ENERGI IN THERMAL

PROCESS

Setyawan P. Sakti
&
M. Djamil

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 supernova core
100,000,000,000 K

core of sun
15,000,000 K
surface of sun
6,000 K
lava
1,200 K

Room temperature
294 K

triple point cell ice

273.16 K dry ice
273 K
1848 164 K
liquid nitrogen
William Thomson
77 K
a.k.a. Lord Kelvin

0K
absolute zero

liquid He Universe
4K 2.7 K dilution refrigerator
0.003 K
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity
 Temperature adalah ukuran ‘panas dingin’ nya suatu Zat. Untuk
mengukur temperatur suatu Zat, maka harus dibuat alat ukur
yang sesuai, Alat ukur ini namanya Thermometer.
Hukum ke 0 (nol) Thermodynamics menyatakan : Bila ada dua
Bodies mempunyai keseimbangan Thermal dengan Bodi ke tiga,
maka mereka saling mempunyai keseimbangan thermal masing
masing dari ketiganya.

C
TA = TB & TB = TC
 TA = TB = TC A B

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Konsep Temperatur.
Temperatur dari suatu sistim, adalah suatu property (sifat) yang
mampu menyatakan, apakah sistim dalam keadaan
keseimbangan Thermal atau belum. namanya Thermometer.

O
100 C
200O F

O
150 F
V N2
O
50 C

Hot Cool 100 F

O

O2
O
50 F
0O C

0O F

oC
-273 0 100 200 300

Vol gas pada Tekanan Tetap

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity
 Kelvin & Rankine Scale
K C R F
O O O O
Titik uap 373 100 672 212

O O O O
100 K or C 180 R or F

Titik es 273O 0
O
492
O
32
O

CO2padat 195O -78

O
351O -109
O

O
Titik Oksigen 90 -183
O
162O -297O

Nol mutlak 0 -273O 0O -460

O

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Temperature

heat
Really only tells you which
way heat will flow.

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Heat
• Is the energy that flows between objects
because of their difference in temperatures
• Heat is thermal energy on the move
• Technically:
Object’s don’t contain heat

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Heat and Temperature
• Touching objects causes an exchange of thermal
energy
– Microscopically, energy flows both ways
– On average, energy flows one way
• Temperature predicts energy flow direction
– Energy flows from hotter to colder
– If there is no flow of thermal energy, then
objects are in thermal equilibrium (same
temperature).

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Panas adalah Energy Thermal yang dapat mengalir dari Suhu
Tinggi ke Suhu yang lebih Rendah !
Satuan panas : - kilo kalori
- Joule
- BTU (British Thermal Unit).
Kalori  Energi yang dipakai untuk meningkatkan Suhu satu
gram air dari 14.5 0C ke 15.5 0C
BTU  Energi yang dipakai untuk meningkatkan Themperatur
1 lb massa air dari 63 0F to 64 0F.
1 BTU = 252 gram kalori ; 1 Kal = 4.186 Joule.

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 What happens when I touch a copper
rod stuck in the Dewar of liquid
Nitrogen?

heat cold heat

(A) (B) (C)

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Internal Energy vs. Heat
• Internal Energy, U, is the energy associated with the
microscopic components of the system
– Includes kinetic and potential energy associated with the random
translational, rotational and vibrational motion of the atoms or
molecules
– Also includes the intermolecular potential energy

• Heat is energy transferred between a system and its

environment because of a temperature difference between
them
– The system Q is used to represent the amount of energy transferred
by heat between a system and its environment

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Specific Heat
• Every substance requires a unique amount of energy
per unit mass to change the temperature of that
substance by 1° C
– directly proportional to mass (thus, per unit mass)
• The specific heat, c, of a substance is a measure of
this amount

Q Units
c SI Joule/kg °C (J/kg °C)
m T CGS Calorie/g °C (cal/g °C )

