BỘ GIÁO DỤC VÀ ĐÀO TẠO

TRƯỜNG ĐẠI HỌC NGOẠI NGỮ - TIN HỌC

----- ------

TIN HỌC ỨNG DỤNG

NGÀY 03 2023 Giảng viên : TS. ĐINH HÙNG

 TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU VÀ VẼ BIỂU ĐỒ
(TIẾP THEO)

1 : Dữ liệu định lượng: Tổ chức bảng phân phối tần số

2 : Các biểu đồ Histogram, Freq. Polygon, OGIVE

3 : Bài tập

4 : Tóm tắt
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 1 : Dữ liệu định tính: Histogram, Pie, Bar 1 -3

Data collected in original form is called raw data.

A frequency distribution is the organization of raw
data in table form, using classes and frequencies.
Nominal- or ordinal-level data that can be placed
in categories is organized in categorical frequency
distributions.
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 2 : Dữ liệu định lượng: Histogram, Freq. Polygon, OGIVE

Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

The following data represent the record high

temperatures for each of the 50 states.

112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114

4
Temperature Frequency
100 1
104 1
105 3
106 1
107 1
108 1
109 2
110 5
111 2
112 4
113 2
114 5
115 1
116 2
117 3
118 6
119 1
120 4
121 1
122 2
123 0
124 0
125 0
126 0
127 1
128 0
129 0
130 0
131 0
132 0
133 0
134 1 5
Temperature Frequency
100 1
104 1
105 3
106 1
107 1
108 1 Histogram
109 2 7

110 5
111 2 6

112 4
5
113 2
114 5
4
115 1
116 2 3
117 3
118 6 2
119 1
120 4 1
121 1
122 2 0
100 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134
123 0
124 0
125 0
126 0
127 1
128 0
129 0
130 0
131 0
132 0
133 0
134 1 6
Temperature Frequency
100 1
104 1
105 3
106 1
107 1
108 1
109
110
2
5 Pie Chart
111 2
112 4
113 2
114 5
115 1
116 2
117 3
118 6
119 1
120 4
121 1
122 2
100 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113
123 0
124 0 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124
125 0
125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134
126 0
127 1
128 0
129 0
130 0
131 0
132 0
133 0
134 1 7
Temperature Frequency
100 1
104 1
105 3
106 1
107 1
108
109
1
2
Bar Chart
110 5
111 2 133
112 4 130
113 2
127
114 5
115 1 124
116 2 121
117 3 118
118 6
115
119 1
120 4 112
121 1 109
122 2 106
123 0 100
124 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
125 0
126 0
127 1
128 0
129 0
130 0
131 0
132 0
133 0
134 1 8
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

The following data represent the record high

temperatures for each of the 50 states. Construct a
grouped frequency distribution for the data using 7
classes (Exercice: 5 classes).

112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112
110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109
107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110
116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111
120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114

9
Constructing a Grouped Frequency
Distribution
STEP 1 Determine the classes.
Find the class width by dividing the range by the
number of classes 7.
Range = High – Low
= 134 – 100 = 34

Width = Range/7 = 34/7 = 5

Rounding Rule: Always round up if a remainder.

10
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

• For convenience sake, we will choose the lowest data

value, 100, for the first lower class limit.
• The subsequent lower class limits are found by adding
the width to the previous lower class limits.
Class Limits
◼The first upper class limit is 1 less
100 - 104
105 - 109 than the next lower class limit.
110 - 114
◼The subsequent upper class limits
115 - 119
120 - 124 are found by adding the width to
125 - 129 the previous upper class limits.
130 - 134
11
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

• The class boundary is midway between an upper class

limit and a subsequent lower class limit.
104,104.5,105
Class Class Cumulative
Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5
12
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

STEP 2 Tally the data.

STEP 3 Find the frequencies.

Class Class Cumulative

Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1
13
Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

STEP 4 Find the cumulative frequencies by keeping a

running total of the frequencies.

Class Class Cumulative

Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8 10
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18 28
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13 41
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7 48
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1 49
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1 50
14
Grouped Frequency Distribution
• Grouped frequency distributions are used when the
range of the data is large.
• The smallest and largest possible data values in a
class are the lower and upper class limits. Class
boundaries separate the classes.
• To find a class boundary, average the upper class
limit of one class and the lower class limit of the next
class.

