economic

ID tu nghia
1 Abatement cost
Chi ph kim sot; chi ph chng (
nhim)
2 Ability and earnings Nng lc v thu nhp
3 Ability to pay Kh nng chi tr.
4 Ability to pay theory L thuyt v kh nng chi tr
5 Abnormal profits Li nhun d thng
6 Abscissa Honh
7 Absenteeism
Trn vic, s ngh lm khng c l
do
8 Absentee landlord
a ch (ch bt ng sn) cch
bit
9 Absolute advantage Li th tuyt i.
10 Absolute cost advantage Li th nh ph tn tuyt i.
11 Absolute income hypothesis Gi thuyt thu nhp tuyt i.
12 Absolute monopoly c quyn tuyt i.
13 Absolute prices Gi tuyt i.
14 Absolute scarcity Khan him tuyt i .
15 Absolute value Gi tr tuyt i.
16 Absorption approach Phng php hp thu.
17 Abstinence Nhn chi tiu.
18 Accelerated depreciation Khu hao nhanh, khu hao gia tc.
19 Accelerating inflation Lm pht gia tc.
20 Accelerator Gia s
21 Accelerator coefficient H s gia tc.
22 Accelerator effect Hiu ng gia tc.
23 Accelerator principle Nguyn l gia tc.
24 Acceptance chp nhn thanh ton.
25 Accepting house Ngn hng nhn tr.
26 Accesion rate T l gia tng lao ng.
27 Accesions tax Thu qu tng.
28 Access/space trade - off model
M hnh nh i khng gian hay
m hnh tip cn.
29 Accommodating monetary policy Chnh sch tin t iu tit.
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30 Accommodation transactions Cc giao dch iu tit.
31 Account Ti khon.
32 Accrued expenses Chi ph pht sinh (tnh trc).
33 Achieving Society, the. X hi thnh t.
34 Across-the-board tariff changes Thay i thu quan ng lot.
35 Action lag tr ca hnh ng.
36 Active balance D nghch.
37 Activity analysis Phn tch hot ng.
38 Activity rate T l lao ng.
39 Adaptive expectation
K vng thch nghi; k vng phng
theo
40 Adding up problem Vn cng tng.
41 Additional worker hypothesis Gi thuyt cng nhn thm vo.
42 Addition rule Quy tc cng.
43 Additive utility function Hm tho dng ph tr.
44 Address principle Nguyn l a ch.
45 Adjustable peg regime Ch iu chnh hn ch.
46 Adjustable peg system
H thng neo t gi hi oi c th
iu chnh.
47 Adjustment cost Chi ph iu chnh sn xut.
48 Adjustment lag tr iu chnh.
49 Adjustment process Qu trnh iu chnh
50 Administered prices Cc mc gi b qun ch.
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51 Administrative lag tr do hnh chnh
52 Advalorem tax Thu theo gi tr.
53 Advance Tin ng trc.
54 Advance Corporation Tax (ACT) Thu doanh nghip ng trc.
55 Advance refunding Hon tr trc.
56 Advanced countries
Cc nc pht trin, cc nc i
u.
57 Adverse balance Cn cn thm ht.
58 Adverse selection
La chn tri ; La chn theo
hng bt li.
59 Advertising Qung co.
60 Advertising - sale ratio T l doanh s-qung co.
61 AFL-CIO
Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION
OF LABOR.
62 Age-earning profile Biu quan h thu nhp theo tui
63
Agency for International
Development C quan pht trin quc t.
64 Agency shop Nghip on.
65 Agglomeration economies Tnh kinh t nh kt khi.
66 Aggregate concentration S tp trung gp.
67 Adverse supply shock C sc cung bt li.
68 Aggregate demand Cu gp; Tng cu
69 Aggregate demand curve ng cu gp; ng tng cu
70 Aggregate demand shedule Biu cu gp; Biu tng cu
71 Aggregate expenditure Chi tiu gp.
72 Aggregate income Thu nhp gp; Tng thu nhp
73 Aggregate output Sn lng gp.
74 Aggregate production function Hm sn xut gp.
75 Aggregate supply curve
ng cung gp; ng tng
cung.
76 Aggregation problem Vn v php gp.
77 Agrarian revolution Cch mng nng nghip.
78 Agricultural earnings Cc khon thu t nng nghp.
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79 Agricultural exports Nng sn xut khu
80 Agricultural lag tr ca nng nghip
81 Agricultural livies Thu nng nghip.
82 Agricultural reform Ci cch nng nghip.
83 Agricultural sector Khu vc nng nghip.
84
Agricultural Stabilization and
Conservation Service
ASCS - Nha n nh v bo tn
nng nghip.
85 Agricultural subsidies Khon tr cp nng nghip.
86 Agricultural Wage Boards
Cc hi ng tin cng trong nng
nghip.
87 Aid Vin tr
88 Aitken estimator c lng s Aitken.
89 Alienation S tha ho
90 Allais Maurice (1911)
91
Allen , Sir roy George
Douglas(1906-1983) 1906-1983
92 Allocate Phn b, n nh
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93 Allocation funtion Chc nng phn b
94 Allocative efficiency Hiu qu phn b.
95
Allowances and expences for
corporation tax
Khu tr v chi ph vi thu
cng ty.
96
Allowances and expencess for
income tax
Khu tr v chi ph vi thu
thu nhp.
97 Almon lag tr Almon.
98 Alpha coeficient H s Alpha
99 Alternative technology Cng ngh thay th.
100 Altruism Lng v tha.
101 Amalgamation S hp nht.
102 America Depository Receipt ADR - Phiu gi tin M.
103 America Federation of Labuor ALF - Lin on lao ng M.
104 America selling price Gi bn kiu M.
105 American Stock Exchange
S giao dch chng khon M
(ASE hay AMEX).
106 Amortization Chi tr tng k.
107 Amplitude Bin
108 Amtorg
C quan mu dch thng tr ca
Lin X.
109 Analysis of variance ANOVA - Phn tch phng sai
110 Anarchy Tnh trng v chnh ph.
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111 Allowance Phn tin tr cp.
113 Anchor argument Lun im v ci neo.
114 Animal spirits
Tinh thn by n; Tm l ha
theo
115 Analysis (stats) Phn tch.
116 Annecy Round Vng m phn Annecy.
117 Annual allowances Min thu hng nm.
118 Annual capital charge Chi ph vn hng nm.
119 Annuity Nin kim.
120 Annuity market Th trng nin kim.
121 Anomaliess pay Tin tr cng bt thng.
123 Anticipated inflation Lm pht c d tnh.
124 Anti-trust Chng lng on.
125 Appreciation S tng gi tr.
126 Apprenticeship Hc vic.
127 Anti-export bias
Thin lch / nh kin chng xut
khu.
128 Appropriate products Cc sn phm thch hp.
129 Appropriate technology Cng ngh thch hp.
130 Appropriation account Ti khon phn phi li.
131 Approval voting
B phiu tn thnh; b phiu ph
chun.
132 Apriori Tin nghim.
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133 Aquinas St Thomas (1225-1274)
134 Arbitrage
Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch
gi; bun chng khon
135 Arbitration Trng ti
136 Arc elasticity of demand co gin hnh cung ca cu
137 ARCH Kim nghim ARCH.
138 ARCH effect Hiu ng ARCH.
139 Aristotle
(384-322 BC)-Aristotle (384-322
trc cng nguyn)
140 Arithmetic mean Trung bnh s hc.
141 Arithmetic progression Cp s cng.
142 Arrow.KennethJ (1921-).
143 "A" shares
C phiu "A".(C phiu hng li
sau).
144 Asiab Development Bank Ngn hng pht trin chu .
145 Assessable Income or profit
Thu nhp hoc li nhun chu
thu.
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146 Assessable profit Li nhun chu thu.
147 Asset Ti sn.
148 Asset stripping Tc ot ti sn.
149 Assignment problem Bi ton kt ni.
150 Assisted areas Cc vng c h tr
152
Association of International Bond
Dealers
Hip hi nhng ngi bun bn
tri khon quc t.
153
Association of South East Asian
Nations (ASEAN) Hip hi cc nc ng nam .
154 Assurance Bo him xc nh
155 Asset stocks and services flows D tr ti sn v lung dch v.
156 Asymmetric infornation
Thng tin bt i xng; Thng tin
khng tng xng.
157 Asymptote ng tim cn.
158 Asymptotic distribution Phn phi tim cn.
159 Atomistic competition Cnh tranh c lp.
160 Attribute Thuc tnh.
161 Auctioneer Ngi bn u gi.
162 Auction markets Cc th trng u gi.
163 Auctions u gi.
164 Augmented Dickey Fuller test
ADF - Kim nh Dickey Fuller b
sung.
165 Augmented Phillips curve ng Phillips b sung.
166 Austrian school Trng phi kinh t o.
167 Autarky T cung t cp.
168 Autarky economy Nn kinh t t cung t cp
169 Autocorrelation S t tng quan.
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170 Automatic stabilizers Cc bin php n nh t ng.
171 Automation T ng ho.
172 Autonomous expenditure Khon chi tiu t nh.
173 Induced expenditure
Khon chi tiu ph thuc (vo mc
thu nhp).
174 Autonomous consumption Tiu dng t nh.
175 Autonomous investment u t t nh.
176 Autonomous investment demand Nhu cu u t t nh.
177 Autonomous transactions Giao dch t nh
178 Autonomous variables Cc bin t nh
179 Autoregression T hi quy.
180 Availability effects Cc hiu ng ca s sn c.
181 Average S trung bnh.
182 Average cost Chi ph bnh qun.
183 Average cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph bnh qun.
184 Average expected income
Thu nhp k vng bnh qun; Thu
nhp bnh qun d kin.
185 Average fixed costs Chi ph c nh bnh qun.
186 Average product Sn phm bnh qun.
187 Average productivity Nng sut bnh qun.
188 Average propensity to consume
Khuynh hng tiu dng bnh
qun.
189 Average propensity to save
Khuynh hng tit kim bnh
qun.
190 Average rate of tax
Sut thu bnh qun (sut thu
thc t).
191 Average revenue Doanh thu bnh qun.
192 Average revenue product Sn phm doanh thu bnh qun.
193 Average total cost Tng chi ph bnh qun
194 Average variable cost AVC-Chi ph kh bin bnh qun.
195 Averch-Johnson Effect Hiu ng Averch-Johnson.
196 Axiom of completeness Tin v tnh y .
197 Axiom of continuity Tin v tnh lin tc.
198 Axiom of convexity Tin v tnh li.
199 Axiom of dominance
Tin v tnh thch nhiu hn
thch t.
200 Axiom of Tin v s la chn.
201 Axiom of prefence Tin v s thch.
202 Backdoor fancing Cp tin qua ca sau.
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203 Back-haul rates Cc vn ti ngc.
204 Backstop technology Cng ngh chng cui.
205
Backward bending supply curve of
labour
ng cung lao ng cong v
pha sau.
206 Backward intergration Lin hp thng ngun.
207 Backward linkage Lin kt thng ngun.
208 Backwash effects Hiu ng ngc.
209 Bad Hng xu.
210 Bad money drive out good "ng tin xu ui ng tin tt".
211 Bagehot, Walter (1826-1877).
212 Balanced budget Ngn sch cn i.
213 Balanced-budget multiplier S nhn ngn sch cn i.
214 Balanced economic development Pht trin kinh t cn i.
215 Balanced growth Tng trng cn i.
216 Balance of payment Cn cn thanh ton.
217 Balance of trade Cn cn thng mi.
218 Balance principle Nguyn l cn i.
219 Balance sheet Bng cn i ti sn.
220 Bancor
ng tin bancor (ng tin quc
t).
221 Balanced GDP GDP c cn i
223 Bandwagon effect Hiu ng on tu
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224 Bank Ngn hng
225 Bank advance Khon vay ngn hng.
226 Bank bill Hi phiu ngn hng.
227 Bank Charter Act o lut Ngn hng.
228 Bank credit Tn dng ngn hng.
229 Bank deposite Tin gi ngn hng.
230 Bank for international Settlements Ngn hng thanh ton quc t.
231 Banking panic Cn hong lon ngn hng.
232 Banking school Trng phi ngn hng
233 Bank loan Khon vay ngn hng.
234 Bank note Giy bc ca ngn hng.
235 Bank of England Ngn hng Anh
236 Bank of United State Ngn hng Hoa K.
237 Bank rate
T l chit khu chnh thc ca
ngn hng ANH.
238 Bankruptcy S ph sn.
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239 Bargaining tariff
Thu quan mc c; Thu quan
thng lng.
240 Bargaining theory of wages
L thuyt thng lng v tin
cng; L thuyt mc c v tin
cng.
241 Bargaining unit
n v thng lng; n v mc
c.
242 Banks' cash-deposit ratio
T s gia tin mt v tin gi ca
ngn hng.
243 Barlow Report Bo co Barlow.
244 Barometric price leadership S ch o theo k p gi c.
245 Barriers to entry Ro cn nhp ngnh
246 Barter Hng i hng.
247 Barter agreements Hip nh trao i hng.
248 Barter economy Nn kinh t hng i hng
249 Base period Giai on gc.
250 Base rate Li sut gc.
251 Basic activities Cc hot ng c bn.
252 Basic exports Hng xut khu c bn
253 Basic industries Nhng ngnh c bn.
254 Basic need philosophy Trit l nhu cu c bn.
255 Basic wage rates
Mc tin cng c bn; mc lng
c bn.
256 Basing-point system H thng im nh v c s.
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257 Bayesian techniques K thut Bayes.
258 Bearer bonds Tri khon khng ghi tn.
259 Bears Ngi u c gi xung.
260 Beggar-my neighbour policies
Chnh sch lm ngho nc lng
ging
261 Behavioural equation Phng trnh v hnh vi
262 Behavioural expectations K vng da trn hnh vi.
263 Behavioural theories of the firm
Cc l thuyt da trn hnh vi v
hng; l thuyt v hng da trn
hnh vi.
264 Base year Nm gc, nm c s.
265 Benefit-cost ratio T s chi ph-li ch.
266 Benefit-cost analysis Phn tch li ch chi ph.
267 Benefit principle Nguyn tc nh thu theo li ch.
268 Benelux Economic Union Lin minh kinh t Benelux.
269 Bentham,Jeremy 1748-1832
270
Bergsonnian Social Walfare
Funtion Hm phc li x hi Bergson
271 Bernoulli Hypothesis Gi thuyt Bernoulli.
272 Bertrand's duopoly Model
M hnh lng quyn ca
Bertrand.
273 Best Linear Unbiased Estimator
(BLUE)-on s trng tuyn tnh
p nht; (c lng tuyn tnh
khng chch tt nht)
274 Beta Ch s Beta
275 Beveridge Report Bo co Beveridge.
276 Bias lch.
277 Bid u thu.
278 Bid-rent function Hm gi thu thu t.
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279 Bifurcation Hypothesis Gi thuyt lng cc.
280 Big bang V o ln ln.
281 Big push C y mnh.
282 Bilateral assistance Tr gip song phng.
283 Bilateral monopoly c quyn song phng.
284 Bilateral trade Mu dch song phng
285 Bill Hi phiu.
286 Bill broker Ngi mi gii hi phiu.
287 Bill of exchange Hi phiu i ngoi.
288 Bills only Ch c nghip v hi phiu.
289 Binary variable Bin nh phn.
290 Biological interest rate Li sut sinh hc.
291 Birth rate T sut sinh
292 BIS Ngn hng thanh ton quc t
293 Bivariate analysis Phn tch hai bin s
294 Black market Ch en
295 Bliss point
im cc mn; im hon ton
tho mn
296 Block grant Tr cp c gi
297 Blue chip C phn xanh
298 Blue Book Sch xanh
299 Blue-collar workers Cng nhn c xanh
300 BLUS residuals S d BLUS
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301
Bohm-Bawerk, Eugen Von (1851-
1914)
302 Bond Tri khon
303 Bond market Th trng tri phiu
304 Bonus issue C phiu thng
305 Book value Gi tr trn s sch
306 Boom S bng n tng trng
307 Borda Count Con tnh Borda
308 Boulwarism Ch ngha Boulware
309 Bounded rationality Tnh duy l b hn ch.
310 Bourgeoisie
Tng lp trng gi; Tng lp t
sn
311 Box-Jenkins Phng php Box-Jenkins.
312 Brain drain (Hin tng) chy mu cht xm
313 Branch banking Nhip v ngn hng chi nhnh
314 Brand loyalty S trung thnh vi nhn hiu
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315 Break-even analysis Phn tch im ho vn
316 Break-even level of income Mc ho vn ca thu nhp
317 Bretton Woods
318 Bretton Woods system H thng Bretton Woods.
319 Brooker Ngi mi gii.
320 Brokerage Hoa hng mi gii.
321 Brookings model M hnh Brookings
322 Brussels, Treaty of Hip c Brussels
323 Brussels, Treaty of
Hip c Brussels (c bit n
nh hip c B sung)
324 Brussels conference Hi ngh Brussels.
325 Brussels Tariff Nomenclature
Biu thu quan theo Hip nh
Brussels
326 Buchanan, James M. (1919-)
327 Budget Ngn sch.
328 Budget deficit Thm ht ngn sch.
329 Budget line ng ngn sch
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330 Budget surplus Thng d ngn sch.
331 Budgetary control Kim sot ngn sch
332 Budget shares T phn ngn sch.
333 Buffer stocks Kho m, d tr bnh n
334 Building society Ngn hng pht trin gia c
335 Built-in stabililizers
Cc chnh sch, cng c n nh
ni to.
336 Bullion Thoi
337 Bulls Ngi u c gi ln.
338 Bureaucracy, economic theory of
L thuyt kinh t v h thng cng
chc.
339 Bureaux Vn phng
340 Business cycle Chu k kinh doanh.
341 Business performance Kt qu kinh doanh.
342 Business risk Ri ro kinh doanh
343 Buyer concertration S tp trung ngi mua.
344 Buyers' market Th trng ca ngi mua.
345 Caculus Gii tch.
346 Call money Khon vay khng k hn.
347 Call option Hp ng mua trc.
348 Cambridge Equation Phng trnh Cambridge
349 Cambridge school of Economics
Trng phi kinh t hc
Cambridge
350 Cambridge theory of Money
L thuyt tin t ca trng phi
Cambridge.
351 CAP
352 Capacity model M hnh cng nng.
353 Capacity untilization Mc s dng cng nng
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354 Capital T bn/ vn.
355 Capital account Ti khon vn.
356 Capital accumulation Tch l vn.
357 Capital allowances Cc khon min thu cho vn.
358 Capital asset Ti sn vn.
359 Capital asset pricing model M hnh nh gi Ti sn vn.
360 Capital budgeting Phn b vn ngn sch.
361 Capital charges Cc ph tn cho vn
362 Capital coefficients Cc h s vn.
363 Capital Consumption Allowance
Khon khu tr cho s dng t
bn.
364 Capital Controversy Tranh ci v yu t vn.
365 Capital deepening Tng cng vn.
366 Capital equipment Thit b sn xut, thit b vn.
367 Capital expenditure Chi tiu cho vn.
368
Capital information (capital
formation?) S hnh thnh vn.
369 Capital gain Khon li vn.
370 Capital gains tax Thu li vn.
371 Capital gearing T trng vn vay
372 Capital goods
T liu sn xut, hng t liu sn
xut.
373 Capital intensity Cng vn.
374 Capital - intensive
(ngnh) da nhiu vo vn; s
dng nhiu vn.
375 Capital - intensive economy Nn kinh t da nhiu vo vn.
376 Capital-intensive sector Ngnh bao hm nhiu vn
377 Capital-intensive techniques Cc k thut da nhiu vo vn
378 Capital, marginal efficiency of Vn, hiu qu bin ca
379 Capitalism Ch ngha t bn
380 Capitalization T bn ho, vn ha
381 Capitalization issue C phiu khng mt tin
382 Capitalization rates T l vn ho
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383 Capitalized value Gi tr c vn ho
384 Capital-labour ratio T s vn/ lao ng
385 Capital loss Khon l vn
386 Capital market Th trng vn
387 Capital movements Cc lung di chuyn vn
388 Capital-output ratio T s vn-sn lng
389 Capital rationing nh mc vn
390 Capital requirements Cc yu cu v vn
391 Capital- reversing Thay i k thut sn xut
392 Capital services Cc dch v vn
393 Capital stock Dung lng vn
394 Capital Stock Adjustment Principle
Nguyn l iu chnh dung lng
vn
395 Capital structure Cu trc vn
396 Captital tax Thu vn
397 Capital theoretic approach Phng php l thuyt qui v vn
398 Capital theory L thuyt v vn
399 Capital transfer tax Thu chuyn giao vn
400 Capital turnover criterion Tiu chun quay vng vn
401 Capital widening u t chiu rng (m rng vn)
402 Capitation tax Thu thn
403 Capture theory L thuyt nm gi.
404 Captive buyer
Ngi / Ngn hng b buc phi
mua mt s chng khon va pht
hnh. (Nh nc quy nh).
405 Carbon tax Thu Carbon
406 Cardinalism
Trng phi im ho; trng
phi chia .
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407 Cardinal utility
tho dng im ho; tho
dng, khong cch gia cc mc
tho dng.
408 Cartel Cartel
409 Cartel sanctions S trng pht ca Cartel
410 Cash Tin mt.
411 Cash balance approach
Cch tip cn tn qu. (S d tin
mt).
412 Cash crops
Nng sn thng mi; Hoa mu
hng ho/ hoa mu thng mi.
413 Cash drainage Tht thot / ht tin mt.
414 Cash flow
Lung tin, ngn lu, dng kim
lu.
415 Cash flow statement Bn bo co lung tin / ngn lu.
416 Cash limit
Hn mc chi tiu, hn mc tin
mt.
417 Cash ratio T sut tin mt.
418 Casual employment Cng vic tm thi.
419 Categorical Tr cp chn lc.
420 Causality Phng php nhn qu.
421 CBI
423 Ceiling Mc trn
424 Celler - Kefauver Act o lut Celler - Kefauver.
425 Central Bank Ngn hng trung ng
426 Central Bank of Central Banks
Ngn hng trung ng ca cc
ngn hng trung ng.
427 Central business district Khu kinh doanh trung tm.
428 Central Limit Theorem. nh l gii hn trung tm.
429 Central Place Theory L thuyt V tr Trung tm.
430 Central planing K hoch ho tp trung.
431 Central policy Review Staff
Ban xet duyt chnh sch trung
ng (CPRS).
432 Central Statical office Cc thng k trung ng
433 Certainty equivalence Mc qui i v tt nh.
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434 Certificate of deposit Giy chng nhn tin gi.
435 CES production function
hm sn xut c co gin thay
th c nh.
436 Ceteris paribus iu kin khc gi nguyn
437 Chain rule
Quy tc dy chuyn. (Quy tc hm
ca hm).
438 Central tendency
Xu hng hng tm; Hng
tm.
439 Ceilings and floors
Mc trn v mc sn; Mc nh
v mc y.
440 Causation Quan h nhn qu.
441 Chamberlin, Edward (1899-1967)
442 Characteristics theory L thuyt v c tnh sn phm.
443 Charge account Ti khon tn dng.
444 Cheap money Tin r.
445 Check off Tr cng on ph trc tip.
446 Cheque card Th sc.
447 Cheque Sc
448 Chicago School Trng phi (kinh t) Chicago.
449 Child allowance Tr cp tr em.
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450 Chi-square distribution
Phn phI Kai bnh phng (Phn
phi khi bnh phng)
451 Choice of technology S la chn cng ngh.
452 Choice variable Bin la chn.
453 CIF
Gi, ph bo him, cc vn
chuyn , hay gi y ca hng
ho.
454 CIO
455 Circular flow of income Lung lun chuyn thu nhp.
456 Choice of production technique S la chn k thut sn xut.
457 Circular flow of payments Dng thanh ton lun chuyn.
458 Circulating capital Vn lu ng.
459 Clark, John Bates (1847-1938)
460 Classical dichotomy Thuyt lng phn c in
461 Classical economics Kinh t hc c in
462 Classical school Trng phi c in
463
Classical system of company
taxation H thng c in v thu cng ty
464 Classical techniques Cc k thut c in
465
Classical and Keynesian
unemployment
Tht nghip theo l thuyt c in
v theo l thuyt Keynes
466 Classical model M hnh c in
467 Clay-clay clay-clay; t st- t st
468 Clayton Act o lut Clayton
469 Clean float Th ni t do
470 Clearing banks Cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr
471 Clearing house Phng thanh ton b tr
472 Cliometrics S lng
473 Closed economy Nn kinh t ng
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474 Closed shop
Ca hng ng;Cng ty c t
chc cng on.
475 Closing prices Gi lc ng ca.
476 Club good
Hng ho club; Hng ho bn
cng cng.
477 Clubs, theory of
Thuyt club; Thuyt cu lc b,
thuyt hng ho bn cng cng.
478 Coase, Ronald H. (1910- ).
479 Coase's theorem nh l Coase.
480 Cobb-Douglas production function Hm sn xut Cobb-Douglas.
481 Cobweb theorem nh l mng nhn.
482 Cochrane-Orcutt Cochrane-Orcutt
483 Co-determination ng quyt nh.
484 Coefficient of determination
H s xc nh (H s tng quan
bi s R bnh phng).
485 Coefficient of variation
H s phn tn ( phn tn
tng i).
486 Coercive comparisons So snh p buc.
487 Cofactor ng h s.
488 Coinage Tin c.
489 Coincident indicator Ch s bo trng hp.
490 Cointegration ng lin kt
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491 COLA iu chnh theo gi sinh hot.
492 Collateral security Vt th chp.
493 Collective bargaining Thng lng tp th.
494 Collective choise S la chn tp th.
495 Collective goods Hng ho tp th.
496 Collective exhaustive Hon ton.
497 Collinearity Cng tuyn.
498 Multi-Collinearity a cng tuyn.
499 Collusion Kt cu.
500 Collusive oligopoly c quyn nhm c kt cu.
501 Collusive price leadership Ch o gi kt cu.
502 Comecon Hi ng tng tr kinh t.
503 Command economy Nn kinh t ch huy.
504 Commercial banks Cc ngn hng thng mi.
505 Commercial bill Hi phiu thng mi.
506 Commercial paper Thng phiu
507 Commercial policy Chnh sch thng mi
508 Commissions Xem COMPENSATION RULES
509 Commodity Vt phm; Hng ho
510 Commodity bundling Bn hng theo l
511 Commodity Credit Corporation
Cng ty tn dng hng ho; Cng
ty tn dng vt phm
512 Commodity money
Tin t da trn vt phm; Tin
bng hng ho.
513 Commodity space Khng gian hng ho.
514 Commodity terms of trade
T gi trao i hng ho; T gi
hng ho.
515 Common Agricultural Policy Chnh sch nng nghip chung.
516 Common Customs Tariff Biu thu quan chung.
517 Common external tariff Biu thu i ngoi chung.
518 Common facility co-operative Cc hp tc x c thit b chung.
Page 24
economic
519 Common market Th trng chung.
520 Common stock Chng khon ph thng.
521 Communism Ch ngha cng sn.
522 Community Charge Thu cng ng.
523 Community indifference curve ng bng quan cng ng.
524 Company Cng ty.
525 Company bargaining m phn cng ty.
526 Company director Gim c cng ty.
527 Company saving So snh v lng
528 Comparability argument Lun im v tnh c th so snh.
529 Comparable worth Gi tr c th so snh.
530 Comparative advantage Li th so snh
531 Comparative costs Chi ph so snh.
532 Comparative dynamics Phng php so snh ng.
533 Comparative statics Phng php so snh tnh.
534 Compensated demand curves ng cu c b.
535 Compensating variation Mc thay i b p.
536 Compensation principle Nguyn l b p.
537 Compensation rules Cc quy tc tr th lao.
538 Compensation tests Kim nghim n b.
Page 25
economic
539 Competition Act 1980 o lut cnh tranh 1980.
540 Competition and Credit Control Kim sot tn dng v cnh tranh
541 Competitive markets Th trng cnh tranh
542 Complements Hng ho b tr
543 Complex number S phc
544 Composite commodity theorem nh l hng ho a hp
545 Compound interest Li kp
546 Compensating differentials Cc mc b thm tin lng.
547 Competition policy Chnh sch v cnh tranh
548 Concave function (concavity) Hm lm (tnh lm).
549 Concentration S tp trung.
550 Concentration, coefficient of. H s tp trung.
551 Concentration ratio T l tp trung.
552 Concerted action Hnh ng phi hp.
553
Concertina method of tariff
reduction
Phng php iu ho gim thu
quan; Phng php gim thu
quan hi ho.
554 Conciliation Ho gii
555 Condorcet Criterion
Tiu chun g chi; Tiu chun
Condorcet
556 Confederation of British Industrial Lin on cng nghip ANH (CBI).
557 Confidence interval Khong tin cy.
Page 26
economic
558 Confidence problem Vn lng tin.
559 Congestion costs Chi ph do tc nghn.
560 Conglomerate
Conglomerate; Tp on; T hp
doanh nghip
561 Conjectural behavior Hnh vi phng on.
562 CONJECTURAL VARIATION S thay i theo phng on.
563 Consistency Tnh nht qun.
564 Consolidated fund Qu ngn kh.
565 Consistent Thng nht/ nht qun.
566 Consolidated balance sheets
Bng cn i (k ton/ti sn) hp
nht.
567 Consols Cng tri hp nht.
568 Consortium bank Ngn hng Consortium.
569 Conspicuous consumption
S tiu dng nhm th hin; S
tiu dng nhm khoe khoang.
570 Constant capital T bn bt bin.
571
Constant Elasticity of Substitution
(CES) Production Function
Hm sn xut vi co gin thay
th khng i.
572
Constant market share demand
curve ng cu vi th phn bt bin.