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Specific Heat Cp
Specific Heats Substance
kcal/kg.Co J/kg.Co
(20 oC; 1 Atm)
Aluminium 0,22 900
Copper 0,093 390
Iron or Steel 0,20 840
Lead 0,11 450
Marbel 0,031 130
Silver 0,21 860
Wood 0,56 230

Douglas C. Giancoli; Physics hal 253

Alkohol 0,4 1700
Mercury 0,58 2400
Water
Ice ( - 5 oC ) 0,50 2100
Liquid ( 15 oC ) 1,00 4180
Steam ( 110 oC ) 0,48 2010
Human body 0,83 3470
Protein 0,4 1700
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity
 Heat and Specific Heat
• Q = m c ΔT
– ΔT is always the final temperature minus the initial
temperature
– When the temperature increases, ΔT and ΔQ are
considered to be positive and energy flows into
the system
– When the temperature decreases, ΔT and ΔQ are
considered to be negative and energy flows out of
the system

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Example1: How much heat is needed to raise
temperature of aluminum by 5°C?
Given: Heat is related to mass and temperature by

Mass: m=0.5 kg
Temp. T= 5° Q  mcAl T
Specific heat:
cAl =900 J/kg°C
  
 0.5kg  900 J kgC  5 C  2250 Joules

Thus, energy is flowing into the system! 

Find:

Q=?

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Calorimeter
• A technique for determining the specific heat
of a substance is called calorimetry
• A calorimeter is a vessel that is a good
insulator that allows a thermal equilibrium to
be achieved between substances without any
energy loss to the environment

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Example2: A 0.010-kg piece of unknown metal heated to 100°C and
dropped into the bucket containing 0.5 kg of water at 20°C.
Determine specific heat of metal if the final temperature of
the system is 50°C ?

Given: Conservation of energy: heat lost by metal is the

same as heat acquired by water:
Mass: m1=0.010 kg
m2=0.5 kg Qwater  Qmetal  0
Specific heat (water):
cW =4186 J/kg°C Solve this equation:
Temperatures:
T1=100 °C Qwater  Qmetal  0  mmetalcmetalTmetal  mH 2O cH 2O TH 2O
T2=20 °C
Tf=50 °C
   
 0.01kg cmetal 50 C  100 C  0.5kg  4186 J kgC 50 C  20 C 
  0.5cmetal  62790 J  0

Find: cmetal  1.25 105 J kgC 

Specific heat =?

iron

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Phase Transitions
ICE WATER STEAM

Add Add
heat heat

These are three states of matter (plasma is another one)

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Phase Changes
• A phase change occurs when the physical
characteristics of the substance change from
one form to another
• Common phases changes are
– Solid to liquid – melting
– Liquid to gas – boiling
• Phases changes involve a change in the
internal energy, but no change in temperature

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Latent Heat
• During a phase change, the amount of heat is given as
– Q=mL
• L is the latent heat of the substance
– Latent means hidden or concealed
• Choose a positive sign if you are adding energy to the system
and a negative sign if energy is being removed from the
system
• Latent heat of fusion is used for melting or freezing
• Latent heat of vaporization is used for boiling or condensing

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Graph of Ice to Steam

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Latent Heats ( 1 Atm)
Melting Heat of Fusion Boiling Heat of Vaporization
Substance oC oC
kcal/kg J/kg kcal/kg J/kg
Oxygen -218,8 3,3 14000 -183 51 210000
Alkohol -144 25 104000 78 204 850000
Water 0 79,7 333000 100 539 2260000
Lead 327 5,9 25000 1750 208 870000
Silver 961 21 88000 2193 558 2300000
Tungsten 3410 44 184000 5900 1150 4800000
Douglas C. Giancoli; Physics hal 257

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Problem-solving hints:
• Use consistent units
• Transfers in energy are given as Q=mcΔT for
processes with no phase changes
• Use Q = m Lf or Q = m Lv if there is a phase change
• In Qcold = - Qhot be careful of sign, ΔT = Tf - Ti

