CHEMISTRY

MATTER
 WHAT IS MATTER?
Matter is anything which has mass and takes up
space

Matter is made up of particles which are

THE KINETIC
THEORY OF MATTER/
in constant motion
PARTICULATE
There is space between the particles
THEORY OF MATTER
There are forces of attraction between the
particles
 SOLIDS

● Fixed Shape
● Fixed Volume
● High Density
PARTICLES ARE VERY ● Cannot be compressed
TIGHTLY
PACKED/CLOSE ● Strong forces between particles
TOGETHER
 LIQUIDS
LIQUIDS

● Takes shape of container

● Fixed Volume
● Medium Density
PARTICLES HAVE ● Can be compressed slightly
A LITTLE SPACE
BETWEEN THEM ● Fairly strong forces between particles
 GASES
GASES

● Takes shape of container

● Volume not fixed - takes volume of
container
● Low Density
PARTICLES ARE
FAR APART ● Can be compressed
● Weak forces between particles
 CHANGES OF STATE

● A change of state is a physical change, there is no change to the

chemical composition of the substance

● Temperature affects the amount of kinetic energy which the

particles have
ENERGY OF
Heating a substance increases the amount of
MOTION
kinetic energy which the particles have.
 CHANGES OF STATE

When particles gain kinetic energy, they move

faster and are able to overcome the forces of
attraction between them and move further apart.
CHANGE
IN STATE
When particles lose kinetic energy, they move more
slowly and the forces of attraction between them
become stronger, bringing them closer together
 CHANGES OF STATE

SOLID LIQUID GAS

 CHANGES OF STATE

Melting Boiling

SOLID LIQUID GAS

Freezing Condensation

Sublimation
 CHANGES OF STATE

● Freezing - Liquid to Solid (eg. water to ice)

● Melting - Solid to Liquid (eg. ice to water)
● Boiling - Liquid to Gas (eg. water to water vapour)
● Condensation - Gas to Liquid (eg. water vapour to water)
● Sublimation - Solid to Gas/Gas to Solid (eg. Iodine Crystals)
 EVAPORATION VS BOILING

● Evaporation - Some particles at the top of the liquid have enough

kinetic energy to overcome the forces of attraction and leave the
liquid and become a vapour. [ONLY AT THE SURFACE. AT ANY
TEMPERATURE]

● Boiling - Particles begin to move fast enough to change into a gas

both at the surface and throughout the liquid. [OCCURS
THROUGHOUT THE LIQUID. AT A SPECIFIC TEMPERATURE]
 HEATING CURVE

A heating curve is a graph which shows how the

temperature of a substance differs with time as the
substance is heated
 HEATING CURVE

GAS
Temperature (OC)

BOILING
100

LIQUID
MELTING
0
SOLID

Time as heat is added

 COOLING CURVE

GAS
Temperature (OC)

CONDENSING
100

LIQUID

FREEZING
0
SOLID

Time as heat is removed