15
Grouped Frequency Distribution
• The class width can be calculated by subtracting
• successive lower class limits (or boundaries)
• successive upper class limits (or boundaries)
• upper and lower class boundaries

• The class midpoint Xm can be calculated by averaging

• upper and lower class limits (or boundaries)

16
Rules for Classes in Grouped Frequency
Distributions
1. There should be 5-20 classes.
2. The class width should be an odd number.
3. The classes must be mutually exclusive.
4. The classes must be continuous.
5. The classes must be exhaustive.
6. The classes must be equal in width (except in open-
ended distributions).

17
 TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU VÀ VẼ BIỂU ĐỒ
(TIẾP THEO)

1 : Dữ liệu định lượng: Tổ chức bảng phân phối tần số

2 : Các biểu đồ Histogram, Freq. Polygon, OGIVE

3 : Bài tập

4 : Tóm tắt
 3 Most Common Graphs in Research
1. Histogram
2. Frequency Polygon
3. Cumulative Frequency Polygon (Ogive)

19
Histograms

The histogram is a graph that displays the

data by using vertical bars of various heights
to represent the frequencies of the classes.

The class boundaries are represented on the

horizontal axis.

20
Histograms
Construct a histogram to represent the
data for the record high temperatures for
each of the 50 states (see Example 2–2 for
the data).

21
Histograms
Histograms use class boundaries and
frequencies of the classes.
Class Class
Frequency
Limits Boundaries
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1

22
Histograms

Histograms use class boundaries and

frequencies of the classes.
23
24
Frequency Polygons

• The frequency polygon is a graph that displays the

data by using lines that connect points plotted for
the frequencies at the class midpoints. The
frequencies are represented by the heights of the
points.
• The class midpoints are represented on the
horizontal axis.

25
Frequency Polygons

Construct a frequency polygon to represent

the data for the record high temperatures for
each of the 50 states (see Example 2–2 for
the data).

26
Frequency Polygons
Frequency polygons use class midpoints and
frequencies of the classes.
Class Class
Frequency
Limits Midpoints
100 - 104 102 2
105 - 109 107 8
110 - 114 112 18
115 - 119 117 13
120 - 124 122 7
125 - 129 127 1
130 - 134 132 1

27
Frequency Polygons
Frequency polygons use class midpoints and
frequencies of the classes.
A frequency polygon
is anchored on the
x-axis before the first
class and after the
last class.

28
29
Ogives

• The ogive is a graph that represents the

cumulative frequencies for the classes in a
frequency distribution.

• The upper class boundaries are represented

on the horizontal axis.

30
Ogives
Construct an ogive to represent the data
for the record high temperatures for each
of the 50 states (see Example 2–2 for the
data).

31
Ogives
Ogives use upper class boundaries and
cumulative frequencies of the classes.
Class Class Cumulative
Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2 2
105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8 10
110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18 28
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13 41
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7 48
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1 49
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1 50

32
Ogives
Ogives use upper class boundaries and
cumulative frequencies of the classes.
Cumulative
Class Boundaries
Frequency
Less than 104.5 2
Less than 109.5 10
Less than 114.5 28
Less than 119.5 41
Less than 124.5 48
Less than 129.5 49
Less than 134.5 50

33
Ogives

Ogives use upper class boundaries and

cumulative frequencies of the classes.

34
 Ogives

Ex. To find out how many record high temperatures are less than
114.5ο F, locate 114.5 ο F on the x axis, draw a vertical line up until
it intersects the graph, and then draw a horizontal line at that
point to the y axis. The y axis value is 28.
35
Procedure Table
Constructing Statistical Graphs
1: Draw and label the x and y axes.
2: Choose a suitable scale for the frequencies or
cumulative frequencies, and label it on the y axis.
3: Represent the class boundaries for the histogram or
ogive, or the midpoint for the frequency polygon, on
the x axis.
4: Plot the points and then draw the bars or lines.

36
37
 TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU VÀ VẼ BIỂU ĐỒ
(TIẾP THEO)

1 : Dữ liệu định lượng: Tổ chức bảng phân phối tần số

2 : Các biểu đồ Histogram, Freq. Polygon, OGIVE

3 : Bài tập

4 : Tóm tắt
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

BT05. Grams per Food Serving The data shown are the number of grams per serving
of 30 selected brands of cakes. Construct a frequency distribution using 5 classes.