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Methods of Heat Transfer
• Need to know the rate at which energy is
transferred
• Need to know the mechanisms responsible for
the transfer
• Methods include
– Conduction
– Convection
– Radiation

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Example of Heat Transfer Mechanisms

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Conduction
• The transfer can be viewed on an atomic scale
– It is an exchange of energy between microscopic particles
by collisions
– Less energetic particles gain energy during collisions with
more energetic particles
• Rate of conduction depends upon the characteristics of
the substance
• Heat flows through material, atoms don’t!
– In an insulator: adjacent atoms jiggle one another atoms
do work, yielding microscopic exchanges of energy
(typically slow)
– In a conductor, mobile electrons carry heat heat flows
quickly, over long distances via mobile electrons

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Conduction example
• The molecules vibrate about their equilibrium positions
• Particles near the flame vibrate with larger amplitudes
• These collide with adjacent molecules and transfer some energy
• Eventually, the energy travels entirely through the rod

Conduction can occur only if there is a difference in temperature between two

parts of the conducting medium

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 -
Cu+
Conduction Cu+
- Cu+
-

-
Cu+ - Cu+
- Cu+
-
-
Cu+ Cu+
- Cu+ -
-
Cu+ Cu+
Cu+
- -
Cu+ Cu+
- Cu+ -
-
Cu+ - Cu+

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Conduction
• The slab allows energy
to transfer from the
region of higher
temperature to the
region of lower
temperature

Q Th  Tc
P   kA
t L

Heat flow Thermal conductivity

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity
 Conduction
• A is the cross-sectional area
• L = Δx is the thickness of the slab or the length of a
rod
• P is in Watts when Q is in Joules and t is in seconds
• k is the thermal conductivity of the material
– Good conductors have high k values and good insulators
have low k values

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Home Insulation
• Substances are rated by their R values
– R=L/k
• More multiple layers, the total R value is the sum of
the R values of each layer
• Wind increases the energy loss by conduction in a
home

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Pada keadaan setimbang :

K1 A (t 2 - t x )
tx H1 
L1
t2 t1
K 2 A (t x - t1 )
H2 
L2
K1 K2
K1 A (t 1 - t x ) K 2 A (t x - t1 )

L1 L2
L1 L2

A (t 2 - t1 )
HL
Diperoleh tx
1
K1  L2
K2

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Convection
• Energy transferred by the movement of a substance
– When the movement results from differences in density, it is
called natural conduction
– When the movement is forced by a fan or a pump, it is called
forced convection
• Fluid transports heat (thermal energy stored in atoms)
– Fluid warms up near a hot object
– Fluid cools down near a cold object
• Natural buoyancy (lighter things float) drives convection
– Warmed fluid rises away from hot object
– Cooled fluid descends away from cold object

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Convection

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Convection example
• Air directly above the flame is warmed and expands
• The density of the air decreases, and it rises
• The mass of air warms the hand as it moves by
• Applications:
– Radiators
– Cooling automobile engines

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Aliran panas pada medium fluida.

Perbedaan antara konduksi dan konveksi adalah terletak

pada perbedaan alirannya. Pada konveksi yang
mengalir adalah mediumnya, sedangkan pada
konveksi adalah energi panasnya .

H = h A ΔT

dengan : h – koefisien Konveksi

A – Luas Permukaan yg bersinggungan
T – suhu (oC).

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Radiation
• Radiation does not require physical contact
• All objects radiate energy continuously in the form of
electromagnetic waves due to thermal vibrations of
the molecules
• Rate of radiation is given by Stefan’s Law

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Radiation example
• Heat transferred by electromagnetic waves
(radio, infrared, microwaves, light, …)
• Higher temperature yields more radiated heat
• No physical contact is necessary
The electromagnetic waves carry the energy from the fire to the
hands

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Aliran panas melalui pancaran
gelombang elektromagnetik

Berdasarkan pengukuran yang dilakukan oleh John Tyndall (1820 – 1893)

tentang pancaran energi radiasi dari suatu permukaan dan didasarkan dari
Josef Stefan (1835 – 1893), disimpulkan bahwa besarnya pancaran
energi radiasi persatuan luas dirumuskan :