573 Constant returns to scale
Sinh li khng i theo qui m; Li
tc c nh theo quy m
574 Constrained optimization Ti u ho c rng buc
575 Constraint Rng buc
576 Consumer Ngi tiu dng
577 Consumer credit Tn dng tiu dng
578 Consumer demand theory L thuyt cu tiu dng
579 Consumer durable Hng tiu dng lu bn
580 Consumer equilibrium Cn bng tiu dng
581 Consumer expenditure Chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng
582 Consumer goods and services Hng v dch v tiu dng
583 Consumer price index Ch s gi tiu dng
584 Consumer sovereignty
Quyn ti thng ca ngi tiu
dng; Ch quyn ca ngi tiu
dng
Page 27
economic
585 Consumer's surplus Thng d ca ngi tiu dng
586 Consumption S tiu dng
587 Consumption expenditure Chi tiu tiu dng
588 Consumption function Hm tiu dng
589 Consumption tax Thu tiu dng
590 Constestable market Th trng c th cnh tranh c
591 Contingency reserve D tr pht sinh
592 Contingency table Bng pht sinh; Bng s c
593 Contingent valuation
nh gi (hin tng) pht sinh;
Vic nh gi bt thng
594 Continuous variable Bin s lin tc
595 Contract curve ng hp ng
596 Contractionary phase
Giai on suy gim; Giai on thu
hp
597 Convergence thesis Lun chng hi t
598 Convergent cycle Chu k hi t
599 Conversion S chuyn i
600 Convertibility Kh nng chuyn i
601 Convertible bond Tri khon chuyn i c.
602 Convertible loan stock Khon vay chuyn i c.
603 Convertible security Chng khon chuyn i c.
604 Convex function (convexity) Hm li (tnh li).
605 Cooling off period Giai on lng du.
606 Co-ordinated wage policy Chnh sch tin lng phi hp
607 Core, the Gi gc.
608 Corner solution p s gc.
609 Corn Laws Cc b lut v Ng.
610 Corporate capitalism
Ch ngha t bn hp doanh; Ch
ngha t bn doanh nghip.
Page 28
economic
611 Corporate conscience
Lng tm hp doanh; Lng tm
doanh nghip.
612 Corporate risk Ri ro hp doanh; Ri ro cng ty.
613 Corporate state
a phn ca hp doanh; Nh
nc cng ty.
614 Complementary inputs
(Cc loi) u vo b tr; Nhp
lng b tr.
615 Concesionary prices / rates Gi / T sut u i.
616 Constant prices Gi c nh / gi bn khng i.
617 Constant returns to scale Sinh li khng i theo quy m.
618 Constraint (informal / formal)
Hn ch / Rng buc (khng chnh
thc/ chnh thc) ngoi quy nh/
theo quy nh.
619 Conversion factor H s chuyn i.
620 Consumer borrowing
Khon vay cho ngi tiu dng;
Vay tiu dng.
621 Consumer choice La chn ca ngi tiu dng.
623 Consumption bundle
B hng tiu dng; im kt hp
tiu dng.
624 Consumption externalities Nhng ngoi tc tiu dng.
625 Corporation Hp doanh; Cng ty.
626 Corporation tax Thu doanh nghip; Thu Cng ty.
627 Correlation S tng quan
628 Positive correlation Tng quan ng bin.
629 Nagative correlation Tng quan nghch bin.
630 Correlation of returns Tng quan ca li tc.
631 Correlogram Biu tng quan
632 Correspondent banks Cc ngn hng i l.
633 Corset Yu cu tht cht.
634 Cost Chi ph.
635 Cost - benefit analysis Phn tch chi ph - li ch.
636 Cost - effectiveness analysis Phn tch chi ph - hiu qu
637 Cost insurance freight
Ph, bo him, cc vn chuyn,
gi CIF.
638 Cost minimization Ti thiu ho chi ph.
639 Cost of capital Chi ph vn.
Page 29
economic
640 Cost of living
Chi ph cho sinh hot; Gi sinh
hot.
641 Cost of protection Chi ph bo h.
642 Cost overrun Chi ph pht sinh.
643 Cost - plus pricing
Cch nh gi chi ph-cng li;
Cch nh gi da vo chi ph v
cng thm li nhun.
644 Cost - push inflation Lm pht do chi ph y.
645 Cost - utility analysis
Phn tch chi ph - cng dng;
Phn tch tn dng chi ph.
646
Council of Economic Advisors
(ECA). Hi ng c vn kinh t.
647
Council for Mutual economic
Assitance (Comecon) Hi ng tng tr kinh t.
648 Countercyclical Ngc chu k.
649 Countertrade Thng mi i lu.
650 Countervailing power
Lc b i trng; Th lc lm cn
bng.
651 Counter - vailing duty
Thu chng bo h gi; thu nh
vo hng xut/ nhp khu c
tr gi.
652 Coupon Phiu li, li sut tri phiu.
653 Coupon payments Tin tr li theo nm
654 Cournot, Antoine A. (1801-1877)
655 Cournot's duopoly model M hnh lng c quyn Cournot.
656 Covariance Hip phng sai.
657 Covariance stationary Tnh theo hip phng sai.
658 Covered interest parity
Mc li xut qui ngang; Ngang gi
li sut.
659 CPRS
Xem CENTRAL POLICY REVIEW
STAFF.
660 Craff unions Nghip on theo chuyn mn.
661 Cramer's Rule Quy tc Cramer's.
662 Crawling peg
Ch neo t gi hi oi iu
chnh dn.
Page 30
economic
663 Credit Tn dng.
664 Credit account Ti khon tn dng.
665 Credit card Th tn dng.
666 Credit celing Trn tn dng.
667 Credit control Kim sot tn dng.
668 Credit creation S to ra tn dng.
669 Credit guarantee Bo m tn dng.
670 Credit multiplier S nhn tn dng.
671 Credible threat
e do kh tin; e do c th thc
hin c.
672 Creditor nation Nc ch n.
673 Creditors Cc ch n.
674 Credit rationing nh mc tn dng
675 Credit restrictions Hn ch tn dng
676 Credit squeeze Hn ch tn dng
677 Credit transfer Chuyn khon
678 Creeping inflation Lm pht sn b; Lm pht b dn
679 Critical value Gi tr ti hn
680 Cross elasticity of demand co gin cho ca cu
681 Cross-entry Nhp nghnh cho
682 Cross partial derivative o hm ring
683 Cross-sectional analysis Phn tch cho
Page 31
economic
684
Cross-section consumption
function Hm s tiu dng cho
685 Cross-subsidization Tr cp cho
686 Crowding hypothesis Gi thuyt chn p
687 Crowding out Ln p; chn p
688 CSO Cc thng k trung ng
689 Cubic Lp phng
690 Cultural change S thay i vn ho
691 Culture of poverty hypothesis Gi thuyt v vn ho ngho kh
692 Cumulative causation model M hnh nhn qu tch lu
693 Cumulative preference shares Cc c phiu u i
694 Cumulative shares C phiu c tr li theo tch lu
695 Currency Tin mt, tin t
696 Currency appreciation S tng gi tr ca mt ng tin
697 Currency control Kim sot tin t
698 Currency depreciation S st gim gi tr tin t
699 Currency notes Tin giy
700 Currency principle Nguyn l tin t
701 Currency retention quota Hn mc gi ngoi t
702 Curency school Trng phi tin t
703 Currency substitution S thay th tin t
704 Current account
Ti khon vng lai/ ti khon hin
hnh, cn cn ti khon vng lai.
Page 32
economic
705 Current assets Ti sn lu ng.
706 Current cost accounting Hch ton theo chi ph hin ti.
707 Current income Thu nhp thng xuyn.
708 Current liabilities Ti sn n ngn hn.
709 Current profits Li nhun hin hnh
710 Current and capital account
Ti khon vng lai v ti khon
vn.
711 Current prices Gi hin hnh (thi gi).
712 Custom and practice Tp qun v thng l
713 Custom markets Cc th trng khch hng.
714 Custom Co-operative Council U ban hp tc Hi quan.
715
Custom, excise and protective
duties
Cc loi thu hi quan, thu tiu
th c bit v thu bo h.
716 Custom union Lin minh thu quan.
717 Cyclical unemployment Tht nghip chu k.
718 Cycling Chu k.
719 Damage cost
Chi ph bi thng thit hi; Chi
ph b p thit hi; Chi ph thit
hi
720 Damped cycle
Chu k (c bin ) gim dn; Chu
k tt.
721 Data S liu, d liu.
722 Dated securities Chng khon ghi ngy hon tr.
723 DCF
Phng php phn tch chit khu
lung tin.
724 Deadweight debt N "trng".
725 Deadweight - loss
Khon mt trng; khon tn tht
v ch.
726 Dear money Tin t.
727 Debased coinage Tin kim loi.
728 Debentures Tri khon cng ty.
Page 33
economic
729 Debreu Gerard (1921-)
730 Debt N.
731 Debt conversion Hon n; i n.
732 Debt finance Ti tr bng vay n.
733 Debt for equity swaps Hon chuyn n thnh c phn.
734 Debt management Qun l n.
735 Debtor nation Nc mc n.
736 Debt ratio
T s n gia vn vay v vn c
phn
737 Decile Thp phn v
738 Decimal coinage Tin c c s mi
739 Decision function Hm quyt nh
740 Decision lag tr ca vic ra quyt nh
741 Decision rule Quy tc ra quyt nh
742 Decision theory L thuyt ra quyt nh
743 Decreasing cost industry Ngnh c chi ph gim dn
744 Decreasing returns
Mc sinh li gim dn; Li tc
gim dn
745 Decreasing returns to scale
Mc sinh li gim dn theo qui
m; Li tc gim dn theo quy m
746 Deferred ordinary shares C phiu thng li tr sau
747 Deficit Thm ht
748 Deficit financing Ti tr thm ht
Page 34
economic
749 Deficit units Cc n v thm ht
750 Deflation Gim pht
751 Deflationnary gap Chnh lch gy gim pht
752 Deflator Ch s gim pht
753 Degree of homogeneity Mc ng nht
754 Degree of freedom Bc t do (df)
755 Deindustrialization Phi cng nghip ho.
756 Delors Report Bo co Delors.
757 Demand Cu
758 Demand curve ng cu.
759 Demand deposits Tin gi khng k hn.
760 Demand - deficient unemployment Tht nghip do thiu cu.
761 Demand for inflation Cu i vi lm pht.
762 Demand function Hm cu
763 Demand for exchange Cu ngoi t.
764 Demand for money Cu tin t
765 Demand management Qun l cu.
766 Demand - pull inflation Lm pht do cu ko.
767 Demand schedule Biu cu
768 Demand shift inflation Lm pht do dch chuyn cu.
769 Demography Nhn khu hc.
770 Density gradient Gradient mt .
771 Dependence structure Cu trc ph thuc.
772 Demonetization
Qu trnh phi tin t ho; gim bt
s dng tin mt.
773 Dependency burden Gnh nng n theo.
774 Dependent variable Bin s ph thuc.
Page 35
economic
775 Depletion allowance u i ti nguyn
776 Deposit Tin gi
777 Deposit account Ti khon tin gi
778 Deposit money Tin gi ngn hng.
779
Depository Institution Deregulation
and Monetary Control Act of 1980
(DIDMCA)
o lut phi iu tit v kim sot
tin i vi cc nh ch nhn tin
gi nm 1980.
780 Depreciation Khu hao; s st gim gi tr.
781 Depression Tnh trng suy thoi.
782 Deregulation
D b iu tit; Xo iu tit; Phi
iu tit.
783
Depletable and renewable
resources
Cc ti nguyn khng th ti sinh
v ti sinh.
784 Depreciation rate T l khu hao.
785 Depressed area Khu vc tr tr.
786 Derivative o hm.
787 Derived demand
Cu phi sinh, cu dn xut, cu
th pht.
788 Deseasonalization Xo tnh cht thi v.
789 Desired capital stock Dung lng vn mong mun.
790 Determinant
nh thc (hay Del hoc c k
hiu |A|).
791 Detrending
Kh khuynh hng; Gim khuynh
hng.
792 Devaluation Ph gi
793 Devaluation and revaluation Ph gi v nng gi.
794 Developing countries Cc nc ang pht trin.
795 Development area Vng cn pht trin.
796 Development planning
Hoch nh pht trin; Lp k
hoch pht trin.
797 Development strategy Chin lc pht trin.
798 Deviation lch.
799 Standard deviation lch chun.
800 Dickey fuller test Cc kim nh Dickey Fuller.
801 Difference equation Phng trnh vi phn
802 Differencing Phng php vi phn
Page 36
economic
803 Difference principle
Nguyn l bt bng; Nguyn l
khc bit
804
Difference stationary process
(DSP) Qu trnh vi phn tnh.
805 Differentials
Cc cung bc; Cc mc chnh
lch.
806 Differentiated growth Tng trng nh a dng ho
807 Differentiation
Qu trnh a dng ho; Php vi
phn
808 Diffusion Qu trnh truyn b; S ph bin
809 Dillon Round Vng m phn Dillon
810 Diminishing marginal utility tho dng bin gim dn.
811 Diminishing returns
Mc sinh li gim dn; Li tc
gim dn
812
Diminishing marginal rate of
substitution
(Quy lut v) t l thay th bin
gim dn.
813
Diminishing marginal utility of
wealth
(Qui lut v) gi tr tho dng bin
gim dn ca ti sn/ca ci.
814 Direct costs Chi ph trc tip.
815 Direct debit Ghi n trc tip.
816 Direct taxes Thu trc thu.
817 Directors Ban gim c.
818 Director's Law Quy lut Director
819 Dirty float
Th ni (kiu) bn; Th ni khng
hon ton
820 Disadvantaged workers
Cng nhn (c v th) bt li;
Nhng cng nhn khng c li
th.
821 Discharges Nhng ngi b thi vic
822 Discounted cash flow (DCF)
Dng tin chit khu; Lung
tin chit khu
823 Discounted cash flow yield Li tc lung tin chit khu
824 Discount house Hng chit khu
825 Discounting Chit khu
826 Discount market Th trng chit khu.
827 Discount rate T l chit khu; sut chit khu
828 Discouraged Worker Hypothesis Gi thuyt v cng nhn nn lng.
829 Discrete variable Bin gin on
Page 37
economic
830 Discretionary profits Nhng mc li nhun vt tri
831 Discretionary stabilization S n nh c can thip
832 Discriminating monopoly
c quyn phn bit i x; c
quyn c phn bit.
833 Discrimination S phn bit i s.
834 Discriminatory pricing nh gi c phn bit
835 Diseconomies of growth Tnh phi kinh t do tng trng
836 Diseconomies of scale Tnh phi kinh t do quy m.
837 Disembodied technical progress
Tin b k thut ngoi ti; Tin b
k thut tch ri.
838 Disequilibrium
Trng thi bt cn; Trng thi
khng cn bng
839 Disguised unemployment Tht nghip tr hnh.
840 Disincentive Tr ngi
841 Disinflation Qu trnh gim lm pht.
842 Disintermediation
Qu trnh xo b trung gian; Phi
trung gian.
843 Disinvestment Gim u t.
844 Displacement effect
Hiu ng chuyn di; Hiu ng
thay i trng thi.
845 Disposable income
Thu nhp kh dng; thu nhp kh
tiu; Thu nhp kh dng.
846 Dissaving Gim tit kim.
847 Distance cost Ph vn chuyn.
848 Dirigiste Chnh ph can thip.
849 Discount rate Sut chit khu.
850
Discouraged worker /
unemployment Ngi tht nghip do nn lng.
851 Distributed lags tr c phn phi.
852 Distributed profits Li nhun c phn phi.
853 Distribution, theories of Cc l thuyt phn phi.
854 Dispersion Phn tn.
855 Distortions Bin dng
856 Distortions and market failures
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca th
trng.
857 Distribution (stats) Phn phi.
858 Continuous distribution Phn phi lin tc
859 Deterministic distribution Phn phi tt nh
860 Discrete distribution Phn phi ri rc
861 Normal distribution Phn phi chun
862 Probability distribution Phn phi xc sut
863 Step distribution Phn phi bc thang
864 Triangular distribution Phn phi tam gic
Page 38
economic
865 Union distribution Phn phi u.
866 Distributional equity Cng bng trong phn phi.
867 Distributional wage Trng s phn phi
868 Distribution function Chc nng phn phi.
869 Distributive judgement
S xem xt kha cnh phn phi;
BIN MINH PHN PHi.
870 Distributive justice Cng bng v kha cnh phn phi
871 Disturbance term Sai s.
872 Disutility bt tho dung.
873 Divergent cycle Chu k phn r; Chu k bng n.
874 Divergence Phn r; phn k; Sai bit.
875 Diversification a dng ho.
876 Diversifier Ngi u t a dng.
877 Dividend C tc.
878 Dividend cover Mc bo chng c tc.
879 Dividend payout ratio T s tr c tc
880 Dividend yield Li c tc.
881 Division of labour Phn cng lao ng.
882 Dollar certificate of deposite Giy chng nhn tin gi la.
883 Domar, Evsey D. (1914-)
884 Domestic credit expansion Tn dng trong nc (DCE).
885 Dominant firm price leadership Gi ca hng khng ch.
886 Doolittle method Phng php Doolittle
887 Double-coincidence of wants
S hi t lp v nhu cu; S trng
hp nhu cu.
888 Double counting Tnh hai ln; Tnh lp
889 Double factorial terms of trade
T gi ngoi thng c tnh n
gi ca cc yu t sn xut ca c
hai bn.
890 Double switching Chuyn i tr li.
Page 39
economic
891
Double taxation and double
taxation relief.
nh thu hai ln v trnh nh
thu hai ln.
892 Dow Jones index Ch s Dow Jones.
893 Dual decision hypothesis Gi thuyt quyt nh kp
894 Dualism, theory of L thuyt nh nguyn
895 Duality Phng php i ngu.
896 Dual labour market hypothesis
Gi thit th trng lao ng hai
cp.
897 Dollar standard Bn v la
898 Domestic absorption S hp thu trong nc.
899 Domestic - oriented growth
Tng trng hng ni; Tng
trng hng vo th trng ni
a.
900 Domestic resources cost Chi ph ti nguyn trong nc.
901 Dummy variable Bin gi.
902 Dumping Bn ph gi.
903 Duopoly Lng c quyn bn.
904 Duopsony Lng c quyn mua.
905 Duration of unemployment Thi gian tht nghip
906 Durbin h - statistic S thng k Durbin - h
907 Durbin- Watson S thng k (d hoc D.W.).
908 Dynamic economics Kinh t hc ng.
909 Dynamic model M hnh kinh t ng.
910 Dynamic peg T gi hi oi neo ng.
911 Dynamic programming Quy hoch ng.
912
Dynamic theories of comparative
advantage.
Cc l thuyt ng v li th so
snh.
913 Earmaking Dnh cho mc ch ring.
Page 40
economic
914 Earning Thu nhp.
915 Earnings driff Khuynh hng tng thu nhp.
916 Earnings function Hm thu nhp.
917 Easy money Tin d vay.
918
Easy / tight monetary or fiscal
policy
Chnh sch tin t v ti kho
lng/cht; Chnh sch ni lng /
tht cht tin t hay thu chi ngn
sch.
919 EC Agricultural Livies Thu nng nghip ca EC
920 ECGD
Xem EXPORT CREDITS
GUARANTEE DEPARTMENT
921 Econometric model M hnh kinh t lng.
922 Econometrics Mn kinh t lng.
923 Economic base C s kinh t.
924 Economic base multiplier Nhn t c s kinh t.
925 Economic community Cng ng kinh t.
926
Economic Co-operation
Administration C quan Hp tc kinh t.
927 Economic development Pht trin kinh t.
928 Economic development Committee U ban Pht trin kinh t.
929 Economic development Institute Vin Pht trin kinh t.
930 Economic dynamics ng hc kinh t.
931 Economic efficiency Hiu qu kinh t.
932 Eclectic Keynesian
Ngi theo thuyt Keynes chit
trung.
933 Economic cost Chi ph kinh t.
934 Economic growth Tng trng kinh t.
935 Economic good Hng ho kinh t.
936 Economic imperialism quc kinh t.
937 Economic liberialism Ch ngha t do kinh t.
938 Economic man Con ngi kinh t.
939 Economic planning Hoch nh kinh t.
940 Economic policy Chnh sch kinh t.
941 Economic price Gi kinh t.
942 Economic profit Li nhun kinh t.
943 Economic rent
Tin thu kinh t, t kinh t, c
li kinh t.
Page 41
economic
944 Economic rate of return T sut li nhun kinh t.
945 Economics Kinh t hc.
946 Economic surplus Thng d kinh t.
947 Economies of scale
Tnh kinh t nh qui m; Li th
kinh t nh quy m.
948 Economic theory of polities L thuyt chnh tr da trn kinh t.
949 Economic union Cng ng kinh t.
950 Economic welfare Phc li kinh t.
951 Economies of learning
Tnh kinh t nh hc hnh; Li ch
kinh t do hc tp
952 Economy of high wages Nn kinh t c tin cng cao.
953 ECSC
954 ECU
955 Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro (1845-1926).
956 EEC
957 Effective demand Cu hu hiu.
958 Effective Hiu dng, hiu qu.
959 Effective rate of protection
T l bo h hu dng; Thu bo
h hu hiu.
960 Effective rate of tax
Mc thu hu dng; Thu sut h
hu hiu.
961 Effective protection
Bo h hu dng; Bo h hu
hiu.
962 Effective rate of return Sut sinh li hiu dng.
963 Efficiency Tnh hiu qu; Tnh hiu dng.
964 Efficiency coefficient of investment H s hiu qa u t.
965 Efficiency earnings Thu nhp hiu qu.
966 Efficiency units n v hiu qu.
967 Efficiency wages
Tin cng hiu qu; tin lng
hiu dng/ hiu qu.
968 Efficiency wage theory L thuyt tin cng hiu qu.
969 Efficient asset market
Th trng ti sn c hiu dng/
hiu qu.
970 Efficient market hypothesis
Gi thuyt v th trng c hiu
qu.
971 Efficient resource allocation S phn b ngun lc c hiu qu
Page 42
economic
972 Effort aversion Ngn n lc; Khng thch n lc.
973 EFTA
Xem EUROPEAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION
974 EIB
Xem EUROPEAN INVESTMENT
BANK.
975 Elastic and unit elastic demand
Nhu cu co gin v co gin mt
n v.
976 Inelastic and unit elastic demand
977 Elasticity co gin
978 Elasticity of demand co gin ca cu.
979 Elasticity of input substitution
co gin ca s thay th u
vo.
980 Eligible asset ratio T s ti sn d tr.
981 Eligible paper Giy t tiu chun chit khu.
982 Elitist good Hng xa x
983 EMA
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY
AGREEMENT
984 Embodied technical progress
Tin b k thut ni hm; Tin b
hm cha k thut.
985 Emoluments
Khon th lao; Th lao ngoi
lng chnh
986 Endogeneous consumption Tiu dng ni sinh.
987
Employee Stock Ownership plan
(ESOP)
K hoch S hu c phn cho
ngi lm.
988 Employment Act of 1946 o lut Vic lm nm 1946
989 Employment Service Dch v vic lm.
990 Employment subsidies Tr cp vic lm.
991 EMS
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY
SYSTEM
992 Encompassing test
Php kim nghim vy; Php kim
nghim vng bin.
993 Endogenous income hypothesis Gi thit thu nhp ni sinh
994 Endogenous money supply Cung tin t ni sinh.
995 Endogenous variable Bin ni sinh.
996 Endowment effect Hiu ng hng c.
997 Energy intensity Cng s dng nng lng.
Page 43
economic
998
Enfranchisement of the
nomenklatura c quyn ca gii chc.
999 Engagements Tuyn dng (hay thu mi).
1000 Engel curve ng Engel.
1001 Engel's Law Quy lut ca Engel.
1002 Engineering method Phng php k thut.
1003 Entitlement principle Nguyn tc c quyn.
1004 Entrepreneur Ch doanh nghip.
1005 Entrepreneurial supply price Gi cung ng ca doanh nghip.
1006 Entrepreneurship
Kh nng, s lm ch ca doanh
nghip.
1007 Entry barriers Ro cn nhp nghnh.
1008 Entry and exit Nhp nghnh v xut ngnh.
1009 Entry forestalling price Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh.
1010 Entry preventing price Gi ngn chn nhp ngnh.
1011 Environmental conditions Nhng iu kin mi trng.
1012 Environmental determinism Quyt nh lun do mi trng.
1013 Environmental impact analysis Phn tch tc ng mi trng.
1014 EPU
1015 Equal advantage
Li th bnh ng, Li th ngang
bng.
1016
Equal Employment Opportunity Act
of 1972
o lut v c hi vic lm /bnh
ng/ngang bng nm 1972.
1017
Equal Employment Opportunity
Commision
U ban C hi vic lm bnh
ng/ngang bng.
1018 Equalization grants Cc khon tr cp cn bng.
1019
Equalizing differences, the theory
of Lhuyt cn bng chnh lch
1020 Equal pay
Tr lng ngang nhau; tr lng
bnh ng.
1021 Equal sacrifice theories
L thuyt hy sinh ngang nhau; l
thuyt hy sinh bnh ng.
Page 44
economic
1022 Equation of exchange Phng trnh trao i.
1023 Equilibrium Cn bng
1024 Equilibrium error Sai s cn bng
1025
Equilibrium level of national
income
Mc cn bng ca thu nhp quc
gia
1026 Equilibrium price Gi cn bng
1027 Equilibrium rate of inflation T l lm pht cn bng.
1028 Equities C phn
1029 Equity Cng bng
1030 Equity capital Vn c phn
1031 Equivalance scale
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i
mc sng tng ng; Quy m
tng ng.
1032 Equivalent commodity scale
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i
hng ho tiu dng tng ng.
1033 Equivalent income scale
Thang/h s/ t l/qui m qui i
thu nhp tng ng
1034 Equivalent variation Mc bin ng tng ng
1035 ERM
1036 Error correction models (ECMs)
Cc m hnh hiu chnh sai s;
Cc m hnh sa cha sai s.
1037 Error learning process Qu trnh nhn bit sai s.
1038 Errors variables
Sai s trong bin s (hay sai s
trong cc php o).
1039 Escalators iu khon di ng gi.
1040 Estate duty Thu di sn (thu ti sn tha k).
1041 Estate economy Nn kinh t n in.
1042 Estimation S c lng.
1043 Estimator
Phng thc c lng; c
lng.
1044 EUA
Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF
ACCOUNT
1045 Euler's theorem nh l Euler
1046 Eurocurrency market Th trng tin t Chu U.
1047 Eurodollars ola Chu u.
1048
European Agricultural Guidance
and Guaranted Fund
Qu Bo m v Hng dn Nng
nghip Chu u.
Page 45
economic
1049
European Bank for Reconstruction
and Development
Ngn hng ti thit v Pht trin
Chu U.
1050
European Coal and Steel
Community Cng ng Than v thp Chu u.
1051 European Community Budget Ngn sch Cng ng Chu u.
1052 European Commom Market Th trng chung Chu u.
1053 European Community Cng ng Chu u.
1054 European Currency Unit n v tin t Chu u.
1055 European Devolopment Fund Qu pht trin Chu u.
1056 European Economic Community Cng ng Kinh t Chu u.
1057 European Free Trade Association Hip hi Mu dch t do Chu u.
1058 European Fund Qu Chu u.
1059 European Investment Bank Ngn hng u t Chu u.
1060 European Monetary Agreement Hip nh tin t Chu u.
1061
European Monetary Co-operation
Fund Qu hp tc Tin t Chu U.
1062 European Monetary Fund Qu Tin t Chu U.
1063 European Monetary System (EMS) H thng tin t chu u.
1064
European Monetary Unit of
Account n v K ton Tin t Chu u.
Page 46
economic
1065 European Payments Union Lin minh Thanh ton Chu u.
1066 European Recovery Programme.
Chng trnh Phc hng Chu
u.
1067
European Regional Development
Fund. Qu Pht trin Khu vc Chu u.
1068 European Social Fund. Qu X hi Chu U.
1069 European Unit of Account n v K ton Chu u.
1070 Eurostat
1071 Exact test Kim nghim chnh xc.
1072 Ex ante T trc; D tnh; d nh
1073 Excess capacity
Cng sut d; cng sut tha;
Tha nng lc, tha cng sut.
1074 Excess capacity theory
L thuyt cng sut d/tha;
Thuyt tha cng sut.
1075 Excess burden Gnh nng thu qu mc.
1076 Excess demand Mc cu d; D cu.
1077
Excess productive capacity (Idle
Excess goods) T liu sn xut nhn ri.
1078 Excess reserves Khon d tr d; D tr d.
1079 Excess supply Mc cung d; D cung
1080 Excess profit Li vt.
1081 Excess wage tax
Thu chng lng vt; Thu
chng tng lng
1082 Exchange Trao i
1083 Exchange control Qun l ngoi hi.
1084 Exchange Equalization Account Qu bnh n Hi oi.
1085 Exchange rate T gi hi oi.
Page 47
economic
1086 Exchange rate Mechanism C ch t gi hi oi.
1087 Exchange reserves D tr ngoi hi.
1088 Exchequer Kho bc, ngn kh Anh.
1089 Excise duty Thu tiu th c bit.
1090 Exclusion Loi tr
1091 Excludable C th loi tr.
1092 Exclusion principle Nguyn tc loi tr.
1093 Executive Ngi iu hnh.
1094 Exempt goods
Hng ho c min thu gi tr
gia tng.
1095 Exhaustive voting Cch b phiu thu o.
1096 Existence, theorem of nh l v s tn ti.
1097 Exit-voice model M hnh ni rt lui.
1098 Excise taxes Cc mc thu trn tng mt hng.
1099 Exchange rate speculation S u c t gi hi oi.
1100 Effective exchange rate T gi hi oi hiu dng
1101 Exogeneity Yu t ngoi sinh.
1102 Exogeneity of money supply S ngoi sinh ca cung tin t.
1103 Exogenous (thuc) ngoi sinh.
1104 Exogenous variable Bin ngoi sinh.
1105 Expansionary phase
Giai on bnh trng; Giai on
tng trng.
1106 Expansion path
ng bnh trng; ng m
rng
1107 Expatriate
Chuyn gia (t cc nc pht
trin)
1108 Expectations K vng; d tnh.
1109 Expectations, augmented Bin b sung v d tnh.
1110 Expectations lag tr k vng; tr d tnh
1111 Expected inflation
Mc lmp pht k vng; Lm pht
d tnh
Page 48
economic
1112 Expected net returns
Mc li tc rng k vng; Li tc
rng d tnh.
1113 Expected utility theory
L thuyt tho dng k vng;
Thuyt tho dng d tnh.
1114 Expected value Gi tr k vng; gi tr d tnh.
1115 Expenditure approach
Phng php da vo chi tiu (
tnh GDP).
1116 Expenditure-switching policies
Cc chnh sch chuyn i chi
tiu.
1117 Expenditure tax Thu chi tiu
1118 Expenditure-variation controls
Kim sot mc bin ng trong chi
tiu; Kim sot s thay i ca chi
tiu.
