:

____ ___ _______2012

.
____ ____ __________2013

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6. -5 . 91, 94,95, 103, 104

1. ? ( , , ,
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2. ?( ,
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, V-VII,
,
( - V)) : Al2O3- ()
, N2O5- (V) .
3. ? (,
)
?(- , ,
:
5

 , )
. Pb(OH)4 (V)
4. ?( ,
)
?( ,
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, )
. HCl .
5. ? ( ,
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? (, , , , )
. K3PO4 .

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.)
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6

2. 15. ( 15,
15, 15, : = 31-15=16)
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2. ?(
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3. ' ?('
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4. ' ?('

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7

5. ' ?(' ,

, ( ))
6. ' (
( ))?
7. : H2, N2, H2O, CaO,
8. :
: O2, HCl, NH3, CO2 , BaO, AlCl3.
9. ?(
) ?(

)
10. ?(
, )
11. ? (
)
12. : O3, F2O, H2O, AlCl3, HI,
Al(OH)3,
13. .
: H3PO4, ZnO, KOH, H2 , KMnO4, NaNO3, N2O5, NH3, Ca3(PO4)2, MnO2
, Al2(SO4)3, Ba(NO3)2, Zn.
:
1. .. 0 : H02, N02,
2. .. -2 H2O-2, CaO-2 ,Pb(O-2H)4 :
F2O+2, H2O2-1 ,
3... +1 : H+12O, H+1I, Al(OH+1)3
.. 1 : AlH-1 3, NaH-1.
4. .. + :Zn+2SO4,
Na+12, K+1OH.
5. .. 0. Zn+2S+6O-2 4
, .
.
1. ? (, , ,
)

2. ?
3.
.
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10 ? ; 700 1 ? 1 200
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0,1 0,001 .)
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.(
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9. 20
50 .
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30 300 40 % .
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30 20% 40 5%
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.(
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<3%)
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.)
11. ? ?(
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11

12.
.
13. -
) KCl + AgNO3 =
) H2SO4 + Na2CO3 =
) CO2 + KOH =
13.
) 3Ca2+ + 2PO4 3- =Ca3(PO4)2

1. -
Zn + HCl =
AlBr3 +KOH=
MgCl2 +KOH =
Ba(NO3)2 + K2SO4=
NaOH + H3PO4=
Zn(OH)2 + HNO3
2. .
CO32- +2H+ =H2O + CO2
S2- + Pb2+ =PbS
Ag+ + Cl- =AgCl
Fe3+ + 3OH- = Fe(OH)3
14.
, () .
.
15. ,
.
. ( ,
,
( + - ),
,
, ,
,
)
16. ?(pH = -lg [H+] )
. ,
5,5 . ,
?
.

12

 2 .
1 .
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3. .
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6. .
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:
1 13 23 , 47-57 4 4 -5 ,21,22
.
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22.
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. ,

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.
3 .

Na

Mg

Al

Si

Cl

Ar

,
, Na 1 11,
, 13

 , . Mg
2 , 12
, .
Al 3
13 ,
. Si 14 ,
4 , 4
, , .
P
, 15 ,
5 ,
3 , 3 5 . S
6 , 16,
2 , 2 ,
6 , . Cl 17
7 , 1 ,

. Ar 8
,
.
,,
,
,
, .
, .
, ,, , .

. .
V. ,
.

%


F
VII
0,066
Cl
0,017
-4
Br
2,1 *10
-5
I
4 *10
At
O
VI
47
20,95
88,8
S
VI
0,047
14

Se
Te
Po
N
P
As
Sb
C
Si
Ge
H

IV

5 *10-6
1 *10-7
2 *10-14
1,9 *10-3
0,093
1,7 *10-4
5 *10-5
0,023
28,5
1,4 *10-4
0,15

78,09
0,0001

11,4

( , ) .
.
- , ,
. , ,
. .
( ,
, ..),
, .
:
FeS -
Cu2S -
CuSO4*5H2O -
CaSO4 *2H2O -
PbS-
ZnS
Na2SO4 *10 H2O-

5 .
100 000 15 .,
20 .
0,03%.
75% N2.
.
, .

15

 - Ca5Cl(PO4)3 , Ca3(PO4)2 .
0,04% .
, .
600 , 56 , 5 (
6,5 ).

.
, ,
, ,
, .
.
0, 14% .
, , ,
:
(, , ), (, , ,
.)

,
, 16,7%
. ( , - SiO2).
.
- SiO2 , , , ,
, , .

V. , ,
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.

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- 2
3

(
),
16

.
-
=-183 0,
= - 218 0.
( 100
5
)

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,, ,
) .
.

- ,

-

-
-
(60%)
-
-



.
17

(
),




.
- ,

.
,

= - 111 0,

,
1
/
,
,
,
.,

. 2KI + O3
+ H2O = 2KOH +I2 +O2

-
()
-
-

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)
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0

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0

257

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600-700
850-100
450
3700
3500
3700
1423

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10
2
7

18

1500-3000

V. .

1000

:
. ,
. ,
.
.
, ().
.
V. .
20 50
. 4 .
,
.
, 1 % .

.
V. .
1. :
Fe+S =FeS; 2Al +3S=Al2S3; 2P + 3Mg =Mg3P2; Ca + 2C = CaC2;
2. :
N2 +3H2 = 2NH3; H2 + S =H2S; C + 2H2= CH4; 2P + 3H2 =2PH3;
3. :
S + O2 =SO2; N2 + O2 =2NO; 2C + O2 = 2CO; 2S + Br2 = S2Br2
4.
: C + 2CuO = 2Cu + CO2;
5. : Si + 2S = SiS2
19

6.

:3S + 6HNO3 = 3H2SO4 + 6NO;

Si + 2 NaOH + H2O = Na2SiO3 + 2H2

:
1.
2. , .
2. .
2 .
:
1. , , , .
2. , . .
3. .
4. .
- .
5. .
6. , , .
7. .
8. :
9. -1 24-28 37-42
10.-4 6,15 15,16
.
SO2 (V) , , , .
: , ,
, , , , . . = - 10 0,
, .
: ,
, - ,
, .
,
.
:
1. . S + O2 = SO2
2. 2H2S + 3O2 = 2SO2 + 2H2O
3. 2 PbS + 3 O2 = 2PbO + 2SO2
20

4. Na2SO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + SO2 + H2O

5. H2SO4 .Cu + 2H2SO4 = CuSO4+ 2H2O + SO2
:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

SO2 :
H2O + SO2 = H2SO3
SO2 + CaO = CaSO3
2KOH + SO2 = K2SO3 + H2O
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3
SO2 + H2S = 3S + H2O

-
- ,
-
.
- ,
-
- , , .
SO3 - (V) , ,
: , =17 0,
, , , ,
, ,
,
, = 660

: SO2 ( ,
(V) ) . = 400 500 0
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3
.
1.
2.
3.
4.

. SO3 + H2O = H2SO4

SO3 +2 NaOH = Na2SO4 + H2O
CaO + SO3 = CaSO4
2SO3 = 2SO2 + O2
21

:
-
-
H2S , ,
: ,
, ,
.
: ,
, , , .
:
1. H2SH+ + HS-;
HS- H+ + S22. H2S + Zn = ZnS + H2
3. H2S + Na2O = Na2S + H2O
4. H2S + Ca(OH)2=CaS + 2 H2O
5. ,
Pb(NO3)2 + H2S = PbS + 2HNO3
:
1. FeS + 2HCl = FeCl2 + H2S
2. ( .. ) S + H2 = H2S
:
H2SO4 , .
: , , ,
, ,
.

