DATA ANALYSIS

Data Analysis
• According to Yin (1994:102) ―data
analysis consists of examining,
categorizing, tabulating, or otherwise
recombining the evidence to address the
initial prepositions of a study.
• There are a variety of approaches to this
process of analysis and interpretation.
Some of the most commonly used
approaches include:
• Content Analysis - used
to analyze and interpret
verbal data, or behavioral
data. Content can be
analyzed descriptively or
interpretatively.
•Narrative Analysis - used to analyze
text that may come from variety of
sources including transcripts from
interviews, diaries, field notes,
surveys and other written forms.
Narrative analysis often involves
reformulating stories presented by
people in different context and
based on their different experiences.
• Discourse Analysis - a method of
analyzing naturally occurring
spoken interactions and written
text and is concerned with the
social context in which the
communication occurred. It
focuses on how language is used
in everyday life and looks at how
people express themselves.
•Grounded Theory - also called
analytic induction. This is a method
that attempts to develop causal
explanations of a phenomenon from
one or more cases being studied.
Explanations are altered as additional
cases are studied until the researcher
arrives at a statement that fits all
cases.
• Conversation Analysis – examines
the use of language by people as a
type of action or skilled
accomplishment. A key concept in
this analysis is the principle of people
taking turns in conversation.
Meanings are usually shaped in the
context of the exchange itself.
• Interpretative phenomenological
analysis - How individuals make sense of
their world (life-world)? Seeks insights to
the meanings that events and
experiences hold for people.

• Thematic analysis - Identifying themes

and patterns of meaning across a dataset
in relation to research question
It may be helpful to think of the following steps (Creswell 2009):
1. Organize and prepare the data for analysis.
2. Read through all the data. Gain a general sense of the
information and reflect on the overall meaning.
3. Conduct analysis based on the specific theoretical approach
and
method (examples: narrative, content, grounded theory,
discourse, conversational and others). This often involves coding
or organizing related segments of data into categories.
4. Generate a description of the setting or people and identify
themes from the coding. Search for theme connections.
5. Represent the data within a research report.
6. Interpret the larger meaning of the data.
 Coding and Categorizing
Coding can be defined as the actual process of making
sure data is organized into chunks or segments and
later making meaning out of it.

Creswell, J.W. (2009) also explains that coding and

categorizing involves taking text data or pictures
gathered during data collection, segmenting it into
categories, and labeling those categories with a term,
often a term used by the actual participant.
 Qualitative data analysis – Codes
• “A code in qualitative inquiry is a word or a
short phrase that symbolically assigns a
summative, salient, essence-capturing,
and/or evocative attribute for a portion of
language-based or visual data.” (Saldaña,
2016)
• Coding is a process of organizing data into
chunks that are alike, i.e. that share
properties meaningful for our analysis
 Codes can be pre-set or emergent. You
should have both.
• Pre-set: A list of codes created in
advance by the researcher based on
the research question, learning
outcomes, or conceptual framework.
• Emergent: Ideas, concepts, actions
and meanings that come up from
reading and analyzing the data that
are not in the pre-set codes.