1 Vai tr ca rng trong bo vmi trng VTn Phng 1 The role of forests in environment protection (Summary) Forests is known

to be the most important to the human being and particularly their functions in protecting living environment, contributing to nations sustainable development and existence of our earth. In addition to tangible forest products, the forests significantly supply environmental benefits to maintain and protect environment that are climate regulation, soil erosion and sedimentation control, coastline protection,water regulation and flood control. Those environmental values of the forests are commonly seen by most people. However, to some extent, the role of forests is notfully recognized because of lack of information and research evidences and environmental benefits are normally non-marketable. To fulfil such gaps, this paper is a synthesis and analysis of role of forests in environment protection for better view of forest management. M u Cc hsinh thi rng ng vai tr ht sc quan trng i vi con ngi v c bit l duy tr mi trng sng, ng gp vo spht trin bn vng ca mi quc gia v stn ti ca tri t. Rng khng chcung cp nguyn liu nhg, ci, lm sn ngoi gcho mt sngnh sn xut m quan trng hn l cc li ch ca rng trong vic duy tr v bo vmi trng, l iu ho kh hu, hn chxi mn v bi lng, bo vbbin, iu tit ngun nc v hn chllt.

Mc d cc li ch mi trng do rng em li l rt ng knhng vic qun l bn vng ti nguyn rng vn l nhng thch thc. Nn cht ph rng v chuyn i rng sang mc ch khc (nng nghip, cng nghip, chn nui, vv) ang din ra mc bo ng. Trong giai on 1990 2000, tng din tch rng trn ton thgii mt i l 8,9 triu ha v trong giai on 2000 2005 l 7,5 triu ha (FAO 2005a). Sliu thng k ca FAO nm 2005 cho thy tng din tch rng ca ton thgii l khong 4 tha, chim 30% din tch bmt tri t v tldin tch rng bnh qun u ngi l 0,62 ha. Nm nc c din tch rng ln trn thgii l Lin bang Nga, B ra xin, Ca na a, Mv Trung Quc. Din tch rng ca 5 nc ny chim hn 1/2 din tch rng trn ton cu. Din tch rng phn bkhng u gia cc quc gia trn th gii. Din tch rng Chu phi chim 16,1% tng din tch tri t ; Chu l 14,5%; Chu u l 25,3%; Bc v Trung ml 17,1%; Chu i dng l 5,2% v Nam ml 21,0% (FAO 2005a). Vit Nam, din tch rng cng bgim i nhanh chng trong giai on 1943 1990. Din tch rng b mt i trong giai on ny l khong 5 triu ha. Trong giai on 1990 2005, din tch rng c ci thin ng k. Din tch rng ton quc hin nay khong 12,6 triu ha (che phrng l khong 38%), trong rng phng hl 6,2 triu ha; c dng l 2 triu ha v rng sn xut l 4,5 triu ha (BNng nghip v PTNT 2005). Ssuy gim vti nguyn rng, c bit l sthu hp nhanh chng din tch rng ang c coi l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n sbin i kh hu ton cu v suy thoi mi trng. Trong nhng nm gn y, chng ta v ang chng kin hin tng m ln ton cu, sgia tng v xut hin bt thng ca nhng trn bo v llt c cng v sc tn ph ln, suy thoi t ai v nguy csa mc ha trn

din rng v ang gy ra nhng lo ngi ln trn phm vi ton cu v nhiu quc gia. Nhm bn lun vvn ny, bi vit ny cp n ba kha cnh ni bt ca rng lin quan n vn bo vmi trng, l: i) rng c tc dng iu ha kh hu; ii) rng c tc dng hn chxi mn v bo vbbin v iii) rng c tc dng iu tit ngun nc v hn chllt. Rng c tc dng iu ha kh hu Rng c tc dng iu ha kh hu ton cu thng qua lm gim ng klng nhit chiu tmt tri xung bmt tri t do che phca tn rng l rt ln so vi cc loi hnh sdng t khc, c bit l vai tr ht sc quan trng ca rng trong vic duy tr chu trnh cc bon trn tri t m nh n c tc dng trc tip n sbin i kh hu ton cu. 1 Trung tm Nghin cu Sinh thi v Mi trng rng (RCFEE) www.rcfee.org.vn 2 Hin tng bin i kh hu ton cu l khng thtrnh khi. Hu ht cc nh khoa hc mi trng cho rng sgia tng ng knng cc kh nh knh (KNK) m chyu l kh cc bon nc (CO 2) trong kh quyn l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nng ln ton cu. Hin tng ny c thslm nhit tri t tng thm nhanh chng t1,4 n 5,8 O C trong giai on 1990 - 2100. Snng ln ca tri t c thdn n vic tan bng, t sgy ra nhng thay i i vi cc hsinh thi dy Himalaya, dy Andes, v cc vng t thp hn chu nh hng ca cc dy ni ny. Bng tan hai u cc ca tri t slm mc nc bin dng cao thm khong 1m v lm ngp cc vng t thp ven bin nhpha Nam ca Bng la t, ng