.
. H2SO4
, .
. H2SO4
.
22

 :
1. , :
H2SO4 HSO4 -+ H+;
HSO4 -H+ + SO42- ;
2. 2 KOH + H2SO4 = K2SO4 + 2H2O;
,
K2SO4 + H2SO4 = 2 KHSO4;
3. CaO + H2SO4 = H2O + CaSO4;
4. H2SO4 + Na2CO3 = Na2SO4 + H2O + CO2;
5. BaCl2 + H2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2HCl ;
Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 = 2NaNO3 + BaSO4
6. :
. - ,
,
2Na0 + H2+S+6O4-2 = Na2+S+6O4-2 + H20;
Na0 1 e = Na+ ;
2H+ +2e = H20;
. ,
, ,
, , , .
) SO2
2H2SO4 + 2Ag = Ag2SO4 + SO2 + 2H2O
) , S
4H2SO4 + 3Zn = ZnSO4 + S + 4H2O
) H2S
4 Ba + 5 H2SO4 = BaSO4 + H2S + H2O

:
- FeS
- , ,
PbS, CuS
- ,
H2S
- S
1- SO2 , .
4FeS2 + 11O2 = 2Fe2O3 + 8 SO2;
H = - 13746 ;
SO2 - , ,

23

2 SO2 SO3
SO2 ( , (V) )
. = 400 500 0
2SO2 + O2 = 2SO3 ;
= - 130,6
3- SO3
, .
H2O + SO3= H2SO4

.
. ,
: HCl , HF , HNO3 , H3PO4 ..
,
,7 , , .
,
.
H2SO4 100 . .
13 . H2SO4 ,
21 . , , 7 . .
, ,
.
(PbSO4, CaSO4).
24

 (BaSO4, SrSO4) .
, ..
1. , ,

BaCl2 + 2SO4 = BaSO4 + 2Cl ;
Ba(NO3)2 + Na2SO4 = 2NaNO3 + BaSO4
2.
K2SO4 + H2SO4 = 2 KHSO4;
.
.

CuSO4 * 5 H2O - , /
;
FeSO4 * 7 H2O - , /

CaSO4 * 2H2O - , ,
Na2SO4 * 10 H2O - , ,
Na2SO4 -
K2SO4 -
BaSO4 - , ,

1.
Mg + H2SO4 k =
Hg + H2SO4 k =
Ca + H2SO4 p =
Na + H2SO4 k =
2.
S SO2 SO3 H2SO4 K2SO4 BaSO4
3.
, 35
.
, 49

2.
25

 4. .
:
1. .
2. . .
3. . ,
, .
4. , .,
.
5. , , , ,
,
3. , , .
-
7. , ..

.
8. .
:
-1 55-63 64-80
-4 23 , 24 , 29-31
V :N, P , As , Sb
Bi.
, .

( - N2 ,
(78%)
, ,
.
.,
,
, , .)

1) 6Li + N2 = 2 Li3N; ; 2Al + N2 = 2AlN

2) ,
. N2 + 3 H2 = 2 NH3 ;
3) + 3000 0(
) N2 + O2 = 2NO
: 1) ;
26

2) NH4Cl + NaNO2 = N2 + NaCl + H2O

: 1. . 2. . 3.
.

1) , .
4P + 5 O2 = 2P2O5 ; 4 P+ 3 O2 = 2P2O3
2) 3Ca + 2 P = Ca3P2
3) PH3 ,
, ,

.
3H2 + 2P = 2PH3
:
, ,
, ,

, ,
.
. NH3 .

,
N H :
, .
.

,
.
'
.
:
, , ,
27

 = - 33,4 0, , ,

1) ;
- ; NH4OH
. NH3 + H2O = NH4OH
2) NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl, ;
NH3 + HNO3 = NH4NO3 , ;
3) ,4NH3 + 3 O2 = 2N2 + 6 H2O;
()
4) NH3 + 5 O2 = 4 NO + 6 H2O
5) .3 CuO + 2NH3 = N2 + 3Cu + 3H2O
:
1)
2) , ,
3) ( ), ( ,
, , , ),
4)
.
N2 H2 1: 3
30 .
( 0
450 500 , x .
, ,
H2 , N2 , NH3 , ,
, , ,
, (
). N2 + 3H2 = 2 NH3 + 46,2

28


NH4Cl Ca(OH)2,
, . NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2= NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O
1)
. ,
, ,
. NH3 + H2O = NH4OH
2)
. ,
.
NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl

NH4 +- , Na+
K+

, , .

1) NH4ClNH4 ++ Cl2) :
)
(NH4)2CO3 2NH3 + CO2 + H2O
) ( NH4)2SO4 NH3 + NH4HSO4
) NH4NO3 N2O + H2O
3) ( )
NH4Cl + NaOH = NaCl + NH3 + H2O

N2O
NO
N2O3
NO2
N2O5

N2O , . , .

2N2O = 2 N2 + O2
NO - () , ; ,
; .
2NO + O2 = 2NO2
: ) , .
N2 +O2 =2NO;
29

) NH3 + O2 = 4 NO + H2O;
)
3 Cu + 8 HNO3 = 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4 H2O
N2O3 () , ;
: ) N2O3 + H2O = 2 HNO2 ;
) N2O3 + 2 NaOH = 2 NaNO2 + H2O ;
) N2O3 + CaO = Ca(NO2)2
NO2 (V) , ;
, ,
.; ,
, .

1) 2NO2 = N2O4
2) 2 NO2 + H2O = HNO2 + HNO3
3)
4NO2 + 2H2O + O2= 4 HNO3
4) NO2 + 2NaOH = NaNO2 + NaNO3
5) K2O + 2NO2 = KNO2 + KNO3
6) 2NO2 = N2 + 2O2
N2O5 (V) , , .
, , , .
.
(V) - 25
,
4 + 52 = 225 , . 32 + 25 = 234
, ,
2 + 25 = 23
HNO3
: = 86 0,
, .

1.
2.
3.
4.

HNO3 H+ + NO3 2HNO3 + Na2O = 2NaNO3 + H2O

HNO3 + KOH = KNO3 + H2O
2HNO3+ Na2CO3 =2NaNO3 + CO2 + H2O
30

5. ) Fe, Al, Cr , Pt , Au , Ir , Ta
1) , NO2
u + 4HNO3 k = Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
2) , NO
Zn + 8HNO3 k = 3Zn(NO3)2 + 4H2O + 2NO
3) , N2O
8K + 10HNO3k = 8KNO3 + 5H2O + N2O
) Au , Pt
1) , NO
3Ag + 4HNO3 p = 3AgNO3 + 2H2O + NO
2) , N2O N2
10Fe + 36HNO3 p = 10Fe(NO3)3 +18H2O + N2
3) , N3
4Ba + 10HNO3 p = 4Ba(NO3)2 + 3H2O + NH4 NO3
.
: 2KNO3=2KNO2 + O2
Mg Cu 2Zn(NO3)2 =2 ZnO+ 4NO2 + O2
Hg(NO3)2 = Hg+ 2NO2 + O2

.
:
, .
2 NaNO3 + H2SO4 + Cu= 2 NO2 + CuSO4 + Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
:
1)
NaNO3 + H2SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HNO3
2) )
4 NH3 + 5 O2 = 4 NO + 6 H2O
) 2 NO + O2 = 2NO2
) 2H2O + 2 NO2 + O2 = 4 HNO3
: , , , ,
, .
H3PO4 - .
: , , ,
, .
: Ca3(PO4)2 + 3 H2SO4 = 2 H3PO4 + 3 CaSO4
31

 :
. .
H3PO4H ++ H2PO4-
H2PO4- H ++ HPO42-
HPO42- H+ + PO43
H3PO4 + Mg = Mg3(PO4)2 + H2
H3PO4 + Na2O = Na3PO4 + H2O
H3PO4 + Cu(OH)2 = Cu3(PO4)2 + H2O
AgNO3 o
3AgNO3 + Na3PO4 = Ag3PO4 +3NaNO3

.
.
.
,
.

