Outline  Respiratory system

A. Epithelium Details  GIT

 UT
Videos→ Noted Anatomist † lines outside cavities of body
Notes→ via transcript  example body cavities of thorax and abdomen
and pelvic cavities.
 Externally skin.
Epithelium
– Functions
Video → Epithelium ♪ Protection → skin
Notes → Transcript
♪ Secretion → example – GI epithelium produce
secretions.
♪ ♪ Absorption → example – GI tract absorbs food.
– epithelium is one of four basic tissue types ♪ Special functions → Example - olfactory
♪ Epithelium epithelium smell.
♪ Connective tissue – Other points

♪ Muscular tissue ♪ epithelial cells have apical and basal surfaces.

♪ Neural tissue. † Apical surface → towards luminal surface
– Def → † Basal surface → towards basement membrane.
♪ Tightly apposed cells which ♪ Epithelial tissue lacks extracellular matrix
† lack vascular tissue in between them †  epithelial tissue is avascular
† rest on basement membrane. †  Epithelium blood supply → from capillaries
– Structure It forms in loose connective tissue deep to basement
♪ form glands membrane.

† any glandular tissue in body.  Below epithelium → BM

♪ lines outside and inside of body.  Below BM → Connective tissue

† Externally → skin  Connective tissue → carries capillaries

† Internal closed cavity → † Loose connective tissue → collagenous

protein ??
 Pericardial
♪ epithelial tissue basically does not practice social
 Peritoneal
distancing.
 Pleural
† Connective tissue does practice social distancing.
 CVS
♪ In case of Stratified epithelium (more than one
† lumen of tubular organs which communicate layer of cells)
exteriorly →
† Only bottom layer anchored to basement
 membrane. – Simple cuboidal epithelium.

† Different layer different shape ♪ one layer anchored to basement membrane.

† Name a/c to luminal/top layer. ♪ Prime location → secretory part of gland.
♪ cube-shaped cells
ϫ Classifications of epithelium ♪ nuclei → oval or round.
♪ Simple squamous epithelium ♪ functions
♪ Simple cuboidal epithelium. † absorption
♪ Simple Columnar Epithelium † secretion → cell secreting out a substance.
♪ Stratified squamous epithelium. ♪ Locations
♪ Transitional or urinary epithelium.  Mn → OT-ROS
♪ Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium. † Ovaries
♪ Stratified Cuboidal † Thyroid follicles
♪ Stratified Columnar † Renal Tubules of nephron → absorption of
♪
filtrate

– Simple squamous epithelium † Outer enamel epithelium

♪ Organs that need rich blood supply + rich O2 have † Secretory part of glands →
→ SSE.  Sweat gland
♪ one layer of cells anchored to basement membrane.  Liver ??
♪ Squamous → flat or frisbee like.  Pancreas
♪ Functions – Simple columnar epithelium.

† Diffusion → diffuse through plasma membrane ♪ Single layer anchored to basement membrane.
and basement membrane. ♪ Cells → columnar tall & thin
† Filtration → fluid and solutes filter through ♪ nucleus → thin and narrow or round and circular.
openings in between adjacent epithelial cells.
♪ May OR may not be ciliated.
† lubrication → secretion of fluid between 2 layers
♪ Cell of simple cuboidal epithelium connected by
that allow for movement like serosal cavities,
tight junctions only.
heart and lungs.
♪ functions
♪ Locations
† absorption
 Mn → BEAM
† secretion
† Bowmen’s capsule
† cilia → move fluid across apical surface of tissue
† Endothelial cells
♪ Location – Mn → IS Ghulam Baig Gentle
 CVS
† Inner enamel epithelium
 Blood vessels
† Some glands
 Lymph vessels
† Gall bladder
† Alveolus of Lung for gas exchange →
† Bronchioles (+ Brain → not confirm)
 Type 1 pneumocytes aka type 1 epithelial
 Bronchioles lined by simple cuboidal to
cells
simple columnar epithelium.
† Mesothelium
† GI tract → stomach to anus
 Pericardial
 Stomach
 Peritoneal
 Small intestine
 Pleural
 Large intestine till anus
 ž Anus → only above pectinate line. ž soft palate
– Stratified squamous epithelium. ž side and back walls of the throat.
ž Tonsils
‫ ؞‬ONLY Palatine tonsil + Lingual tonsil
– Note → pharynx is made up of three separate
→ stratified squamous epithelium.
regions
‫؞‬
† Nasopharynx
† Oropharynx ϫ Note →
† laryngopharynx.
– 4 tonsils
♪ Oropharynx + laryngopharynx → St SE
† Palatine tonsil
♪ Nasopharynx → Ps St C Cl E
† Tubal tonsil
† Pharyngeal tonsil

♪ Cells → more than one layer. † Lingual Tonsil

† basal cells→ cuboidal ♪ Mn → PT PL

† apical cells → squamous. ♪ Physical training → HR up → Upper 2.