32 47 51 41 46 30
46 38 34 34 52 48
48 38 43 41 21 24
25 29 33 45 51 32
32 27 23 23 34 35

39
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Class Number 5
Range 31
6.2
Class Frequen-
Class Width 7 Class Limits Boundaries cies Cumulative Midpoint
21 35
23 38 Lower Upper Lower Upper
23 38
24 41 21 27 20.5 27.5 6 6 24
25 41 28 34 27.5 34.5 9 15 31
27 43
29 45
35 41 34.5 41.5 5 20 38
30 46 42 48 41.5 48.5 7 27 45
32 46
32 47
49 55 48.5 55.5 3 30 52
32 48 56 55.5
33 48
34 51
34 51
34 52
40
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Dữ liệu để vẽ Histogram
Upper Boundaries Frequencies
27.5 6
34.5 9 Histogram
41.5 5 10
48.5 7 9
55.5 3 8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
27.5 34.5 41.5 48.5 55.5

41
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Dữ liệu để vẽ Polygon
Mid Point Frequencies
17 0 Frequency Polygon
24 6 10
31 9
38 5 9

45 7 8
52 3
7
59 0
6

5
Frequencies
4

0
17 24 31 38 45 52 59

42
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Dữ liệu để vẽ Ogive
Upper Boundaries Cumulative
20.5 0
27.5 6
34.5 15
41.5 20 Ogive
48.5 27 35
55.5 30
30

25

20

15 Cumulative

10

0
20.5 27.5 34.5 41.5 48.5 55.5

43
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

44
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Class Number 7
Range 21
3
Class Width 3

Unit 1
Boundary
Value 0.5

45
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Class Number 7 Class

Range 21 Class Limits Boundaries Frequencies Cumulative Midpoint
3 Lower Upper Lower Upper
Class Width 3 22 24 21.5 24.5 1 1 23
25 27 24.5 27.5 3 4 26
Unit 1
Boundary 28 30 27.5 30.5 0 4 29
Value 0.5 31 33 30.5 33.5 6 10 32
34 36 33.5 36.5 5 15 35
37 39 36.5 39.5 3 18 38
40 42 39.5 42.5 2 20 41
43 20

46
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Dữ liệu để vẽ Polygon
Mid Point Frequencies
20 0 Frequency Polygon
23 1 7
26 3
29 0 6
32 6
5
35 5
38 3 4
41 2
44 0 3

0
20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44

47
TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU & BIỂU ĐỒ 3 : Bài tập

Dữ liệu để vẽ Ogive
Upper Ogive
Boundaries Cumulative
20
21.5 0
24.5 1
27.5 4 15
30.5 4
33.5 10
36.5 15 10
39.5 18 Cumulative
42.5 20
5

0
21.5 24.5 27.5 30.5 33.5 36.5 39.5

48
 TỔ CHỨC DỮ LIỆU VÀ VẼ BIỂU ĐỒ
(TIẾP THEO)

1 : Dữ liệu định lượng: Tổ chức bảng phân phối tần số

2 : Các biểu đồ Histogram, Freq. Polygon, OGIVE

3 : Bài tập

4 : Tóm tắt
The reasons for constructing a frequency distribution
are as follows:

1. To organize the data in a meaningful,

intelligible way.
2. To enable the reader to determine the nature
or shape of the distribution.
3. To facilitate computational procedures for
measures of average and spread.
4. To enable the researcher to draw charts and
graphs for the presentation of data.
5. To enable the reader to make comparisons
among different data sets.
50
 Class Class Cumulative Class
Frequency
Limits Boundaries Frequency Midpoints
100 - 104 99.5 - 104.5 2 2 102
Summary of Graphs 105 - 109 104.5 - 109.5 8 10 107
and Uses of Each 110 - 114 109.5 - 114.5 18 28 112
115 - 119 114.5 - 119.5 13 41 117
120 - 124 119.5 - 124.5 7 48 122
125 - 129 124.5 - 129.5 1 49 127
130 - 134 129.5 - 134.5 1 50 132

51
Hết NGÀY 03