. ,
, - .
:
1. : , , , ,
.
2. : , , ..
3. : , , .
60 70% .
,
KNO3, NaNO3, ,NH4NO3
- Ca3(PO4)2
Ca(H2PO4)2*CaSO4
Ca(H2PO4)2
CaHPO4
- (NH4)2HPO4 NH4H2PO4
CO(NH2)2
:
1.
2. .
1)Mg + HNO3 k =
3) Hg + HNO3 k =
2) Cr + HNO3 p =
4) Li + HNO3 p =

32

 2.
6.
.
:
1. .
2.
3.
4. :
5. -1 43-46
,
.
Mg(NO3)2 =
K + H3PO4 =
Pb + HNO3 p =
:
:
) ,
() ; Mg(NO3)2 =MgO +NO2 +O2
)
.. Mg2+(N5+O-23)2 =Mg+2O-2 +N+4O-22 +O02
:
1... 0 : H02, N02,
2... -2 H2O-2, CaO-2 ,Pb(O-2H)4 : F2O+2,
H2O2-1
3. .. +1 : H+12O, H+1I, Al(OH+1)3
.. 1 : AlH-1 3, NaH-1.
4. .. + :Zn+2SO4,
Na+12, K+1OH.
5. .. 0. Zn+2S+6O-24
) , ..
Mg2+(N5+O-23)2 =Mg+2O-2 +N+4O-22 +O02
N 5+
N4+
2O-2
O02
) ( -) :
, ,
,
Mg2+(N5+O-23)2 =Mg+2O-2 +N+4O-22 +O02
N 5+ +1e= N4+
33

2O-2 -4e= O02

) , ,
Mg2+(N5+O-23)2 =Mg+2O-2 +N+4O-22 +O02
N 5+ +1e= N4+
4
-2

O02

2O -4e=
) ,
.
Mg2+(N5+O-23)2 =Mg+2O-2 +4N+4O-22 +1 O02
N 5+ +1e= N4+

4 ,
4

-2

2O -4e=

O02

1 ,

) , ,
, ,
2Mg2+(N5+O-23)2 =2Mg+2O-2 +4N+4O-22 +1 O02
N 5+ +1e= N4+

4 ,
4

-2

2O -4e=

O02

1 ,

1.
) , 45
,
75%
.
1) :
:
m(K2SO4) = 45
(.) = 75%
m() =?
2)
:
m(K2SO4) = 45 K2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 = 2KNO3 + BaSO4
(.) = 75%
m() =?
34

3) ,
:
45
x
m(K2SO4) = 45
K2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 = 2KNO3 + BaSO4
(.) = 75%
m() =?
4) ,
:
m(K2SO4) = 45
(.) = 75%
m() =?

45
x
K2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 = 2KNO3 + BaSO4
1
1

5)
:
45
x
m(K2SO4) = 45 K2SO4 + Ba(NO3)2 = 2KNO3 + BaSO4
(.) = 75%
1
1 233 /
m() =?
174 / =174
= 233
(K2SO4) = 39 2 + 32 + 16 4 = 174 /
(BaSO4) = 137 + 32 + 164 = 233 /
6) , .
45 /174 =x/233
= 45233 = 60,25
174
7) 60, 25 ,
75 % ,

60, 25 ---- 100%

----------75%
= 60,25 75 = 45,2
100
: 45,2
2. .
) , 40
20 %

1) .
35

:
m(Ca)= 40
() = 20%
V() =?
2)
:
m(Ca)= 40
3Ca + 2H3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2
() = 20%
V() =?
3) , , ,
,
,
4) :
32

m(Ca)= 40
3Ca + 2H3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2
() = 20%
V() =?
40 ----------100%
----------20 % = 400,2 = 8
m(Ca)=40 8 = 32
5)
,
,
:
32

m(Ca)= 40
3Ca + 2H3PO4 = Ca3(PO4)2 + 3H2
() = 20% 3
3 22,4 / =
V() =?
40 /=120
67,2
40 ----------100%
----------20 % = 400,2 = 8
m(Ca)=40 8 = 32
6) .
32 ------------
120 ----------- 67,2
= 32 67,2 =17,92 ()
120
: 17, 92 .
36


1. , 45
, 78%.
3. , 30 , 10 %
.
2 .
8 . ..

:
1. , .
2. . .
.
3. , .

. , .
4. .
5. .
6. : , , , .
:
-1 81-106
-4 37 -41

V C , Si , Ge( )
, Sn ( ), Pb ( )
.
s- , -

-,
s-. V ,
4 , 0, + 2 ,+ 4.
, ?(
).
.?( , , , ).
? ( . ,
,
)
- :
37

1. : , , 2C + O2=2CO,
C+ O2 = CO2; Si + O2 = SiO2; C + H2 = CH4;
C+2S = CS2
2. . Mg + C = Mg2C
Ca +C=CaC2
3. . ZnO + C = CO + Zn ; 2 Al2O3 + 9 C = Al + CO2
CH4 SiH4

. Si H

CH4 SiH4.
.
CO

()

= - 780

, ,

,
.

CO2
(V)


= - 1910
,
,
, ,

,
.

.

CO2+H2O=H2CO3

CaO+CO2=CaCO3
.
Ca(OH)2+CO2=CaCO3+
H2O

CaCO3+H2O+CO2=

.

2CO+O2=2CO2
CO+Cl2=COCl2 ()

.
Fe2O3+3CO=2Fe+3CO2
MnO+CO=Mn+CO2

CO+H2O=CO2+H2

38

SiO2
(V)

. ,

= 16100

,
,
, , ;

.
,




SiO2+2NaOH=Na2SiO3
+H2O

SiO2+Na2CO3=Na2SiO3+
CO2
.
SiO2+CaO=CaSiO3




CO2+C=2CO

H2O+C=CO +H2



HCOOH=CO+H2O

Ca(HCO3)2

CaCO3=CO2+H2O

CaCO3 +2HCl =CaCl2+

H2O+CO2

,
,

.,

.

(
2, , 2); , ,
, ,
, ,
: , , , ..
.
23

23+ +3 2
H2CO3+2Na =Na2CO3 + H2

H2CO3+CaO = CaCO3+H2O

.
H2CO3+Na2CO3=2NaHCO3
39

2SiO3



.

H2SiO3=H2O+SiO2

H2SiO3+2NaOH=Na2SiO3+2H2O

, .
(

.
CaCO3=CaO+CO2



CaCO3+2HCl=CaCl2+H2O+CO2


CO2+H2O=H2CO3

,

,

.
K2SiO3+CO2+H2O=K2CO3+H2SiO3


K2SiO3 +2HCl=2KCl+H2SiO3


K2SiO3 +2HCl=2KCl+H2SiO3

:
NaHCO3 -
Na2CO3 -
K2CO3 -
Na2CO310H2O -
MgCO3 - ,
MgCO3CaCO3 -
CaCO3 - , .
Mg2+ Ca2+ .
.
( ) ( )



,
.
,
.
1)
Ca(HCO3)2 =CaCO3+H2O+CO2
2)
Ca(HCO3)2+Na2CO3=CaCO3+2NaHCO3
3) .
Ca(HCO3)2+Ca(OH)2=2CaCO3+2H2O
.
40

1)
CaSO4+Na2CO3=CaCO3+Na2SO4
CaCl2+Na2CO3=CaCO3+2NaCl
2)
3) 3CaSO4+2Na3PO4=Ca3(PO4)2
+3Na2SO4

 2
.
. 2 ,
. 2
.