1119 Expense preference u tin chi tiu.
1120 Explanatory variable Bin gii thch
1121 Explicit function Hm hin
1122 Exploitation Khai thc; bc lt.
1123 Explosive cycle Chu k bng n.
1124 Exponential Thuc s m, thuc hm m.
1125 Export Xut khu, hng xut khu.
1126 Export-import bank Ngn hng xut nhp khu.
1127 Export-led growth Tng trng da vo xut khu.
1128 Export promotion Khuyn khch xut khu.
1129
Export Credit Guarantee
Department. Cc Bo m tn dng xut khu.
1130 Export-oriented industrialization
Cng nghip ho theo hng xut
khu.
1131 Ex post t sau; sau
1132 Extensive margin Mc cn bin qung canh.
Page 49
economic
1133 External balace
Cn bng i ngoi; Cn bng bn
ngoi.
1134 External deficit
Thm ht i ngoi; Thm ht bn
ngoi.
1135 External diseconomy
nh hng phi kinh t t bn
ngoi; Tnh phi kinh t t bn
ngoi
1136
External economies &
diseconomies of scale
nh hng kinh t v phi kinh t
t bn ngoi theo quy m.
1137 External economy
nh hng kinh t t bn ngoi;
Tnh kinh t t bn ngoi
1138 External finance (Ngun) ti chnh t bn ngoi.
1139 External financial limits
Mc gii hn ngun ti chnh t
bn ngoi.
1140 External growth
Tng trng ngoi ng; Tng
trng do bn ngoi.
1141 Externalities Cc ngoi hng; Cc ngoi ng
1142 External labour market Th trng lao ng bn ngoi.
1143 External reserve D tr ngoi hi.
1144 Dynamic externalities
Cc ngoi hng ng; Ngoi ng
ng.
1145 Extraneous information Thng tin khng lin quan
1146 Extrapolative expectation
K vng ngoi suy; Nhng d tnh
ngoi suy.
1148 Extrema Cc cc tr.
1149 Extrema Keynesian
Ngi theo thuyt Keynes cc
oan.
1150
Factor augmenting technical
progress
Tin b k thut gia tng nh
hng ca yu t.
1152 Factor endowment
Ngun lc sn c; Ngun ti
nguyn sn c; S s hu cc
yu t sn xut; tnh sn c, lng
cc yu t sn xut.
1153 Factor incomes Thu nhp t yu t sn xut.
1154 Factoring
Bao thanh ton; mua n; Gii
thot n.
1155 Factor-price equalization
S cn bng yu t sn xut - gi
c.
1156 Factor-price frontier Gii hn yu t sn xut - gi c.
Page 50
economic
1157 Factor intensity
Mc / cng huy ng (s
dng) cc yu t sn xut.
1158 Factor proportion T l cc yu t sn xut.
1159 Factor reverals
S o ngc cc yu t sn
xut.
1160 Factors of production Cc yu t sn xut.
1161 Factor substitution effect Tc ng thay th yu t sn xut.
1162 Factor utilization S s dng yu t sn xut.
1163 Factorial Giai tha.
1164 Fair comparisons So snh cng ng.
1165 Fair rate of return T sut li tc cng bng.
1166 Fair trade law Lut thng mi cng bng.
1167 Fair trading Act 1973
o lut thng mi cng bng
1973
1168 Fair trading, Office of Vn phng thng mi cng bng.
1169 Fair wages Tin cng cng bng.
1170 Fallacy of composition
Ngu bin v hp th; 'Khi nim
"sai lm do gm gp/ tng hp".
1171 False trading Thng mi la di.
1172 Family expenditure survey iu tra chi tiu gia nh.
1173 Family credit Tn dng gia nh.
1174 Family-unit agriculture
(kinh t) nng nghip theo h gia
nh; Nng nghip theo n v gia
nh.
1175 FAO
Xem FOOD AND AGRICULTURE
ORGANIZATION.
1176 FASB
Xem FINANCIAL ACCOUNT
STANDARDS BOARD
1177 FCI Xem FINANCE FOR INDUSTRY.
1178 Featherbedding
Bo h, bo v; To vic lm (nhi
lng nm).
1179 Fed., the
T vit tt ca h thng d tr lin
bang.
1180
Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation (FDIC)
Cng ty bo him tin gi Lin
bang.
1181 Federal Fund Market Th trng Tin qu lin Bang.
1182
Federal Home Loan Bank System
(FHLBS)
H thng ngn hng cho vay ni
b ca lin bang.
1183 Feasibility study Nghin cu kh thi.
Page 51
economic
1184
Federal Nation Mortgage
Association (FNMA)
Hip hi Cm c Quc gia lin
bang
1185 Federal Open Market Committee U ban Th trng m Lin bang.
1186 Federal Reserve Note
Chng n ca Cc d tr Lin
Bang
1187 Federal Reserve System H thng D tr Lin bang.
1188 Federal Trade Commission Act
o lut v Hi ng thng mi
Lin bang.
1189 Feedback/entrapment effects Tc ng phn hi/by.
1190 Feudalism Ch ngha phong kin.
1191 Fiat money Tin theo lut nh
1192 Fiduciary issue Tin khng c bo lnh.
1193 Filter B lc.
1194 Filtering Qu trnh lc.
1195 FIML
1196 Final goods Hng ho cui cng.
1197 Final offer arbitration
(Phng n) trng ti ra quyt
nh cui cng.
1198 Final product Sn phm cui cng.
1199 Finance Ti chnh
1200 Finance Corporation for Industry Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip.
Page 52
economic
1201 Finance house
Nh cung cp ti chnh; Cng ty ti
chnh.
1202 Finance houses market
Th trng cc nh cung cp ti
chnh; Th trng cng ty ti chnh.
1203 Financial Capital Vn ti chnh.
1204 Financial instrument Cng c ti chnh.
1205 Financial displine
Nguyn tc ti chnh; K thut ti
chnh.
1206 Financial intermediary Trung gian ti chnh.
1207 Financial price Gi ti chnh.
1208 Financial ratios T s ti chnh.
1209 Financial risk Ri ro ti chnh.
1210
Financial Times Actuaries Share
Indices
Ch s gi c phiu thng k ca
bo Financial Times.
1211
Financial Times Industrial Ordinary
Index
Ch s cng nghip ca bo
Financial Times.
1212 Financial year Nm ti chnh.
1213 Financial statement Bo co ti chnh.
1214 Financial rate of return Sut sinh li ti chnh.
1215 Finite memory B nh xc nh (hu hn).
1216 Firm Hng sn xut.
1217 Firm, theory of the L thuyt v hng.
1218 Finite horizon Tm nhn/ khung tri hu hn.
1219 Firm-specific human capital Vn nhn lc c th i vi hng.
1220
Fist-best and second-best
efficiency
Tnh hiu dng / hiu qu tt nht
v tt nh.
1221 First difference Vi phn bc I.
1222 First order condition iu kin o hm bc I.
1223 Fiscal policy
Chnh sch thu kho; Chnh sch
thu chi ngn sch.
1224 Fiscal decentralization
S phn cp thu kho; S phn
cp ngn sch.
1225 Fiscal drag Sc cn ca thu kho.
1226 Fiscal federalism
Ch ti kho theo m hnh lin
bang.
1227 Fiscal illusion o gic thu kho.
1228 Fiscal multiplier Nhn t thu kho.
1229 Fiscal walfare benefits Li ch phc li thu kho.
1230 Fisher, Irving (1867-1947)
Page 53
economic
1231 Fisher equation Phng trnh Fisher
1232 Fisher open
Xem UNCOVERED INTEREST
PARITY.
1233 Fixed asset Ti sn c nh.
1234
Fixed coenfficients production
function
Hm sn xut c cc h s c
nh.
1235 Fixed cost Chi ph c nh; nh ph.
1236 Fixed exchange rate T gi hi oi c nh.
1237 Fixed factors
Cc yu t sn xut c nh; cc
sn t c nh.
1238 Fixed labour costs Chi ph lao ng c nh.
1239 Fixed-price mdel Cc m hnh mc gi c nh.
1240 Fixed / floating exchange rates T gi hi oi c nh / th ni.
1241 Fixed proportions in production T l c nh trong sn xut.
1242 Fixprice and flexprice Gi bt bin v gi linh hot.
1243 Flat yield Tin li ng lot.
1244 Flexible exchange rate T gi hi oi linh hot.
1245 Flexitime Thi gian lm vic linh hot.
1246 Flight from cash B tin mt.
1247 Float Tin tri ni.
1248 Floating capital Vn lun chuyn.
1249 Floating charge Ph linh ng
1250 Floating debt N th ni
1251 Floating exchange rate T gi hi oi th ni.
1252 Floating pound ng bng Anh th ni.
1253 Floor Sn.
1254 Flotation Pht hnh.
1255 Flow Dng, lung, Lu lng.
1256 Flow of funds analysis Phn tch lung tin qu
1257 FOB
Gi khng tnh ph vn ti, gi
FOB.
1258
Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
T chc Lng thc v Nng
nghip ca Lin hp quc.
1259 Footloose industries
Ngng rng cng; Ngnh khng c
nh.
Page 54
economic
1260 "footsie"
1261 Forced riders Ngi hng li bt buc.
1262 Forced saving Tit kim bt buc.
1263 Forecast error Sai s d on.
1264 Forecasting D on
1265 Foreign aid Vin tr nc ngoi.
1266 Foreign balance Cn cn thanh ton quc t.
1267 Foreign exchange Ngoi hi.
1268 Foreign exchange market Th trng Ngoi hi.
1269 Foreign exchange reserve D tr ngoi hi.
1270 Foreign investment u t nc ngoi.
1271 Foreign payments Thanh ton vi nc ngoi.
1272 Foreign trade mutiplier Nhn t ngoi thng.
1273 Forward contract
Hp ng nh trc; Hp ng
k hn.
1274 Forward exchange market
Th trng hi oi nh trc; Th
trng hi oi k hn.
1275 Forward intergration Lin kt xui.
1276 Forward linkage Lin h xui.
1277 Forward market
Th trng nh trc; Th trng
k hn.
1278 Forward rate
T gi hi oi nh trc; t gi
hi oi k hn.
1279 Forward and contingent market
Cc th trng nh trc v bt
trc.
1280
Forward markets and spots
markets
Cc th trng nh trc v th
trng giao ngay.
1281 Foundation grant Tr cp c bn.
1282 Fourier analysis Phn tc Fourier
1283 Fractional reserve banking
Hot ng ngn hng bng cch
d tr theo t l.
1284 Franked investment income Thu nhp u t c min thu.
1285 Free exchange rates T gi hi oi t do
Page 55
economic
1286 Freedom of entry T do nhp ngnh.
1287 Freed good
Hng min ph; Hng khng phi
tr tin
1288 Free market Th trng t do.
1289 Free market economy Nn kinh t th trng t do.
1290 Free on board Giao hng ti bn.
1291 Free reserves D tr t do.
1292 Free rider Ngi xi cha; ngi n khng.
1293 Free trade Thng mi t do.
1294 Free trade area Khu vc thng mi t do.
1295 Frequency distribution Phn b theo tn sut.
1296 Frictional unemployment Tht nghip do ch chuyn ngh
1297 Friedman, Milton (1912-)
1298 Fringe benefit Phc li phi tin t.
Page 56
economic
1299 Frisch, Ragnar (1895-1973)
1300 F-statistic Thng k F.
1301 FT-SE 100
1302 Full bodied money Tin quy c.
1303 Full cost Chi ph y .
1304 Full cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph y .
1305 Fractional reserve system H thng d tr mt phn.
1306 Free-rider problem Vn ngi "xi cha".
1307
Frictional and structural
unemployment
Tht nghip do ch chuyn ngh
v do ch chuyn ngh.
1308 Full-employment budget
Ngn sch mc nhn cng ton
dng; Ngn sch khi c vic
lm.
1309 Full-employment budget surplus
Thng d ngn sch mc nhn
cng ton dng; Thng d ngn
sch khi c vic lm.
1310 Full-employment national income
Thu nhp quc dn mc nhn
cng ton dng; Thu nhp quc
dn khi c vic lm.
1311
Full-employment unemployment
rate
T l tht nghip t nhin mc
nhn cng ton dng; T l tht
nghip t nhin khi c vic lm.
1312
Full information maximum likehood
(FIML)
c lng kh nng cc i khi
c thng tin.
1313 Function Hm s.
1314 Fuctional costing Lp chi ph theo chc nng.
1315 Function of function rule Quy tc hm ca mt hm s.
1316 Funded debt N v thi hn; N c ti tr.
1317 Funding i n, o n; cp vn, ti tr.
Page 57
economic
1318 Function income distribution
Phn phi thu nhp theo chc
nng.
1319 Futures contract Hp ng k hn
1320 Futures market Th trng k hn
1321 Future value Gi tr tng lai.
1322
General Arangement to borrow
(GAB) Hip c vay n chung.
1323 Gains from trade Li ch ca thng mi.
1324 Galbraith, John Kenneth (1908-)
1325 Galloping inflation Lm pht phi m.
1326 Game theory L thuyt tr chi.
1327 GATT
1328 Gauss- Markov Theorem inh l Gauss- Markov.
1329 GDP Tng sn phm quc ni.
1330 Gearing
S n khp, t s gia vn n v
vn c phn
1331 Gearing ratio T s n khp
1332
General Agreement of Tariffs and
Trade (GATT)
Hip nh chung v thu quan v
thng mi.
1333 General Agreement to Borrow Tho thun Chung v i vay.
1334
General Classification of Economic
Activities in t
S phn loi chung v cc hot
ng kinh t trong Cng ng
chu u.
1335 General equilibrium
Cn bng chung; Cn bng tng
th.
1336 General grant Tr cp chung.
1337 Generalized least square (GLS) Bnh phng nh nht tng qut.
1338 General linear model (GLM) M hnh tuyn tnh tng qut.
1339
Generalized System of
Preferences (GSP)
H thng u i ph cp; H
thng u i chung.
1340 General price level Mc gi chung.
1341
General Theory of Employment,
Interest and Money
L thuyt tng qut v Vic lm,
Li sut v Tin t.
1342 General human capital
Vn nhn lc mang c im
chung; vn nhn lc chung chung.
1343 General union Cc nghip on.
1344 Geneva Conference Hi ngh Geneva.
Page 58
economic
1345 Geneva Round Vng m phn Geneva.
1346 Geographic frontier Gii hn a l.
1347 Geometric lag tr cp s nhn.
1348
Gilbrat's law of proportionate
growth
Lut Gilbrat v tng trng theo t
l.
1349 Giffen good Hng ho Giffen
1350 Gifts tax Thu qu tng.
1351 Gilt- edged securities
Chng khon vin vng; Chng
khon ho hng.
1352 Gini coefficient H s GINI.
1353 Giro system H thng chuyn khon Giro
1354 Glejser test Kim nh Glejser.
1355 GNP Tng sn phm quc dn.
1356 Gold bricking Hot ng la di.
1357 Gold certificate Giy chng gi vng.
1358 "gold age" growth Tng trng "thi k hong kim".
1359 Golden rule Nguyn tc vng; Quy tc vng.
1360 Golden rule of accumulation
Nguyn tc vng v tch lu; Quy
tc vng ca tch lu.
1361 Gold exchange standard Bn v trao i bng vng.
1362 Gold export point im xut khu vng.
1363 Gold import point im nhp khu vng.
1364 Goldfeld - Quandt Kim nh Goldfeld - Quandt.
1365 Gold market Th trng vng.
1366 Gold points Cc im vng.
1367 GDP and nation income GDP v thu nhp quc dn.
1368 GDP at factor cost GDP theo chi ph sn xut.
1369 GDP at market prices GDP theo gi th trng.
1370 GDP deflator H s kh lm pht cho GDP.
1371 Gold reserve D tr vng.
Page 59
economic
1372 Gold standard Bn v vng.
1373 Goldbugs Nhng con mt vng.
1374 Goodhart's law Lut Goodhart.
1375 Goodness of fit Mc ph hp.
1376 Goods Cc hng ho tt.
1377 Goodwill Thin ch.
1378 Gosplan U ban k hoch (Lin X).
1379 Government deficit Thm ht ca Chnh ph.
1380 Government expenditure Chi tiu ca chnh ph.
1381
Government Nation Mortgage
Association (GNMA)
Hip hi cm c quc gia ca
Chnh ph.
1382 Government regulation S iu tit ca chnh ph.
1383 Government securities Chng khon ca chnh ph.
1384
Government spending and net
taxes
Chi tiu ca chnh ph v thu
rng.
1385
Government spending on goods
and services
Chi tiu ca chnh ph cho hng
ho v dch v.
1386 Gradualism
Trng phi tun tin; Ch ngha
tun tin; thuyt tun tin.
1387 Gradualist monetarist
Ngi theo thuyt trng tin tun
tin.
1388 Graduate tax Thu i hc
1389 Grand factor price frontier Gii hn gi c nhn t chnh.
1390 Grandfather clause
iu khon dnh cho nhng ngi
c chc.
1391 Granger causality Tnh nhn qa Granger.
1392 Grant Tr cp.
1393 Grant in aid Tr cp di dng vin tr.
Page 60
economic
1394 Gravity model M hnh lc hp dn.
1395 "Great Leap Forward" i nhy vt
1396 Green pound ng bng xanh
1397 Green revolution Cch mng Xanh.
1398 Gresham's Law Lut Gresham.
1399 Gross barter terms of trade Tng t l hng i hng.
1400
Gross domestic fixed capital
formation Tng t bn c nh trong nc.
1401 Gross domestic product (GDP) Tng sn phm quc ni.
1402 Gross domestic product deflator
Ch s kh lm pht cho tng sn
phm quc ni.
1403 Gross investment Tng u t.
1404 Gross margin Mc chnh gi gp.
1405 Gross national income Tng thu nhp quc dn.
1406 Gross profit Tng li nhun
1407 Gross trading profit Tng li nhun thng mi.
1408 Group of Ten Nhm G10.
1409 Group of Seven Nhm G7.
1410 Group of 77 Nhm 77.
1411 Growth-gap unemployment
Tht nghip do chnh lch v tng
trng.
1412 Growth path ng tng trng.
1413 Growth-profitability function Hm li nhun - tng trng.
1414 Growth-stock paradox Nghch l c phn tng trng.
1415 Growth theories of the firm
Cc l thuyt v s tng trng
ca hng.
Page 61
economic
1416 Growth theory L thuyt tng trng.
1417 Growth rate Tc tng trng.
1418 Growth-valuation function Hm gi tr - tng trng.
1419 G.7 Xem GROUP OF SEVEN
1420 Guaranteed week Tun l bo m.
1421 Guidelines Nguyn tc ch o.
1422 Guidepost following behaviour Hnh vi theo hng ch dn.
1423 Guideposts Cc ch dn.
1424 Haavelmo, Trygve (1911-)
1425 Haberler, Gottfried (1900-)
1426 Habit-creating demand function Hm cu do thi quen.
1427 Halesbury Committee U ban Halesbury.
1428 Hammered B g ba.
1429 Hedgers Nhng ngi t bo him.
1430 Hard-core unemployed
Nhng ngi tht nghip kh tm
vic lm.
1431 Hard currency Tin mnh.
1432 Harmony of interests Hi ho quyn li.
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economic
1433 Harrod, Sir Roy, F. (1900-1978).
1434 Harrod-Domar growth model
M hnh tng trng Harrod-
Domar.
1435 Harrod Neutral Technical Progress
Tin b k thut trung tnh ca
Harrod.
1436 Havana Charter iu l Havana.
1437 Hayek, Friedrich A.Von (1899-1992).
1438
Heckscher-Ohlin approach to
international trade
Phung php Heckscher-Ohlin v
thng mi quc t.
1439 Hedging Lp hng ro.
1440 Hedonic price Gi n.
1441 Hedonism Ch ngha khoi lc.
1442 Herfindahl index Ch s Herfindahl.
1443 Heterogeneity Tnh khng ng nht.
1444 Heterogeneous capital Vn khng ng nht.
1445 Heterogeneous product Sn phm khng ng nht.
1446 Heteroscedasticity Hip phng sai khng ng nht.
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economic
1447 Hicks. Sir John R. (1904-1989).
1448 Hicks-Hansen diagram Biu Hicks-Hansen.
1449 Hicks Neutral Technical Progress Tin b k thut trung tnh Hicks.
1450 Hidden unemployment Tht nghip n.
1451 High-powered money Tin mnh.
1452 Hiring rate T l thu.
1453 Hiring standards Cc tiu chun thu ngi.
1454 Histogram Biu tn xut.
1455 Historical costs Chi ph lch s.
1456 Historical model Cc m hnh lch s.
1457 Historical school Trng phi lch s.
1458 Historicism Ch ngha lch s.
1459 Hoarding u c tch tr.
1460 Hoarding company Cng ty nm gi.
1461 Homogeneity Tnh thun nht, tnh ng nht.
1462 Homogeneous functions Cc hm ng nht.
1463 Homogeneous product Sn phm ng nht.
1464 Homogeneous product functin Cc hm sn xut ng nht.
1465 Homoscedasticity Hip phng sai ng nht.
1466 Horizontal equity Cng bng theo phng ngang.
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economic
1467 Horizontal intergration Lin kt theo phng ngang.
1469
Horizontal / vertical / conglomerate
merger
Hp nht theo tuyn ngang/ dc/
kt khi.
1470 Hot money Tin nng.
1471 Hotelling's Rule Quy tc Hotelling.
1472 Housing benefit Li nhun nh .
1473 Human capital Vn nhn lc.
1474 Hume, David (1711-1776)
1475 Hunt Commission U ban Hunt.
1476 Hunt Report Bo co Hunt.
1477 Hiperbola Hypecbn
1478 Hyperinflation Siu lm pht.
1479 Hypothesis testing Kim nh gi thuyt.
1480 Hysteresis Hin tng tr.
1481 Human wealth Ca ci ca con ngi.
1482 ICOR
T l bin t gia vn v sn
lng.
1483 IBBD Ngn hng Ti thit v Pht trin.
1484 ICFC
Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi.
1485 IDA Hip hi Pht trin quc t.
1486 Identification problem Bi ton nhn dng.
1487 Identity ng nht thc.
1488 Identity matrix Ma trn n v.
1489 National Income Identities
ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc
dn.
Page 65
economic
1490 Idiosyncratic exchange
Trao i tnh cht ring; trao i t
cht.
1491 Idle balances Tin nhn ri.
1492 Illiquidity Khng tnh chuyn hon.
1493 Ilo Vn phng Lao ng Quc t.
1494 Imaginary number S o.
1495 IMF Qu tin t quc t.
1496 Imitative growth Tng trng m phng.
1497 Immiserizing growth Tng trng lm khn kh.
1498 Impact analysis Phn tch tc ng.
1499 Impact multiplier S nhn tc ng
1500 Impact of taxation Tc ng ca vic nh thu.
1501 Imperfect competition Cnh tranh khng hon ho.
1502 Imperfect market Th trng khng hon ho.
1503 Imperialism Ch ngha quc.
1504 Implementation lag tr thc hin.
1505 Implicit contracts Cc hp ng n.
1506 Implicit cost Chi ph n.
1507 Implicit function Hm n.
1508 Implicit price deflator Ch s gim pht gi n.
1509 Implicit rental value Gi tr tin thu n.
1510 Import Hng nhp khu.
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economic
1511 Import duty Thu nhp khu.
1512 Import quota Hn ngch nhp khu.
1513 Import restrictions Cc hn ch nhp khu.
1514 Import substitution Thay th nhp khu.
1515 Import tariff Thu quan nhp khu.
1516 Import substitution industrialization
Cng nghip ho bng thay th
hng nhp khu.
1517 Impossibility Theorem
nh l v tnh bt kh th; nh l
v iu khng th c.
1518 Impure public good
Hng ho cng cng khng thun
tu.
1519 Imputed rent Tin thu khng quy i.
1520 Inactive money Tin nhn ri.
1521 Incentive payment systems H thng thanh ton khuyn khch.
1522 Incidence of taxation
Phm vi tc ng ca vic nh
thu, i tng chu thu.
1523 Income Thu nhp
1524 Income, circular flow of Lung lun chuyn ca thu nhp.
1525 Income consumption curve ng tiu dng thu nhp.
1526 Income determination Xc nh thu nhp.
1527 Income differentials S khc bit v thu nhp.
1528 Income effect
Hiu ng thu nhp, nh hng thu
nhp.
1529 Income distribution Phn phi thu nhp.
1530 Income elasticity of demand Co gin ca cu theo thu nhp.
1531 Income - expenditure model M hnh thu nhp - chi tiu
1532 Income maintenance Duy tr thu nhp.
1533 Income effect of wages nh hng thu nhp ca lng.
1534 Income approach
Phng php da theo thu nhp
( tnh GDP).
1535 Income-sales ratio T s thu nhp / doanh thu.
1536 Incomes policy Chnh sch thu nhp.
1537 Income and substitution effect
nh hng ca thu nhp v nh
hng ca thay th.
1538 Income support Tr gip thu nhp.
1539 Income tax Thu thu nhp
1540 Income statement Bo co thu nhp / Bn thu nhp.
1541 Income terms of trade T gi thng mi theo thu nhp
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economic
1542 Income velocity of circulation Tc lu thng ca thu nhp.
1543 Increasing returns to scale Li tc tng dn theo quy m.
1544 Incremental capital-output ratio
T s vn/ sn lng tng thm
(ICOR).
1545 Independent variable Bin c lp.
1546 Indexation Phng php ch s ho.
1547
Indexation of tax allowances and
taxation.
Ch s ho vic tr cp thu v
vic nh thu.
1548 Index number S ch s.
1549 Index number problem Vn ch s.
1550 Indicative planning K hoch ho ch dn.
1551 Index of distortion
Ch s bin dng / bp mo / sai
lch.
1552 Indifference Bng quan
1553 Indifference curve
ng bng quan, ng ng
dng.
1554 Indifference map
H ng bng quan, bn
ng ng dng.
1555 Indirect least squares (ILS) Bnh phng ti thiu gin tip.
1556 Indirect taxes Thu gin thu.
1557 Indirect utility function Hm tho dng gin tip.
1558 Indivisibilities
Tnh bt kh chia; Tnh khng th
phn chia c.
1559 Industrial action Trng pht lao ng.
1560
Industrial and Commercial Finance
Corporation
Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v
Thng mi.
1561 Industrial bank Ngn hng cng nghip.
1562 Industrial complex analysis Phn tch t hp cng nghip.
1563 Industrial democracy Dn ch cng nghip
1564 Industrial Development Certificate Chng ch Pht trin cng nghip.
1565 Industrial dispute Tranh chp lao ng
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economic
1566 Industrial concentration S tp trung cng nghip.
1567 Inductive reasoning Lp lun quy np.
1568 Industrial policy Chnh sch cng nghip.
1569 Industrial inertia Tnh cng nghip.
1570 Industrialization
Cng nghip ho ( cc nc
ang pht trin).
1571 Industrial organization T chc cng nghip
1572 Industrial relation Cc quan h lao ng.
1573
Industrial Reorganization
Corporation Cng ty ci t cng nghip.
1574 Industrial unions Nghip on theo ngnh.
1575 Industrial wage differentials
Chnh lch v tin cng gia cc
ngnh.
1576 Industrial wage structure C cu tin cng theo ngnh.
1577 Industry Ngnh cng nghip.
1578 Industry-wide bargaining Thng lng trong ton ngnh.
1579 Inelastic Khng co gin.
1580 Inequality Bt ng thc.
1581 Infant industry Ngnh cng nghip non tr.
1582
Infant industry argument for
protection
Lun im bo h ngnh cng
nghip non tr.
1583 Infant industry tariff argument
Lun im v lp thu quan bo
h ngnh cng nghip non tr.
1584 Inference Suy lun
1585 Inferior good
Hng ho h ng; hng ho th
cp
1586 Infinite memory B nh v hn.
1587 Inflation Lm pht.
1588 Inflation, suppressed Lm pht b nn.
1589 Inflation accounting Hch ton lm pht.
1590 Inflationary gap
H cch / khong trng lm pht,
chnh lch lm pht.
1591 Infinitely elastic Co gin hon ton.
1592 Inflationary spiral Vng xoy c ca lm pht.
1593 Inflation subsidy Tr cp lm pht.
1594 Inflation tax Thu lm pht.
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economic
1595 Informal sector Khu vc khng chnh thc.
1596 Information Thng tin
1597 Information matrix Ma trn Thng tin.
1598 Inflation rate T l lm pht.
1599 Inflation-adjusted budget
Ngn sch c iu chnh theo
lm pht.
1600 Informative economy analysis Phn tch thng tin kinh t.
1601 Infra-marginal externality Ngoi ng bin.
1602 Infrastructure H tng c s.
1603 Inheritance tax Thu tha k.
1604 Initial claims series Nhm ngi yu cu u tin.
1605 Injections S bm tin.
1606 In-kind redistribution Phn phi li bng hin vt.
1607 Inland bill Hi phiu ni a.
1608 Innovations Pht kin; sng kin
1609 Input u vo.
1610 Input orientation nh hng theo u vo.
1611 Innocent entry barrier
Cn tr v tnh i vi vic nhp
ngnh; Cn tr ngu nhin i vi
vic nhp ngnh.
1612 Input - output
u vo - u ra (I-O), bng cn
i lin ngnh.
1613 Inside lag tr bn trong.
1614 Inside money Tin bn trong.
1615 Insider - outsider
Ngi trong cuc - ngi ngoi
cuc.
1616 Insider - outsider model
M hnh Ngi trong cuc - ngi
ngoi cuc.
1617 Insolvency Tnh trng khng tr c n.
1618 Instalment credit Tn dng tr dn.
1619 Institutional economics Kinh t hc th ch.
1620 Institutional training o to th ch.
1621 Instrumental variables Cc bin cng c (IV).
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economic
1622 Instruments Cc cng c.
1623 Insurance Bo him
1624 Insurance premium Tin ng bo him.
1625 Intangible assets Ti sn v hnh.
1626 Intangible capital Vn v hnh.
1627 Integer S nguyn
1628 Integerated economy Nn kinh t lin kt.
1629 Integerated time series
Chui thi gian c ly tch
phn.
1630 Integration Tch phn ho.
1631 Intended inventory investment u t vo hng tn kho c ch
1632 Intensive margin Gii hn thm canh.
1633 Inter-Bank Market Th trng Lin ngn hng.
1634 Intercept H s chn.
1635 Interdependent utility tho dng ph thuc ln nhau.
1636
Interdistrict Settlement Account (or
Fund)
Ti khon (hay qu) Thanh ton
lin vng.
1637 Interest Tin li, li sut.
1638 Interest equalization tax Thuu san bng li sut.
1639 Interest sensitivity nhy theo li sut.
1640 Intergenerational equity Cng bng gia cc th h.
1641 Intergovernmental grants Cc tr cp lin chnh quyn.
1642 Interlocking directorates
Cc ban gim c chung, cc ban
gim c kt hp.
