Chapter 4

The variety of resources on Earth

4.1 The Various Resources on Earth

Living natural resources Plants (fruits, oil, vegetables ) Animals (milk, meat ) Non-living natural resources Water Air Soil Minerals Fossil fuels Metals Non-metal

Nitrogen bulb

Oxygen is one of the gases that we breathe in everyday from the air

Pure carbon dioxide gas can be poured because it is heavier than air

Element, Compounds and Mixtures

Element can be divided into :

Metals ( Logam ) All metal element in solid form but except for mercury which exist in liquid Example of metal Calcium, copper, gold, lead, magnesium, platinum, potassium, silver, sodium Non- metals (bukan logam ) Non-metal elements exist in all state. Solid, liquid and gas at room temperature Example of non-metal Sulphur, carbon, bromine, oxygen, neon, hydrogen,

Cobalt chloride indicator

Dry (kering) Colour : Blue Colour : Pink Moist / Damp ( basah )

Gas tests
Hydrogen () What you will observe: -Your light splint (Popsicle stick) will POP POP and go out. Why does this happen: -Hydrogen gas is very flammable and in the presence of heat or fire it will explode at a certain temperature. Oxygen () What you will observe: -Your glowing splint will re-light What does that mean: -This happened because Oxygen is part of the fire triangle. The fire triangle is composed of three things: Fuel, Heat energy source and Oxygen.

Mixture (campuran )

Nasi lemak

Ice kacang

Sugar solution

Paint

Iced milo

Brass

Example of variety type of mixture and its components

Formation of compound ( sebatian )

In chemical reactions the chemical identities of substances change. Here, a mixture of hydrogen and oxygen undergoes a chemical change to form water.

The differences between compounds and mixture

Separation of mixtures
Method : Filtration ( penurasan )

To separate insoluble solids (pepejal tak larut ) from the liquid in a solidliquid mixtures E.g. To separate water and sand

Separation of mixtures

Distillation (penyulingan )
To separate a solvent from a liquid or solid-liquid mixture. Two types of processes to take place (a) Boiling liquid vapour/Gas (b) Condensation vapour Liquid E.g. To separate water from salt solution

Using magnet
To separate substances which are attracted to a magnet from other objects made from nonmagnetic materials E.g. To separate iron filings and sulphur

Extraction
To separate liquid substances that do not mix well and with different densities. E.g. To separate oil from water

Oil

Water

Chromatography
Separates coloured components in a mixtures

Sieving (penapisan )
To separate mixture of solid substances with different sizes.

AIR ( udara )
Oxygen : i. Breathing / cell respiration (penafasan ) ii. Combustion / burning

Carbon dioxide (karbon dioksida ): i. To put out of fire ii. Importance for photosynthesis (fotosintesis )

Soil and mineral

Soil is habitat ( tempat tinggal ) for many types of living organisms ( benda hidup ).

Soil contains water and minerals which is vital for the growing of plants.

Fossil fuel

To provide energy for household use, factories and power stations to generate electricity.

Water
Regulates body temperature. Controls the concentration of blood ( mengawal kepekatan darah ).

Living things
As food, medicine, fibre, building materials and so on.

Conservation
Conservation of recourses involves the intelligent use and care of our resources

Preservation
The act of keeping the resources in their original state. Example : i) Find alternative resources, such as solar energy to replace depleting resources such as petroleum) ii) to prevent the extinction of flora and fauna.