,
. ,
= 1150 0 1400 0. 23
(12%), ,
Cr2O3 - , MnO2 .
.
,
1400 1500 Al2O32SiO22H2O
.
.
.

(, ,
). .

2. 24 ,
80 %.
4. , 20 (2) ,
30 % , .
2 .
10 .
3
:
1. - .
2. .
.
-1 29 34
1. 10 5,6 .
1. .

m(S)= 10
S + O2 = SO2
41

V(O2) =5,6
m(SO2) = ?
2.

10 5,6

m(S)= 10
S + O2 = SO2
V(O2) =5,6
m(SO2) = ?
3. ( )
.

10 5,6

m(S)= 10
S + O2 = SO2
V(O2) =5,6 1 1 1 64/ = 64
m(SO2) = ?
32/ 22,4/
=32

= 22,4

4. ,
, ( )

m(S)= 10
V(O2) =5,6
m(SO2) = ?

(10 ) 5,6

S + O2 = SO2
1

1 64/ = 64

32/ 22,4/
=32

= 22,4

5. .

(10 ) 5,6

m(S)= 10
S + O2 = SO2
V(O2) =5,6 1 1 1 64/ = 64
m(SO2) = ?
32/ 22,4/
=32

= 22,4

/ 32=5,6/ 22,4
= 32 5,6/22,4 =8.()
, 8 , 10 . ,
, .
, .

5,6 / 22,4 = /64
= 64 5,6 /22,4 = 16 ().
42

: 16 .
.
2. 25 45
.
3. 30 25
.
4. 1 1,5
.
5. .
Mg + HNO3 k=
KNO3 + t =
Hg + HNO3p =
Co + H2SO4 p =

3. .
1. .
. '. .
. .
:
1. ,
. '.
2. , .
3. , , ,
. .
4. . , ,
. .

-5 141-148, 162-164.

88 .
.. .
,
. ,
, .

( ), , ,
( ) , (
43

 - ), (
). < 5 /3 (Li, Na, K , Mg,
Al) > 5 /3 (Zn, Fe, Au,Cu),
t Hg = - 38,8 0 t W= 3410 0,
.
.
Na

Ca
28 1

Al
2882

283

,
0 n = +ne . : 1)
; 2)
.

++ - +
- + - +
+
+
+
,
+
+

,
,
.
, + ,
+ , . ,
, .
()
1. Ca + S = CaS; 3Mg+2P =Mg3P2 ; Zn+O2=ZnO;
2. .

MeOH +H2
H2O
MeO + H2
+

3.

+H2
+ H2

44

4.

Mg + ZnCl2 = MgCl2 +Zn
5.

Al+ Fe2O3 = Fe + Al2O3
.
-
: , , , ,.
: ( FeO ,Fe2O3 - ),
(FeS2,ZnS, PbS - , , ),
(CaSO4 *H2O - ), (CaCO3,MgCO3 - , ),
( (Ca3(PO4)2 - ) , (KNO3,NaNO3 - ).
.
.
Li Na K Rb Cs Fr
s 1 p0


. 1 ,
.
, 0 1 = +1.

, , -, .Li= 179 0C, .Na= 63,5 0C, .K= 97,80C.
.
. (Na) 2,6%, () 2,6%,
NaCl
Na2SO410H2O -
NaNO3
-
Na3AlF6
-
Na2B4O7
-
KClNaCl
-
K2CO3
-

1. ,
4Na + O2= 2Na2O ; 2 Na + O2= Na2O2
2.
45

2K +Cl2 =2KCl
3.
2 Li +S =Li2S
4.
2K+2H2O =2KOH +H2
5.
2Cs +H2 =2CsH
,
.
.

4 = 4 +2+22

1.
1.
2.
2.

3.
3.
4.
4.

.
-

NaOH- ,

NaCl
:
2Na2O2+2CO2=2Na2CO3+O2 KCl
,

,
Na2SO4


,
Na2CO3

,
KOH
NaHCO3


Be Mg Ca Sr Ba Ra
s2 p0

2 ,
. ,
46

 2 .
.
,
, .
0 2 = +2

() = 3,4% . .
CaCO3
- , ,
CaSO42H2O
-
Ca3(PO4)2
-
CaCO3 MgCO3 -
MgCO3
- ,
CuCO3
-

- , , . = 851 0

1.
2Ca+O2=2CaO
2.
Ca+Cl2=CaCl2
3.
Mg+H2O=MgO+H2; Ba+2H2O=Ba(OH)2 +H2
4.
Ba+S=BaS; Ca +2C=CaC2
5.
Mg+2HCl=MgCl2 +H2;

CaCl2
CaCl2 = Ca+Cl2

1.
2.
3.

()
()2

47

1.

+2=()2
2.
+4= 2+2

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

3
, ,

CaSO42H2O - :
,
,
Ca3(PO4)2 - :
,
.

.

.
.
,
.
,
.
-
, . ,
,
. .
. 20
% .

1. : ,
, , ..; , , , ,
.; .
2. . ,
, , ,
.
3. .
,
,
.
.
1. :
Zn + CuCl2=
Al + PbO2 =
48

Mg + HNO3k=
K+H2O =
2.
MgO MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgO Mg MgCl2 Mg(NO3)2
3. 25
10% .
4. ,
40 22,4 .
5. , 45
() .
3. .
2 .
. . .,
. .
:
1. , , ,
.
1. , , ,
..
2. , .
3. .,
. .
:
5 148-149, 167 173.
.
.
B

Al

Ga

In
Tl
. 3s2 3p1
,
, .
0 3 = 3+

- , , , .
. = 660 0.
49

 .
1. ,
, . 4Al+3O2=2Al2O3
2. . 2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl3; 2Al +3S =Al2S3; 4Al+ 3C=Al4C3
3. 2 Al + 3H2O = Al2O3 +3H2
4. 2Al+ 3ZnCl2 = 2AlCl3 + 3Zn
5. 2 Al + 6HCl = 2AlCl3 + 3H2
6. Al + 3NaOH +3 H2O = Na3 [Al (OH)6 ] + 3H2
7. ()
2Al + Fe2O3 = Al2O3+ 2Fe

Al2O3 i Na3AlF6 T = 962 0C

Al2O3 , , , ,
, ,
,
, Al2O3 .
( 8% ). 250 ,

Al2O3 H2O, , Na3AlF6
, .
Al2O3 , .
.
Al2O3 + 6NaOH = 2 Na3AlO3 + 3 H2O.
Al(OH)3-
1. Al(OH)3 + 3 HCl= AlCl3 +3H2O
2. Al(OH)3 + KOH = K3AlO3 + 3H2O
3. 2Al(OH)3 = Al2O3 + 3H2O


AlCl3+ 3NaOH =Al(OH)3 +3 NaCl

1. : ,

2.
3.
4.
5.
50

6.
7. .
.
.
V d
.
Fe0 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d6 4s2
Fe +2 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d6 4s0
Fe+3 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p63d5 4s0
, s-
+ 2 . 3d
d
.
+2 +3.
.
- , . ( 4,65% ).
: Fe2O3, Fe2O3, Fe2O3 H2O,
FeCO3, FeS2. ,
,
.
.
- (1539 0) ,
, , .

