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1800 1837 1871
1890 1891
1897 1906 1928 1945
1947 1958 1960
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) (audio signals
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)
(transducers
.
) (analog
.


.

) (Claude Shannon
) (information theory

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.


.



.

)(Digital Technology
)

(Edmund Whittaker
) (sampling theory
1915
)(Harry Nyquist
1928

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)
(Nyquist rate
.
) .(lowpass filter

.

) .((time division multiplexing (TDM
) (codes
) (binary numbers " "
.


. ) (Alex Reeves
) ((Pulse Code Modulation(PCM
1937 ) (noise
.

1962
.

.





.

.

 )(Digital Signal Processing

) (analog

.
)digital
(filters
.

) (microprocessors
.

) (adaptive filters
.



.
) (image processing



.


. 1979
1983 ) (TMS32010
.

.

)(Transmitter & Reciever

) (input transducer

) (output transducer

. )baseband transmission
(system .
) (passband transmission system
)(modulator
) (demodulator .
) (modulation


.
)
(sinusoidal carrier


)
4

 ((Amplitude Modulation (AM ) ((Frequency Modulation (FM

) .((Phase Modulation (PM
)
(noise





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) (multiplexer
) (multiplexing
. )Frequency
((Division Multiplexing (FDM )Wave Division Multiplexing
(((WDM .
) ((Time Division Multiplexing (TDM
)Code Division
((Multiplexing (CDM
.

) (Amplitude-Shift Keying ASK
) (Frequency-Shift Keying FSK )Phase-Shift Keying
.(PSK

. ) (source encoders
) (data compression
.
) (channel encoders
. ) (encryption

.

)(Wire & Wireless Channels

)
(channel bandwidth ) (channel loss
) .(time delay


. ) (antennas


.


.

30



30
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.
300
300

.
) 300 3000( )3
30( ) 30 300( ) 300
3000( ) 3 30( ) 30 300
( ) 300 3000( ) 3 30
( ) 30 300( .
)International
(Telecommunication Union





.

5-3

1800

.
) (Samuel Morse
)(William Cooke
) (Charles Wheatstone 1837 .
" "
.
) (variable-length code
.



.

 .
1851
1866 . 1874 ) (
8 1915 . 1896

1906 .
) (teleprinter 1901

.
) (fixed length code
) (Emile Baudot 1874 . 1931
)
(telex

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.

1843
) (Alexander Bain

) (Giovanni Caselli 1861



. 1929 ) (Rudolf Hell


.

.

.

5-4 )(Telephone Networks

1837

.
1876 )
(Alexander Graham Bell


. 1877
) (
21

 .
.

48
.






. 1891 )
(Almon Strowger
- ) (step-by-step exchange
1892
.

. 1896
.

.
1915
1906 . 1935

. 1938 )
(cross-bar exchange
- . 1946
. 1955

.
1866



. 1960


1962 .
1964


.



) . ( Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF) Dialing

. 1965
. 1966


. 1967


. 1976

.
1977
1988 . 1983
. 1994
.


.
) (local exchange

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.


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)(Cellular & Mobile Telephones

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.
) (cellular telephone
) (cells

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) 50(

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:
) (cluster


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)handoff or
(handover


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. 1992
) (2G )(GSM


) .(SMS 2001 ) (3G
) (2.5G )(2.75G
) (data transmission
.

) (multimedia )
.(video phone

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) (Iridium "" 1998
66 ) 11
10

 780( 48 150
1100 .

.
1988 4 11 1990 85
1995 600 2000 2005
2007 2010
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)(Integrated Services Digital Network

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56 .




3 .



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.
) ((Digital Subscriber Line (DSL
6
) .((Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL


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) ((Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM
) .((Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH
)(packet switching

11



)circuit
(switching .
) ((Synchronous optical networking (SONET


.

5-5

1890 .
) (oscillators

1906 .

.
.

.

)(Radio Broadcasting

1890 .

)
.(transmitter spark-gap 1895 )Alexander
(Popov ) (coherer


.

.
1906

. 1906 ) (Greenleaf Pickard
) (crystal detector

) .(Schottky diode
1912 ) (Edwin Armstrong
)amplitude
(modulation

.


.

. 1918
12

 ) (superheterodyne receiver
) (local oscillator
)intermediate frequency
.(IF


.


.

. 1918

. 1930
. 1933
)(frequency modulation


.
.

1919
1933
) (short wave radio ) .(FM radio
1947

.
.


.
) (AM or MW radio
535 1605

. ) (SW radio
3 30
.

.

13

 ) (FM radio 88
108 200 .

30


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.

)(stereo sound


.
) (Radio Data System RDS


.

) (frequency reuse
.


.

)(Television Broadcasting
1875


. 1884
) (Paul Nipkow
.


.

.

. )cathode ray
((tube (CRT 1897 ) (Karl Braun


.

14


.


.
.

1925 1929

) (oscilloscopes ) (spectrum analyzers )
.(digital logic analyzers

1935
1936 1939.

) (Vladimir Zworykin
1929
) (TV camera
) (TV set
.



16
.


.
30 25

525 625
.

.








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.

.

15


.
1939

.

.

5 .

.

.

.

1954 .


.

83
54 69 70 83
.

).(FDM

)(Display Screens
) (CRT 1897


.
29
.


.

.

.
)flat panel
(displays
.

.
) (liquid crystal display LCD ) .(plasma display

.

16













.

1993


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(
.




2006 .

.
) (high definition TV

525 625 .
1080 16 9 4 3
.


.
.

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.


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17

 .

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.


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) (Audio & Video Recorders

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- - )
(reel-to-reel tape recorder )cassette
(recoders
.


.

.
) (video cassette recorder VCR 1956
1965
.

.

18

 5-6 )(Transmission Systems

.



.



.

)Coaxial
(Cables Systems

1935


.



. 1956
3500 50 1957
3600 . 1964
128
.

1983 1380 1984

.

)(Microwave Communication Systems

.


.

)(
.






19

 . 1946

.

.
1976
.

.

)(Satellite Communication Systems

) (Arthur Clarke 1945
)
(repeaters
.



.



1957
(Sputnik 1 ) 1


(Explorer 1) 1
1958 .



1962 1 1963 2
1 1965 .

.

.
40
.

.

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. ) 500
2000( ) ( .



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20


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.

.


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36

.


30

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1965
1997 .


44
.
2000
96 .

1965 1967 1969
1970 1971 1974
1976 1985
1986 1988 1990
1992 1993 1994 1996 .
25

.

21



.
.

)(Fiber Optic Communication Systems

.
1960



. 1967


1970


.


1975
.


.
)(step-index multi mode fiber
50 100 125

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(graded-index multi mode fiber 50 60
125 .

.
) (step-index single mode fiber 10
125

.
850
1300
1550 0,2 .

1987

1999 .

22

 1988
50 .
) (optical amplifiers

.
) ((wavelength division multiplexing (WDM


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.
) ( 1- 1997
27 20
) 15 ( )
(1- 1998 14 40
80 1999 .
)
(SEA-ME-WE 4 2005
1280 64 10
. (Pacific Crossing 1) 1-
2001 21 180
2008 ) ((Trans Pacific Express (TPE
2560 .

170 275
15 .

.
1994 5
45 1998 150 1999
2005 5000 .
2007
.

45 160
.


.
.

5-7


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23

 . )
((Global Positioning system (GPS
24
.

.


.


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.
.

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24

 .





.


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1999.

25