bng sng M kng Vit Nam v mt phn ln din tch cc bang Florida v Louisiana ca M. Nhiu hn o trn bin Thi Bnh Dng sbin mt trn bn thgii. Nhng tc ng khc ca hin tng thay i kh hu ton cu l kh hu ngy cng trnn khc nghit, xi mn bbin, gia tng qu trnh mn ha v mt i nhng rn san h. Theo mt bo co ca Anh vbin i kh hu, nu mc nc bin dng cao thm mt mt, 12% din tch t ai ca Vit Nam, ngi nh ca 23% dn s, sbin mt vnh vin. Kh hu thay i cng c th em li nhiu "trn bo ddi v thng xuyn hn". Nhit tng v sthay i kiu ma cng s nh hng n ngnh nng nghip v ngun nc ca Vit Nam (www.vietnamnet.vn). Thc vt sng m chyu l cc hsinh thi rng c khnng gili v tch tr, hay hp thmt lng ln cc bon trong kh quyn. V thstn ti ca thc vt v cc hsinh thi rng c vai tr ng ktrong vic chng li hin tng m ln ton cu v n nh kh hu. Theo thng k, ton bdin tch rng thgii lu gikhong 283 Gt (Giga tn 2 ) cc bon trong sinh khi v trong trong ton hsinh thi rng l 638 Gt (gm ctrlng cc bon trong t tnh n su 30cm). Lng cc bon ny ln hn nhiu so vi lng cc bon trong kh quyn. Vi chc nng ny ca rng, hot ng trng rng, ti trng rng v qun l bn vng cc hsinh thi rng c coi l mt trong cc gii php quan trng trong tin trnh ct gim kh nh knh nu ra trong Ngh nh thKyot tin ti mc tiu ngn nga sbin i kh hu ton cu v bo vmi trng.

Rng c tc dng lm gim xi mn v bo vbbin Xi mn t lun l vn nghim trng nhiu quc gia, c bit l cc vng u ngun v cc vng t dc. Vit Nam cng khng l ngoi lkhi mi lo ngi vxi mn t vng u ngun gy nn sbi lng, e da n hiu qusn xut ca cc cng trnh thu in quan trng, cc hcha phc vti tiu, cc ng vt thy sinh, vv. Nghin cu bi lng lng hthu in Ha Bnh cho thy sbi lng c thlm gim tui thca hcha t100 nm xung chcn 50 nm (Vin Kh tng Thy vn 1998). Xi mn t (xi mn bmt v xi mn rnh) thng lin quan cht chti thm ph, dc, c im a cht v lng ma. Cc nghin cu vxi mn t cho thy so vi cc loi hnh sdng t khc, xi mn t lun thp hn ni c rng che ph, c bit l rng nhiu tng tn vi tng cy bi thm ti v thm mc rng c duy tr (Hamilton and King, 1983; Wiersum, 1984). Ti cc khu vc bng phng th shin din ca rng hoc khng c rng c thchtc ng rt t n xi mn. ni rt dc cng nhvy, che phca rng c thkhng c tc ng ln trong vic kim sot xi mn. Tuy nhin, i vi nhng ni c dc v lng ma mc trung bnh, th vic a ra cc quyt nh vsdng t v nhng can thip khc ca con ngi c thc tc ng ln n xi mn. Cc nghin cu Vit Nam vmc xi mn ti cc a im khc nhau cho thy rng c thgim c tlxi mn xung khong 10 25 ln so vi ni t trng v t canh tc nng nghip. Cc vng t hnh thnh trn phin st, phin mica, gnai, grant, bazan, lipart, pofia th ximn t ni c rng l t3-12 tn/ha/nm, trn vng trng c ph l t22-70 tn/ha/nm, trn vng t trng c ctnhin l 150235 tn/ha/nm v trn vng trng sn v la nng l 175 260 tn/ha/nm (Vin Quy hoch v thit kNng nghip 1994).