† Recall → naming done according to apical / top ♪ PL → Lower

layer.
♪ functions
† protect underlying tissue from abrasion
† main purpose → sloughed off like an eraser.
♪ Locations – Mn → OC LEAVE GO
† Mn Exp → Old crooks LEAVE Global Offensive.
♪ For easy remembering → All orifices of the body.
† Oral Cavity
 Uvula
† Cornea of Eye
† Laryngopharynx ♪ Pharyngeal + Tubal Tonsil → pseudostratified
ciliated columnar epithelium
 Vocal cords → mcq
† Mn → Top ki epithelium → columnar.
† Epidermis (skin)
♪ Palatine + Lingual tonsil → stratified squamous
 Lips → part of skin → same epithelium →
epithelium.
mcq.
♪
† Anus → below pectinate line
– Transitional or urinary epithelium.
† Vagina aka Hymen
♪ Special epithelium → only found in urinary system.
† esophagus
♪ Stratified → composed of multiple layer.
 Glottis
♪ Cells → dome-shaped
 Subglottis → mcq
♪ Function
† Gingiva
† Stretching and distension of urinary system.
† Oropharynx
♪ Locations
 Def → middle of throat behind oral cavity.
† Urinary system →
 includes
 Ureter
ž base of tongue
  Bladder
 Urethra
– Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium.
♪ Aka Respiratory Epithelium.
† Recall → respiratory epithelium must have cilia.
† Excretory Ducts of Large exocrine glands.
 Salivary glands
ž Serous acini in parotid gland
ž Mucus acini In submandibular gland.
ž Sublingual mixed acini.
– Epithelium in Respiratory tract

♪ Always ciliated ♪ Cell type becomes simple from upper airway to

♪ Cells → only 1 layer. alveolus

♪ All cells are anchored to basement membrane, † Nose to bronchus → pseudostratified ciliated
columnar
♪ Pseudo → look like multiple layers.
† Primary bronchus → Simple columnar
♪ Function
† Terminal bronchioles → simple cuboidal
† secretion → mainly mucus,
† Alveolar ducts → simple squamous
† propulsion → cilia.
† Alveoli → simple squamous.
♪ Locations – Mn → Pls Use Black Fluffy Towel
Mildly  Vitamins essential for normal epithelial
differentiation
† Paranasal Sinus
ž Def → induce metaplasia in respiratory
† Upper respiratory tract
epithelium.
 Aka
 Metaplasia of respiratory epithelium occurs to
ž Nasal Cavity
squamous.
ž Nasopharynx
ž The upper RT columnar epithelium
† Bronchi changes to squamous
† Fallopian tube ž The lower RT simple squamous changes to
† Trachea stratified squamous.
† Male urethra ϫ Pearls
 partly simple pseudo stratified columnar – Peyer Patches → columnar to low cuboidal epithelium
epithelium → mcq
 partly transitional epithelium ♪ Peyer Patches → def → lymphoid follicles in the
♪ Pearls mucus membrane that lines small intestine
♪ Since Peyer patches in s intestine & all s intestine
† Epithelium of trachea
has simple columnar →  Peyer patches → simple
 Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
columnar / simple cuboidal.
with goblet cells.
– Palatine tonsil → stratified squamous epithelium with
lymphoid follicles beneath epithelium.
– Stratified Cuboidal
– Pharyngeal tonsil → ciliated pseudostratified
♪ Location
– Lingual tonsil → stratified squamous epithelium.
† Excretory Ducts of medium exocrine glands
– Male Gonads
 sweat gland ducts.
 Salivary glands
 Mammary glands
– Stratified Columnar

♪ Location
♪

♪ Seminiferous Tubule → Stratified cuboidal

† Epididymis + Ductus Deference + Seminal
Vesicle →
♪ Ependyma
† Epithelium with no basement membrane.