1643 Intermediate areas Cc vng trung gian.
1644 Intermediate goods Hng ho trung gian.
1645 Intermediate lag tr trung gian.
1646 Intermediate technology Cng ngh trung gian.
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economic
1647
Intermediate Technology
Development Group
Nhm Pht trin Cng ngh trung
gian.
1648 Intermediate variables Bin trung gian
1649
Internal convertibility of soft
currencies
Kh nng chuyn i trong nc
ca tin yu.
1650 Internal drain S x tin trong nc.
1651 Internal growth Tng trng nh ni ng.
1652 Internalization Ni ho.
1653 "internal" labuor market Th trng lao ng ni vi.
1654 Internal finance Ti chnh bn trong.
1655 Internal rate of return Ni sut sinh li
1656 Internal wage differentials
Cc mc chnh lch tin cng ni
ti.
1657 Internal balance Cn bng bn trong
1658 External balance Cn bng bn ngoi.
1659
International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
Ngb hng Ti thit v Pht trin
Quc t.
1660 International cartel Cartel quc t.
1661 International clearing unions Cc lin minh thanh ton quc t.
1662
International commodity
agreements Cc hip nh hng ho quc t.
1663
International Development
Association Hip hi pht trin quc t
1664
International Development Co-
operation Agency (ID)
T chc hp tc pht trin quc
t.
1665 International division of labour S phn chia lao ng quc t.
1666 International economics Kinh t hc quc t
Page 72
economic
1667 International Finance Corporation Cng ty Ti chnh Quc t.
1668 International debt crisis Khng hong n quc t.
1669 International Labuor Office Vn phng Lao ng quc t.
1670 International liquidity Thanh khon quc t.
1671 International monetarism Ch ngha trng tin quc t.
1672 International monetary Fund (IMF) - Qu tin t quc t.
1673 International payments system H thng thanh ton quc t.
1674
International Standard Industrial
Classification
(ISIC)-Phn loi Ngnh Cng
nghip theo C1683Tiu chun
Quc t.
1675 International trade Thng mi quc t.
1676 International Trade Organization
(ITO) - T chc thng mi quc
t.
1677 International Wheat Council Hi ng la m Quc t.
1678 Interpersonal comparisons of utility
So snh tho dng gia cc c
nhn.
1679 Interquartile range
Khong cch gia cc t v phn
v.
1680 Interstate Commerce Act
o lut thng mi gia cc tiu
bang.
1681 Intersection Giao
1682 Interval estimation c lng khong.
1683 "In the bank" "ti Ngn hng".
1684 Inventories Hang tn kho, d tr.
1685 Inventory cycle Chu k hng tn kho.
1686 Inventory investment u t tn kho
1687 Inverse function rule Quy tc hm ngc.
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economic
1688 Investment u t.
1689 Investment criteria Cc tiu chun u t.
1690 Investment grants Tr cp u t.
1691 Investment trust T-rt u t.
1692 Investors in Industry
Cc nh u t trong Cng
nghip.
1693 Invisible hand, the Bn tay v hnh.
1694 Invisibles Khon v hnh
1695 Involuntary unemployment Tht nghip khng t nguyn.
1696 Iron law of wages Quy lut st v tin cng.
1697 Irredeemable loan stock Lng cho vay khng tr c.
1698 Irredeemable preference shares
Cc c phiu u tin khng tr
c.
1699 Irreversibility
Tnh bt kh o; Tnh khng th
o ngc c.
1700 IS curve ng IS
1701 ISIC
Phn loi Ngnh Cng nghip
theo tiu chun Quc t.
1702 Islamic Development Bank Ngn hng pht trin Hi gio.
1703 IS- LM diagram Lc IS - LM.
1704 Iso-cost curve ng ng ph.
1705 Iso-outlay line ng ng chi.
1706 Iso-product curve ng ng sn phm.
1707 Iso-profit curve Cc ng ng nhun.
1708 Isoquant ng lng.
1709 Iso-revenue line (curve) ng ng thu.
1710 Issued capital Vn pht hnh.
1711 Issue department Cc pht hnh.
1712 Issuing broker Ngi mi gii pht hnh.
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economic
1713 Issuing house Nh pht hnh.
1714 Issuing House Association Hip hi cc Nh pht hnh.
1715 ITO T chc thng mi Quc t.
1716 Inverse relation Tng quan nghch bin.
1717 Invention and innovation Pht minh v pht kin.
1718 Intra-industrial trade Thng mi trong ngnh.
1719 Invention and official financing Can thip v ti tr chnh thc.
1720 Investment demand schedule Biu nhu cu u t.
1721 IOU money Tin da theo n.
1722 IS and LM schedule Biu IS v LM.
1723 J curve ng ch J
1724 "jelly" capital Vn "mm do".
1725 Jevon, W.Stanley (1835-1882)
1726 Jobber Ngi bun bn chng khon.
1727 Job cluster Nhm ngh.
1728 Job competition theory Thuyt v cnh tranh vic lm.
1729 Job creation To vic lm.
1730 Job acceptance schedule
Biu s ngi chp nhn cng
vic.
1731 Job dublication Vic lm kp.
1732 Job evaluation nh gi vic lm.
1733 Job search Tm kim vic lm.
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economic
1734 Job search channels Cc knh tm vic.
1735 Job shopping Chn vic lm.
1736 Johnson, Harry Gordon (1923-77)
1737 Joint probability distributions Cc phn phi xc sut kt hp.
1738 Joint products Cc sn phm lin kt.
1739 Joint profit maximination Ti a ho li nhun chung.
1740 Joint stock company Cng ty c phn.
1741 Joint venture Lin doanh.
1742
Joint venture in European
Countries Lin doanh cc nc ng u.
1743 J - test Kim nh J.
1744 Juglar cycle Chu k Juglar.
1745 Justice as fairness Chn l nh l cng bng.
1746 Just price Gi cng bng.
1747 Junk bonds Tri phiu li sut cao.
1748 Kahn, Richard F. (1905-1989)
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economic
1749 Kaldor, Nicholas (1908-1986)
1750 Kaldor - Hicks test Kim nh Kaldor - Hicks.
1751 Kalecki, Micheal (1899-1970)
1752 Kalman filtering Php lc Kalman.
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economic
1753 Kantorovich, Leonid (1912-1986)
1754 Kenedy Round Vng m phn Kenedy.
1755 Key bargain Thng lng ch cht.
1756 Keynes, John Maynard (1883-1946)
1757 Keynes effect Hiu ng Keynes.
1758 Keynesian cross im ct Keynes
1759 Keynesian economics Kinh t hc trng phi Keynes
1760 Keynesian Growth Theory
L thuyt tn trng ca trng
phi Keynes.
1761 Keynes Plan K hoch Keynes.
1762 Key rates Cc mc lng then cht.
1763 Kinked demand curve ng cu gp khc.
1764 Klein Goldberger model M hnh Klein Goldberger.
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economic
1765 Klein, Lawrence R. (1920-)
1766 Knife edge im ta mng manh.
1767 Knight, Frank (1895-1973)
1768 Kondratieff, Nicolai D. (1892-..?)
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economic
1769 Koopmans, Tjalling (1910-1985)
1770 Koych transformation Php bin i Koyck
1771 Kuznets, Simon (1901-1985)
1772 Labour Lao ng.
1773
Labour augmenting technical
progress
Tin b k thut lm tng sc lao
ng.
1774 Labour economics Kinh t hc lao ng.
1775 Labour force Lc lng lao ng.
1776 Labour force participation rate
T l tham gia Lc lng lao
ng.
1777 Labour hoarding Tch tr lao ng.
1778 Labour force schedule Biu v lc lng lao ng
1779 Labour intensive
S dng nhiu lao ng, thm
dng nhiu lao ng.
1780 Labour market Th trng lao ng.
1781 Labour power Sc lao ng.
1782 Labour - saving techniques Cc k thut tit kim lao ng.
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economic
1783 Labour's share T trng ca lao ng.
1784 Labour standard Tiu chun lao ng.
1785 Labour supply Cung lao ng.
1786 Labour surplus economy Nn kinh t tha lao ng.
1787 Labour theory of value L thuyt lao ng v gi tr.
1788 Labour turnover Mc thay lao ng.
1789 Laffer curve ng Laffer.
1790 Lagged relationship Quan h tr.
1791 Lagrangean technique Phng php nhn t Lagrange.
1792 Laissez - faire
Hc thuyt v nn kinh t t vn
hnh.
1793 Laissez - faire economy
Nn kinh t t vn hnh (chnh
ph t can thip).
1794 Land t ai.
1795 Land intensive S dng nhiu t.
1796 Land reform and tenure Bo h v ci cch rung t.
1797 Land tax Thu t.
1798 Lange, Oscar (1904-1965)
1799 Laspeyres price index Ch s gi Laspeyres.
1800 Latin American Economic System H thng kinh t M Latinh.
1801
Latin American Free Trade
Association (LAFTA)
Hip hi thng mi t do M
latinh.
1802 Lausanne School Trng phi Lausanne.
1803 Law of demand Quy lut ca cu.
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economic
1804 Law of diminishing returns Quy lut li tc gim dn.
1805 Law of diminishing marginal utility
Quy lut tho dng cn bin
gim dn.
1806 Law of variable proprerties Quy lut v cc c tnh bin i.
1807 Law of one price Quy lut mt gi.
1808 Layfield Report Bo co Layfield.
1809 Layoffs Sa thi tm thi
1810 Leading links principle Nguyn tc u mi hng u.
1811 Leading sector Ngnh dn u.
1812 Leakages Nhng khon r r.
1813 Leap - frogging S nhy cc.
1814 Learning Hc hi
learning by doing Hc qua hnh
1815 Lease Thu
1816 Least cost method of production
Phng sn xut da trn gi
thnh thp nht.
1817 Least squares
Phng php bnh phng nh
nht.
1818 Le Chatelier principle Nguyn tc Le Chatelier.
1819 Lender of last resort
Ngi cho vay cu cnh cui
cng.
1820 Leontief, Wassily W. (1906-)
1821 Leontief inverse S nghch o Leontief.
1822 Leontief paradox Nghch l Leontief.
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economic
1823 Lerner, Abba P. (19031983).
1824 Lerner case Tnh hung Lerner.
1825 Lerner index Ch s Lerner
1826 Leger tender
Phng tin thanh ton hp php
(lut nh).
1827 Less devoloped countries (LDCs) Cc nc chm pht trin.
1828 Letter of credit Th tn dng.
1829 Level of significance Mc ngha.
1830 Level field
Sn chi cng bng / cng mt
sn chi?
1831 Leverage
T phn vn vay; n by v ti
chnh; T l vn vay so vi tng
vn.
1832 Lewis, Sir W.Arthur (1919-1991).
1833 Lewis - Fei - Ranis model M hnh Lewis - Fei - Ranis.
1834 Leveraged buy out (LBO) Tng vay bng cch thay c phn
1835 Leveraged financing Ti tr n by.
1836 Lexicographic preferences Th hiu thin lch.
1837 Liabilities N.
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economic
1838 Liberalism Ch ngha t do.
1839 LIBOR Li sut lin ngn hng London.
1840 Licensed deposit takers
C quan c cp giy php nhn
tin gi.
1841 Life-cycle hypothesis
Gi thuyt v vng i, thu nhp
theo vng i / Chu k tui th sn
phm.
1842 Life-cycle oriented expectation
K vng nh hng theo chu k
i ngi.
1843 "Lifeboat" "Thuyn cu sinh".
1844 Likehood function Hm hp l
1845 Likehood ratio test (LD) Kim nh t s hp l.
1846 Limited company Cng ty trch nhim hu hn.
1847 Limited dependent variables Cc bin s ph thuc hn ch.
1848 Limited information (LI) Thng tin hn ch.
1849 Limited liability Trch nhim hu hn.
1850 Limit pricing nh gi gii hn.
1851 Lindahl model M hnh Lindahl.
1853 Linder thesis Thuyt Linder.
1854 Linear combination T hp tuyn tnh.
1855 Linear dependence Ph thuc tuyn tnh
1856 Linear estimator c lng tuyn tnh.
1857 Linear expenditure systems Cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh.
1858 Linear function Hm tuyn tnh.
1859 Linear nomogenous ng nht tuyn tnh.
1860 Linear probability model M hnh xc sut tuyn tnh.
1861 Linear programming Quy hoch tuyn tnh.
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economic
1862 Liquid asset
Ti sn d hon chuyn; Ti sn
lng; ti sn d thanh tiu .
1863 Liquid assets ratio T l ti sn d hon chuyn.
1864 Liquidation Pht mi.
1865 Liquility Kh nng chuyn hon.
1866 Liquidity Tnh thanh ton, thanh tiu.
1867 Liquidity preference S a thch ti sn d thanh tiu
1868 Liquidity ratio T s v kh nng hon chuyn
1869 Liquidity trap By tin mt; By thanh khon.
1870 Listed securities Cc chng khon yt gi.
1871 Little - Mirrlees method Phng php Little - Mirrlees.
1872 LM curve ng LM.
1873 Loan Khon cho vay.
1874 Loanable funds Cc qu c th cho vay.
1875 Loan capital Vn vay.
1876 Loan stock S vn vay.
1877 Loan facility Chng trnh cho vay.
1878 Local authorities' market
Th trng ca chnh quyn a
phng.
1879 Local finance Ti chnh a phng.
1880 Local labour market Th trng lao ng a phng.
1881 Local mutiplier S nhn a phng
1882 Local public good Hng ho cng cng a phng.
1883 Locational integration Lin kt theo v tr.
1884 Locational interdependence S ph thuc ln nhau v v tr.
1885 Location quotient Thng s v tr.
1886 Location theory L thuyt v v tr.
1887 Locking - in effect Hiu ng kt
1888 lockout
S ng ca gy p lc (i vi
cng nhn).
1889 Logarithm Lgart
1890 Logistic function Hm Lgistic
Page 85
economic
1891 Logit analysis Php phn tch lgit
1892 Log-linear Tuyn tnh lgarit
1893 Logolling
S trao i phiu bu; b phiu
gian ln.
1894 Lombard Street Ph Lombard.
1895 Lom Convention Cng c Lom.
1896 Long-dated securities Cc chng khon di hn.
1897 Long-haul economies Tnh kinh t theo qung ng.
1898 Longitudinal data D liu dc.
1899 Long rate Li sut di hn.
1900 Long run Di hn.
1901 Long run average cost (LAC) Chi ph trung bnh di hn.
1902 Long run comsumption function Hm tiu dng di hn.
1903 Long run marginal cost Chi ph cn bin di hn.
1904 Long term capital Vn di hn.
1905 Lorenz curve ng Lorenz
1906 Losch model M hnh Losch
1907 Loss aversion S khng thch mt mt.
1908 Loss function Hm thua l.
1909 Loss leader pricing Bn h gi trc.
1910 Long run competitive Cn bng cnh tranh di hn.
1911 Lon run total cost curve ng tng chi ph di hn.
1912 Long run Phillips curve ng Phillips di hn.
1913 Short run Phillp curve ng Phillips ngn hn.
1914 Lump - sum tax Thu gp / khon.
1915 Loss offsetting provisions Cc iu khon b l.
1916 Low - level equilibrium trap By cn bng mc thp.
1917 Low wage trade Thng mi lng thp.
1918 Lucas critique Lun im ph phn ca Lucas
1919 LUS
S d tuyn tnh v hng khng
chch.
1920 Luxury
Hng xa x (cng coi l hng
thng lu).
1921 Luxury taxes Thu hng xa x.
Page 86
economic
1922 M1 and M0 Mc cung tin M1 v M0.
1923 Macmillan Committee U ban Macmillan.
1924 "Macmillan" gap L hng Macmillan.
1925 Mc Guire Act o lut Mc Guire.
1926 Macroeconomics Kinh t hc v m.
1927
Macroeconomics demand
schedule
Biu cu mang tnh kinh t hc v
m.
1928 Majority rule Quy tc a s.
1929 Malleable capital Vn uyn chuyn
1930 Malthus, Rev. Thomas Robert (1766-1834).
1931 Malthus's law of population Quy lut dn s ca Malthus.
1932 Management Ban qun l.
1933 Management buyout Thu mua bng nghip v qun l.
1934 Management board Ban qun l / Hi ng qun tr.
1935 Managed or dirty floating
S th ni c qun l hay khng
thun khit.
1936 Management science Khoa hc qun l.
Page 87
economic
1937 Manager controlled firm Hng do nh qun l kim sot.
1938 Managerial capitalism Ch ngha t bn thin v qun l.
1939 Managerial discretion S tu tin trong qun l.
1940 Managerial revolution Cuc cch mng qun l.
1941 Managerial slack S lng lo trong qun l.
1942 Managerial theories of the firm
Cc hc thuyt v hng thin v
qun l.
1943 Managerial utility function Hm tho dng trong qun l.
1944 Marginal cost Chi ph cn bin.
1945 Marginal cost of labor Chi ph cn bin cho lao ng.
1946 Marginal cost pricing nh gi theo chi ph cn bin.
1947 Marginal firm Xut bin?
1948 Marginal income tax rate
Mc thu sut cn bin nh vo
thu nhp.
1949 Marginal principle Nguyn l cn bin.
1950 Marginal product of labors Sn phm cn bin ca lao ng.
1951
Marginal propensity to comsume
(MPC) Thin hng tiu dng cn bin.
1952 Marginal propensity to import Thin hng nhp khu cn bin.
1953 Marginal propensity to save (MPS) Thin hng tit kim cn bin.
1954 Marginal rate of substitution (MRS) T l thay th cn bin.
1955 Marginal rate of transformation T l chuyn i cn bin.
1956 Marginal revenue Doanh thu cn bin.
1957 Marginal revenue product of labor
Mc doanh thu cn bin ca lao
ng.
1958 Managing director Gim c iu hnh.
1959 Manoilescu argument Lp lun Manoilescu.
1960 Manpower policy Chnh sch v nhn lc.
1961 Manual workers Lao ng chn tay.
1962 Margin, at the ti bin
Page 88
economic
1963 Marginal Cn bin, gia lng.
1964 Marginal analysis Phn tch cn bin.
1965 Marginal cost of funds schedule Biu chi ph cn bin ca vn.
1966 Marginal damage cost Chi ph thit hi cn bin.
1967 Marginal disutility phi tho dng cn bin.
1968 Marginal efficiency of capital Hiu sut cn bin ca vn.
1969
Marginal efficiency of capital
schedule Biu hiu sut bin ca vn.
1970 Marginal efficiency of investment Hiu sut cn bin ca u t.
1971
Marginal efficiency of investment
schedule
Biu hiu sut cn bin ca
u t.
1972
Marginal per capita reinvestment
quotient criterio
Tiu chun v thng s ti u
t cn bin theo u ngi.
1973 Marginal physical product Sn phm vt cht cn bin.
1974 Marginal product Sn phm cn bin.
1975 Marginal productivity doctrine Hc thuyt v nng sut cn bin.
1976 Marginal propensity to tax Thin hng nh thu cn bin.
1977 Marginal propensity to withdraw Thin hng rt tin cn bin.
1978 Marginal rate of tax Thu sut cn bin.
1979
Marginal rate of technical
substitution
T sut thay th k thut cn bin;
th sut k thut cn bin.
1980 Marginal revenue product Sn phm doanh thu cn bin.
1981 Marginal user cost Chi ph s dng cn bin.
1982 Marginal utility tho dng cn bin.
1983 Marginal utility of income
tho dng cn bin ca thu
nhp.
1984 Marginal utility of money tho dng cn bin ca tin.
1985 Marginal value product of capital Sn phm gi tr bin ca vn.
1986 Marginal value product of labor
Sn phm gi tr bin ca lao
ng.
1987 Margin requirement Yu cu v mc chnh lch.
1988 Market Th trng.
1989 Market classification Phn loi th trng.
1990 Market clearing im th trng bn sch.
1991 Market demand curve ng cu ca th trng.
Page 89
economic
1992 Market demand curve for labour
ng cu ca th trng i vi
lao ng.
1993 Market economy Nn kinh t th trng
1994 Market failure
S khim khuyt ca th trng;
S trc trc ca th trng.
1995 Market forces Cc tc nhn th trng.
1996 Market imperfection
S khng hon ho ca th
trng.
1997 Market mechanism C ch th trng.
1998 Marketing Marketing
1999 Marketing boards. Cc ban Marketing.
2000 Market maker Hng lp th.
2001 Market orientation nh hng theo th trng.
2002 Market oriented reform
Ci cch theo nh hng th
trng.
2003 Market power
Quyn lc th trng; Sc mnh
i vi th trng.
2004 Market premium rate T l chnh lch gi.
2005 Black market premium rate
T l chnh lch gi trn th trng
ch en.
2006 Market share Th phn
2007 Market socialism
Ch ngha x hi theo c ch th
trng.
2008 Markov process Qu trnh Markov.
2009 Markowitz, Harry (1927-)
Page 90
economic
2010 Parallel market premium rate
T l chnh lch gi ca th trng
song hnh.
2011 Market structure C cu th trng.
2012 Mark-up
Phn thm vo gi vn; Phn
thm vo chi ph kh bin.
2013 Marshall, Alfred (1842-1924)
2014 Marshall Aid Vin tr Marshall.
2015 Marshallian demand curve ng cu Marshall
2016 Marshall - Lerner condition iu kin Marshall - Lerner.
2017 Marshall plan K hoch Marshall
2018 Marx, Karl (1818-1883)
2019 C.mcist economics Kinh t hc Mac xt.
2020 Materials balance principle Nguyn l cn bng vt cht.
2021 Material forces of production Lc lng sn xut vt cht.
2022 Mathematical expectation K vng ton hc.
2023 Matrix Ma trn.
2024 Maturity n hn, ht hn.
2025 Maximax Ti a ho cc i.
2026 Maximin Ti a ho cc tiu.
2027 Maximum Gi tr cc i.
2028 Maximum likelihood Hp l cc i.
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economic
2029 Meade, James Edward (1907- )
2030 Mean Trung bnh
2031 Means tested benefits Tr cp theo mc trung bnh.
2032 Mean-variance analysis Phn tch trung bnh - phng sai.
2033 Measurement error Sai s o lng.
2034 Median Trung v.
2035 Median location principle Nguyn l nh v trung bnh.
2036 Median Vote Theorem nh l c tri trung dung.
2037 Mediation Ho gii.
2038 Medium of exchange Phng tin trao i.
2039 Median Voter C tri trung dung.
2040
Medium term financial strategy
(MTFS) Chin lc ti chnh trung hn.
2041 Menger, Carl (1840-1921)
Page 92
economic
2042 Mercantilism Ch ngha trng thng.
2043 Merchant bank Ngn hng nh bun
2044 Merger St nhp.
2045 Menu cost of inflation Chi ph thc n ca lm pht.
2046 Merit goods Hng khuyn dng; Hng c li.
2047 Merit bad Hng khng khuyn dng.
2048 Methodology Phng php lun.
2049 Metzler case Tnh hung Metzler.
2050 M-form enterprise Doanh nghip dng M
2051 Microeconomics Kinh t hc vi m.
2052 Microfoundations Cc c s vi m.
2053 Miller - Tydings Act of 1937
o lut Miller - Tydings nm
1937.
2054 Minimax regret
Quy tc ti thiu ho mc ng
tic ti a.
2055 Minimum Gi tr ti thiu.
2056 Minimum efficient scale Quy m hiu qu ti thiu.
2057 Minimum employment target Mc tiu ti thiu v vic lm.
2058 Minimum lending rate (MLR) Li sut cho vay ti thiu.
2059 Minimum wage Tin lng ti thiu.
2060 Minimum wage legislation Lut v mc lng ti thiu.
2061 Minority control Quyn kim sot ti thiu.
2062 Mint Nh my c tin.
2063 Mis-specification Thng s sai lch.
2064 Mixed estimation Phng php c tnh hn hp.
2065 Mixed good Hng ho hn hp.
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economic
2066 Mixed market economy Nn kinh t th trng hn hp.
2067 Mode Mt.
2068 Model M hnh
2069 Modern quantity theory of money Thuyt nh lng tin t hin i.
2070 Modern sector Khu vc hin i.
2071 Mode of production Phng thc sn xut.
2072 Modigliani, Franco (1918-)
2073
Modigliani-Miller theory of cost of
capital
Hc thuyt v chi ph t bn ca
Modigliani-Miller.
2074 Modulus Gi tr tuyt i.
2075 Moments M men
2076 Monetarism Ch ngha trng tin.
2077 Money multiplier S nhn tin t.
2078 Mixed economy Nn kinh t hn hp.
2079 Mix of fiscal and money policy
S kt hp gia chnh sch thu
kho v tin t.
2080 Money price Gi ca tin.
2081 Money stock Dung lng tin.
2082 Mobility of labor Tnh lun chuyn ca lao ng.
2083 Monetarists
Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng
tin.
2084 Monetary accommodation S iu tit tin t.
2085 Monetary aggregate Cung tin (M1,M2,M3).
2086 Monetary base C s tin t.
2087 Monetary overhang S s dng qu nhiu tin mt.
2088 Monetary standard Bn v tin t.
2089 Monetary Union Lin minh tin t.
2090 Money supply Cung tin.
2091 Money terms (Biu th gi tr) bng tin.
2092 Monoculture c canh
2093
Monopolies and Merger Act
in1965.
o lut v c quyn v st nhp
nm 1965.
Page 94
economic
2094
Monopolies and Merger
Commission U ban v c quyn v St nhp.
2095
Monopolies and Restrictive
Practices (Inquiry and
o lut c quyn v nhng
thng l hn ch (iu tra v Kim
sot) 1948.
2096 Monopolistic Competition Cnh tranh c quyn.
2097 Monopoly c quyn.
2098 Monopoly power Quyn lc c quyn.
2099 Monetized economy Nn kinh t tin t ho.
2100 Money illusion o tng v tin.
2101 Money market equilibrium S cn bng ca th trng tin t.
2102 Monopoly profit Li nhun c quyn.
2103 Monopsony c quyn mua.
2104 Monte Carlo method Phng php Monte Carlo.
2105 Moonlighting S lm thm
2106 Moral hazard Mi nguy o c; S lm tn.
2107 Mortgage Th chp.
2108 Most favoured nation clause iu khon ti hu quc.
2109 Moving average Trung bnh ng.
2110 Multicollitnearity Tnh a cng tuyn.
2111 Multilateral aid Vin tr a phng
2112
Multilateral Investment Guarantee
Agency (MIGA)
C quan bo him u t a
phng.
2113 Multilateral trade Thng mi a phng
2114 Multinational corporation Cng ty a quc gia.
2115 Multiplant economies
Tnh kinh t nh vn hnh nhiu
nh my.
Page 95
economic
2116 Multiplant operations S vn hnh a nh my.
2117 Multiple correlation coefficient H s a tng quan.
2118 Multiple regression Hi quy bi s.
2119 Multiplier S nhn.
2120 Multiplier - accelerator interaction
Tc ng qua li gia s nhn -
gia tc.
2121 Multiplier - accelerator model
M hnh gia tc theo tha s / h
s nhn.
2122 Multiproduct firm Hng sn xut a sn phm
2123 Multiplier coefficient H s khuych i.
2124 Multisector growth model M hnh tng trng a ngnh.
2125 Multivariate analysis Phn tch a bin s.
2126 Mundell - Fleming model M hnh Mundell - Fleming.
2127 Mutually exclusive projects Cc d n loi t ln nhau.
2128 Mutually exclusive Loi t ln nhau.
2129 Naive accelerator Gia tc dng n gin.
2130 Nash solution Gii php Nash.
2131 National accounts H thng ti khon quc gia.
2132 National bargaining
Thng lng mang tnh quc
gia.
2133
National Bureau for Economic
Research
Phng nghin cu kinh t quc
gia.
2134 National debt N quc gia.
2135
National Economic Development
Council (NEDC)
Hi ng pht trin kinh t quc
gia.
2136 National Enterprise Board (NEB) Ban doanh nghip quc gia.
2137 National income Thu nhp quc dn.
2138 National income accounting Hch ton Thu nhp quc dn.
2139 National Girobank Ngn hng Giro quc gia.
Page 96
economic
2140
National Institute for Economic and
Social Research
Vin Nghin cu Quc gia v
Kinh t v X hi.
2141 Myrdal, Gunnar K. (1898-1987)
2142 National Insurance Contributions
Cc khon ng gp bo him
quc gia.
2143 National Insurance Fund Qu bo him quc gia.
2144 National Labor Relation Act
o lut quan h Lao ng Quc
gia.
2145 Nationalized industry Ngnh b quc hu ho.
2146 National product Sn phm quc dn.
2147
National Research Development
Corporation
Cng ty nghin cu pht trin
quc gia.
2148 National Saving Bank Ngn hng tit kim quc gia.
2149 Natural law Quy lut t nhin.
2150 Natural logarithm Lgarit t nhin.
2151 Natural price Gi t nhin.
2152 Natural rate of growth T l tng trng t nhin.
2154 Natural rate of unemployment T l tht nghip t nhin.
2155 Natural resources Ti nguyn thin nhin.
Page 97
economic
2156 Natural selection hypothesis
Gi thuyt v s la chn t
nhin.
2157 Near money Tin cn; Chun t.
2158 Necessity Hng thit yu.
2159 NEDC U ban pht trin kinh t quc gia.
2160 "Neddy"
2161 NEDO
Vn phng pht trin kinh t quc
gia.
2162 Need Nhu cu.
2163 Negative income tax Thu thu nhp m.
2164 Neighborhood effects Nhng hiu ng n xung quanh.
2165 Neo-classical economics Kinh t hc tn c in.
2166 Neo-classical growth theory
Hc thuyt tng trng tn c
in.
2167 Neo-classical synthesis Hp tn c in.
2168 Neo-imperialism Ch ngha quc kiu mi.
2169 Neo-orthodoxy Trng phi tn chnh thng.
2170 Nested hypotheses Cc gi thuyt lng nhau
2171 Nationalized indentities
ng nht thc ca thu nhp quc
dn.
2172 Natural monopoly c quyn t nhin.
2173
Net advantages, the equalisation
of
S cn bng ho nhng li th
rng.
2174 Net barter terms of trade T gi trao i rng.
2175 Net book value Gi tr rng theo s sch.
Page 98
economic
2176 Net economic welfare Phc li kinh t rng.
2177 Net export Xut khu rng.
2178 Net present value Gi tr hin ti rng.
2179 Net investment
u t rng ( Cn gi l s to
vn rng) .
