA 肉鸡饲养手册进行日常管理,按照常规程序进行免疫接种。分别在肉鸡 21、42 日龄时,
以重复为单位测定生产性能,同时从每个重复中选取体重相近的 2 只肉鸡进行翅静脉采血,然后屠宰,测定血清
抗氧化指标和细胞因子含量以及肉鸡的脏器指数。
【结果】
(1)生长性能:与正常湿度的对照组相比,低湿处理显
著降低 21 日龄和 42 日龄肉鸡体重(P<0.05),以及平均日增重(P<0.05),而高湿处理组均无显著差异
(P>0.05)。
(2)抗氧化能力:在肉鸡 21 日龄和 42 日龄,低湿组肉鸡血清超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性和总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)
显著低于正常湿度对照组(P<0.05)。在肉鸡 42 日龄时,低湿组肉鸡血清丙二醛(MDA)显著高于对照组(P<0.05);
高湿组血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。
(3)免疫功能:与对照组相比,高湿处理显著
升高 21 日龄肉鸡血清促炎细胞因子 IFN-γ和 TNF-α含量(P<0.05),而湿度对 42 日龄肉鸡血清细胞因子含量
均无显著影响(P>0.05)。
(4)脏器指数:高湿组 42 日龄肉鸡肺脏指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。此外,低
湿组 42 日龄肝脏指数显著大于高湿组(P<0.05)。【结论】长期低湿和高湿环境能够降低肉鸡的生长性能、抗氧
化能力和免疫功能,不利于肉鸡的健康生长。在肉鸡养殖过程中通过加湿或除湿及时调节舍内湿度环境,促进肉
鸡健康生长。
关键词:湿度;抗氧化能力;细胞因子;生产性能;肉鸡
Abstract:【Objective】The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of relative humidity on growth performance,
antioxidant capacity and immune function of broiler chickens by simulates high, medium and low humidity, and to provide data
support for the reasonable regulation of humidity in poultry house, and promote the development of healthy cultivation of broiler
chickens. 【Method】The trial adopted single factor completely random design. A total of 270 healthy AA broilers with similar initial
body weight of 1 day old were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal humidity group (control group, 60% RH), low-humidity
group (30% RH) and high-humidity group (90% RH), with 6 replications per group and 15 chickens in each replicate. The
收稿日期:2018-05-16;接受日期:2018-10-23
基金项目:国家重点研发计划(2016YFD0500509) 、现代农业产业技术体系建设专项资金(CARS-41) 、中国农业科学院科技创新工程(ASTIP-IAS07)
联系方式:孙永波,E-mail:ybsun2014@163.com。通信作者萨仁娜,E-mail:sa6289@126.com
24 期 孙永波等:不同湿度对肉鸡生长性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能的影响 4721
experiment was conducted in the artificial climate chamber of Changping Base, the State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition from
February to April in 2006. The cabin was equipped with humidity sensors to continuously monitor the humidity in the cabin for 24
hours, and the humidity was adjusted according to the real-time monitoring values. And the test period was 42d, the starter phase was
1-21 d, and the later phase was 22-42 d. Broilers were reared in flat cages and provided ad libitum access to feed and water, and a 24
h lighting programme was applied during the experiment. They were routinely managed according to the AA broiler feeding manual
and immunized according to routine procedures. The growth performance of broiler chickens were measured per pen and blood
samples (2 randomly selected from each replicate) were obtained from wing vein of broilers and then slaughtered at 21 and 42 days
of age, respectively. The antioxidant capacity, cytokines contents and viscera index of broilers were determined.【Result】The results
showed that: 1) Growth performance: compared to the control group with normal humidity, low-humidity treatment significantly
reduced the body weight of 21 and 42 days of age broilers, and significantly reduced average daily gain of broilers (P<0.05). 2)
Antioxidant ability: the serum SOD activity and total antioxidant capacity of broilers in low-humidity group were significantly
lower than those in control group at 21 and 42 days of age (P<0.05). At 42 days of age, the content of malondialdehyde in
low-humidity group was significantly higher than that in control group (P<0.05); total antioxidant capacity in high-humidity group
was significantly lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). 3) Immune function: compared with control group, high-humidity
treatment significantly increased the content of inflammatory cytokine IFN-γ and TNF-α in serum of 21 day old broilers (P<0.05),
while the contents of serum cytokines in 42-day-old broilers were not significantly affected by humidity (P>0.05). 4) Visceral
index: the lung index of 42-day-old broilers in the high-humidity group was significantly lower than that in the control group (P<
0.05). In addition, the 42-day-old liver index in the low-humidity group was significantly higher than that in the high-humidity
group (P<0.05). 【Conclusion】It could be seen that long-term low humidity and high humidity environment reduced the growth
performance, antioxidant capacity and immune function of broilers, which was not conducive to the healthy growth of broilers. In
the process of broiler breeding, humidification or dehumidification could be used to regulate the humidity in the house in time to
promote the healthy growth of broilers.