1. 3Fe+2O2=Fe2O3
2. 2Fe + 3Cl2 = 2FeCl3; Fe + S = FeS
3.
4 Fe + 6 H2O + 3 O2 =4 Fe(OH)3 ,
3 Fe + 4 H2O = Fe2O3 + 4 H2
4. Fe + 2 HCl = FeCl2 + H2
5. Fe + CuSO4 = Cu + FeSO4
.
Fe+2
51

() Fe - ,
. : Fe2O3 + 3H2= 2Fe O+ 3H2O; Fe2O3 + 3CO =
3CO2 + 2FeO . FeO +2 HCl= FeCl2
+ H2O
4 FeO + O2 = 2 Fe2O3
() Fe(OH)2 - ,
. : FeSO4 + 2 NaOH = Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4.
Fe(OH)2 Fe(OH)2 + H2SO4 = FeSO4 + 2 H2O
. 4 Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O= 4 Fe(OH)3
Fe+3
(I) Fe23 - ,
, .
Fe2O3 + 6HCl = 2FeCl3 + 3 H2O;

Fe2O3 + 2 NaOH = 2 NaFeO2 + H2O
Fe2O3 + Na2CO3= 2 NaFeO2 + CO2

NaFeO2 + 2 H2O = Fe(OH)3 + NaOH
Fe2O3 Fe3O4
6Fe3O2 = 4 Fe3O4 +O2
(I) Fe() 3 ,
. : Fe(NO3)3 + 3KOH = Fe(OH)3 + 3 KNO3
2 Fe(OH)3 = Fe2O3 + 3H2O
2Fe(OH)3 + 3 H2SO4 = Fe2(SO4)3 + 6 H2O
Fe(OH)3 + 3 NaOH = Na3[Fe(OH)6]

FeSO4 7 H2O
, ,
FeCl3 .

K4[Fe(CN)6] - , Fe+3
4 FeCl3 + 3 K4[Fe(CN)6]=12KCl + Fe4[Fe(CN)6]
K3[Fe(CN)6] - , Fe+2
3FeCl2+ K3 [Fe(CN)6]= 6 KCl + Fe3[Fe(CN)6+
52


, ,
( ',
)
>1,7%.
<1,7 %.
, , .
.
(
, , , .) .
, :
, , , , , . ,
, ,
.
. :
1. ( ).
: , , .
2. , .
:
1)
.
. ZnO + C = CO + Zn; 3 Fe2O3 + CO = 3 FeO + CO2
, , , ,
.., ,
, .
2ZnS + 3O2 = 2 ZnO + 2 SO2
,
(, , ..) .
3 MnO2 + 4Al = 3 Mn + 2 Al2O3
.
Bi2O3 + H2 = 2Bi + 3H2O
2) .
,
, .
, , , , ..
CuO+ H2SO4= CuSO4 + H2O ;
CuSO4 + Fe = FeSO4 + Cu
53

CdO + H2SO4 = CdSO4 + H2O;

CdSO4 + Zn = ZnSO4 + Cd
3)
. ,
, . CaCl2 = Ca + Cl2

1. BaCl2 Ba Ba(OH)2 BaCl2 BaSO4
2. K KOH Al(OH)3 Al2O3 Al
3. MgO MgCl2 Mg(OH)2 MgO Mg
4. :
1.
2.

54

3.
.

. .
4 . .
1. . .
.
:
1. . ,
.
2. .
3. . .
4. . , . . .
, .
:
-3 . 6-21, 27-30, 31-39
-4 . 49-54
1. , .(
1827 .
,
.
.)
2. .( ,
, , , , , ,
)
3. (1828
.)
4. ( 10
).
5. ( ,
,
, , .)
.
, , .
.
.. 1858-1861 .
55

1. , ,
.
.
2.
.
3. ,
, .
4.
.
:
,
.
:
, ,
.
.
, , .
.
.. 1858-1861 .
1. , ,
.
.
2.
.
3. ,
, .
4.
.
:
,
.
:
, ,
.
. .


.
56

 , .
, ,
,


CnH2n+2 , ,
.

4
26
38
410
512
614
716
818
920
1022

2 .
, ,
.


IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry)

, i , (). :
i i ii ii .
.
1. ( ),
, .
, .
Br
1
2 3 4 5

2. ,
.
57

3 Br
3 2 3 42 53
3
1

3. .

3
F
25
Cl
37
Br
49 ..

, ,
,
,
.
, :
1 - ---6
2
7
3
8
4
9
5
10
, :
3 Br
1
3 2 3 42 53
3
2,3 3
4.
, - ,
, . 5 ,
.
3 Br
13 2 3 42 53
3
2,3 3 .
, ,
, , ,
.
58

2. ,
.
2,2 4 .
1. , , 6 .
, 6 .
1 2 3 4 5 6
2. , : 1)
2
Br
1 2 3 4 5 6
Br
2) 4
Br
1
2 3 4 5 6
Br
25
3.
(
)
Br
13 2 32 4 52 63
Br
25
, ,
.
: ()
:

322 223 3 223

33
3
3 3

.
s- (),
- ().
, .
s- -,
s3

59

1.
2. ,
,
3. 20 25
, , ,

1. :
1) , .
2) =500 0
+ 224
3)
+324+2
2.
4) :
2CH3Cl+2Na 2NaCl+ C2H6
5) Al4C3+12H2O 4Al(OH)3+3CH4
6)
CH3COONa+NaOH CH4+Na2CO3

, , 4 512
, 614 1532 , 1634 .
60


1.
4+222+22
2. ()
.
818410+48
3. .( ,
)
2422+32
26 24+2
4. .

CH4+Cl2CH3Cl +HCl.
.
CH3Cl +Cl2CH3Cl2 +HCl
CH2Cl2 +Cl2CHCl3 +HCl
CHCl3 +Cl2CCl4 +HCl
.

l
,
.
,
,
, , ,
.
.
1. .

25
Cl

25

Cl C
2. :
) 2,3,4 ;
) 2,5- -2-;
) 3--2,2,4-;
) 2,4-- 3- 3-;
61

) 2,3-;
3.

) ) ) .
4. ) 20 ;
)
4 ; ) 7 .
5. : 26,24,
66,714, 818, 22, 614
6. : 43l26242
7. .

4
2. : , , .
:
1. -3 .44-60, 63-64, 66-70
2. -4 .61-68
:
1. ,, . , .
2. , . ,
.
3. .
4.
. .
5. , .

.

( )
.
= .
CnH2n

24 ()
612
36
714
48
816
510
918
1020
:
62

 '
, ' ,

: 3 = 3
3,4--2-
3 3
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
: .
3 2 2 = 2 3 = 2 3
2 = 3
-1-
-2-
3--1- 3

,
s2 .
( s, ),
( ).

.
-'
-
-
- ,
, '. ' ' -'. -' -'.

63


1.
3-CHBr-CH2Br +ZnCH3-CH=CH2+ ZnBr2
2.
CH3-CHCl-CH3+ NaOH CH2=CH-CH3+ NaCl +H2O
3. ()
CH3-CHOH-CH2-CH3 CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 +H2O
4. ()
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 CH3-CH=CH-CH3 +H2
5.
C8H18 C4H10+C4H8
6. . CHCH+H2CH2=CH2

C24 510 -, 612 1428 , 1530 .
.

1.
)
C2H4+H2C2H6
)
C2H4+Cl2 C2H4Cl2
)
C2H4+H2O C2H5OH
)
:

CH3-CH=CH2 +HCl CH3-CHCl-CH3
2.:
64

) () C2H4+3O22 CO2 +2H2O

)
.
3C2H4+2KMnO4+4H2O 2MnO2+3CH2OH-CH2OH +2KOH
3.
()
CH2=CH2+ CH2=CH2 +CH2=CH2 -CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH2- (-CH2-CH2-)n ,
n
( )
( )
.
:
1. , ,
, , .
2. .

nH2n-2

22 ()
712
34
814
46
916
58
1018 -
610
:

' ,
' , -
: 3 2
3 3 4,5- -1-
:
1.
2.
3.
:

65

3 2 2
-1-

3 2 3
3
-2-
3--1- 3

,
s .
( s, - ),
( ).