2180 Net material product (NMP) Sn phm vt cht rng.
2181 Net national income Thu nhp quc dn rng
2182 Net national product Sn phm quc dn rng.
2183 Net profit Li nhun rng.
2184 Net property income from abroad
Thu nhp ti sn rng t nc
ngoi.
2185 Neutrality of money Tnh cht trung lp ca tin.
2186 Neutralizing monetary flows Trung ho cc lung tin t.
2187 "New classical macroeconomics" "Kinh t hc v m c in mi"
2188 New Economic Policy (NEP) Chnh sch kinh t.
2189 New industrial state Tnh trng cng nghip mi.
2190 New inflation Lm pht kiu mi
2191 New issues market
Th trng cc chng khon mi
pht hnh.
2192 New microeconomics Kinh t hc vi m mi.
2193 New-new microeconomics Kinh t hc vi m mi-mi.
2194 New-orthodoxy Trng phi chnh thng mi.
2195 New quantity theory of money
L thuyt nh lng mi v tin
t.
2196 New international economic order Trt t kinh t quc t mi.
2197 New protectionism Ch ngha bo h mi.
2198
Newly industrilizing countries
(NICs) Cc nc mi cng nghip ho.
Page 99
economic
2199 New view of investment Quan nim mi v u t.
2200 "New view" on money supply "Quan im mi" v cung tin.
2201 New York Stock Exchange
S giao dch chng khon New
York
2202 Nominal Danh ngha.
2203 Nominal balances S d tin mt danh ngha
2204 Nominal value Gi tr danh ngha.
2205 Nominal yield Li tc danh ngha.
2206
Non-accelerating inflation rate of
unemployment
T l tht nghip khng lm tng
lm pht.
2207 Nominal and real interest rates
Li sut danh ngha v li sut
thc t.
2208 Nominal and real money balances
S d tin mt danh ngha v thc
t.
2209 Nominal and exchange rate
T gi hi oi danh ngha v thc
t.
2210 Nominal variables Cc bin s danh ngha.
2211 Non-market Phi th trng.
2212 Non-bank financial intermediaries
Cc t chc trung gian ti chnh
phi ngn hng.
2213 Non-competing groups Cc nhm khng cnh tranh.
2214 Non-cumulative preference shares C phiu u i phi tch lu.
2215 Non-excludability
Tnh khng th khu bit; tnh
khng th ngn cn.
2216 Non-labor income Thu nhp phi lao ng.
2217 Non-linear Phi tuyn.
2218 Non-linear function Hm phi tuyn.
2219 Non-manual workers
Lao ng phi th cng; Lao ng
tr c.
2220 Non-nested hypotheses Cc gi thit khng b lng nhau.
2221 Non-pecuniary goals Nhng mc tiu phi tin t.
2222 Non-price competition Cnh tranh phi gi c.
2223 Non-profit institutions Cc t chc phi li nhun
Page 100
economic
2224 Non-renewable resource Ti nguyn khng ti to c.
2225 Non-rival consumption
S tiu dng khng b kn ca;
S tiu dng khng b cnh tranh.
2226 Non-tariff barriers Cc hng ro phi thu quan.
2227 Non-uniqueness Tnh phi c nht.
2228 Non-wage attributes Cc thuc tnh phi tin lng.
2229 Non-wage labour costs
Cc chi ph lao ng phi tin
lng.
2230 Norm nh mc tng lng.
2231 Normal cost pricing
'nh gi theo chi ph nh mc;
nh gi theo chi ph thng
thng.
2232 Normal distribution Phn phi chun.
2233 Normal equations Cc phng trnh chun.
2234 Normal good Hng ho thng thng.
2235 Normal profits
Cc khon li nhun thng
thng.
2236 Normal unemployment T l tht nghip thng thng.
2237 Normal variable Bin thng thng.
2238 Normative costs of production Cc chi ph sn sut chun tc.
2239 Normative economics Kinh t hc chun tc.
2240 Norm following behaviour Hnh vi theo nh mc lng.
2241 Notional demand
Cu tm tnh; Cu nim; cu t
bin.
2242 Null hypothesis Gi thit Khng.
2243 Numbers equivalent index Ch s ng lng.
2244 Numeraire n v tnh ton.
2245 OAPEC
T chc cc nc A-rp xut khu
du
2246 Objective function Hm mc tiu.
2247 Occupational licensing Cp bng hnh ngh.
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economic
2248 Occupational wages differentials
Nhng chnh lch v mc lng
theo ngh nghip.
2249 Occupational wages structure C cu lng theo ngh nghip.
2250 OECD
T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh
t.
2251 OEEC T chc hp tc kinh t Chu u.
2252 Offer curve ng cho hng.
2253 Offer for sale Cho bn.
2254 Office of Fair Trading Vn phng thng mi cng bng.
2255
Office of Management and Budget
(OMB) Vn phng qun l v ngn sch.
2256 Offshore investment centres Cc trung tm u t hi ngoi.
2257 Ohlin, Bertil (1899-1979)
2258 Okun's 'law' "lut" Okun.
2259 Oligopolistic Hnh vi c quyn nhm bn
2260 Oligopoly (Th trng) c quyn nhm bn
2261 Oligopsony (Th trng) c quyn nhm mua.
2262 One sector growth model M hnh tng trng mt khu vc.
2263 One tail tests Kim nh mt ui.
2264 On-the-job training o to ti ch.
2265 OPEC
T chc cc nc xut khu du
m.
2266 Open access resource Ti nguyn c t do tip cn.
2267 Open economy Nn kinh t m.
2268 Opening prices Gi m ca.
Page 102
economic
2269 Open market operations
Cc nghip v th trng m, th
trng t do.
2270 Open unemployment Tht nghip m.
2271 Operating gearing T phn chi ph nghip v c nh.
2272 Operating income Thu nhp kinh doanh.
2273 Operating profit Li nhun kinh doanh.
2274 Opportunity cost Chi ph c hi.
2275
Opportunity cost approach to
international trade
Phng ph s dng Chi ph c
hi trong thng mi quc t.
2276 Opportunity cost of money holding Chi ph c hi ca vic gi tin.
2277 Opportunity wage Mc lng c hi.
2278 Optimal Ti u
2279 Optimal capacity Cng sut ti u.
2280 Optimal distribution S phn phi ti u.
2281 Optimal level of pollution Mc nhim Ti u.
2282 Optimum Trng thi ti u.
2283 Optimum of optimorum Trng thi ti u trong ti u.
2284 Optimum plant size Quy m nh my mc ti u.
2285 Optimum tariff Thu quan ti u.
2286 Option Hp ng mua bn trc.
2287 Option value Gi tr ca quyn la chn.
2288 Ordering Xp th t.
2289 Ordinalism Ch ngha th t.
2290 Ordinal utility tho dng theo th t.
2291 Ordinary least square (OLS)
Phng php bnh phng nh
nht thng thng.
2292 Ordinary share C phiu thng.
2293 Ordinate Tung .
Page 103
economic
2294 Organic composition of capital Thnh phn hu c ca vn.
2295
Organization of Economic Co-
operation and Development
(OECD)
T chc hp tc v pht trin kinh
t.
2296
Organization for European
Economic Co-operation (OEEC) T chc hp tc kinh t chu u.
2297
Organization of Arab Petroleum
Exporting Countries
(OAPEC) - T chc Cc nc
rp xut khu du m.
2298
Organization of Petroleum
Exporting Countries
(OPEC) - T chc cc nc xut
khu du m.
2299 Outlier Gi tr ngoi lai.
2300 Outcome Kt cc, kt qu.
2301 Basic Outcome Kt cc, kt qu c s.
2302 Output Sn lng (hay u ra).
2303 Output budgeting
Lp ngn sch theo Sn lng
(hay u ra).
2304 Outside lag tr bn ngoi.
2305 Outside money Tin bn ngoi.
2306 Outstanding credit Tn dng cha thanh ton.
2307 Overdraff Chi di; Thu chi.
2308 Overfunding Vay qu mc.
2309 Overhead costs Chi ph duy tu
2310 Overidentification S ng nht ho qu mc.
2311 Overnight money Tin qua m.
2312 Overhead inputs Nhp lng gin tip.
2313 Overall fit of regression
Mc ph hp tng th ca
phng trnh hi quy.
2314 Overpopulation Dn s qu ng.
2315 Overshooting Tng qu cao (t gi hi oi).
2316 Over the counter market Th trng khng ni giao dch.
2317 Overtime Lm vic thm ngoi gi.
Page 104
economic
2318 Overvalued currency Tin c nh gi qu cao.
2319 Owner-controlled firms
Cc hng do ngi ch s hu
kim sot.
2320 Passche price index Ch s gi Passche.
2321 Paid-up capital Vn c huy ng
2322 Panel data D liu Panel
2323 Paper money Tin giy.
2324 Paper profit Li nhun trn giy.
2325 Parabola Dng Parabn.
2326 Paradox of thrift Nghch l ca tit kim.
2327 Paradigm H thuyt; Lun thuyt.
2328 Par value of gold Gi tr ngang gi ca vng.
2329 Paradox of voting Nghch l v b phiu.
2330 Paradox of value Nghch l v gi tr.
2331 Parameter Thng s.
2332 Paretian Liberal, Impossibility of Tnh khng th ca t do Pareto.
2333 Pareto, Vilfredo (1848 - 1923)
2334 Pareto conditions Cc iu kin Pareto.
2335 Pareto criterion Tiu chun Pareto.
2336 Pareto improvement S ci thin Pareto.
2337 Pareto non-comparability Tnh khng th so snh Pareto.
2338 Pareto-optional redistribution
S phn phi li ti u theo
Pareto.
2339 Pareto optimum Ti u Pareto.
Page 105
economic
2340
Pareto efficiency of resource
allocation
Tnh hiu qu Pareto ca phn b
ngun lc.
2341 Pareto-relevant externality Ngoi ng lin quan n Pareto.
2342 Paris Club Cu lc b Paris.
2343 Parity price system H thng gi tng ng.
2344 Par rate of exchange T gi hi oi tng ng.
2345 Partial adjustment iu chnh tng phn.
2346 Partial derivative o hm ring phn.
2347 Partial equilibrium Cn bng b phn.
2348 Paricipating preference shares C phiu u tin tham gia.
2349 Paricipation rate T l tham gia.
2350 Partly rational expectations Nhng k vng hp l ring phn.
2351 Par value Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi.
2352 Patent rights Quyn tc gi.
2353 Path independence
S c lp v ng tin trin;
c lp v ng i.
2354 Pattern bargaining Thng lng theo m hnh.
2355 Partnership Bn tham gia; Hi chung vn.
2356 Patents Bng sng ch.
2357 Path of government spending
M hnh cch thc chi tiu ca
chnh ph.
2358 Patent of trade M thc ngoi thng.
2359 Pauper labour Lao ng bn cng.
2360 Payback period Thi k hon vn.
2361 Pay ceiling
Mc lng trn; gii hn trn ca
tin lng; Gii hn cao nht ca
tin lng.
2362 Pay freeze C nh tin lng.
2363 Payment - by - results Tr theo kt qa.
2364 Payments, balance of Cn cn thanh ton.
2365 Pay-off Li ch rng.
2366 Payout ratio T l tr c tc.
2367 Pay in kind Tr bng hin vt.
2368 Peak-load pricing
nh gi theo mc tiu th nh;
nh gi theo tiu dng cao im.
2369 Peak period labour demand
Cu lao ng thi k cao im;
Cu lao ng k gip ht.
Page 106
economic
2370 Pecuniary external economy Tnh kinh t tin t bn ngoi.
2371 Peg-neo "ct vo"
2372 Pendulum arbitration Trng ti con lc.
2373 Pension Tin lng hu.
2374 Pension fund Qu hu.
2375 Per capita Theo u ngi.
2376 Per capita real GDP
THU NHP QUC DN thc t
tnh theo u ngi.
2377 Percetile Phn v.
2378 Perestroika i mi, ci t.
2379 Perfect competition Cnh tranh hon ho.
2380 Perfect markets Cc th trng hon ho.
2381 Permanent comsumption Mc tiu dng thng xuyn.
2382 Permanent income Thu nhp thng xuyn.
2383 Permanent income hypothesis Gi thuyt thu nhp thng xuyn.
2384 Perpetuity Khon chi tr vnh cu.
2385 Personal income Thu nhp c nhn.
2386 Personal loan Khon vay cho c nhn.
2387 Personal rate of substitution T l thay th c nhn.
2388 Personal saving Tit kim c nhn.
2389 Perverse migration Di c ngc.
2390 PESC U ban iu tra chi tiu cng cng.
2391 Petroleum revenue tax (PRI) Thu thu nhp du la.
2392 Phillips curve ng Philips
Page 107
economic
2393 Physiocrats
Nhng ngi theo thuyt trng
nng.
2394 Piece rates Thu nhp tnh theo sn phm.
2395 Piecework Vic lm khon.
2396 Pigou, Arthur Cecil (1877-1959)
2397 Pigou effect Hiu ng Pigou
2398 Pigovian tax Thu Pigou.
2399 Pivot effect hypothesis Gi thuyt v hiu ng quay.
2400 Placing Nghip v by bn.
2401 Planned economy Nn kinh t k hoch ho.
2402
Planning programming budgeting
system (PPBS)
H thng lp ngn sch theo
chng trnh k hoch ho.
2403 Planometrics K hoch lng.
2404 Plant bargaining S thng lng mt nh my.
2405 Plato (427-347BC)
2406 Plurality Quy tc a s.
2407 Point elasticity of demand D co gin im ca cu.
Page 108
economic
2408 Point estimation c lng im.
2409 Point of inflexion im un.
2410 Point utility possibility curve ng kh nng tho dng im.
2411 Point voting B phiu theo im.
2412 Policy instruments Cc cng c chnh sch.
2413 Policy - off
Thi k khng p dng chnh
sch.
2414 Policy coordination iu phi chnh sch.
2415 Policy targets Cc mc tiu chnh sch.
2416 Political economy Kinh t chnh tr.
2417 Political business cycle Chu k kinh t chnh tr.
2418 Poll tax Thu thn.
2419 Pooled lending / loan Cho vay lin hip.
2420 Polluter pays principle
Nguyn tc ngi gy nhim tr
ph.
2421 Pollution nhim.
2422 Pollution rights Cc quyn c gy nhim.
2423 Polynomial a thc; Biu thc i s.
2424 Polynomial lag
tr a thc; tr ca biu thc
i s.
2425 Pooled data D liu gp.
2426 Population Dn s
2427 Population explosion Bng n dn s.
2428 Population policy Chnh sch dn s.
2429 Population trap By dn s.
2430 Porfolio Danh mc u t.
2431 Porfolio balance approach
Phng php cn i danh mc
u t.
2432
Porfolio balance approach to the
balance of payments/ exchange
rate
Phng php cn i danh mc
u t i vi cn cn thanh ton/
t gi hi oi.
2433 Porfolio diversification S a dng ho danh mc u t.
2434 Positional good Hng ho theo v tr.
Page 109
economic
2435 Positive economics Kinh t hc thc chng.
2436 Positivism Ch ngha thc chng.
2437 Post-Keynesian economics
Kinh t hc Hu-Keynes; Kinh t
hc sau Keynes.
2438 Posterior distribution Phn phi sau.
2439 Postwar credits Cc tn dng hu chin.
2440 Potential entry S nhp ngnh tim nng.
2441 Potential national income Thu nhp quc dn tim nng.
2442 Potential output Sn lng tim nng.
2443 Potential Pareto improvement S ci thin Pareto tim nng.
2444 Poverty S ngho kh.
2445 Poverty trap By ngho kh.
2446 Power function Hm lu tha.
2447 Prais - Winsten Bin i Prais - Winsten.
2448 Prebisch thesis Lun Prebisch
2449 Precautionary motive ng c d phng.
2450 Precautionary unemployment Tht nghip phng nga.
2451 Predatory pricing nh gi bn ph gi.
2452 Prediction D bo.
2453 Pre-emption rights Cc quyn u tin mua c phiu.
2454 Preference S thch; S u tin.
2455 Preference revelation S thch.
2456 Preference shares C phiu u tin.
Page 110
economic
2457 Preferential hiring S thu ngi u tin.
2458 Preferred ordinary shares C phiu thng c u tin.
2459 Premium Tin tr thm hay ph bo him.
2460 Premium saving bonds Tri phiu tit kim c thng.
2461 Present value Gi tr hin ti.
2462 Price Gi
2463 Price Commission U ban vt gi.
2464 Price consumption curve ng tiu dng theo gi.
2465 Price control Kim sot gi.
2466 Price-cost margin Mc chnh lch gi-chi ph.
2467 Price discrimination Phn bit i x theo gi.
2468 Price/earning ratio T l gi / Li tc (t l P/E)
2469 Price effect Hiu ng gi.
2470 Price elasticity of demand co gin ca cu theo gi.
2471 Price fixing agreement Tho thun c nh gi.
2472 Price index Ch s gi.
2473 Price leadership S dn gi.
2474 Price mechanism C ch gi.
2475 Price-push Gi y.
2476 Price revolution Cch mng gi.
2477 Price setter Ngi t gi.
2478 Price specie mechanism C ch chy vng.
2479 Price support scheme K hoch tr gi.
2480 Price taker Ngi chp nhn gi.
Page 111
economic
2481 Price theory L thuyt gi.
2482 Price fixing S c nh gi
2483 Price volatility Bin ng gi c.
2484 Price support Tr gi.
2485 High risk premia Ph thng ri ro cao.
2486 Primary commodities Hng s ch.
2487 Primary goods Cc hng ho c bn.
2488 Primary market Th trng s cp.
2489 Primary money Tin s cp.
2490 Primary of targeting Nguyn tc hng ch.
2491 Primary securities Chng khon s cp.
2492 Primary workers Cc cng nhn s cp.
2493 Principal Tin gc.
2494 Principal-agent problem
Vn u thc v nhm thc; Vn
ngi c vn v ngi i
din.
2495 Prior distribution Phn phi trc.
2496 Prisoner's dilemma
Th lng gii ca ngi t; Th
tin thoi lng nan ca ngi t.
2497 Private company Cng ty t nhn.
2498 Private good Hng ho ring t.
2499 Privatization T nhn ho
2500 Privatization in Eastern Europe T nhn ho ng u.
2501
Private and social cost of
unemployment
Thit hi / ph tn c nhn v x
hi ca tht nghip.
2502 Private sector cash-deposite ratio
T s gia tin mt v s tin gi
ca khu vc t nhn.
2503 Probability Xc sut
2504 Conditional Probability Xc sut c iu kin.
2505 Cumulative Probability Xc sut tch lu.
2506 Probability density function Hm mt xc xut.
Page 112
economic
2507 Probability distribution Phn phi Xc sut.
2508 Probit model
M hnh Probit (hay m hnh xc
sut n v).
2509 Process Qu trnh
2510 Process innovation
Pht kin v phung php (sn
xut).
2511 Producer's co-operatives Cc hp tc x ca nh sn xut.
2512 Producer's surplus Thng d ca nh sn xut.
2513 Product cycle Chu k sn phm.
2514 Product differentiation S khc bit ho sn phm.
2515 Product innovation Pht kin v sn phm.
2516 Production Sn xut.
2517 Production frontier Gii hn sn xut.
2518 Production externalities Nhng ngoi tc sn xut.
2519 Production function Hm sn xut.
2520 Production incentives Cc khuyn khch sn xut.
2521 Production Possibility frontier
ng gii hn kh nng sn
xut.
2522 Production Possibility curve ng kh nng sn xut.
2523
Production sphere and budgetary
sphere
Lnh vc sn xut v lnh vc
ngn sch.
2524 Production smoothing
Lm nut qu trnh sn xut; Vic
lm cho sn xut c tri chy.
2525 Productivity Nng sut.
2526 Productivity bargaining Thng lng theo nng sut.
2527 Product proliferation a dng ho sn phm.
2528 Product rule Quy tc tch s.
Page 113
economic
2529 Profits Li nhun.
2530 Profit, falling rate of T l st gim li nhun.
2531 Profit centre
C im li nhun; Trung tm li
nhun.
2532 Profit constraint Rng buc v li nhun.
2533 Profit function Hm li nhun
2534 Profit margin Chnh lch li nhun
2535 Profit maximization Ti a ho li nhun.
2536 Profit motive ng c li nhun
2537 Profit rate T l li nhun.
2538 Profits-push inflation Lm pht do li-nhun-y.
2539 Programme budgeting Lp ngn sch theo chng trnh.
2540 Programming methods Phng php quy hoch.
2541 Progressive tax Thu lu tin.
2542 Project appraisal Thm nh d n.
2543 Property rights Cc quyn s hu ti sn.
2544 Proportional tax Thu tnh theo t l.
2545 Propulsive industries Cc ngnh ng lc.
2546 Prospect theory L thuyt vin cnh.
2547 Protection Bo h.
2548 Proxy Tnh i din
2549 Proxy variable Bin s i din.
2550 Pseudo-demand schedule Biu cu-gi.
2551 Public choice S la chn cng cng.
2552 Public company Cng ty cng cng.
2553 Public Expediture Chi tiu cng cng.
Page 114
economic
2555 Public good Hng ho cng cng.
2556 Public issue Pht hnh cng cng.
2557
Public Sector Borrowing
Requirement (PSBR)
Nhu cu vay ca khu vc cng
cng.
2558
Public Sector Debt Repayment
(PSDR)
Hon tr n ca khu vc cng
cng.
2559 Public utility Ngnh dch v cng cng
2560 Public utility regulation iu tit ngnh dch v cng cng.
2561 Public ownership S hu cng cng
2562 Purchasing power parity Sc mua tng ng.
2563 Purchase tax Thu mua hng.
2564 Purchasing power of money Sc mua ca ng tin.
2565 Pure competition Cnh tranh thun tu.
2566 Pure profit Li nhun thun tu.
2567 Pure inflation Lm pht thun tu.
2568 Put option Hp ng bn trc.
2569 Putty-clay
M hnh putty-clay; M hnh mt tt
- t st.
2570 Putty-putty
M hnh putty-putty; M hnh mt
tt - mt tt.
2571 Pyramiding
S thp ho; S chp ho; Vic
hnh thnh hnh chp.
2572 Quadratic equation Phng trnh bc hai
2573 Quadratic utility function Hm tho dng bc hai.
2574 Qualitative choice models M hnh la chn nh tnh.
2575 Quantity theory of money L thuyt nh lng v tin t.
2576 Quartile T phn v.
2577 Quasi-option value
Gi tr ca hp ng mua bn
trc.
2578 Quasi-rent Tin thu gi.
Page 115
economic
2579 Quesnay, Francois (1694-1774).
2580 Quick assets ratio T l ti sn d chuyn hon.
2581 Quits S ngi b vic.
2582 Quota Hn nghch.
2583 Import / Export quota
Hn nghch xut khu / nhp
khu.
2584 Quoted companies Cc cng ty c nim yt gi.
2585 Quotient rule Quy tc thng s.
2586 R2 H s xc nh.
2587 Radcliffe Committee U ban Radcliffe.
2588 Radical economics Kinh t hc cp tin.
2589 Raider firm Hng thu mua.
2590 Ramsey pricing nh gi Ramsay.
2591 R and D Nghin cu v trin khai.
2592 Random coefficient models Cc m hnh h s ngu nhin.
2593 Random sample Mu ngu nhin.
2594 Random variable Bin ngu nhin.
2595 Random walk Bc ngu nhin.
Page 116
economic
2596 Range Di, khong.
2597 Range (of a good) Phm vi (ca mt hng ho).
2598 Rank correlation Tng quan bc.
2599 Ranking of projects Xp hng cc d n.
2600 Rank of a matrix Hng ca ma trn.
2601
Rank-tournament compensation
rule
Quy tc n b theo xp hng thi
ua
2602 Ratchet effect Hiu ng bnh cc.
2603 Rate capping Hn ch t l chi tiu.
2604 Rate of commodity T l thay th hng ho.
2605 Rate of interest Li xut.
2606 Rate of return T sut li tc.
2607 Rate of time preference T l u tin thi gian.
2608 Rates Thu a c.
2609 Rate support grant Tr cp nng mc thu.
2610 Rational expectations K vng duy l.
2611 Rationality Tnh duy l.
2612 Rational lags Tr hu t; Tr hp l.
2613 Rationing Chia khu phn.
2614 Rawlsian justice Bng ng Rawls
2615 R,D and D
Nghin cu, trin khai v trnh
din.
2616 Reaction functions Cc hm phn ng.
2617 Real balance effect Hiu ng s d tin.
2618
Real cost approach to international
trade
Phng php chi ph thc t i
vi thng mi quc t.
2619 Real money balances Cc s d tin thc t.
Page 117
economic
2620 Real national output Sn lng quc dn thc t.
2621 Real wages Tin lng thc t.
2622 Receiver Ngi tip nhn (ti sn).
2623 Recession Suy thoi.
2624 Reciprocal S nghch o.
2625 Reciprocal demand Cu qua li.
2626
Reciprocal Trade Argreements Act
of 1934 (RTA)
o lut nm 1934 v cc hip
nh Thng mi qua li.
2627 Recognition lag Tr trong nhn thc.
2628 Recontract Ti kh c.
2629 Recursive model M hnh ni phn.
2630 Recursive residuals S d ni phn.
2631 Redeemable loan stock C phn vay c th hon tr.
2632 Redeemable securities Chng khon c th hon tr.
2633 Redemption yield Tng li tc o hn.
2634 Redistribution Ti phn phi.
2635 Reduced form (RF) Dng rt gn.
2636 Redundancies Nhn vin tha.
2637 Redundancy payments Tr cp thi vic.
2638 Re-export Hng ti xut.
2639 Regional development grant Tr cp pht trin vng.
2640 Regional economics Kinh t hc khu vc.
Page 118
economic
2641 Regional emloyment premium
Tr cp tuyn dng lao ng khu
vc.
2642 Regional multiplier S nhn khu vc.
2643 Regional policy Chnh sch khu vc.
2644 Regional integration Hi nhp khu vc.
2646 Regional wage differentials
Nhng chnh lch tin lng gia
cc khu vc.
2647 Regional wage structure C cu tin lng theo khu vc.
2648 Registered unemployed
Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng
k.
2649 Regressand
Bin ph thuc (trong phn tch hi
quy).
2650 Regression Hi quy.
2651 Regressive expectations K vng hi quy.
2652 Regressive tax Thu lu thoi.
2653 Regressor c tnh hi quy.
2654 Regret matrix Ma trn hi tic.
2655 Regulation Q Quy ch Q.
2656 Regulation S iu tit.
2657 Regulatory capture
S lm quyn iu tit; "iu tit
b tri".
2658 Regulatory policy Chnh sch iu tit.
2659 Reintermediation Ti ph trung gian.
2660 Relative deprivation Cm gic b tc ot.
2661 Relative income hypothesis Gi thuyt v thu nhp tng i.
2662 Relative price Gi tng i.
2663 Relativities Chnh lch lng trong mt ngh.
2664 Renewable resource Ti nguyn ti to c.
2665 Rent T, li, tin thu.
2666 Rent gradient Gradient tin thu.
2667 Rentiers
Ch cho thu ti sn; Ch cho
thu vn.
Page 119
economic
2668 Rent seeking
S tm kim c li; S tm kim
tin thu.
2669 Rent seeker Ngi kim s c li.
2670 Rental on capital Tin thu vn.
2671 Replacement cost Chi ph thay th.
2672 Replacement cost accounting Hch ton chi ph thay th.
2673 Replacement investment u t thay th.
2674 Replacement ratio T s thay th.
2675 Representative firm Hng i din.
2676 Repressed inflation Lm pht b kim ch.
2677 Required reserves D tr bt buc.
2678 Required rate of return on capital Sut sinh li cn c ca vn.
2679
Required real rate of return on
capital
Sut sinh li thc t cn c ca
vn.
2680 Required reserve ratio T l d tr bt buc.
2681 Resale price mainternance Vic duy tr gi bn l.
2682 Resale Prices Act 1964 o lut nm 1964 v Gi bn l.
2683 Research and development (R&D) Nghin cu v trin khai.
2684 Reservation wage
Mc lng bo lu; Mc lng k
vng ti thiu.
2685 Reserve assets ratio T l ti sn d tr.
2686 Reserve base C s d tr.
2687 Reserve currency ng tin d tr.
2688 Reserve ratio T l d tr.
2689 Residual S d.
2690 Resiliency Tnh nhy bn.
2691 Resource Ngun lc; Ngun ti nguyn.
Page 120
economic
2692 Restricted least squares (RLS) Bnh phng nh nht hn ch.
2693 Restrictive Practices Court To n v cc hot ng hn ch.
2694
Restrictive Trade Practices Act
1956
o lut nm 1956 v nhng
Thng l thng mi hn ch.
2695
Restrictive Trade Practices Act
1968
o lut nm 1968 v nhng
Thng l thng mi hn ch.
2696 Reswitching Ti chuyn i.
2697 Retail Bn l.
2698 Retail banking Nghip v ngn hng bn l.
2699 Retail price index (RPI) Ch s gi bn l.
2700 Retained earnings Thu nhp c gi li.
2701 Retention ratio T l gi li.
2702 Retentions Cc khon gi li.
2703 Return on capital employed Li tc t vn c s dng.
2704 Returns to scale Li tc theo quy m.
2705 Revaluation S nng gi tr; s tng gi.
2706 Revealed preference S thch c bc l.
2707 Revenue Doanh thu.
2708 Revenue maximization Ti a ho doanh thu.
2709 Reverse dumping
Bn ph gi th trng nc
ngoi.
2710 Reverse yield gap Chnh lch nghch o ca li tc.
2711 Ricardian equivalence theorem
nh l Ricardo v tnh tng
ng .
2712 Ricardo, David (1772-1823).
Page 121
economic
2713 Right-to-work laws Cc lut v quyn c lm vic.
2714 Rights issue Pht hnh quyn mua c phiu.
2715 Risk Ri ro.
2716 Risk aversion S s ri ro, khng thch ri ro.
2717 Risk capital Vn ri ro.
2718 Risk attitude Thi i vi ri ro.
2719 Risk character Thi i vi ri ro.
2720 Risk premium Tin b cho ri ro, ph ri ro
2721 Risk-spreading Dn tri ri ro.
2722 Risk-diversification Phn tn ri ro.
2723 Risk-loving Thch ri ro.
2724 Risk Master Phn mm Risk Master
2725 Risk-neutrality Bng quan vi ri ro.
2726 Risk-pool Chung ri ro; Gp chung ri ro.
2727 Risk-sharing Chia x ri ro.
2728 Rival
Tnh hu tranh; Tnh cnh tranh
(trong tiu dng).