P = eAT4
– P is the rate of energy transfer, in Watts
– σ = 5.6696 x 10-8 W/m2 K4
– A is the surface area of the object
– e is a constant called the emissivity
• e varies from 0 to 1
– T is the temperature in Kelvins

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Energy Absorption and Emission
by Radiation
• With its surroundings, the rate at which the
object at temperature T with surroundings at
To radiates is
– Pnet = σAe(T4 – T4o)
– When an object is in equilibrium with its
surroundings, it radiates and absorbs at the same
rate
• Its temperature will not change

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Example: Determine solar energy over the area of 1 m2. Temperature of
Sun’s surface is 6000 K and temperature of surroundings is
300 K.

Given:
Use Stefan’s law:
Area: A= 1 m2
Temperatures: Power  A T 4  T04  
T1=6000 K
T2=300 K

Temperature of Sun’s surface Temperature on the Earth

Find:
Power  A 6000 K 4  300 K 4 
Power =?  5.67 10 8 1m 2 11.3 1015 K 4 
 7.3 107 J s 

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Ideal Absorbers and Reflectors
• An ideal absorber is defined as an object that
absorbs all of the energy incident on it
–e=1
• This type of object is called a black body
– An ideal absorber is also an ideal radiator of energy
• An ideal reflector absorbs none of the energy
incident on it
–e=0

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Applications of Radiation
• Clothing
– Black fabric acts as a good absorber
– White fabric is a better reflector
• Thermography
– The amount of energy radiated by an object can be
measured with a thermograph
• Body temperature
– Radiation thermometer measures the intensity of the
infrared radiation from the eardrum

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Resisting Energy Transfer
• Dewar flask/thermos bottle
• Designed to minimize energy transfer to
surroundings
• Space between walls is evacuated to minimize
conduction and convection
• Silvered surface minimizes radiation
• Neck size is reduced

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Which would make the best thermos?
(A) Black interior, space
between flask and case
filled with air
(B) Black interior,
evacuated space
(C) Shiny interior, gas-filled
space
(D) Shiny interior,
evacuated space

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Global Warming
• Greenhouse example
– Visible light is absorbed and re-emitted as infrared
radiation
– Convection currents are inhibited by the glass
• Earth’s atmosphere is also a good transmitter
of visible light and a good absorber of infrared
radiation

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 The Greenhouse effect

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Linier L0
t0 L =  L0 t
L
t
Lt

Luas L = L0 (1 +  t)
p
p0 P = P0 (1 +  t)

L0 A = P. L
= P0. L0 (1 + 2  t + 2 t2).
= A0 ( 1 +  t)

L
2
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity
 Volume
V = V0 (1 +  t)
L   3 .

L0
t0 t
p0 p

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 t0 t
dinding

dinding
L0 L0

L
L = L0  t   t
L0
Karena jarak antara kedua dinding tetap, berarti terjadi stress.
F L
Y A F  A Y
L L0
L0
Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity
 F
 Y  t
A
Contoh pemakaian pemuaian benda dalam dunia industri
adalah pada proses penyambungan dua logam tanpa
menggunakan proses pengelasan . Penyambungan paku
keling pada industri pesawat terbang.

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 Tugas !!!
Group : Soal No : Group : Soal No :
I 18.48 & 60 VIII 18.47 & 62
II 18.49 & 59 IX 18.45 & 63
III 18.50 & 56 X 18.44 & 64
IV 18.03 & 95 XI 18.43 & 69
V 18.20 & 81 XII 18.42 & 71
VI 18.21 & 80 XIII 18.38 & 74
VII 18.30 & 78 XIV 18.34 & 75

Holliday hal : 500 – 506

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity

 See You Next Week

Prepare for :
Vibration & Wave

Setyawan P. Sakti – Dept. of Physics – Brawijaya Unievrsity