Hu quca sxi mn t cng l mt trong cc nguyn nhn gy ra sa mc ha. c tnh Vit Nam c khong 9,3 triu ha t, chim 28% tng din tch tnhin, c lin quan n sa mc ha. Trong c khong 5 triu ha t cha sdng, 2 triu ha ang c sdng bthoi ha nng v hn 2 triu ha ang c nguy cthoi ha cao. Khong 20 triu dn ang chu nh hng ca qu trnh xa mc ha. (B Nng nghip & PTNT 2007). Khc vi hsinh thi rng vng i ni, hsinh thi rng ven bin, c bit l hsinh thi rng ngp mn c vai tr ln trong hn chxi lbbin v c bit l tc ng ca sng bin v sng thn. Hsinh thi rng ngp mn cn c tc dng lm sch v loi bcc cht nhim v kim loi nng mang li tvng u ngun, cc khu cng nghip, sn xut nng nghip, vv (Wharton et al., 1976). Chnh v vy nhiu quc gia pht trin tp trung cc nlc v u ttho ng nhm bo vv khi phc hsinh thi rng ngp mn ven bin. Tuy nhin, cng ging nhcc loi rng khc, din tch rng ngp mn bsuy gim nghim trng, c bit cc nc ang pht trin. Vic ph rng ngp mn trong nhng nm qua l nhm mc ch 2 1Gt = 10 9 tn 3 nui trng thy sn. Trong 25 nm qua (1980 2005), din tch rng ngp mn trn ton thgii bmt l 3,6 triu ha (khong 20% din tch ca nm 1980) v hin chcn khong 15,2 triu ha. Rng c tc dng iu tit dng chy v hn chllt Mt skhoa hc tin rng dng chy hay lu lng nc nhng khu vc c rng ln hn so vi nhng khu

vc sdng t khc. Ngi ta tin nhvy l v nh hng ca tng lu lng nc chy xung hlu cng nhtnh n nh ca dng chy c nh hng n vic cung cp nc v llt. C thtrong mt vi trng hp cn phi gim lu lng dng chy c th iu tit vic cung cp nc hoc tng dng chy nhm tng lng nc cung cp cho vng hlu. Dng chy bmt phthuc vo scn bng ca mt scc yu tthuvn, bao gm sngng ng nc ma, bay hi, thot hi nc ca cy, sthm thu, ginc trong lng t v phc hi nc ngm. Vmt l thuyt, rng c gn lin vi sngng ng ca ma, lm tng dng chy. Mt khc, rng t nhin thng gip tng thm sthm thu v khnng ginc ca t thng qua mt lp thm ti v lp thm mc. Mc thm thu v ginc tng ln c ngha l dng chy mt bgim i. Hu ht cc nghin cu vlu vc ln trn thgii cho thy lu lng dng chy mt bgim i nhng ni c rng so vi nhng khu vc trng cy nng nghip. Thng tin ny thu c tnhiu cng trnh nghin cu khc nhau, c sdng hng lot kthut khc nhau. Nghin cu Vit Nam cho rng lu lng dng chy mt ti ni c rng thp hn t2,5 n 27 ln so vi khu vc canh tc nng nghip. Thm vo , rng tnhin c tc dng tt hn so vi rng trng trong vic gim dng chy mt. Cc cng trnh nghin cu cc nc khc cho thy dng chy mt ln hn rng trng so vi rng tnhin, ni c lp thm mc mng v lp t rn chc do sdng cgii ha. Nhiu ni ngi ta tin rng lu lng dng chy di tn rng c iu tit theo ma, nhvy l sc lu lng nc ln hn (so vi nhng ni khng c rng) trong ma kh v lu lng tng i thp trong ma ma. Quan nim phbin l rng hot ng nhnhng bt bin, ht nc trong ma ma v nh