.
-'
-

-
'
,
- ' -' -'.
-' -'.
:
1. , 1500 0 ,

2422 +32
2. 2 +22 22+()2

1.
)
C2H2+H2C2H4
C2H2+2H2C2H6
)
C2H2+2Cl2 C2H4Cl4
) . ,
,
66

C2H2+H2O 3
) :

CH3-CCH +2HCl CH3-CCl2-CH3
2.:
) () 2C2H2+5O24CO2 +2H2O
)
.
3C2H2+8KMnO4 8MnO2+3CO-CO+2KOH +22
3. 222 2=- ()
4.

32266 ()

1. , ,
.
2.
3. .
()
- .
=-=
nH2n-2

34
712
46
814
58
916
610
1018 -
:
'
, '
,
: 3 = = 2
3
4--1,3-

1.
2.
3.
67

4. .

2= = 3 2 = 2 = 2 2 2 3
.
,
s2 .
( s, ),
( ).

.
-'
-

-
- ,
, '. ' ' -'. -' -'.

1. ,
. : ,

1. , .
2. ( ,1927 )
400 500 0 Al2O3 ZnO
225 2= = 2 + 22 + 2
n2= =2 ( - 2 = 2 - )n
3. - .
Cr2O3 , t= 650 oC
41046 + 22
48 46 + 2

1.
)
C4H6+2H2C4H10
68

) C4H6+2Cl2 C4H6Cl4
)
C4H6+H2O C4H8(OH)2
) :

CH2=-CH=CH2 +2HCl CH3-CHCl-Cl -CH3
2.:
) () 2C4H6+11O28CO2 +6H2O
)
.
3.
()
n CH2=CH-CH=CH2 (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-) n
,n
.
.
.
().
.
: , , ,
, , ; .
(58) n , n= 2500.
150000 500000 ...
n2= 2 (- 2 = 2 - ) n
3
3
, -,
, ,
,
.
. 1932 .
2= = 2 ( - 2 = 2 - ) n,
., .
, , .
, ,
.
.
(2--1,3-),
, - .
69

. :
,
. .
. .
-CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 S
S
S
( - 2 = 2 - ) n+ S -CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 S
S
S
-CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
S
S
S

, , .
32 % . ,
.
, ,
, .
.
n2= 2 (- 2 = 2 - ) n

, , ,
.

2= =2

2= =2

2
=

-2

-2

.

.
,

.
.

70

 2= =2
3

(
)

- 2

2= =2
Cl

( - 2 = 2 - ) n
Cl

(
)
2= =2

= 2

65

, -
,
.

, ,
.
, ,

.

(-2-=-2--2-) ,
65

.
n2=2 (-2 2 -) n
: , , , =
140 0, ,
: , , ,
, , , .
.
n2=3 (-2 -) n
3
.

n2= (-2 -) n

: , , , ,
, , , , .
71

: , ,
, , , .
.
nF2=F2 (-F2 F2 -) n
, , , , 200
0
+260 0 , , , , ,
, , ., , ,
, .
6 ,
( , , , ),
, .
.
1. .
25
Br
C
C2H5
Cl
C
C=C C C C C C C C C C C
CCC
CC=CC=C
C C
C
C
C2H5
C
C
2. .
) 2,5- -1-
) 3,3,4 -1-
)2,4,6- -2, 5-.
3.
24, 34, 22, 66, 714, 818, 1020
4.
) , 12
) , 3
) , 6
) , 10 .
5. , :
4222425410462
6. .
4
3.
.
:
1.
2.
.
72

3.
4.
5.
6.

.
,

.
7. :
8. -4 .56

. .
, 42,07% ,
- !8,9% , 39,05%.
5,857.
1. .

(Na)=42,07%
(P)=18,9%
(O)=39,05%
D(N2)=5,857
NaxPyOz
2.

(Na)=42,07% Mr= D(N2) Mr(N2)=5,85728=163,99=164 /

(P)=18,9%
(O)=39,05%
D(N2)=5,875
NaxPyOz
3. ,

n:

73


(Na)=42,07%

Mr= D(N2) Mr(N2)=5,85728=163,99=164 /

(P)=18,9%
(O)=39,05%
D(N2)=5,875
NaxPyOz

( )

( )
: Na3PO4

1.

2 5

==
=

2.
.
) 2,3- 4 -1-
) 3,3,4,5--1-
) 2,4 -5--1,3-
) 2,5--3,3-.
3.
)
)
4. .
) : 714, 510, 24,
66, 22.
) 16
) 6
) 16
5. ,
42224254104849
:
74

1. 76, %,
12,7%, 11,3.
8,875 . .
2. , 56,3%, 10,4
%, 33.3%. 53,25. .
4
4. .
:
1., , ,,
. .
2. .
3. . .
:
-3 .74-83
-4 .78-81

- , ,
.
:

: 66
: CnH2n-6, n 6
:
, .
:
3
3
1,2-.

1.
2. .
:
3

25

3
3
3
1,2- 1,3- 1,2-
75


s2
, - ,
-
- , -'

1. .
2. , =500 0, =2500 5066 , .
61266 +32
3.
716 78 +42
4. ,=800 0 ,
32266
:
, =80 0 , ,
: , , . -
. , ,
.

1. 266 + 52122+62
2. . FeCl3, AlCl3.
C6H6+ Cl2C6H5Cl +HCl
3.. - H2SO4
C6H6+HNO3C6H5NO2 +H2O
4.
C6H6+ H2SO4 C6H5SO3H +H2O
5..
) : =200 ,=5066 , , , .
C6H6+3H2C6H12 ()
76

) : -
C6H6+3Cl2C6H6Cl6 ()
6. .

1. : , , ,
, ,
2.
3. :
( ),
.
.

, , , ,
' . 1768 .
.
, ,
(),
.
,
.
,
. ,
. ,
, ,

.
( ... .() caedo , ),
,
() (). .
. ',
( , , ,
.). . .
( ) ,
.
, , ,
. ,
, , .

77

 . ' .
, .
(, , ,
)
( . insectum caedo -),
, , , , .
..
/ ;
, , ,
(, , ..), ,
, , .

1.
) 1,3
) 1--2,4-
) 2--3,4,4--1-
) 3,3--1-
) 2,3,4,5- -1,3-
2. .
3. 422242541048(48)n2
2226665563
3. , 56,3%, 10,4
%, 33.3%. 53,25. .
4 .
5. .
1. , , , , ,
.
2. .
3. .

-4 .88-91
-3 .87-99

1. .
2. . . .
3. .
4. .
78

5. ,

6. . . .
7. .
8. .
9. ,
10. , ,
.
11. , .
12. .
13. . . .
14. .
15. .
16. , .
17. .
18.
19. .
20. , .
21.
22. . . .
23. .
24. , .
25. .
26. .
4
6.
.
1.
.. .
, 6,8
16,2 .
1. .

m(CnH2n-2)=6,8
CnH2n-2 + 2HBr CnH2nBr2
m(HBr) = 16,2
n =?
79

2. .

6,8
16,2
m(CnH2n-2)=6,8
CnH2n-2 + 2HBr CnH2nBr2
m(HBr) = 16,2
n =?
3. (
)

6,8
16,2
m(CnH2n-2)=6,8
CnH2n-2 + 2HBr CnH2nBr2
m(HBr) = 16,2
1 2
n =?
4.

