A PROJECT REPORT

ON
“INTEGRAL CALCULUS”

SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD

OF
DIPLOMA IN
CIVIL ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED TO
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION,
MUMBAI
SUBMITTED BY

Name of Student(s) (Full Name) Enrollment No.

1. Atharv Deshpande

GUIDED BY
Dilip Ghule

DR. D. Y. Patil school of Engineering and Technology Polytechnic

Diploma, Lohegaon, Pune

i
 CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the project report entitled “INTEGRAL CALCULUS”Was
successfully completed by Student of first semester Diploma in Civil Engineering

1. Atharv Deshpande
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the Diploma in Civil Engineering
and submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Dr. D. Y. Patil school of
Engineering and technology institute code-1648 work carried out during a period for the
academic year 2021-22 as per curriculum .

Guide HOD

External Examiner Principal

ii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We have a great pleasure our deep sense of gratitude and sincere regards to
our Guide prof. Mr. Mogadpali Vikas Pandurangfor his guidance and friendly
discussion which helped immensely in selecting this topic. His generous
encouragement throughout, and helped us in completing his training work

We would like to thank our Head of Civil Department (Diploma)

Mogadpali Vikas Pandurangfor allowing us to do this traning report work. He
has immensely helped in providing all opportunities and faculties for the training
work.

We would also like to thank Dr. Ashok Kasnale Principal, Dr. D. Y. Patil
School of Engineering and Technology (Diploma), for providing all facilities at the
right period of time. We are thankful to all the faculty member of Civil
Engineering and Library staff for helping us in this work

Finally we would like to thank all those who directly or indirectly helped
us during our training work

Mr. Venkat Reddy & Rohan Turde

iii
Active plan:-
Sr Details of Planned Planned Name of
no. Activity start date finish responsible
date team
members
1 In this week I have Venkat Reddy /
searched on my Rohan Turde
topic
2 I have planned my Venkat Reddy /
project Rohan Turde
3 Collected Venkat Reddy /
information Rohan Turde
4 I have started Venkat Reddy /
making my project Rohan Turde
5 Completed my Venkat Reddy /
project Rohan Turde
6 In this week I Venkat Reddy /
consult it with Rohan Turde
subject teacher

Iv
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS

1 ACTIVE PLAN iv

2 HISTORY 1

3 WHAT IS MAGNETISM 2

4 DIFFERENT TYPES OF MAGNETISM 3

5 DIFFERENT SHAPES OF MAGNETISM 4

6 MAGNETIC FIELD 5

7 MAGNETIC FLUX 6

8 MAGNETIC ENERGY 7

9 MAGNETIC POTENTIAL 8

10 9
vi
Chapter Name Month &
Year

1. Magnetism was first discovered in the ancient world .

2. Chinese Scientist Shen Kuo was the first person to
write about the magnetic needle compass and that it
improved the accuracy of navigation.
3. Alexander Neckam, by 1187 was the first in Europe to
describe the compass and its use for navigation.
4. Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt was the first to wrote
about properties of magnets
5. In 1600 William Gilbert was the first to publish
that Earth itself is a magnet.

1
Chapter Name Month &
Year

WHAT IS MAGNETISM
Magnetism is a class of physical attributes that are
mediated by magnetic fields. Electric currents and
the magnetic moments of elementary particles give rise to
a magnetic field, which acts on other currents and
magnetic moments. Magnetism is one aspect of the
combined phenomenon of electromagnetism. The most
familiar effects occur in ferromagnetic materials,
which
are strongly attracted by magnetic fields and can
be magnetized to become permanent magnets, producing
magnetic fields themselves. Demagnetizing a magnet is
also possible. Only a few substances are ferromagnetic;
the most common ones are iron, cobalt and nickel and
their alloys. The rare-earth
metals neodymium and samarium are less common
examples. The prefix ferro- refers to iron, because
permanent magnetism was first observed in lodestone, a
form of natural iron ore called magnetite, Fe3O4

2
Chapter Name Month &
Year

3
Chapter Name Month &
Year

4
Chapter Name Month &
Year

Magnetic fields, like gravitational fields, cannot be seen or touched. We can feel
the pull of the Earth’s gravitational field on ourselves and the objects around us,
but we do not experience magnetic fields in such a direct way. We know of the
existence of magnetic fields by their effect on objects such as magnetized pieces
of metal, naturally magnetic rocks such as lodestone, or temporary magnets such
as copper coils that carry an electrical current. If we place a magnetized needle on
a cork in a bucket of water, it will slowly align itself with the local magnetic field.
Turning on the current in a copper wire can make a nearby compass needle
jump. Observations like these led to the development of the concept of
magnetic fields.

a) b)
i
wire

r
H

The magnetic field H points at right angles to both the direction of current flow and to the
radial vector r in Figure 1.1b. The magnitude of H (denoted H) is proportional to the strength of
the current i. In the simple case illustrated in Figure 1.1b, the magnitude of H is given by
Amp`ere’s law:

where r is the length of the vector r. So, now we know the units of H: Am−1.

5
Chapter Name Month &
Year

The magnetic field is a vector field because, at any point, it has both direction and
magnitude. Consider the field of the bar magnet in Figure 1.3a. The direction of
the field at any point is given by the arrows, while the strength depends on how
close the field lines are to one another. The magnetic field lines represent
magnetic flux. The density of flux lines is one measure of the strength of the
magnetic field: the magnetic induction B.
Just as the motion of electrically charged particles in a wire (a current) creates
a magnetic field (Amp`ere’s Law), the motion of a magnetic field creates electric
currents in nearby wires. The stronger the magnetic field, the stronger the current
in the wire.

1.3 Magnetic Flux

a) b) velocity

m m l

Voltmeter

We can therefore measure the strength of the magnetic induction (the density of magnetic flux
lines) by moving a conductive wire through the magnetic field (Figure 1.3b).
Magnetic induction can be thought of as something that creates a potential difference with
voltage V in a conductor of length l when the conductor moves relative to the magnetic induction
B with velocity v (see Figure 1.3b): V = vlB. From this, we can derive the unit of magnetic
induction: the tesla (T). One tesla is the magnetic induction that generates a potential of 1 volt
in a conductor of length 1 meter when moving at a rate of 1 meter per second. So now we know
the units of B: V · s · m−2 = T.

6
Chapter Name Month &
Year

A magnetic moment m in the presence of a magnetic field B has a

magnetostatic energy (Em) associated with it. This energy tends to align
compass needles with the magnetic field (see Figure 1.4). Em is given by
−m · B or −mB cosθ, where m and B are the magnitudes of m and B,
respectively (see Section A.3.4 in the appendix for a review of vector
multiplication). Magnetic energy has units of joules and is at a minimum
when m is aligned with B.

a)
B
b) θ
battery
m

7
Chapter Name Month &
Year

flux to an oppositely charged “sink,” there is a net flux out of the dashed
box shown in the figure. The divergence of the electrical field is defined
as ∇ · E, which quantifies the net flux (see Section A.3.6 for more). In
the case of the field around an electric charge, the divergence is non-
zero.
Magnetic fields are different from electrical fields, in that there is no
equivalent to an isolated electrical
charge; there are only pairs of
“opposite charges”— magnetic
dipoles. Therefore, any line of flux
starting at one magnetic pole returns to
its sister pole, and there is no net flux
of the box shown in Figure out 1.6b; the
magnetic field has no -q +q divergence
(Figure 1.6b). This property of
magnetic fields is another of Maxwell’s
equations: ∇ · B = 0.
Δ. B = 0

a) b)

Δ . E =0

8
Chapter Name Month &
Year

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