2729 Robbins, Lionel (1898-1984).
2730 Robinson, Joan V. (1903-1983).
2731 Robinson-Patman Act o lut Robinson-Patman.
Page 122
economic
2732 Roosa effect Hiu ng Roosa.
2733 Roots Cc nghim, cn s.
2734 Rostow model M hnh Rostow
2735 Roundaboutness Phng php sn xut gin tip.
2736 Royalty Thu ti nguyn.
2737 Royalties
Tin hoa hng (cn c vo kt qu
lm vic c nhn).
2738 RPI Ch s gi bn l.
2739 Rule-of-thumb Quy tc t t.
2740 Rybczcynski theorem nh l Rybczcynski.
2741
Robustness of an exchange rate
regime
Tnh thit thc ca mt ch t
gi hi oi.
2742 Run (a) (mt) cn st rt tin.
2743 Sackings Con s sa thi.
2744 St. Louis model M hnh St. Louis.
2745 St Petersburg paradox Nghch l St Petersburg.
2746 Salary Lng
2747 Sales maximization hypothesis Gi thuyt v ti a ho doanh thu.
2748 Sales tax Thu bn hng.
2749 Salvage Gi tr thanh l.
2750 Sample Mu.
2751 Sample space Khng gian mu.
Page 123
economic
2752 Samuelson, Paul (1915-)
2753 Samuelson test Kim nh Samuelson.
2754 Satiation Bo ho.
2755 Satisficing behaviour Hnh vi tho mn.
2756 Savings Tit kim.
2757 Savings and loan associations Cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay.
2758 Savings function Hm Tit kim.
2759
Savings-investment approach to
the balance of payments
Phng php tit kim - u t i
vi cn cn thanh ton.
2760 Say, Jean-Baptiste (1767-1832)
2761 Scarcity S khan him.
2762 Scarce currency ng tin him.
2763 Scatter Biu tn x.
2764 Scatter diagram th ri.
2765 Schooling functions Cc hm gio dc.
Page 124
economic
2766 Schultz, Theodore W. (1902-)
2767 Schumpeter, Joseph A. (1883-1950)
2768 Scientific tariff Thu khoa hc.
2769 Scitovsky paradox Nghch l Scitovsky.
2770 Scitovsky reversal criterion Tiu ch nghch o Scitovsky.
2771 Screening hypothesis Gi thit sng lc.
2772 Scrip issue
C phiu pht hnh cho c ng
hin hnh.
2773 SDR Quyn rt tin c bit.
2774 Search costs Chi ph tm kim (vic lm).
2775 Search unemployment Tht nghip do tm kim vic lm.
2776 Seasonal adjustment iu chnh thi v.
2777 Seasonal unemployment Tht nghip thi v.
2778 Secondary banks Cc ngn hng th cp.
2779 Secondary market Th trng th cp.
2780 Secondary worker Cng nhn hng hai.
2781 Second-best (Tnh trng) tt nh.
2782 Second order condition iu kin o hm bc hai.
2783 Secular supply curve ng cung lao ng trng k.
2784 Secular trend Xu hng lu di
2785 Secured Nhng khon vay c bo lnh.
Page 125
economic
2786 Securities Chng khon.
2787
Securities and Exchange
Commission (SEC) U ban chng khon.
2788
Securities and Invesment Board
(SIB) Hi ng chng khon v u t.
2789 Securitization Chng khon ho.
2790 Seignorage Thu c tin, ph c tin.
2791 Self-liquidating T thanh ton.
2792 Self-liquidating advances
Cc khon ng trc t thanh
ton.
2793
Self-regulating organzations
(SROs) Cc t chc t iu tit.
2794 Semi log Phng php bn Lgarit ho.
2795 Senior, Nassau W. (1790-1864)
2796 Seniority practices Phng php thm nin.
2797 Sensitivity analysis Phn tch nhy cm.
2798 Separability of preferences Tnh phn chia ca s a thch.
2799
Separation of ownership from
control
S tch bit gia quyn s hu v
quyn kim sot.
2800 Serial correlation Tng quan chui.
2801 Service of debt Tr li sut n.
2802 Services Cc dch v.
2803 Severance pay Bi thng mt vic.
2804 Shadow economy Nn kinh t bng.
2805 Shadow price Gi bng
2806 Shadow wage rate Mc tin cng bng.
2807 Share C phiu.
Page 126
economic
2808 Share economy Kinh t phn phi.
2809 Share price Gi c phiu.
2810 Sharpe, William F. (1934-)
2811 Sherman Act o lut Sherman.
2812 Shift effect hypothesis
Gi thuyt v hiu ng dch
chuyn.
2813 Shift share analysis
Phn tch cc phn gy dch
chuyn.
2814 Shirking model
M hnh v tnh li; M hnh v
tnh ln trnh.
2815 Shock effect Hiu ng sc
2816 Shop steward i biu phn xng.
2817 Short-dated securities Cc chng khon ngn hn.
2818 Short run Ngn hn.
2819 Short run average cost Chi ph trung bnh ngn hn.
2820 Short run average fixed cost (AFC) nh ph bnh qun ngn hn.
2821 Short run fixed cost (AFC) nh ph ngn hn.
2822 Short run consumption function Hm tiu dng ngn hn.
2823 Short run marginal cost (SMC) Chi ph bin ngn hn.
2824 Short run total cost (STC) Tng ph ngn hn.
2825 Short run variable costs (SVC) Bin ph ngn hn.
2826 Short run adjustments Nhng iu chnh gi ngn hn.
2827 Long run adjustments Nhng iu chnh gi di hn.
2828
Short run aggregate suply
schedule Biu cung gp ngn hn.
2829 Short-time working Lm vic t gi.
2830 SIC Phn loi nghnh chun.
2831 Side payments Cc khon tr thm.
2832 Sight deposits Tin gi v k hn.
2833 Simon, Herbert A. (1916-)
2834 Simplex alglorithm Thut ton n hnh.
2835 Simulation S m phng.
Page 127
economic
2836 Simultaneous equation bias
lch do phng trnh ng
thi.
2837 Simultaneous equations Cc phng trnh ng thi.
2838 Single European Atc (SEA) o lut chu u.
2839 Shut down price
Gi ng ca, cui ngy (th
trng chng khon).
2840 Signaling and screening Pht tn hiu v sng lc.
2841 Significance of coefficients Mc c thng k ca h s.
2842 Singular matrix Ma trn n.
2843 Single market Th trng n nht.
2844 Single-peaked preferences
Cc s thch hi t; Nhng iu
mun la chn c chung.
2845 Sinking fund Qu d phng hon tr.
2846 Sismondi, Jean (1773-1842)
2847 Situation utility possibility frontier
ng gii hn kh nng tho
dng tnh th.
2848 Size distribution of firms Phn phi theo quy m v hng.
2849 Skewed distribution Phn phi lch.
2850 Skill differentials
Cc chnh lch theo k nng lao
ng.
2851 Slack plans
Cc k hoch lng; Cc k hoch
tr tr.
2852 Slump
(Giai on) suy thoi; Khng
hong kinh t.
Page 128
economic
2853 Slutsky, Eugen (1880-1948).
2854 Slutsky equation Phng trnh Slutsky.
2855 Smith, Adam (1723-1790)
2856 Snake Con rn.
2857 Snob effect Hiu ng ua i.
2858 Social cost of monopoly Ph tn x hi do c quyn.
2859 Social benefit Li ch x hi.
2860 Social choice S la chn ca x hi.
2861 Social Contract Tho thun x hi.
2862 Social cost Ph tn x hi; Chi ph x hi.
2863 Social decision rule Nguyn tc quyt nh x hi.
2864 Social discount rate T sut chit khu x hi.
2866 Social economics Kinh t hc x hi.
2867 Social Fund Qu x hi.
2868 Socialism Ch ngha x hi.
2869 Socially necessary labour Lao ng cn thit cho x hi.
2870
Social Marginal productivity
criterion
Tiu chun nng sut x hi cn
bin.
Page 129
economic
2871 Social opportunity cost of capital Chi ph c hi x hi ca vn.
2872 Social optimum Ti u i vi x hi.
2873 Social relations of production Cc quan h x hi ca sn xut.
2874 Social returns to education Li tc x hi ca gio dc.
2875 Social time preference rate
T sut s thch theo thi gian ca
x hi.
2876 Social welfare Phc li x hi.
2877 Social welfare function Hm phc li x hi.
2878 Soft currency ng tin yu.
2879 Soft loan Vn vay u i.
2880 Solow, Robert (1924-)
2881 Sole trader Ngi bun bn c th.
2882 Solvent (= creditworthy)
C tn nhim, c kh nng thanh
ton n.
2883 Spatial economics Kinh t hc khng gian.
2884 Spatial monopoly
c quyn nh khng gian; c
quyn vng.
2885 Spatial price discrimination S phn bit gi c theo khu vc.
2886 Spearman's rank correlation Tng quan v th bc Spearman
2887 Special Areas Cc khu vc c bit.
2888 Special drawing rights (SDRs) Quyn rt vn c bit.
2889 Special deposits Cc khon k qu c bit.
2890 Special Development Areas Cc Khu vc Pht trin c bit.
2891 Specialization Chuyn mn ho.
2892 Specialization, coefficient of H s chuyn mn ho.
Page 130
economic
2893 Specie Tin xu.
2894 Specie flow mechanism C ch chy vng.
2895 Specie points Im chy vng.
2896 Specification error Sai st k thut.
2897 Specifix tax Thu c th.
2898 Specifix training o to c th.
2899 Spectral analysis PHn tch quang ph.
2900 Speculation u c.
2901 Speculative balances Tin u c.
2902 Speculative boom S bng n do u c.
2903 Speculative bubbles Cc bong bng do u c.
2904 Speculative demand for money Cu v tin do u c.
2905
Speculative motive for holding
money ng c u c tin.
2906 Speculative unemployment Tht nghip do u c.
2907 Spillover Hiu ng lan to.
2908 Spillover hypothesis Gi thuyt v hiu ng lan to.
2909 Spot market Th trng giao ngay.
2910 Spread effects Hiu ng lan trn.
2911 Spurious regression problem Bi ton hi quy gi.
2912 Sraffa, Piero (1898-1938)
2913 Stability S n nh.
2914 Stabilization S n nh ho.
2915 Stabilization function Chc nng n nh ho.
2916 Stackelberg's duopoly model
M hnh lng c quyn ca
Stackelberg.
2917 Stabilization policy Chnh sch n nh ho .
2918 Stag
K ong hoa; Ngi bun bn
chng khon ht ngn.
2919 Stages of growth Cc giai on tng trng.
2920 Stagflation Suy thoi km lm pht.
Page 131
economic
2921 Stamp duty Thu tem .
2922 Standard commodity Hng ha tiu chun.
2923 Standard deviation lch chun.
2924 Standard error Sai s chun
2925
Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC)
Phn loi Cng nghip theo Tiu
chun.
2926 Standard of living Mc sng.
2927 Standard Regions Cc khu vc chun.
2928 Standard weekly hours S gi lm vic chun hng tun.
2929 Standard working week Tun lm vic chun.
2930
State organization of production in
Eastern Europe
T chc sn xut quc doanh
ng u.
2931 Static expectations Cc k vng tnh.
2932 Stationarity Tnh cht tnh ti.
2933 Stationary point im tnh ti.
2934 Stationary state Trng thi tnh ti.
2935 Statistic Thng k.
2936 Statistical cost analysis Phn tch chi ph thng k.
2937 Statistical inference S suy lun thng k.
2938 Statistical significance ngha thng k.
2939 Steady-state growth
Tng trng mc n nh; Tng
trng u n.
2940 Steady-state models Cc m hnh v tnh trng n nh.
2941 Stepwise regression Hi quy theo bc .
2942 Stereotypes Cc nh kin.
2943 Sterilization
Ht tc ng, v hiu ho (bng
chnh sch tin t).
Page 132
economic
2944 Sterling area Khu vc ng sterling .
2945 George, Joseph Stigler (1911-1991).
2946 Stochastic Tnh ngu nhin thng k.
2947 Stochastic process Qu trnh ngu nhin thng k.
2948 Stock
C phn, c phiu, dung lng
vn, tr lng.
2949 Stock-adjustment demand function
Hm cu iu chnh theo lng
vn.
2950 Stock appreciation S ln gi hng tn kho.
2951 Stockbroker Nh mi gii chng khon.
2952 Stock diviend C tc bng c phn.
2953 Stock exchange S giao dch chng khon.
2954 Stock market Th trng chng khon.
2955 Stock option Quyn mua/ bn chng khon.
2956 Stocks D tr.
2957 Stolper-Samuelson Theorem nh l Stolper-Samuelson.
Page 133
economic
2958 Stone, Sir Richard (1913-1991).
2959 "stop-go" "Hn ch - thc y".
2960 Store of value Tch tr gi tr.
2961 Strategic voting B phiu chin lc.
2962 Strike insurance Bo him nh cng.
2963 Strike measures Cc thc o v nh cng.
2964 Strikes Cc cuc nh cng.
2965 Strongly exogenous Nng v ngoi ngoi sinh.
2966 Strongly stationary Rt tnh ti.
2967 Structural form Dng c cu.
2968 Structural unemployment Tht nghip c cu.
2969
Structure-conduct-performance
framework M hnh c cu -thc thi -kt qu.
2970 Structure of interest rates
Biu khung li xut; C cu li
sut.
2971 Structure of taxes Biu khung thu; C cu thu.
2972 Subsidy Tr cp.
2973 Subsistence Mc sng.
2974 Subsistence expenditures Chi tiu cho mc sng.
2975 Subsistence wage Tin cng sng.
2976 Substitute Hng thay th.
Page 134
economic
2977 Substitution effect Hiu ng thay th.
2978 Sum of squares Tng cc bnh phng.
2979 Sunk costs Cc chi ph chm.
2980 Superconsistency Siu nht qun.
2981 Super-environment Siu mi trng.
2982 Superior goods Siu hng ho.
2983 Super-neutrality Siu trung lp.
2984 Super-normal profits Li nhun siu ngch.
2985 Supernumerary expenditure Siu chi tiu.
2986 Supplementary benefit Tr cp b sung.
2987 Supplementary special deposits Tin gi c bit b sung
2988 Supply curve ng cung.
2989 Supply of effort Cung n lc.
2990 Supply of inflation Cung lm pht.
2991 Supply of labour Cung lao ng.
2992 Supply-side economics Kinh t hc trng cung.
2993 Surplus unit n v thng d.
2994 Surplus value Gi tr thng d.
2995 Surrogate production function Hm sn xut thay th.
2996 Survivor technique K thut sng st.
2997 Sustainable development Pht trin bn vng.
2998 Swap arrangements Cc tho thun hon i.
Page 135
economic
2999 Paul Sweezy (1910-)
3000 System estimator c lng h thng.
3001 Taft-Hartley Act B lut Taft-Hartley.
3002 Take-Home pay Thu nhp kh chi.
3003 Take-off Ct cnh .
3004 Takeover Thu mua.
3005 Takeover and mergers S mua t v hp nht .
3006 Takeover bid Tr gi thu mua.
3007 Tangible assets Ti sn hu hnh.
3008 Tangible wealth Ca ci hu hnh.
3009 Tangency equilibrium Tip im cn bng.
3010 Tap issue Bn l chng khon lin tc.
3011 Targets Mc tiu (nh lng).
3012 Tariff Thu quan.
3013 Tariff factory Nh my trnh thu quan.
3014 Tariff Structure Khung biu thu quan.
3015 Tatonnement D dm.
3016 Taxable income Thu nhp chu thu.
3017 Taxation S nh thu.
3018 Tax base C s thu.
3019 Tax burden Gnh nng thu.
3020 Tax credit Ghi c thu.
3021 Tax credit scheme C ch ghi c thu.
3022 Tax disincentive
S lm gim khuyn khch ca
thu.
3023 Tax expenditure Chi tiu () trnh thu.
3024 Tax-push inflation Lm pht do thu y.
Page 136
economic
3025 Tax shifting Chuyn y thu.
3026 Tax yield Tin thu thu.
3027 T-distribution Phn phi T.
3028 Technical progress Tin b k thut.
3029 Technological dualism M hnh nh nguyn v cng ngh.
3030 Technological external effects Ngoi ng ca cng ngh.
3031 Technological progress Tin b cng ngh.
3032 Technological unemployment Tht nghip do cng ngh.
3033 Technology, choice of S la chn cng ngh.
3034 Technology matrix Ma trn cngngh.
3035 Technology transfer Chuyn giao cng ngh.
3036 Technology Cng ngh.
3037 Technostructure Cu trc cng ngh.
3038 Temporary layoffs Sa thi tm thi.
3039 Term loan Khon vay k hn.
3040 Terms of trade T gi thng mi.
3041 Term structure of interest rates C cu k hn ca li xut.
3042 Test discount rate Li xut chit khu kim nh.
3043 Test statistic Thng k kim nh.
3044 Threat effect Tc ng e do.
3045 Threat of pay off Li ch e do.
3046 Three stage least squares
Bnh phng nh nht ca ba giai
on.
Page 137
economic
3047 Threshold Ngng.
3048 Threshold analys Phn tch ngng.
3049 Threshold effect Tc ng ngng.
3050 Threshold of a good Ngng ca mt hng ho.
3051 Thunen, Johann Heinrich von (1783-1850)
3052 Tiebout model M hn Tiebout.
3053 Tight money Tht cht tin t.
3054 Time, allocation of Phn b thi gian.
3055 Time deposit Tin gi c k hn.
3056 Time preference S thch theo thi gian.
3057 Time series Chui s/d liu theo thi gian.
3058 Time varying parameter models
Cc m hnh bin s thay i theo
thi gian.
3059 Tinbergen, Jan (1903-)
3060 Tobin, James (1918-)
Page 138
economic
3061 Todaro model M hnh Todaro.
3062 Token money Tin quy c.
3063 Tokyo Round Vng m phn Tokyo.
3064 Total cost Tng ph; chi ph tng.
3065 Total remuneration Th lao tng.
3066 Total Revenue Doanh thu tng.
3067 Trade Thng mi (hay mu dch).
3068 Trade bill Hi phiu thng mi.
3069 Trade creation S to lp thng mi.
3070 Trade credit Tn dng thng mi.
3071 Trade cycle Chu k thng mi.
3072 Trade-off S nh i.
3073 Traditional sectors Cc khu vc truyn thng.
3074 Transactions approach Phng php giao dch.
3075 Transactions balances Cc s d giao dch.
3076 Transactions costs Cc chi ph giao dch.
3077 Transaction Giao dch / thng v.
3078 Transactions demand for money Cu v tin giao dch.
3079
Transactions motive for holding
money ng c gi tin giao dch.
3080 Transactions velocity of circulation Tc lu thng giao dch.
3081
Transcendental logarithMIC
production function
Hm sn xut tru tng dng
logarit
3082 Transcendental production function Hm sn xut tru tng.
Page 139
economic
3083 Transferable rouble Rp chuyn i c.
3084 Transfer costs Chi ph vn chuyn.
3085 Transfer deed Chc b chuyn giao.
3086 Transfer earnings Thng d kinh t.
3087 Transfer incomes Thu nhp do chuyn nhng.
3088 Transfer of technology Chuyn giao cng ngh.
3089 Transfer payment Thanh ton chuyn nhng.
3090 Transfer pricing nh gi chuyn nhng.
3091 Transfer problem Vn chuyn nhng.
3092 Transformation function Hm chuyn i.
3093 Transformation problem Bi ton chuyn i.
3094 Transitivity of preferences Tnh bc cu ca s thch.
3095 Transitory consumption Tiu dng qa .
3096 Transitory income Thu nhp qu .
3097 Translog production function
Hm sn xut chuyn dng l-ga-
rt.
3098 Trans-shipment points
Cc im chuyn i phng tin
vn chuyn.
3099 Treasury, the B ti chnh Anh.
3100 Treasury US department of B ti chnh M.
3101 Treasury bill Tn phiu b ti chnh.
3102 Treasury Deposit Receipt (TDR) Bin nhn tin gi B ti chnh.
3103 Treasury - Federal Reserve Accord
Tho thun gia b ti chnh v
Cc d tr lin bang.
3104 Treasury note ng tin ca b ti chnh.
3105 Treasury view Quan im ca b ti chnh.
3106 Treaty of Rome Hip c Rome.
Page 140
economic
3107 Trend Xu hng.
3108 Trend stationary process (TSP) Qu trnh tnh ti ca xu hng.
3109 Trigonometric functions Cc hm lng gic.
3110 Truncated earnings function Hm thu nhp rt gn.
3111 Trust T-rt.
3112 t-statistic Thng k t.
3113 Turning point im ngot
3114 Turnover Doanh thu, kim ngch.
3115 Turnover tax Thu kim ngch.
3116 Turnpike theorems Cc nh l cng ngn.
3117 Twelve-month rule Quy tc mi hai thng.
3118 Two sector growth model M hnh tng trng hai khu vc.
3119
Two stage leatst squares (TSLS
hoc 2 SLS)
Bnh phng nh nht hai giai
on
3120 Tying contract Hp ng bn km.
3121 Type I/ type II Sai s loi I / loi II.
3122 U-form enterprise Doanh nghip dng ch U.
3123 Unanimity rule Quy tc nht tr hon ton.
3124 Unianticipated inflation
Lm pht khng c lng
trc.
3125 Unbalanced economic growth
S tng trng kinh t khng cn
i.
3126 Unbiased estimator c lng khng chch.
3127 Uncalled capital Vn cha huy ng.
3128 Uncertainty S khng chc chn.
3129 Unconvertible loan stock
C phn khng th chuyn i
c
Page 141
economic
3130 Unconvered interest parity Li sut ngang bng cha tnh.
3131 UNCTAD
Din n ca Lin hip quc v
thng mi v Pht trin.
3132 Undated securities Chng khon khng ghi ngy.
3133 Underdeveloped countries Cc nc chm pht trin.
3134 Underdevelopment S chm pht trin.
3135 Underemployed workers Cc cng nhn phim dng.
3136 Underemployment S phim dng.
3137 Underidentification S cha nhn dng.
3138 Undervalue currency ng tin nh gi thp.
3139 Underwriter Ngi bo him.
3140 Undistributed profits Li nhun khng chia.
3141 Unearned income Thu nhp phi tin lng.
3142 Unemployment Tht nghip.
3143 Unemployment benefit Tr cp tht nghip.
3144 Unemployment equilibrium Cn bng tht nghip.
3145 Unemployment rate T l tht nghip.
3146 Unequal exchange S trao i khng ngang bng.
3147 UNIDO guidelines Cc hng dn ca UNIDO.
3148
Unintended inventory
disinvestment
Gim u t vo tn kho khng d
kin.
3149 Unintended inventory investment u t vo tn kho ngoi d kin.
3150 Union density T l tham gia cng on.
3151 Union market power
Sc mnh ca cng on i vi
th trng.
3152 Union/non-union differential
Chnh lch tin lng gia cng
nhn tham gia v khng tham gia
cng on.
3153 Union pushfulness
Tnh thch tranh u ca cng
on.
Page 142
economic
3154 Union shop "quy tri buc"
3155 Uniqueness Tnh c nht.
3156 Unit root tests Kim nh n v.
3157
United Nations Capital
Development Fund
Qu pht trin vn ca Lin hp
quc.
3158
United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development
(UNCTAD)
Hi ngh Lin hip quc v
Thng mi v Pht trin.
3159
United Nationns Development
Programme (UNDP)
Chng trnh pht trin ca Lin
hp quc.
3160
United Nationns Industrial
Development Organization
(UNIDO)
T chc pht trin cng nghip
ca Lin hp quc.
3161 Unit of account n v k ton.
3162 Unit tax Thu n v.
3163 Unit Trust c quyn n v.
3164 Unlisted Securities Market (USM)
Th trng chng khon khng
nim yt.
3165 Unsecured loan stock C phn vay khng bo lnh.
3166 Unvalidated inflation Lm pht khng cho php.
3167 Urban economics Kinh t hc th.
3168 Urbanization economies Tnh kinh t ca th ho.
3169 Uruguay Round Vng m phn Uruguay.
3170 User cost of capital Chi ph s dng vn.
3171 Use value and exchange value Gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i.
3172 U-shaped cost curves Cc ng chi ph hnh ch U.
3173 Utility tho dng.
3174 Utility function Hm tho dng.
3175 Utilitarianism Ch ngha v li.
3176 Vacancies Ch lm vic cn trng.
3177 Vacancy rate T l ch lm vic cn trng.
Page 143
economic
3178 Validated inflation Lm pht cho php.
3179 Valuation curve ng nh gi.
3180 Valuation ratio T s nh gi.
3181 Value, money, a standard of Tiu chun gi tr ca tin.
3182 Value, theory of L thuyt v gi tr.
3183 Value added Gi tr gia tng.
3184 Value-added tax Thu Gi tr gia tng.
3185 Value judgement nh gi ch quan.
3186 Value marginal physical product Sn phm vt cht gi tr bin.
3187 Variable capital Vn (t bn) kh bin.
3188 Variable cost Cc chi ph kh bin.
3190
Variable elasticity of substitution
production function
(VES production function) - co
gin kh bin ca hm sn xut
thay th.
3191 Variable labour costs Cc chi ph lao ng kh bin.
3192 Variable parameter models Cc m hnh thng s kh bin.
3193 Variance Phng sai
3194 Variance-covariance matrix
Ma trn phng sai - hip phng
sai.
3195 Variation Bin ng.
3196 Veblen, Thorstein B. (1857-1926)
3197 Veblen effect Hiu ng Veblen.
3198 Vector Vc-t.
3199 Vector autoregression (VAR) T hi quy vc t.
3200 Vehicle currency ng tin phng tin.
Page 144
economic
3201 Veil of ignorance Mng che ngu dt.
3202 Veil of money Mng che tin.
3203 Velocity of circulation Tc lu thng.
3204 Venture capital Vn mo him.
3205 Vertical equity Cng bng theo chiu dc.
3206 Vertical integration Lin kt dc.
3207 Vertical merger Sp nhp chiu dc.
3208 Vertical Phillips curve ng Phillips thng ng.
3209 VES production function
co gin kh bin hm sn xut
thay th.
3210 Vicious circles Cc vng lun qun.
3211 Victim company Cng ty nn nhn.
3212 Vintage growth models
M hnh tng trng theo thi
gian.
3213 Virtuous circles Vng thot.
3214 Visibility hypothesis Gi thuyt v tnh minh bch.
3215 Visible balance Cn cn hu hnh.
3216 Voluntary-exchange model M hnh trao i t nguyn.
3217 Voluntary export restraint Hn ch xut khu t nguyn.
3218 Voluntary unemployment Tht nghip t nguyn.
3219 Von Neumann-Morgenstern utility
Tho dng Von Neumann-
Morgenstern.
3220 Von Neumann ratio T s Von Neumann.
3221 Vote maximizer Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu.
3222 Vote trading Trao i phiu bu.
3223 Voting and non-voting shares
Cc c phiu c quyn b phiu
v khng c quyn b phiu.
3224 Voucher Tem phiu.
3225 Voucher schemes Cc chng trnh theo phiu.
3226 Wage competition model M hnh cnh tranh bng tin cng
3227 Wage contour Vng tin cng.
3228 Wage contracts Hp ng tin cng
3229 Wage differentials Chnh lc tin cng
3230 Wage discrimination Phn bit i x tin cng.
Page 145
economic
3231 Wage drift Mc trt tin cng.
3232 Wage fund Qu lng.
3233 Wage inflation Lm pht tin cng.
3234 Wage leadership
Xc nh tin cng theo mc tham
kho.
3235 Wage-price spiral Vng xoy tin cng-gi
3236 Wage-push inflation Lm pht do tin cng y.
3237 Wage rates Cc mc tin cng.
3238 Wage restraint Hn ch tin cng.
3239 Wage round Vng quay tin cng.
3240 Wage boards Ban iu hnh tin cng.
3241 Wages Councils Cc hi ng tin cng.
3242 Wages freeze Hn mc tin cng.
3243 Wages fund doctrine Hc thuyt qu lng.
3244 Wages structure Cu trc tin cng
3245 Wage theory L thuyt tin cng.
3246 Wage-wage sprial Vng xoy tin cng-tin cng.
3247 Wagner's law nh lut Wagner
3248 Wait umemployment Tht nghip do ch vic.
3249 Wall Street Ph Wall
3250 Walras, Lon (1834-1910)
3251 Walras' law nh lut Walras.
Page 146
economic
3252 Want creation To ra mong mun tiu dng.
3253 Warrant S m bo.
3254 Warranted rate of growth Tc tng trng m bo.
3255 Warranted unemployment rate T l tht nghip m bo.
3256 Waste Cht thi.
3257 Ways and means advandces Tm ng.
3258 Weakly stationary Khng chuyn ng hng tun.
3259 Weath Ca ci.
3260 Weath effect Hiu ng ca ci.
3261 Weath tax Thu ca ci.
3262 Wear and tear Khu hao.
3263 Weberian location theory L thuyt Weber v v tr .
3264 Weighted average Bnh qun gia quyn.
3265 Weighted least squares Bnh phng gia quyn nh nht.
3266 Weighted mean Trung bnh gia quyn.
3267 Welfare economics Kinh t hc phc li.
3268 Welfare function Hm phc li.
3269 Welfare state Nh nc phc li.
3270 Well-behaved C hnh vi tt.
3271 Wharton model M hnh Wharton.
3272 Whipsawing Ca ko.
3273 White-collar worker Cng nhn c trng, bn giy.
Page 147
economic
3274 White noise Nhiu trng.
3275 White plan K hoch White.
3276 Wholesale Bun bn, bn s.
3277 Wholesale banking Dch v ngn hng bn bun.
3278 Wicksell, Knut (1851-1926)
3279 Wicksell effects Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell.
3280 Wieser, Friederich von (1851-1926)
3281 Wildcat strike Bi cng "khng chnh thc"
3282 Willingness to pay Mc sn sng tr.
3283 Wilson Committee U ban Wilson.
3284 Windfall gain Thu nhp bt thng.
3285 Windfall loss L bt thng.
3286 Winding up S pht mi.
3287 Window dressing S "lm p" bo co ti chnh.
3288 Withdrawals Cc con s tn rt.
3289 Withholding tax Thu chuyn li nhun v nc.
Page 148
economic
3290 Workable competition
Cnh tranh c th th thc hin
c.