6,8
16,2
m(CnH2n-2)=6,8
CnH2n-2 + 2HBr CnH2nBr2
m(HBr) = 16,2
1
2 81/=162
n =?
14n2 /=
(14n 2)
(CnH2n-2) = 12 n + 2n 2=14n 2 /
M(HBr) = 1+80 = 81/
5.

6,8
16,2
m(CnH2n-2)=6,8
CnH2n-2 + 2HBr CnH2nBr2
m(HBr) = 16,2
1
2 81/=162
n =?
14n2/=
(14n 2)
(CnH2n-2) = 12 n + 2n 2=14n 2 /
M(HBr) = 1+80 = 81/
6,8/(14n 2)=16,2/162
14n 2=6,8 162/16,2
14n =70
n=9
916

80

 .
. 1.
3
25

==
3
3
3

37
2.
.
) 3,3--1-
) 2,4--3--1-
) 1,3,5-
) 2,3,4,4-
) 3,4,5--1,4-
3.
);
)
4. .
:
) 6 ; ) 8
:
22,410, 46,48,88,34
4. ,
l4342224(-2-2-)n
5.
.
, 40%,53,33%,
6,67% 1,875.
6. :
. , 4,2 7,2
.
. . , 5,4 4,48
.
5 .
1. .
:
1. , , ,
, .
2. , .
81

3. . .
4. . ,
.
5. .
:
-3 . 100-116
-4 . 100-109
, ,
.()
.
1. : , .
2. : , , .
3. : , , .
3-2-
3 3
3

3 3

,
:
n2n+1
:
3 ,
49
25 ,
511
37
613

, , ,

.
13 2 32 4 53

4--2-

1.
2.
3. ()
:
82

2 2 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 25 37

-1-
-2-

.
,
. -,
+, ,
, ,
.

' ,
.

:
1. +223
2.
:
1.
6126225 +22
2. ( )
24 +225
3.
3 +NaOH CH3OH +NaCl
4. .
CH3CHO +H2 CH3CH2OH

1.
)
25 +3222+32
)
25 +* +3 ( )
3 +* +3 ( )
* +- KMnO4, u, H2O2, K2Cr2O7, O2
2. :
)
C2H5OH+2NaC2H5ONa + H2O
83

)
C2H5OH + NaOH C2H5ONa + H2O
) ()
C2H5OH +HOSO2OH C2H5OSO3H +H2O
C2H5OH +HOOCCH3 C2H5OOCCH3 +H2O
) ( )

C2H5OH + HOC2H5C2H5OC2H5 +H2O
4. :
)
C2H5OH +HBrC2H5Br + H2O
)
CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH=CH CH3 +H2O
5.( 200 0)
C2H5OH CH3CHO +H2

: !, , ,
, .
: , , ,
, , ; ,
, , .
,
:
n2n+2- ()

2 ,
2 (-1,2-)
2
( -1,2,3-)
2

, ,
, ,
.
13 2 32 4 53

3
4--1,2-
84


1.
2.
:
2 2 3 3 3
3


2 2
-1,2-
-2,3-

2--1,3-
.
,
,
,
,
,
, , .

1.
2- + 2NaOHCH2OH
2-
CH2OH + 2NaCl
2.
3.
1)CH2=CH-CH3+ O2CH2CHO+ H2O
2)CH2=CH-CH2OH+H2OCH2-CH-CH2
OH OH OH


2 +2Na 2 Na
2
2 Na +H2

2
2 Na
2 +NaOH 2 Na +H2O
()
CuSO4+2NaOHCu(OH)2 +Na2SO4
2 +u(OH)2
H2O
+
2
HO-CH2
2
2 Cu O- CH2
( )
85


2 + 2NO3 2NO2 + 2H2O
2
2NO2

: !

:
, , , , ,
;
.
, ,
.
:
n2n-7, n6

65 -

2,5-
3

, .
:
1.
2. .
.
,
2,4,6
-
, .

86


, -
( ).
,
.

1.
2. 1)66 + 2 65 +
2) 65 +2 65 +

1. ,
65 65-++
2.
265OH +2Na 265ONa +H2
3.
65OH +NaOH 65ONa+H2O
4. ( )
.
65OH +3Br2 62Br3OH +3HBr
5. ()
n65OH + nCH2O
OH
---CH2+ n H2O
n

(), .
,
, .
6.
2C6H5OH +9O212CO2+6H2O

: ! , ,
,; .
87

 :
,
,

1.

3
3

25

2. :
) 2,3- 3--1,4-
) 2,4,6-
) 3,5--1-
) 2,3,3,4--1,4,5-
3. )
; ) .
4. :
4326242525252525
5.
) , 32,4%, 22,5%,
45,1%. 71.
) , 7,8 21,3
5. .
2.
.
-1 . 84,86
.
, 2,3 4,4
2,7 . 1,64

m()=2,3 1., .

m(2)=4,4
(2)=m(2)/(2)=4,4/44 = 0,1
m(2)=2,7
(2) = () = 0,1
D(N2) =1,64
m()= ()=0,112=1,2 ( )
- ?
(2)=m(2)/ (2)=2,7/18=0,15
88

()=2 (2)=2 0,15 = 0,3

m()= ()=0,3 1= 0,3 ()
2. m() +m() = 1,2+0,3=1,5
().
,
. .
m()= 2,3 1,5=0,8 ( )
3. .
.
():():() = m() : m() : m()
1,2 : 0,3 : 0,8
0,1 : 0,3 : 0,05 =2 : 6 :
1
() () ()
12
1
16
0,05 0,05 0,05
, 26.
. (
),
, .
(26) =122 + 6+16 =46 (/)
() = D(N2) (N2)=1,64 28 = 46 (/)
, , . :
26

1. .
25
25 25
3

3

25

3
2. .
) 2,5- -3--1,2,3- ; ) 1,3,4-
) 2--2- ; ) 3- -2,3,4--1,4-; ) 1,4
3.
)
)
)
4. 3, 2, 612 , 35()3, 65,
25;
) , 5 )

5.
242525242266656565N
89

6.: , 40
.
7. 18,8 26,88
10,8 . 2,94.
5:
3 .
:
-3 . 121-128
-4 .116-117
:
1. , , , .
2. .
3. , .

,
.

=


R =
n2n
n2n+1

2
() - , ,
24 (3) - ,
36 (25) -
48 (37)-
510 ( 49) -

,
:
3 3 3
6
3 5 4 3 22 1 = 3,4,4,5-
3

1.
2. ( )
:
90

3 2 2

3 3 2 3
3

2- ()

sp2-. ,

,
.

1.
CH3OH+CuO CH2O+Cu+H2O
2.
CH4+O2 CH2O +H2O
3.
C2H2+H2O CH3HO
4. .
C2H4+[O] CH3CHO

1.
CH3CHO+H2C2H5OH
2. (
, )
nCH2O(-CH2-O-)n
3.
() ,
.

nC6H5OH+nCH2O+( - CH2 )n+ nH2O

, .
91


2CH3CHO+5O24CO2+4H2O
4.
) .
CH3CHO+Ag2OCH3COOH+2Ag
)
.
CH3CHO+Cu(OH)2CH3COOH+Cu2O+H2O

( )-40%
.
,- , ,
, , .
: ,,,

1.
3
3 25

3
= 23 322 = 3 3

3 3
2.
) 2,3,3-
) 2,3--4-
) 2,5-
)2,3,5--1,4-
3.
4.
43262233
5. , 120
6. 76,6%, 6,38 %, 17,02
%. 2,136.
5:
4
:
1. , , , .
2. .
3. , .

: -3 .129-136 -4 . 121-122
92



:
=

,

R=
n2n2
n2n+1

3 3 3
6
3 5 4 3 22 1 = 3,4,4,5-
3

1.
2.
:

3 2 2
3
3 2 3
3

2-
()

- ,
,
.