nc tttrong ma kh. Quan nim ny li cng quan trng i vi nhng vng c ma kh v ma ma rt khc bit, chng hn nh nhng vng c kh hu gi ma, ni c thc ngun nc dtha vo ma ma v nc li khng trong ma kh. Vmt l thuyt th rng c thlm tng hoc gim lu lng nc so vi t khng c rng. Bng chng thu thp c tcc cng trnh nghin cu thuvn cho thy tc ng ca chng phthuc vo tng ni: kh c thdbo c tc ng ca rng n dng chy theo ma, iu ny cn tuzthuc vo tng a im cthv qu trnh cnh tranh xy ra nhthno. V dnh Anh v Mkhi quan st cho thy h thng thot nc rng trng lm tng thm lu lng dng chy vo ma kh trong mt thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin, Nam Phi, hu ht cc quan st li cho thy rng lm gim lu lng nc ma kh ln lu lng nc trong nm vi mt tlgn nhnhau so vi lu lng nc t trng c. Lin quan n rng v llt, y l mt vn c bn ci rng ri, c bit trong cc nh lm nghip v phng tin thng tin i chng. Hcho rng rng c tm quan trng rt ln trong vic lm gim llt. Trong vi nm trli y chng ta chng kin ngy cng nhiu v thng xuyn nhng trn llt Vit Nam cng nhtrn thgii. Ngi ta cho rng mt rng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n llt. Trong mt vi trng hp, khai thc rng bcm, trn cstin vo sph rng gy ra llt, Thi Lan chng hn, u nhng nm 1990, sau nhng trn lln, cm khai thc rng. Ni chung mi ngi u cho rng rng c th iu tit c dng chy v gim c lu lng nc mt, rng gp phn lm gim llt. Tuy nhin cn phi nhn mnh rng, llt l mt hin tng tnhin m trong nhng dng sng xnc tha sau nhng trn ma ln. i vi nhng lu vc nh, ngi ta thy rt r rng che phca rng c thlm gim thiu lng nc lchy xung hlu. i vi nhng trn lc sc tn ph rt ln th dng nhcha c nhng cskhoa hc xem xt slin quan ca

chng n mt rng - trong nhng iu kin kh hu , c bit l tng lng ma nm v tn xut xut hin ca nhng trn bo ln l nhng nhn trt quan trng (FAO 2005b). Kt lun Mc d Vit Nam cha c nh gi chi tit bng tin vli ch mi trng do cc hsinh thi rng em li nhng cc bng chng khoa hc khng nh vai tr ca rng trong bo vmi trng l rt quan trng v khng thphnhn, c bit l vai tr ca rng lin quan n iu ha kh hu; hn chxi mn v bo vbbin v iu tit dng chy hn chllt. Theo Ngn hng Thgii, spht trin bn vng l spht trin theo nguyn tc Sthomn nhu cu ca thhhm nay khng lm nh hng ti sthomn nhu cu ca cc thhmai sau. iu c 4 ngha, pht trin bn vng l bo ton v pht trin 3 ngun vn: ti nguyn mi trng, nhn lc v cs vt cht. Do vy, vic m bo cc chc nng ca rng vbo vmi trng sl mt trong cc nhn t quan trng ng gp vo spht trin bn vng ca quc gia. Snhn nhn ng n vcc li ch mi trng m rng mang li; vic xc nh, quy hoch v pht trin bn vng cc khu rng phng hv nhng thay i vchnh sch v cchvti chnh vcc dch v mi trng rng sl nn tng quan trng trong qun l rng bn vng nc ta. Ti liu tham kho BNng nghip & PTNT. 2005. Hin trng rng ton quc nm 2005. BNng nghip v PTNT. H Ni. FAO.2005a. Global Forest Resource Assessment 2005. Rome. FAO. 2005b. Forests and floods: drowning in fictionor thriving on facts? RAP Publication 2005/03. Bangkok, FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. Hamilton, L.S. & King, P.N. 1983. Tropical forestedwatersheds: hydrologic and soils response to major uses or conversions. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press.

Hamilton, L.S. & Pearce, A.J. 1991. Biophysical aspects in watershed management, pp. 3352. In K.W. Easter, J.A. Dixon & M.M. Hufschmidt, eds. Watershed resources management: studies from Asia and the Pacific. Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Hewlett, J.D. 1982. Forests and floods in the lightof recent investigation, pp. 543560. In Proc. Canadian Hydrological Symposium, June 1415, Fredericton, N.B. National Research Council, Ottawa. OLoughlin, C.L. 1974. The effect of timber removalon the stability of forest soils. Hydrology 13: 121 134. Vin Quy hoch v Thit kNng nghip. 1994. Kt qunghin cu khoa hc nm 1994. Nh xut bn Nng nghip. H Ni. Vergara, N.T. & Briones, N.D., eds. 1987. Agroforestry in the humid tropics: its protective and ameliorating role to enhance productivity and sustainability. Honolulu, East-West Center. Vin kh tng thy vn.1998. Tuyn tp bo co nh gi nh hng ca hcha Ha Bnh ti mi trng. H Ni. Wharton, C.H., Odum, H.T., Ewel, K., Duever, M., Lugo, A., Boyt, R., Bartholemew, J., De Bellevue, E., Brown, S., Brown, M. & Duever, L. 1976. Forested wetlands of Florida: their management and use. Gainesville, FL, Center for Wetlands. www.vietnamnet.vn/trangnhat. Kh hu bin i, nc ngho chu nh hng nhiu nht.