3291 Workers' co-operative Hp tc x ca cng nhn.
3292 Workers' partipation S tham gia ca ngi lao ng.
3293 Working capital Vn lu ng.
3294 Working capital ratio T s vn lu ng.
3295 Working population Lc lng lao ng.
3296 Work in progress Sn phm ang gia cng.
3297 Work-leisure model M hnh lao ng - ngh ngi.
3298 Work sharing Chia s cng vic.
3299 Work to rule Lm vic theo quy nh.
3300 World Bank Ngn hng th gii.
3301 Writing-down allowance Khu hao, s xung gi.
3302 X-efficiency Hiu qu X.
3303 Y-efficiency Hiu qu Y.
3304 Yeild Li tc.
3305 Yeild gap Chnh lch li tc.
3306 Yeild gap on securities Chnh lch li tc chng khon.
3307 Zellner-Giesel Quy c Zellner-Giesel.
3308 Zero-rate goods
Cc hng ho c mc thu bng
0.
3309 Z variable Bin s Z.
3310 Organization slack S lng lo v t chc.
3311 Perfect information Thng tin hon ho.
3312 Personal income Hypothesis Gi thuyt v thu nhp lu di.
3313 Personal income distribution Phn phi thu nhp cho c nhn.
3314 Sterilization impact of capital inflow
Tc ng v hiu ho thm ht
cn cn thanh ton bi dng vn
chy vo.
3315 Substitution effect of wages
nh hng/Tc ng thay th ca
tin cng.
3316 Time series data Dy s liu theo thi gian.
3317 Accounting price Gi k ton.
3318 Accumulated depreciation Khu hao tch lu.
3319 Scenario analysis Phn tch tnh hung.
3320 Sensitivity analysis Phn tch nhy.
3321 Appraisal Thm nh.
3322 Appreciation (currency) Tng gi.
3323 Appreciation and depreciation Tng gi v gim gi tr.
3324 Arbitrage
Kinh doanh da vo chnh lch t
gi.
3325 Balanced (GDP) (GDP) c cn i.
Page 149
economic
3326 Balanced equilibrium (GDP) (GDP) cn bng.
3327 Beta
Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc
ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin
ng li tc ca ton b th trng
chng khon.
3328 Black market premium
Mc/ Khon chnh lc ca th
trng ch en.
3329 Blue-chip stock C phiu sng gi.
3330 Gild-edged bonds Tri phiu chnh ph c gi tr cao.
3331 Border price Gi ca khu.
3332 Multi-collinearity a cng tuyn.
3333 Combination T hp.
3334 Compensating differentials Cc mc b thm lng.
3335 Constant returns to scale Sinh li c nh theo quy m.
3336 Constrain informal/ formal
Hn ch/ rng buc (khng chnh
thc/ chnh thc; ngoi quy nh/
theo quy nh).
3337 Consumer sovereignty Ch quyn ngi tiu dng.
3338 Consumer surplus Thng d ngi tiu dng.
3339 Consumption Tiu dng.
3340 Independent/ induced consumption Tiu dng ph thuc / thay i.
3341 Consumption function Hm Tiu dng.
3342 Contestable market
Th trng c th cnh tranh
c.
3343 Conversion factor H s chuyn i.
3344 Cornor solution Gii php kh x.
3345 Criminalization Quy l ti phm.
3346 Cross price elasticity of demand co gin theo gi cho ca cu.
3347 Cross-section data S liu cho/ mu/ c trng.
3348 Crowding-out effect Tc ng ln p, chn p.
3349 Dead weight loss S/ mc mt mt v ch.
3350 Dead weight tax burden Gnh nng v ch ca thu kho.
3351 Debt rescheduling Hon n/ gia hn n.
3352 Decile Thnh mi nhm bng nhau.
3353 Differentiated goods
Hng ho cng loi mang nt c
trng ring.
3354 Dirigiste Chnh ph can thip.
3355 Distortions and market failure
Cc bin dng v tht bi ca th
trng.
3356 Distribution Phn phi.
3357 Continuous distribution Phn phi lin tc.
3358 Deterministic distribution Phn phi tt nh.
3365 Equilibrium aggregate output Tng sn lng cn bng.
3366 Equilizing wage diffirentials
Cn bng cc mc chnh lch tin
cng.
3367 Equity Vn c phn.
3368 Evolving market condition S tin trin ca tnh hnh kinh t.
3369 Exogenuos expectations Nhng d tnh ngoi sinh.
3370 Expected inflation Lm pht d tnh c.
3371 Unexpected inflation Lm pht bt thng..
3372 Fiat (or token) money Tin php nh.
3373 Final goods Hng ho cui cng.
Page 150
economic
3374 Finance deepening
Tng cng ti chnh; pht trin
h thng ti chnh.
3375 Fine turning Tinh chnh.
3376 Intermediate goods Hng ho trung gian.
3377 F-test Kim nh Fisher.
3378 Automatic fiscal policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch t
ng.
3379 Discretionary fiscal policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch ch
ng.
3380 Expasionary fiscal policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch m
rng.
3381 Contractionary fiscal policy
Chnh sch thu chi ngn sch thu
hp.
3382 Flow variable Bin s mang tnh dng chy.
3383 Future value Gi tr tng lai.
3384 Sharp gyration Chu k vng xoay r rt.
3385 Maturity n hn thanh ton.
3386 Non performings assets Nhng ti sn khng sinh li.
3387 Non performings loans
Nhng khon vay khng thc hin
ng hp ng.
3388 Non trade Phi ngoi thng
3389 Offer price Gi cho.
3390 Opportunity cost of capital Chi ph c hi ca vn
3391 Open economy economics
Kinh t hc v m ca nn kinh t
m.
3392 Other thng equal Cc iu kin khc khng i.
3393 Perceived Wealth Ca ci d tnh c.
3394 Percentage change Chnh lch tnh bng phn trm.
3395 Perfect capital mobility
Kh nng lu chuyn hon ho
ca vn.
3396 Performance Thnh qu.
3397 Physical and financial capital Vn hin vt v vn ti chnh.
3398 Positive bais Thin lch ng bin.
3399 Pre-commitment Cam kt trc.
3400 Conditional probality Xc sut c iu kin.
3401 Cumulative probality Xc sut tch lu.
3402 Pure inflation Lm pht thun tu.
3403 Quadrant Gc to / gc phn t.
3404 Quasiliquid asset Ti sn bn thanh ton.
3405 Quick-disbursing fundss Tin k pht nhanh.
3406 Quintile Thnh nm phn bng nhau.
3407 Ramdom events Cc bin c ngu nhin.
3408 Range of values Min gi tr.
3409 Rate of return on investment Sut sinh li t u t.
3410 Interna Rate of return
Ni sut thu hi vn/ t l hon
vn ni b.
3411 Rateable value Gi tr c th nh thu.
3412 Real / relative price Cc gi thc t/ tng i.
3413 Real balance effect
nh hng ca s d tin thc/
hiu ng tin thc.
3414 Real interest rate. Mc li sut thc t.
3415 Real prices and real income Gi thc t v thu nhp thc t
3416 Receipt S thu.
3417 Recessionary gap H, khong trng suy thoi.
3418 Secular stagnation S nh tr v lu di.
3419 Self-financing T ti tr.
Page 151
economic
3420 Shareholder C ng.
3421 Shoe-leather cost of inflation Chi ph giy da ca lm pht.
3422 Stand-by arrangement/ agreement Hp ng d phng.
3423 Standard paradigm
thc h/ m hnh/kiu mu tiu
chun.
3424 Strategic entry barrier
Cn tr chin lc i vi nhp
ngnh.
3425 Strategic entry deterrence
Ngn chn nhp ngnh c tnh
chin lc.
3426 Strategy Chin lc.
3427 Structural adjustment loans
Cc khon vay iu chnh c
cu kinh t.
3428 Subsistence agriculture Nng nghip t cung cp t liu.
3429 Subsistence crop V ma t tiu.
3430 Subsistence wage Lng va sng.
3431 Substitutes and complemnt Hng thay th v hng b tr.
3432 Sunk cost fallacy S hiu lm v chi ph chm.
3433 Sunrise and sunset industries
Cc ngnh mi mc ln v cc
ngnh sp ln (ht thi).
3434 Supernormal profits
Siu li nhun/ Li nhun siu
ngch.
3435 Supplementary benefit Tr cp b sung.
3436 Supply-side economics Kinh t hc trng cung.
3437 Symmetric i xng
3438 Non-symmetric Phii / bt i xng
3439 Syndicate loan Cho vay lin hip.
3440 Taste S thch, th hiu.
3441 Tax incident Ai phi chu thu.
3442 Tax wedge Chnh lch gi do thu.
3443 Tax-base incomes Policy
Chnh sch thu nhp da vo
thu.
3444 Technical change through R&D Thay i cng ngh qua R&D.
3445 Technical efficiency Tnh hiu dng v mt k thut.
3446 Technical knowlwdge Tri thc, kin thc, k thut
3447 Testing an economic model Kim nghim mt m hnh thc t.
3448 The Corset K hoch Corset.
3449 Tradable Kh thng.
3450 Trade balance Cn cn thng mi.
3451 Traded and non-traded (goods)
Hng ngoi thng v phi ngoi
thng.
3452 Trade unions Cng on.
3453 Transaction motives Nhng ng c giao dch.
3454 Precaution motives Nhng ng c d phng.
3455 Assets motives Nhng ng c ti sn.
3456 Transfer in kind Tr cp bng hin vt.
3457 Transmission mechanism C ch lan chuyn.
3458 Trend output path ng biu th xu th sn lng.
3459 Treasury B ti chnh, ngn kh.
3460 Tow-path tariffs (h thng) gi hai phn.
3461 Unvoluntary unemployment T l, s tht nghip bt buc.
3462 Utility maximization Ti a ho tho dng.
3463 Variable Bin s.
3464 Variability bin thin.
Page 152
economic
3465 Dummy Variable Bin s gi.
3466 Stochastic Variable Bin s ngu nhin.
3467 Variable factor Cc yu t sn xut thay i.
3468 Viability Kh nng thnh tu, tnh kh thi.
3469 Velocity of money
Vng quay ca tin, tc lu
chuyn ca tin.
3470 Volatility Tnh d bin ng.
3471 Wage and price flexibility Tnh linh hot ca gi c v lng.
3472 Wage-rental ratio T s tin cng- tin thu vn.
3473 Yield on external debt Li trn n nc ngoi.
3474 Yield on investment Li nhun t u t.
3475 Z-score Gi tr ca Z.
3476 Zero growth proposal xut tng trng bng khng.
3477 Above the line
3478 Accrued
3479 Ad valoremAggregates rebate
3480 Avoidable costs
3481 Backwardation
3482 Balacing allowance
3483 Balacing item
3484 Bank overdraft
3485 Banking and currency schools
3486 Battle of the sexes
3487 Bearer securities
3488 Below the line
3489 Benelux
3490 BES
3491 Beveridge
3492 Bilateralism
3493 Bil of sale
3494 BIMBO
3495 Bundesbank
3496 Business angels
3497 Business finance
3498 Business taxation
3499 By-product
Page 153
economic
giaithich
Chi ph lm gim s kh chu nh nhim hay tc ng.
Thc o v kh nng v trnh (hc vn) c tng quan cht ch vi nhau, lm
tng kh nng l phn ln li tc c c tnh do gio dc trn thc t cng chnh
l li tc do nng lc
Mt l thuyt v cch nh thu theo gnh nng v thu nn c phn b theo
kh nng chi tr; v mt h thng thu kiu lu tin, t l hay lu thoi, tu thuc vo
thc o c s dng v dc gi nh ca th tho dng bin ca thu nhp.
Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
Gi tr trn trc honh (trc X) ca mt im trn th hai chiu.
S ngh lm, mc d cc iu khon ca hp ng lao ng yu cu ngi lao ng
phi i lm v hp ng vn cn gi tr.
Ngi ch s hu t hoc nh sng mt ni xa bt ng sn ca mnh, thu tin
thu v qun l vic kinh doanh ca mnh thng qua trung gian hay ngi i din.
Xem Comparative Advantage.
Mt khi nim cp ti nhng li th ca cc hng thit lp, v th cc hng ny
c th duy tr chi ph trung bnh thp hn so vi cc hng mi nhp ngnh khng ph
thuc vo mc sn lng. (Xem Barriers to entry)
Gi thuyt ny cho rng cc chi ph cho tiu dng (C) l mt hm s ca thu nhp kh
dng ca c nhn (Yd): C = C (Yd).
Xem Monopoly.
Gi o bng tin ngc vi vi gi tng i. l gi ca cc hng ho, dch v
c biu din trc tip di dng s lng ca n v tin t. Xem Price
Xem Scarcity
Gi tr ca mt bin b qua du ca n.
Phng php phn tch tc ng ca s ph gi hoc gim t gi hi oi ca mt
nc i vi cn cn thng mi.
Mt thut ng miu t s cn thit gim bt tiu dng hin ti tch lu t bn.
Xem DEPRECIATION
S tng vt t l lm pht. Nu chnh ph c gi t l tht nghip di mc t l tht
nghip t nhin th vic s dn ti lm pht gia tc.
Xem Accelerator principle.
Mt bi s theo u t mi s tng ln khi c s thay i v sn lng.
Nguyn l cho rng mc u t rng ph thuc vo mc thay i d kin v sn
lng.
Hnh vi chp nhn mt hi phiu do c nhn hay c quan nhn hi phiu thc hin,
bao gm k hi phiu v thng k trn mt hi phiu.
Mt trong s cc NGN HNG THNG MI c tr s ti London, vi mc ch thu
tin hoa hng ngn hng ny nhn tr cc hi phiu, ngha l chp nhn thanh ton
chng khi o hn.
S lng nhng ngi thu mi mi thng tnh theo t l phn trm tng s vic lm
do B lao ng M thng k.
Thu nh vo qu tng v ti sn tha k.
Mt m hnh l thuyt c s dng (ch yu) trong phn tch a im dn c cc
vng th, gii thch cc hnh thi v tr do nh i gia kh nng tip cn ca mt
a im ti trung tm ca vng v khng gian ca a im .
Xem VALIDATED INFLATION
Page 154
economic
Trong CN CN THANH TON, mt loi giao dch t bn do CC C QUAN TIN
T p dng hoc iu hnh lm i trng li tnh trng tn dng hoc tnh trng n
nn ny sinh trong cc GIAO DCH T NH.
1.Mt ghi chp giao dch gia hai bn giao dch c th l hai b phn ca mt doanh
nghip v l yu t c bn trong tt c cc h thng giao dch kinh doanh. 2.Cc giai
on, thng l hai tun, theo nm kinh doanh ca S CHNG KHON
LONDON c chia ra v qua cc giai on ny, vic thanh ton cc giao dch tr
giao dch chng khon vin vng c tin hnh.
Thng mc trong ti khon ca mt cng ty c ghi nh mt khon n ca cc
dch v s dng nhng cha c thanh ton.
y l tiu ca mt cun sch do gio s David C. Mc. Clelland ca trng i hc
Harvard (Princeton, NJ, 1962) xut bn, trong ng nh ngha khi nim ng c
thnh t o ngh tng tng v mc ca cc tng mi m ng coi l
nhn cch cn thit i vi cc CH DOANH NGHIP v v vy c ngha i vi
S PHT TRIN KINH T.
Mt tnh hung khi tt c thu quan ca mt nc c tng hoc gim theo t l
phn trm ngang bng.
Mc tr gia vic quyt nh mt chnh sch (c bit trong kinh t hc v m) v
vic thc hin chnh sch .
Trong l thuyt tin t, mt vi m hnh gi thit chia mt cung ng tin t thnh D
NGHCH, l tin d tr c a vo quay vng trong cc thi k c xc nh
bi cc khong thi gian gia cc k thanh ton, v NGHCH NHN RI l tin d
tr khng c s dng thanh ton thng xuyn.
Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPATION RATE.
S hnh thnh k vng v gi tr tng lai ca mt bin s ch da trn cc gi tr
trc ca bin lin quan.
Xem EULER'S THEREM
Theo lp lun ny, thu nhp thc t ca gia nh gim trong thi k suy thoi theo chu
k s gy ra HIU NG THU NHP.
Mt quy tc xc nh O HM ca mt hm i vi mt bin s, trong hm
ny bao gm php cng tuyn tnh ca 2 hm ring bit hoc nhiu hn tr ln ca
cc bin.
Mt dng hm tho dng : U=Ua +Ub+Uc . Trong U l tho dng a,b,c ;a hng
ho thay th trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc nhm hng ho ny khng th
thay th cho nhau.
Trong nn kinh t K HOCH HO nh Lin X trc y, mi mc tiu chin
lc u c mt t chc hoc "a ch" chu trch nhim thc hin mc tiu
H thng ny c qu tin t quc t (IMF) a ra ti hi ngh Bretton Woods v
cp n mt b T GI HI OI C NH hay c "neo" m v c bn l c nh
nhng cho php iu chnh hoc thay i vi lng nh theo c 2 hng.
Thi gian cn thit mt bin, v d nh DUNG LNG VN, iu chnh theo
nhng thay i trong cc yu t quyt nh ca n. (Xem PARTIAL ADJUSTMENT,
CAPITAL STOCK ADJUSTMENT PRINCIPLE).
Thut ng chung ch cc c ch iu chnh hot ng trong nn kinh t th gii nhm
loi b nhng mt cn i trong thanh ton vi nc ngoi. Nhng c ch lin quan
n BN V VNG, CH BN V HI OI, THA S NGOI THNG, T
GI HI OI TH NI.
Cc mc gi c hnh thnh do quyt nh c thc ca c nhn hay hng no
ch khng phi do cc yu t tc ng ca th trng.
Page 155
economic
Mt trong nhng tr v thi gian nh hng n hiu lc ca mt CHNH SCH
TIN T. l khong thi gian t lc cc c quan c thm quyn nhn thy cn c
hnh ng n khi tin hnh thc s hnh ng .
Mt loi thu da trn gi tr giao dch. thng l t l phn trm khi gi bn l, s,
hay qu trnh sn xut, v l dng ph bin ca THU DOANH THU.
Mt khon vay hoc da vo lung tin xc nh hoc d kin. (Xem BANK
LOAN).
L mt khon ng trc THU DOANH NGHIP v c ghi vo ti khon bn n
ca doanh nghip i vi loi thu ny. l mt phng tin c th thu thu
doanh nghip sm hn.
K THUT QUN L CNG N mi c chnh ph lin bang, cc chnh quyn a
phng v tiu bang ca M s dng.
THM HT CN CN THANH TON.
Vn gp phi trong nghnh bo him.
Hot ng ca mt hng nhm thc y vic bn sn phm ca mnh, mc tiu chnh
l tng s lng ngi tiu dng thch nhng sn phm ca hng hn nhng hng
khc.
T l chi ph qung co ca cc hng trn tng doanh thu bn hng.
Mi quan h gia thu nhp v tui. Biu din qu trnh thu nhp theo tui n gin
nht l mt ng nm ngang i t s 0 n tui ri trng hc, khong cch ca
cc bc c quyt nh bi trnh hc vn.
Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION AGENCY
Yu cu cng nhn tham gia tuyn dng khng phi gia nhp cng on nhng phi
ng cng on ph.
Cc khon tit kim chi ph trong mt hot ng kinh t do cc x nghip hay cc hot
ng gn v tr ca nhau.
Biu chi tit v S LNG CA SN PHM QUC GIA RNG c th c mua
mi mc gi chung.
L tng s chi tiu danh ngha cho hng ho v dch v trong mt nn kinh t.
Xem INTERNATION INCOME
Xem INTERNATION INCOME
Mi quan h gia lu lng sn lng trong ton nn kinh t (Y), tng lc lng lao
ng (L) v tng lng vn (K), cc u vo tham gia trc tip vo sn xut. Hm ny
c th c m rng bao hm c T AI v CNG NGH VI danh ngha l
u vo.
Vn xc nh hnh vi kinh t v m c th t d bo t hnh vi ca cc n v
kinh t vi m ni bt.
Tnh hung trong sn lng nng nghip tng ln r rt nh nhng thay i v t
chc v k thut.
Khon thu t nng nghip thng kh nh lng, c bit trong nn nng nghip t
tc hoc nhng ni thu nhp pc tr bng hin vt ngha l nng sn.
Page 156
economic
Cc sn phm nng nghip lm ra xut khu ch khng phi cho mc ch t cung
t cp hay cho th trng trong nc
L thi gian gia sn xut nng nghip thc t v sn xut nng nghip tim nng
CC NC ANG PHT TRIN.
Xem EC Agricultural levies.
Mt trong nhng hn ch i vi PHT TRIN KINH T l vic s dng cc bin
php s khai, khng hiu qu trong nng nghip. Cc ngnh nng thn nhng
nc km pht trin cung cp thc phm ngy ngy cng tng cho dn c thnh ph.
Cc phng php c, th s th km hiu qu , cn k thut c gii ho hin i th
khng thch hp. V vy mt dng ci cch l p dng loi cng ngh nng nghip
thch hp.
Khu vc hoc mt b phn dn s tham gia vo ngh nng, cung cp lng thc,
nguyn liu th nh bng, g cho tiu dng trong nc v xut khu.
C quan qun l a phng ca CNG TY TN DNG HNG HO CA M
Khon tin tr cho nng dn vi mc ch khuyn khch sn xut lng thc thc
phm v tr gip thu nhp ca nng dn.
Cc c quan do php lut quy nh mc lng ti thiu i vi nhng ngi lm
nng nghip Anh, x Wales v Scotland cng mt cch chnh thc nh cc hi
ng tin cng.
Xem FOREIGN AID.
Xem Generalized Least Squares.
Thut ng c C.MC s dng miu t tnh trng tinh thn ca cng nhn trong
mt x hi t bn.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Php c nhn gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm
1988. Allais l mt k s, bng cch t hc v kinh t ch yu trong thi k c xm
chim Php sut Chin tranh th gii th 2, khi ng t c tip cn vi cc n
phm nc ngoi. Mc d vy, ng thnh cng trong vic t xy dng c
nhng nn tng to ln v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH HIN I v KINH T
HC PHC LI. ng c coi l ngi cha v ngi dn u tr tu ca trng
phi bin hc Php, sn sinh ra nhiu nh kinh t hc ni ting nh Debreu. Mc
cho xu hng thin v l thuyt mnh m, Allais vn cho rng cc m hnh l thuyt
c xy dng tr li nhng cu hi thc tin v nn c kim nghim qua thc
t. Thnh tch ca ng c nhn gii Nobel ch yu l thnh tu nghin cu s bn
v kinh t hc v ng gp c bn ca ng l cc cng thc ton hc v i v cn
bng th trng v tnh cht hiu qu ca cc th trng. Nghin cu ca ng v phn
tch ng thi v m tin t v l thuyt ri ro cng rt ni bt. Mi n khi kim tra
thc nghim v hc thuyt tho dng k vng ca VON NEUMANN-
MORGENSTERN ng mi c ni ting, thc nghim c tiu l nghch l
Allais. ng ch ra rng s la chn ca cc c nhn khi c yu cu sp xp mt
cp d n ri ro u sp xp mt cch h thng v lp li (nh cc nghin cu khc
la chn) mu thun vi d on ti a ho tho dng d kin. Cc cng trnh
ca ng l Nghin cu v nguyn l Kinh t -1943 (sau cn c ti bn vi tiu
X l Kinh t n thun-1952) v Kinh t v li nhun(1947).
ng dy trng kinh t London t nm 1928, lm vic b Ti Chnh Anh v nm
1944 c phong l gio s thng k hc ti trng i hc London. Cc n phm
ch yu ca ng bao gm: Phn tch ton hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1938); Thng
k hc cho cc nh kinh t hc(1949); Kinh t hc thuc ton (1956); Hc thuyt kinh
t v m - X l bng ton hc (1967). Nm 1934 ng c ng gp to ln cho hc
thuyt ngi tiu dng khi ng cho xut bn mt bi bo cng vi J.R.HICKS, bng
cch s dng cc ng bng quan, bi bo ch ra rng gii thch s dc xung
di ca ng cu s l vic gi nh y rng hng ho c th c phn loi
theo th t.
Page 157
economic
Mt b phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti vic chi phi
cung cp hng ho v dch trong mt nn kinh t.
Vi sn xut ra t hp sn phm tt nht hay ti u cc sn phm bng cc kt hp
hiu qa nht cc u vo.
Nhng chi ph cho php nht nh khi c khu tr t doanh thu ca cng ty l phn
thu nhp b nh thu.
H thng thu thu nhp bao gm h thng cc khon khu tr v chi ph. Chng c
tr t tng thu nhp xc nh chu thu.
Mt kiu tr phn phi trong trng s cc gi tr lin tc ca bin s tr theo sau
mt do mt a thc gy ra.
Xem CAPITAL ASSET PRINCING MODEL.
Thut ng dng ch kiu cng ngh c mt vi hoc tt c thuc tnh sau: s dng
ti thiu ti nguyn khng ti to c, gy nhim thp nht i vi mi trng, t
cp t tc theo vng hoc theo a phng khng c s bc lt hoc c lp cc c
nhn. (Xem INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, APPROPIATE TECHNOLOGY,
INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
S quan tm ti phc li ca ngi khc.
Xem MERGER.
Chng khon m mt ngn hng M thng pht hnh cho cc c dn M, da vo
vic c quan NM GI CC C PHIU thng ca mt cng ty ngoi quc. Ngi
gi ADR c quyn hng c tc ca cng ty ngoi quc. Bn thn ADR c th trao
i c. u im ca vic lm ny l TH TRNG VN c m rng i vi cc
cng ty khng phi ca M trong khi c th p ng c mong mun ca ngi
M v mt loi c phiu "nng" trao i. (Mt ADR c th c ng trn gi c
quyn vi nhiu chng khon thng).
c thnh lp trong thi k t nm 1881 n 1886, lin on ny tp trung cc cng
on ln M li vi nhau.
y l mt h thng trong thu quan ca M i vi mt s mt hng nhp khu
c tnh trn c s gi tr ca mt hng thay th trong nc so vi gi tr ca hng
nhp khu. (Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE).
S GIAO DCH c t chc ln th hai M, tin hnh mua bn gn 1/10 tng s c
phiu c mua bn M. S giao dch l c s vt cht cho cc giao dch CHNG
KHON din ra. S giao dch chng khon M c t lu v bt u t khi nhng
ngi mi gii gp nhau ngoi ph mua bn cc c phn chng khon. l
ngun gc ca mt ci tn khc ca n :"S giao dch l ng". Tn hiu bng tay
c dng thng bo cho nhn vin giao dch. n tn th k XX, S giao dch
chng khon M mi chuyn vo phng.(Xem STOCK MARKET).
Phng thc thanh ton n trn c s tr dn. Thnh thong chi tr tng k c s
dng nh thut ng thay th cho khu hao.
Thut ng s dng trong mt CHU K KINH DOANH miu t khong cch gia
im cc i v cc tiu ca bt k chu k no.
C quan ngoi thng ca Lin X trc y. C c quan chi nhnh ti nhiu nc.
Phn chia bin ng tng th trong mt bin s ph thuc (vi bin ng tng
th c nh ngha l tng ca bnh phng ca cc lch so vi trung bnh ca
bin) thnh cc cu thnh c tnh cho bin ng ca cc bin s ring hay NHM
BIn GII THCH v nhng bin khng c gii thch hay bin ng D/
Hc thuyt cho rng cc s kin chnh tr v x hi ca cc c nhn khng nn b km
hm bi bt c s can thip no ca chnh ph. l mt quan im cc oan hn
quan im ch ngha t do, vn cn cho php s dng quyn lc c ti iu hnh
cc hot ng m cc c nhn khng th t hon thnh mt cch c hiu qu c.
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economic
Mt trong cc vn lin quan n bin ng t do ca T GI HI OI l lun
im cho rng t gi hi oi t do s lm gim thm ht vi bn ngoi v v vy tc
ot ca cc c quan tin t ci neo (chnh tr) nhm hn ch tin t m rng. i lp
vi lun im ny l vic b chic neo tin t ca t gi hi oi c nh l mt vic tt
v n ch cc tr nhng nh hoch nh chnh sch mi c bu bng cch khng
cho h hon ton t do vi CHNH SCH TIN T.
Mt cch k gii cho U T phn bc cc m hnh ton hc v chng t tc dng.
Thay vo l phn tch u t bt ngun t thuc tnh lm theo ca cc ch doanh
nghip. Cm thut ng ny c J.M.Keynes s dng ln u tin trong L THUYT
TNG QUT V VIC LM, LI SUT V TIN (1936). Nhng t c Joan
Robinson ph bin rng ri.
Risk analysis: phn tch ri ro. Scenario analysis:Phn tch kch bn. Sensitivity
analysis: Phn tch nhy.
Vng th hai (1949) ca cuc m phn thng mi theo HIP C CHUNG V
THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT).
Xem CAPITAL ALLOWANCE.
Mt k thut thm nh d n vn c s dng chit khu v cng nhn rng vic s
dng vn i hi tr tin li i vi lng vn s dng v khu hao.
Li ha tr mt khon no mi thi k trong mt s cc thi k m khon tr cho
mi thi k l c nh.
S ngt qung trong mi lin kt chnh thc gia mc lng ca cc nhm thng
lng khc nhau nh p dng CHNH SCH THU NHP.
Xem EXPECTED INFLATION.
Mt cm thut ng ca M ch h thng php lut nhm kim sot s tng trng
quyn lc i vi th trng ca cc hng. Cm thut ng ny khng ch lin quan ti
chnh sch chng c quyn m c cc hot ng km hm ca cc hng ring l, cc
nhm cng ty hp nht (Trt) v nhm cc cng ty cng tc (Catel).
Tng v gi tr ca ti sn, i lp li l s mt gi tr. Mt ti sn c th tng gi tr
bi v gi ca n (v do gi th trng ca n) tng do lm pht hay thay i v cu ti
sn dn ti mc khan him. (Xem MONEY APPRECIATION).
Xem GENERAL TRAINING.
Ni chung c dng ch nhng sn phm thch hp cho s dng cc nc
ang pht trin.
Vic ng dng mt cng ngh thch hp vi yu t sn c. (Xem ALTERNATIVE
TECHNOLOGY. INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY, INTERMEDIATE TECHNOLOGY
DEVELOPMENT GROUP).
Cc doanh nghip duy tr cc ti khon ny cho thy li nhun sau khi tr thu c
phn phi hay s dng nh th no. (Xem ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES
CORPORATION TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES INCOME TAX, TAXABLE
INCOME.
Mt dng ra quyt nh trong mi c nhn b phiu cho mt nhm phng n m
ngi tn thnh. (Xem BORDA COUNT, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL
DECISION RULE. SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION).
Mt cm thut ng miu t qu trnh suy lun phn on t gi thuyt ban u cho
n kt lun. Phng php ny c th i lp vi cch tip cn da trn nhng c
liu rt ra t thc t quan st.