1. ,
2. ,

.
93

3. ,
,
.

1.
25 +*+3
2.
1) 422+32
2)- 22+23
3)
3+*+3
3. ( )
2410+5243+22

1.
33-++
2.
23+(3)2+2
3.
23+(3)2+2
4.
3+3+2
5.
23+N2323N+2+2
6.
3+2222+22
7.
3+25325 +2
8. .
3+22+

: , , , ,
, , ,,
: -, -
,
94


1.
3
3
25
3
= 2 3 3 22 2 =
3 2=

3
3
3

3 3

2.
) 2,3,3-
) 2,3--4-
) 2,5-
)2,3,5--1,4- ) 2,2
3.
4.
422333372
5. , 120

6. , 0,23
0,44 0,17 .
11,5
5:
6.

-3 . 146

1. .

25

25
= = = =

25
2. .
)3,4--2-
) 2--1,3-
) 2,3,3-
)2,5--3-
3.
,)
4. 4
5.
2624253 3337
95

6. , 50

7. , 0,14
0,224 0,18 .
8,235.
:
7. . . .
:
1. , , , .
2. .
3. , .
, .
4. .
5. , .

-3 . 142- 146
4 . 132 133



- =
- ,


R=
n2n2
n2n+1
R2

,
,

:
349
3 2 25

3
3
-2,4-

1.
2.
3. .
96

3 2 2 3 3 3
3 2 3

-2-
3 2 2 2

- ,
;

, .
,
3 + = 25

1. ()
2.
3 + 25 325 + 2

1.
325 + 23+25
2. ()
325+N3N+25
: ,
, , , .

1.
2. ( )
3. , .
()

:
2 R1 , R
R 2
2 R 3
97

1735

1531
1733

1731
:
,,,
,
.
2 - 1735
- 1733
----
2 - 1531
2 - 1733
- 1731
--,
2 - 1731
.
, .
2 - 1735
2 - 1733
2 - 1735
- 1733
- 1735
- 1531
2 - 1531
2 - 1531
2 - 1733

: , ,
()
: ,
( , )
,
(, )
: , ,
, .

1. (
, , .)
2 - 1733
2 - 1735
- 1733 +
32 =
- 1735
2 - 1733
2 - 1735
2. (
)
98

 2 - 1735
2
- 1735 +32= +31735
2 - 1735
2
3. ( )
2 - 1735
- 1735 + 3N =
2 - 1735

2

2

+ 31735N
( )

4. :
( ), ,
, ,
.
.
1. ;
,
.
2. , , ,
(, ) .
()
1.
2.
3.
4.
5. 6.
- , ,
.
(
) ( ).
1735N , 1735
.
:
1. . ( )
, , (
) 170
.
.
.
2.
, () ,
.
.
99

 .
,

.( )
21735N +(3)2 (1735)2 + 2N3;

().
.
R 2 S3N. ,

.
. ,
.

, , ,
, ,
..
,

.

1.
2 1733
2 1531

1735
1733
=
2 1731
2 1735

1733
2. :
) ----
)-2,2-
)
)2,3,4,4-
)2,3--3-
3. ) --, , )
4.


100

5. , 56,3%, 10,4 %,
33.3%. 53,25. .
6. , 4,8 8,1

7. , 6,8
4,48 10,8 . 8,5
:
9. .

3. 152 157
4 . 140 143
:
.
1. .
2. , , . .
3. , .
4. , , .
- .
5. , ,
.
6. , , .
7. . .
.
Cn(H2O)m
,
.
.

6126
101


, , ,

:
1.
62+62 6126 + 62
2.
(6105)n +n 2 n 6126
3. (1861)
6 2 6126
: ; ; ();
, , ; ;

: , ,

2
2

102


1.
)
2 ()4 + 2 2 ()4 2
)
2 ()4 + g2 2 ()4 + 2g

)
2 ()4 + u()2 2 ()4 + u2+ 2
( )
2.
)
6126 + u()2 (6116)2u + 2
) ()
6126 + 3 23 (3)4 +52
3. 6126 + 6 2 62 + 6 2 + 2920
4.
) 6126 2 2 + 225
) 6126 2363 3

-
122211
:
: , ,
;
, .
: .
, , .
: , ,
.
:
) 122211 + 26126 + 6126 ( )
)
2 122211 + u()2 (12209)2 u +2 ( )
:

103

.
1.
2.
3. (()2)
( , . ..)
.
4. ,
3.
5. , .
.

104


:
,

, ,
, 70 % , 80 %

) (6105)n +n2
n6126
)
(
- .)

.
50 %, 98 %,
75%.

) (6105)n +n2
n6126
)
(6105)n +3nN3
*672(ONO2)3]n +3nH2O

-
(6105)n +3nCH3COOH
*672(OCOCH3)3]n +3nH2O

: , :, ,
, ,,
, ,
,
,

,
.
:
:
,,
, ,
,
.
,, , (), ,
,
,
, .
.

105

1. .
2. :

6
1. . .

. .
1. .
2. , .
3. .
4. . .
, , . .
1. , , , ,
.
2. .

:
-3 . 159-161,167-168
-4 . 149-150

NH2-
CnH2n+1NH2

1. : , .
2.: NH2R- ,
RNHR- NR1R2R3 -

, ,
. .
:
106

3 2 3
N2 3 3--2-

1. .
2.
3.

,
,
. ,
,
+ - .
H3
:N
H
H

1. . .
2. , .

1.
CH3+ N3 CH3NH2+2
2.
CH3+ NH3+ N CH3NH2+N +2

, ,
, , .

1.
4CH3NH2+9O2 4CO2+10H2O +2N2
2.
)
CH3NH2+ H2O CH3NH3OH
)
CH3NH2+ HCl CH3NH3Cl
3.
CH3NH2+ Cl2 CH2ClNH2 +HC
107


.
: NH2- C6H5-
N2

C6H5NH2
, ,

-
:
N2
3
3
2,3-

1.
2. .
:
N2
N2
N2
3
3
25
3
3
2,3- 2,5-
2-

, ,
,
,
,
2,4,6
( )
NH2

1.
C6H5NO2+ 6H C6H5NH2 +H2O
:
, , ,
. .
108


1.
2.
C6H5NH2+HClC6H5NH3Cl
3.
C6H5NH2+3Br2 C6H2Br3NH2 +3HBr

1. , , ,
- , ,

: N2 ,
CnH2n-1NH22
CnH2nNH2

1. :, ..
2. :. ..
3. : , , .
:
, ,

: 3 2
N2 3
3--2-

1.
2.
3.
:
.
3
3 2
3 2
3
N2
N2
N2
3- 2-
2-2-

, ,
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109


1.
2.
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CH3COOH+ Cl2
CH2ClCOOH +HCl
)
CH2ClCOOH +NH3 CH2NH2COOH +NH4Cl
: , ,
, , = 250 0

1.
) ,
CH2NH2COOH +NaOHCH2NH2COONa +H2O

CH2NH2COOH +C2H5OH H2O +CH2NH2COOC2H5

) ,
CH2NH2COOH +HCl CH2NH3ClCOOH
) - .
CH2NH2COOH +CH2NH2COOH NH2CH2 C N CH2COOH +H2O
O H

1.
2.
3.

1.
N2
3
N2
3
N2
3 2 2 3 3
3
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25
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110

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. 50-55%, 7%, 21,5 23,5%,
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759 1208 N210S2204Fe4.
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111

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.
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113


1. .. .. 10 . 2005.
2. .. .. 11 . 1999.
3. .. .. .. 10-11 .
1998.
4. .. .. 10 -11 2002.
5. .. .. 8-9 2002.

114