Key words: humidity; antioxidant capacity; cytokine; production performance; broiler
高,导致垫草饲料发生霉变,有害气体浓度升高, 节,保证试验期内湿度处理的一致性。试验期为 42 d,
[12]
严重危害肉鸡健康 。目前,关于不同湿度对肉鸡 1—21 日龄为试验前期,22—42 日龄为试验后期。
生长性能、抗氧化能力和免疫功能等方面的研究报 1.2 试验饲粮与饲养管理
道较少。【拟解决的关键问题】本试验在人工气候 试验饲粮采用玉米-豆粕型基础饲粮,粉状饲料,
舱内模拟肉鸡养殖过程中的异常湿度,研究探讨不 根据中国鸡饲养标准(2004)营养需要量配制饲粮,
同湿度环境对肉鸡氧化应激及免疫功能的影响,为 组成及营养水平见表 1。舱内肉鸡使用平养鸡笼饲养,
畜禽生产中湿度的合理调控及改善肉鸡生长环境、 按照 AA 肉鸡饲养管理手册进行日常管理,试验期间
提高养殖效益提供依据。 所有肉鸡饲养管理条件一致,鸡舍温度第一周控制在
32—33℃,从第 2 周开始逐步降温,每周下降 2—3℃,
1 材料与方法 直到 23—24℃。自由采食和饮水,24 h 光照,按照常
1.1 试验动物与试验设计 规程序进行免疫接种。
试验于 2016 年 2—4 月在动物营养学国家重点实 1.3 测定指标和方法
验室昌平基地人工气候舱进行。试验采用单因素完全 1.3.1 生长性能 分别在肉鸡 21 日龄和 42 日龄,空
随机设计,270 只 1 日龄体重相近、健康的爱拔益加 腹 12 h,以重复为单位进行全群称重,计算不同生长
(AA)公雏,随机分成 3 个处理,每个处理 6 个重复, 阶段肉鸡体重和平均日增重。
每个重复 15 只鸡,其中处理一为正常湿度组(对照组, 1.3.2 样品采集 在肉鸡 21 日龄和 42 日龄,禁食
60% RH),处理二为低湿处理组(30% RH),处理 12 h 后,分别从每个重复中随机取 2 只肉鸡,翅静脉
三为高湿处理组(90% RH)。每个舱为一个处理组, 采血,室温倾斜静置待血清析出后 3 000 r/min 离心
使用气候舱配置湿度传感器 24h 连续监测舱内湿度, 15 min,分离血清,将血清样本分装到 1 mL 离心管,
并根据实时监测值利用加湿器或除湿机进行湿度调 -80℃保存,待测。
表1 基础饲粮组成和营养水平
Table 1 Composition and nutrient levels of the basal diet(Air-dry basis) (%)
原料 Ingredients 1-21d 22-42d 营养水平 Nutrients in diet 1-21d 22-42d
-1
玉米 Corn 55.00 59.00 代谢能 ME (MJ·kg ) 12.60 12.77
疫吸附法(ELISA),测定血清细胞因子 IFN-γ、TNF-α、
IL-6 和 IL-10,所用试剂购自上海研鑫生物科技有限
2 结果
公司,严格按试剂盒说明书操作,每样品做 2 个复孔, 2.1 不同湿度对肉鸡生产性能的影响
根据标准曲线计算细胞因子含量。 由图 1 可知,三组肉鸡初始体重无显著差异(P
1.3.5 脏器指数 在肉鸡 21、42 日龄时,经过 12h >0.05);在肉鸡 21 日龄时,低湿组肉鸡体重显著低
禁食(自由饮水),每个重复中随机抽取 2 只体重相 于对照组和高湿组(P<0.01),高湿组肉鸡体重与对
近的肉鸡,称重后屠宰,分离心脏、肝脏、脾脏、肺 照组无显著差异(P>0.05);在肉鸡 42 日龄时,低
脏和肾脏,剔除脏器周围的脂肪组织后用滤纸吸干血 湿组肉鸡体重显著低于对照组(P<0.05),高湿组肉
水并称重,计算脏器指数。 鸡体重低于对照组,但统计上不显著(P>0.05)。在
脏器指数=脏器鲜重(g)/活体重(kg)×100%。 肉鸡生长前期(1—21 日龄),生长后期(22—42 日
1.4 数据分析 龄)和生长全期(1—42 日龄),低湿组肉鸡平均日
采用 SAS 9.2 软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way 增重显著低于对照组(P<0.05);在肉鸡生长后期(22
ANOVA),Duncan 氏多重比较检验平均数间的差异, —42 日龄)和生长全期(1—42 日龄),高湿组肉鸡
以 P<0.05 作为差异显著水平,试验分析结果用平均 平均日增重低于对照组,但统计上差异不显著(P>
数±标准差表示。 0.05)。
平均日增重
柱形标注不同字母表示差异显著(P<0.05) Columns with different letter subscripts mean significant difference (P<0.05)
图1 不同日龄肉鸡的体重和平均日增重
Fig. 1 Body weight and average daily gain of broilers at different ages
表 2 湿度对肉鸡脏器指数的影响
Table 2 Effect of relative humidity on the viscera index of broiler(%)
项目 相对湿度 RH P值
Item P value
30% 60% 90%
21 日龄 21d
42 日龄 42d
同行数据标有不同字母者表示差异显著(P<0.05),标有相同字母或者未标字母者差异不显著(P>0.05)。下同
In the same row, values with different small letter mean significant difference (P<0.05), with same or no small letter mean no significant difference (P>0.05).
The same as below
表3 湿度对肉鸡血清抗氧化能力的影响
Table 3 Effect of relative humidity on serum antioxidant capacity of broilers
项目 相对湿度 RH P值
Item P value
30% 60% 90%
21 日龄 21d
42 日龄 42d
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