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economic
Mt hc gi ngi , ng l ngi c ng gp chnh vo t tng kinh t ca hn
lm vin. Xt v kinh t hc, ng tha nhn phn ln hc thuyt ca Aristotle, bao
gm khi nim v gi cng bng. ng cng phn bit GI C v GI TR, i tng
ca rt nhi cch din gii khc nhau. tng v gi tr hay gi cng bng khng
khc hn gi thng thng (cnh tranh) vn c mt mt hng v gi c a ra
vt qu mc gi ny l s vi phm quy tc o c. Thng mi vn xu xa nhng
c bo cha bi HNG HA CNG CNG. Tng t, ca ci ti sn v hnh
ng ca chnh ph c bin h bi hng ho cng cng. Cho vay nng li b ch
trch l khon thu cho vic s dng tin m khng c gi tr s dng. Nhng ng gp
ch yu ca ng i vi lch s t tng kinh t c bao qut trong cun SUMMA
THEOLOGICA ca ng.
Mt nghip v bao gm vic mua bn mt ti sn, v d mt hng ho hay tin t hai
hay nhiu th trng, gia chng c s khc nhau hay chnh lch v gi.
S can thip ca mt bn th ba vo mt TRANH CHP V CNG NGHIP theo
yu cu ca cc bn tranh ci v a ra nhng gi cho vic gii quyt tranh chp,
sau s rng buc c hai bn (Xem CONCILI-ATION, FINAL OFFER
ARBITRATION).
Xem ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
ch phng sai ca sai s thay i iu kin t nhin gim, l mt trc nghim
phn bit gia tng quan chui trong iu kin xo trn v hiu ng ny sinh t s
bin i ca xo ng c gi l hiu ng ARCH.
Xem ARCH.
Nh trit hc HY LP, cc cng trnh ca ng bao gm c cc vn kinh t v trong
nhng bi vit ca ng c th thy nhng phn tch v sn xut, phn phi v trao
i. Trong phn tch v trao i, ng phn bit gia gi tr s dng v gi tr trao i
Xem MEAN.
Mt dy s hay nhng biu thc i s trong mi thn phn mang mt mi lin h
cng thm i vi mi thnh phn ng trc v sau n.
Nh kinh t hc ngi M ng gii Nobel v kinh t hc vi hun tc John Hicks
nm 1972. ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng trnh v cc h thng CN BNG
TNG QUT v trnh by v cc iu kin ton hc cn thit cho mt h thng nh
vy c nghim c ngha v kinh t. ng cng c cng trnh tin phong v vic
ra quyt nh trong nhng iu kin khng chc chn. Trong cun S LA CHN X
HI V CC GI TR C NHN (1951), ng trnh by kinh t hc phc li vi mt
tnh trng tin thoi lng nan, khi da trn c s nhng gi nh m bo s t ch
ca ngi tiu dng cng thm s hp l, ng chng minh rng khng th xc nh
c s xp hng x hi v cc phng n la chn tng ng vi s xp hng ca
cc c nhn, v nh vy cng khng th a ra c CHC NNG PHC LI X
HI . Chc nng ny lin quan mt cch tch cc ti la chn c nhn, x hi khng
th quyt nh n mun g. Arrow cng c cng trong vic a vo hc thuyt tng
trng gi thuyt hc qua hnh vi t cch l mt ngun tng nng sut. Cc n
phm chnh ca ng l : Nghin cu trong l thuyt ton hc v d tr v sn xut
(1958); S la chn x hi v cc gi tr c nhn (1951); Cc tiu lun v l thuyt
chu ri ro (1970); Phn tch da trn tng hp (vi F.H.Hahn) (1971).
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
U ban kinh t chu v Vin ng ca Lin hp quc khuyn co thnh lp ngn
hng ny khuyn khch tng trng kinh t v hp tc chu v Vin ng,
thc y kinh t cc nc ang pht trin trong vng. Ngn hng pht trin chu
c thnh lp nm 1966. Ngun vn ban u l nh ng gp ca cc nc trong
khu vc vi s gip ca M, CHLB c, Anh v Canada.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR CORPORATION
TAX, ALLOWANCES AND EXPENSES FOR INCOME TAX.
Page 160
economic
Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
Mt thc th c gi tr th trng hoc gi tr trao i, v l b phn cu thnh CA
CI hay ti sn ca ch s hu.
Vic mt cng ty thn tnh bn nhng ti sn ca CNG TY NN NHN sau khi thu
mua. iu ny c th thc hin c mc li nhun ng k khi ti sn b nh
gi thp S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON.
Tn c t cho cu hi liu vic kt ni mt bin chnh sch, v d CHNH SCH
TIN T mt cch duy nht t c mt mc tiu chnh sch, v d cn cn thanh
ton quc t di cc ch v t gi HI OI c th c hay khng. Kt lun l
khng th lm c nh vy.
Cc vng trong nc m hot ng kinh t hot ng kinh t c h tr bi
chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph. Xem DEPRESSED AREAS, REGIONAL
EMPLOYMENT PREMIUM, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT GRANT.
C quan thnh lp nm 1969, thu thp v cho nim yt li nhun v bo gi th trng
hin hnh vi cc loi pht hnh ca TRI KHON CHU U.
Hip hi c cc B trng ngoi giao Indonesia, Malaysia, Phillipines, Singapore
v Thi Lan thnh lp nm 1967. Mc ch chung ca hip hi l thc y tng trng
kinh t, tin b x hi v pht trin vn ho khu vc ng Nam .
Mt loi bo him lin quan n tnh hung trong bo him cho s kin khng th
trnh khi. iu ny c th do hp ng lin quan ti vic tr mt khon xc nh vo
mt ngy no hoc l v "ci cht" ca ngi c bo him.
S khc nhau v thng tin m cc bn tham gia giao dch trn th trng c c.
Xem INSIDER - OUTSIDER MODELS.
Gi tr m bin ph thuc ca mt hm tin n khi bin t do tr nn rt ln hoc rt
nh.
PHN PHI XC XUT m mt bin THNG K hng ti khi kch thc ca mu
tin ti v cng. Khi nim rt hu ch trong nh gi cc c th ca chn mu trong
kinh t lng.
Mt c cu th trng trong s lng cc hng rt ln, do mi hng cnh tranh
mt cch c lp. (Xem PERFECT COMPETITION).
Mt nt c trng hay thuc tnh ca hng ho. Xem CHARACTERISICS THEORY.
Mt thut ng chung ch nhn vin bn u gi, ti nhng ngi mua tng lai
u vi nhau bng cch t gi, vt u gi s thuc v ngi no t gi cao nht.
Mt th trng c t chc ti gi c c iu chnh lin tc theo bin i ca cung
v cu. Nt c trng c bn ca cc th trng u gi l cc hng mc hng ho
c chun ho, mua bn v danh v s lng m bo hnh vi cnh tranh.
Mt kiu th trng trong ngi mua tim tng t gi cho hng ho ch khng
phi n thun tr theo.
Kim nh ny l mt phin bn ca kim nh Dickey Fuller i vi mt n v gc khi
tiu thc xo ng l tng quan theo chui sau khi xem xt s khc nhau trong
qu trnh tnh khc (DSP).
Vic a bin gi c vo ng Phillips gc dch chuyn hc thuyt mt cc hiu
qu t mt gii thch v tin cng bng tin thnh cch gii thch theo ngha thc t.
Tn trng phi ny c s dng ch cc nh kinh t hc t Menger, Wieser v
Bohm-Bawerk tr i, h phn ln nghin cu Vin v theo mt kiu phn tch ring
bit.
Tnh trng trong mt nc t tch khi thng mi quc t bng nhng hn ch
nh thu quan nhm t tc, thng do nguyn nhn lm vic hoc chnh tr.
Xem SERIAL CORRELATION.
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economic
Cc mi quan h lm gim bin ca bin ng chu k trong mt nn kinh t m
khng cn hnh ng trc tip ca chnh ph.
Trong khi c s dng theo nhiu cch, cm thut ng "t ng ho" ni chung
c coi l ng ngha vi vic thay th lao ng bng qu trnh t ng.
Cc khon chi tiu c coi l c lp vi mc thu nhp.
Cm thut ng ny c dng trong hc thuyt v CN CN THANH TON xc
nh nhng loi giao dch din ra t pht v l do li nhun t pha cc hng hoc
tho dng c tng t pha cc c nhn .
Xem EXOGENOUS VARIABLES.
S HI QUY ca mt bin s trn gi tr hay cc gi tr tr ca n. Xem SERIAL
CORRELATION AND ARIMA.
Cc tc ng ca nhng thay i v s lng tn dng c sn, ch khng phi tc
ng thng qua gi, ngha l li sut.
Xem MEAN.
Chi ph trn mt n v sn lng trong bao gm chi ph ca tt c u vo (cc
yu t sn xut).
Quy tc nh gi cng nhn rng cc hng cng chi ph kh bin vo chi ph trung bnh
trang tri tng chi ph trung bnh ca n.
Xem PERMANENT INCOME.
Chi ph c nh trn mi n v sn lng.
Tng sn lng c c t vic s dng mt tp hp u vo chia cho s lng ca
bt c mt loi u vo no c dng.
Xem PRODUCTIVITY.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c chi cho tiu dng hng ho hoc dch v C, thay v
u t I.
Phn ca tng thu nhp Y c a vo tit kim S, tc khng c s dng cho
mc ch tiu dng. Khuynh hng tit kim bnh qun bng S/Y. Xem SAVING
FUNCTION, MARGINAL PROPENSITY TO SAVE.
c s dng khi ni v THU THU NHP C NHN nhng cng c th p dng
vi cc loi thu khc. Thng c dng ch tng thu thu nhp di dng mt
phn ca thu nhp.
Doanh thu trn mt n v sn lng.
Sn phm doanh thu trung bnh ca mt u vo (yu t sn xut) nhn vi doanh thu
bnh qun.
Xem AVERAGE COST.
CHI PH KH BN trn mt n v sn lng.
ch s phn ng ti a ho li nhun ca cc hng b kim sot, khi phi t c
t l li tc xc nh v vn c ng lc la chn kt hp u vo nng v vn
hn c th khng c s dng khi khng phi t t l li tc xc nh .
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
Trong l thuyt CU CA NGI TIU DNG, cc c nhn c gi nh l tun th
cc nguyn tc v hnh vi duy l v cc tin khc v hnh vi.
L tp qun theo c quan chnh ph M vay b Ti chnh M ch khng yu cu
biu quyt ngn sch ca quc hi.
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economic
Cc ph hay vn chuyn thp hn i vi vn chuyn theo mt hng ny so vi
hng khc.
Mt cng ngh thay th tr nn kh thi v mt kinh t khi gi ca ti nguyn THIN
NHIN KHNG TH TI TO tng n mt mc no do s khai thc tng dn.
Quan h gia cung lao ng, bt lun c xc nh bng cch no, v tin lng lao
ng.
Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
Mi lin h gia mt nghnh hay mt hng vi nhng nh cung cp u vo ca h.
Hiu ng ngc xy ra khi tng trng kinh t mt vng ca mt nn kinh t c
nhng tc ng ngc ti tng trng ca cc vng khc.
Mt mt hng hay sn phm gy ra PHN THO DNG i vi ngi tiu dng.
(Xem EXTERNALITY).
Xem GRESHAM'S LAW.
L bin tp vin v ng bin tp vin ca t The Economist t 1860-1877. ng l
nh bnh lun c nh hng ln ng thi v tc phm ca ng hin vn c trch
dn rng ri. Tc phm ni ting nht ca ng l Ph Lombard: Miu t v th trng
tin t(1873).
Thu nhp hin ti ng bng chi tiu hin ti ca CHNH PH.
T s bin ng thu nhp ca thu nhp thc t so vi bin ng chi tiu chnh ph khi
chi tiu ca chnh ph thu t thu thay i mt lng bng nhau.
Quan nim cho rng tt c cc thnh phn ca nn kinh t nn c pht trin mt
cch ng thi t c mt dng pht trin cn i. Xem BALANCED GROWTH,
BIG PUSH.
Trong HC THUYT TNG TRNG, iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t trong
tt c cc bin thc t tng ln lin tc cng mt t l (c th bng 0, hay m). Xem
STAEDY GROWTH.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng vi hn mt ngha, hai cch din gii ph bin nht
l: "Cn cn thanh ton th trng" v "Cn cn thanh ton k ton".
Thng ch cn cn mu dch "hu hnh", l bun bn hng ho trong mt giai
on nht nh. Trn thc t cn cn mu dch ch l mt yu t, cc yu t khc l v
hnh trong "Cn cn thanh ton vng lai" m n ch l mt phn ca ton b CN CN
THANH TON ca mt nc.
Mt phng php c bn ca k hoch X Vit l k ton s kp bng gi c hay
vt cht.Mc ch ca cn i l m bo s ng b trong cc k hoch. Cc cn i
ny t phc tp hn trong bng cn i LIN NGNH thc hin vai tr tng t trong
lp k k hoch. V ngha ring xem MATERIALS BALANCE PRINCIPLE.
Mt bng bo co ti sn ca mt thng nhn hoc mt cng ty vo mt ngy nht
nh.
Mt ci tn c Keynes a ra ch tin t quc t m ng cho rng nn c to
bi mt ngn hng quc t, c s dng thanh ton cc khon n quc t v mt
phn to nn nng lc chuyn ho quc t nhng b phn i.
Hiu ng nh khi gi c hng ho gim v cu ca mt vi b phn hay cc c
nhn trong cng ng tng, cc c nhn hoc b phn "bt chc" cch phn ng
ny v cng tng cu ca h.
Page 163
economic
Mt trung gian ti chnh huy ng qu gc v c bn thng qua nhng khon tin c
th hon tr theo yu cu hay trong thi gian ngn v dng ng trc bng khu chi
v cc khon vay v bng cc hi phiu chit khu, nn gi cc khon khc ch
yu l tch ti sn ti chnh nh chng khon khng bun bn c. Mt chc nng
quan trng ca ngn hng l duy tr h thng chuyn i tin bng cch chp nhn
tin gi vo ti khon vng lai v iu hnh h thng chuyn qu bng chuyn sc,
chuyn khon hay chuyn tin in t.Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CNTL,
RETAIL BANKING, WHOLE SALE BANKING.
Mt cm thut ng chung dng cho bt k mt loi vay ngn hng no. Xem BANK
LOAN.
Theo truyn thng, trn th trng hi phiu London, mt HI PHIU c chp
nhn bi mt NGN HNG NHN THANH TON, MT NGN HNG THANH TON
B TR hay mt nhm cc ngn hng ca Anh hoc cc ngn hng Dominions hp
thnh, thay mt khch hng m tn dng chp nhn. Xem ACCEPTANCE,
DISCOUNT HOUSE.
Thng ch o lut ngn hng nm 1844 do chnh quyn ca hun tc Robert
Peel thng qua.
Vic cho vay t h thng ngn hng bng bt k phng thc no:TIN CHO VAY
CA NGN HNG, HI PHIU CHIT KHU hay chng khon mua. Xem MONEY
MULTIPLIER, MONEY SUPPLY, "NEW VIEW".
Theo ngi gin n, l cc khon tin gi trong ti khon ngn hng. Trong thc t
chng n gin l nhng ghi chp v tnh trng n ca mt ngn hng i vi nhng
ngi gi, v chng ny sinh t tnh cht ca ngn hng vi vai tr l TRUNG GIAN
TI CHNH.
Mt nh ch ti chnh lin chnh ph thnh lp u tin vo nm 1930 h tr v
iu phi vic chuyn khon thanh ton bi thng chin tranh th gii th nht gia
cc ngn hng quc gia trung ng. Ngn hng ny cng tp hp v ph bin thng
tin v cc ch kinh t v m v cc vn tin t quc t.
Mt tnh hung trong c s mt t tin ca mt hay nhiu ngn hng gy nn s "
x" bt ng v lan rng ca cng chng ti cc ngn hng ni chung rt tin gi
hoc vo nhng lc khi pht hnh lnh phiu t nhn l ph bin yu cu thanh
ton cc hi phiu ny bng phng tin khc.
Mt tp hp cc kin lin quan n cuc tranh lun v quy tc iu tit pht hnh
giy bc ca ngn hng Anh trong na u th k XIX.
ch bt c khon ng trc no ca ngn hng, nhung c s phn bit trong vic
cho vay ca ngn hng gia iu kin MC THU CHI v iu kin cho vay.
Mt dng tin t pht hnh bi mt ngn hng v v bn cht lm bng chng "c th
thng lng" (ngha l c th chuyn i n gin bng cp pht) v tnh trng n
ca ngn hng i vi mnh gi ca giy bc. Giy bc ca ngn hng c pht
trin t HI PHIU, v v nguyn tc l hi phiu c th tr "trc tip" (theo yu cu)
bng phng tin khc.
L ngn hng TRUNG NG ca Anh. Do thng nhn London xng nh mt
ngn hng thng mi v c thnh lp theo o lut ca Quc hi nm 1694.
T nm 1791-1811 v t nm 1816-1836 mt s chc nng ngn hng trung ng
M c ln lt do ngn hng th nht th hai thc hin. Trong mt thi gian
khong 30 nm (n khi c o lut ngn hng quc gia nm 1864) hu nh khng
c chc nng ngn hng trung ng M. Trn thc t, phi n lc c o lut d
tr lin bang nm 1913 m mi c mt ngn hng trung ng thc s.
Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL, MONETARY POLICY.
Mt th tc php l trong ti sn ca con n khng tr c n b tch thu v li ch
ca cc ch n ni chung.
Page 164
economic
Thu c p t bi mt nc cng c v tr ca n trong m phn thng mi
vi cc nc khc, khi cc nc ny s dng li ha chit khu thu t c s
nhng b trong thng mi.
Tin cng c c nh trong mt qu trnh thng lng tp th, mt s dn xp v
mt c ch so vi qu trnh iu chnh cung cu chnh thng. L thuyt thng lng
v tin cng ch nhng m hnh ca qu trnh thng lng p dng cho mi quan h
ca s qun l ca cng on vt ra ngoi m hnh C QUYN SONG PHNG,
trong kt qu cui cng ca thng lng vn cn m h, rt ra mt gii php
r rng.Xem STRIKES, WAGE THEORY.
Mt n v i din cho quyn li ca ngi lao ng trong thng lng v qun l
lao ng M. Cc n v ny c th l rt nh, l cc nhn vin c tuyn trong
mt hng n l hay rt ln, tt c nhng ngi c tuyn dng trong mt ngnh
trn khp t nc. Cc n v thng lng khc nhau v quy m v c cu.
Nhng kt qu phn tch ca mt u ban hong gia Anh v s phn b a l ca
ngnh cng nghip Anh v c nh hng mnh m n s pht trin ca chnh sch
khu vc hu cng nghip Chin tranh Anh.
Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
Cc yu t y nhng ngi mi nhp ngnh vo mt mc gi khng thun li so vi
cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh. Chng no cc hng thit lp t gi mt
mc di im ti thiu ca chi ph trung bnh di hn ca hng tim tng hiu qu
nht, cc hng thit lp c th t c mc siu li nhun v lu di m khng
phi lo s v s gia nhp ngnh mi.
Phng php trao i hng ho v dch v trc tip ly cc hng ho v dch v khc,
khng s dng mt n v k ton hay phng tin trao i no c.
Hip nh gia cc quc gia, thng gp kh khn v CN CN THANH TON, id
vi vic trao i trc tip cc lng hng ho
Nn kinh t m hng ho v dch v c thc hin thng qua vic I HNG, iu
dn ti rt t chuyn mn ho hoc phn cng lc lng lao ng do yu cu ca
s trng lp mun.
Mt thi im c dng tham kho khi so snh vi giai on sau.
Sau khi bi b nhng hip nh v tin gi v tin vay nm 1971, CC NGN HNG
THANH TON B TR CA ANH p dng tp qun xc nh v thng bo "li
sut gc".Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL.
Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
Tn gi ca cc hng xut khu s ch ca cc nc km pht trin.
Xem ECONOMIC BASE.
L chin lc pht trin c tho lun nhiu trong nhng nm gn y. Khc vi
cc l thuyt tch lu c in, n nhn mnh rng c mt s mc cn phi u tin.
l (1) cung cp cc hng tiu dng c bn nh thc n, qun o v ch , (2) cc
dch v cn thit nh nc, gio dc, y t, (3) quyn c vic lm vi thu nhp m
bo cc nhu cu c bn, (4) c s h tng p ng cho nhu cu c bn v hng ho
v dch v v (5) tham gia vo qu trnh ra quyt nh. Chin lc ny hng vo sn
xut. Trit l ny c c cc trit gia bo th v cc trit gia cp tin ng h. N
cng vp phi cc ch trch l khng y v khng c g thc s l mi m.
Xem Wage Rate.
Mt cch nh gi trong nhng ngi bn hng khc nhau trong mt th trng
thng nht rng mc gi i vi mt hng ho s c tnh bng tng gi c nh v
mc ph vn chuyn c thng nht lin quan n khong cch gia ngi tiu
dng v im gn nht trong mt s cc a im c tho thun gi l "cc im
nh v c s".
Page 165
economic
Cc phng php phn tch thng k (bao gm C LNG v SUY LUN THNG
K) trong thng tin trc y c kt hp vi s liu mu a ra nhng c
tnh hay cc gi thuyt kim nghim.
Mt loi tri khon khng yu cu c chng th chuyn nhng v ngi gi c
quyn s hu hp php.
Nhng c nhn tin rng gi chng khon hoc tri khon s gim v do bn nhng
chng khon hy vng rng c th mua li mc gi thp hn.
Nhng bin php kinh t m mt nc thc hin nhm ci thin tnh hnh trong nc,
thng l gim tht nghip v c nhng tc ng bt li vi cc nn kinh t khc.
Mt mi quan h ton hc trong mt m hnh kinh t hay kinh t lng, phn nh s
phn ng ca mt c nhn hay mt tp hp cc c nhn i vi cc khuyn khch
kinh t (v d HM TIU DNG).
Mt quan im v s hnh thnh cc k vng da trn cc yu t tm l v x hi.
Mt nhm cc l thuyt coi hng nh mt lin minh ca cc phn nhm m mc ch
ca chng vn d mu thun nhau. Xem XEFFICIENCY.
Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
Xem COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS.
Mt l thuyt truyn thng v NH THU cho rng gnh nng v thu nn c
phn b gia nhng ngi tr thu theo li ch m h nhn c t vic cung cp
hng ho cng cng.
Mt lin minh v hi quan ban u c thit lp do cng c vo nm 1932 gia
chnh ph B,Luch Xm Bua v H Lan. T chc hin ti c thnh lp theo hip
nh lin minh kinh t Benelux vo nm 1958.
Mt nh khoa hc x hi ngi anh
HM PHC LI X HI Bergson l mt hm gi tr thc m bin s ca n bao gm
cc i lng th hin cc mt khc nhau ca tnh trng x hi, thng l o tho
dng ca mi c nhn hay mi h gia nh.
Daniel Bernoulli l mt nh ton hc th k XIX a ra mt li gii cho mt nghch
l c ca ngi. Bi ton ny l mt trong s cc bi ton gii thch ti sao cc c
nhn s khng tr mt khon cc ln chi tr chi xp nga ca mt ng xu.
M hnh v mt th trng c hai hng do J.Bertrand a ra nm 1883.
ON S (C LNG S) ny c PHNG SAI nh nht trong tt c cc c
lng TUYN TNH v cng khng chch (ngha l gi tr k vng ca n bng vi gi
tr tham s thc). Xem GAUSS-MARKOV THEOREM, ORDINARY LEAST
SQUARES.
Ch s tnh s bin ng li tc ca mt c phiu cng vi s bin ng li tc ca
ton b th trng chng khon.
Bn bo co v chnh sch x hi ca Anh c nhan "Bo him x hi v cc dch
v lin kt" do Hun tc William Beveridge chun b cho chnh quyn lin minh thi
chin nm 1942.
Mc m gi tr k vng ca mt ON S (C LNG S) khc so vi gi tr
tham s thc ca n. Xem (BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR).
Mt ngh tr m mt c nhn hay t chc a ra s hu hoc kim sot ti sn,
cc u vo, hng ho hay dch v.
Mi quan h ch ra khon tin m mt gia nh hoc hng c th tr s dng mt
mnh t nht nh vi cc khong khc nhau so vi trung tm ca mt vng th
trong khi vn duy tr mc khng i THO DNG hay L NHUN.
Page 166
economic
Gi thuyt cho rng trong khi mc di do v chi ph TI CHNH NGOI HI l
yu t quyt nh quan trng ti u t trong thi k bng n tng trng, cn thu
nhp gi vai tr quan trng nht khi suy thoi.
Mt cm thut ng ph bin dng miu t nhng thay i v cc quy ch London-
trung tm ti chnh ca Anh vo thng 10/1986.
mt ng gp vo cuc tranh lun din ra vo thp k 1950 v 1960 v vic tng
trng cn i hay khng cn i l ph hp nht cho cc nc ang pht trin.
S tr gip hay vin tr da trn mt tho thun trc tip gia hai nc; khc vi
vin tr a phng n t mt nhm cc nc hay t mt t chc quc t. Xem
FOREING AID, TIED AID.
Th trng trong mt ngi mua n c i mt vi ngi bn n c.
Mu dch, thng l cc ch m phn chnh ph gia hai nc, bng cch
mt nc xut khu mt lng hay gi tr hng ho nht nh sang cc nc i tc
i ly mt lng hay gi tr hng nhp khu tho thun t nc i tc.
Cng c ngn hn di dng lnh tr yu cu ngi b k
Ngi chuyn chp ni ngi mua v ngi bn hi phiu li vi nhau ly tin hoa
hng. Xem DISCUONT HOUSE.
Hi phiu c rt cp tin cho giao dch ngoi thng.
Ch thuyt thnh hnh M nhng nm 1950, cho rng khi tham gia vo CC
NGHIP V TH TRNG M, H THNG D TR LIN BANG ch tin hnh cc
nghip v mua bn hi phiu. iu ny da trn quan im rng bng cc tp trung
vo th trng vn ngn hn, nhng nghip v ny s t c nh hng d tnh
trc i vi kh nng chuyn hon ca ngn hng vi t xo trn nht i vi th
trng ti chnh ni chung. ng thi nhng thay i din ra vi li sut ngn hn s
nh hng n cc th trng khc thng qua phng tin "thng thng" ca cc
iu chnh danh mc u t ca ngi nc ngoi nm gi.
Mt bin s ch c th c 2 gi tr (v d 0 v 1), thng s dng xc nh nhng
nh hng mang tnh nh tnh hay nh lng trong phn tch HI QUY. Xem
DUMMY VARIABLE.
Mt gi tr cho li sut trong thuyt tng trng, trong gia tt c ng TNG
TRNG CN I, th TIU DNG theo u ngi co nht t c v duy tr
c bng mt ng trn nng sut vn bin (bng T L LI NHUN trong
CNH TRANH HON HO) bng t l tng trng khng i ca lc lng lao ng
c xc nh bng cch ngoi sinh. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF ACCUMULATION.
c nh ngha l s ngi sinh sng st trung bnh trn 1000 dn mi nm.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS
Phn tch ch lin quan n hai bin s
Bt c th trng bt hp php no c thnh lp trong mt hon cnh m thng
c chnh ph c nh gi mc ti a hoc ti thiu.
Thng ch CN BNG TIU DNG trong ngi tiu dng hon ton tho mn
i vi hng ho c tiu dng v im ny nm trong GII HN NGN SCH ca
anh ta.
Ni chung l mt khon tr cp khng t cc ca chnh ph cp cho chnh quyn a
phng
Mt cm thut ng ch C PHN hng nht c t ri ro v mt vn.
Mt ci tn quen thuc cho n phm ca Cc thng k trung ng bao gm ng ti
nhng ti khon chi tiu v thu nhp quc dn hng nm ca Anh.
Ngi lao ng tham gia vo cng vic no m v bn cht l lao ng chn tay,
v cng khc vi cng nhn c trng.(Xem MANUAL WORKERS)
Cc s d khng chch, tuyn tnh, tt nht v vi mt ma trn hip phng sai v
hng
Page 167
economic
Mt nh kinh t hc v chnh khch ngi o. ng l ngi c hoan nghnh nht
trong trng phi o. ng b sung mt phn nh hc thuyt ca Menger v Wieser
v gi tr v gi c, nhng ng pht trin ton din din bin kinh t trong cng trnh
ca mnh v vn v tin li, t tc phm ny ng c ngi ta gi l "nh t sn
C.Mc". Trong cng trnh ny ng ng thi xc nh lng hng ho, giai on sn
xut, tin lng v tin li. S quan tm c tp trung ch yu vo vn v li. ng
gii thch rng, li sut l s tng tc gia S A THCH THEO THI GIAN v
HIU SUT U T VT CHT. ng a ra 2 l do: mi ngi mong mun c
kh gi hn trong tng lai v h cng nh gi qu thp nhng nhu cu trong tng
lai. C hai iu trn lm gim tho dng bin ca hng ho tng lai.Bohm-Bawerk
gii thch hiu sut u t vt cht di dng tnh u vit ca phng php sn xut
vng trn, v d bt c th dng cn cu hu hiu hn l bt trc tip bng tay.
ng cho rng, S VNG VO l hiu qa nhng phi chu mc li tc gim dn. S
vng vo c m rng n khi nng sut bin t s ko di cho php cui cng ca
qu trnh sn xut bng li phi tr t c cc khon cho hng ho lng ca
ngi lao ng ko di qu trnh sn xut. Khi nin s vnh vo l c tnh ca hc
thuyt trng phi o v vn, chu rt nhiu tranh ci, v khng c thc o no r
rng v n.
Mc d n c mt s ngha hp hn v chnh xc hn v mt php l, cm thut ng
ny c dng chung hn v lng lo hn ch bt c chng khon li sut c nh
(n) no, v d: chng khon VIN VNG hay TRI KHON CNG TY.
Cm thut ng ny miu t bt c ni no hoc s giao dch no, trong bt k loi
tri khon no c chuyn qua tay: v d r nht l S GIAO DCH CHNG
KHON
ch c phiu pht hnh bi mt cng ty cho cc c ng hin ti khng phi dui
dng mua vn mi m l VN HO d tr.
Cm thut ng ny dng trong k ton. xc nh gi tr trn s sch ca mt c
phiu, tt c tqi sn ca cng ty c cng li, tt c cng n v n c tr i, bao
gm gi pht mi ca c phiu u i
GIAI ON M RNG ca CHU K KINH DOANH. Cm thut ng ny ch p dng
vi tc i hng i ln nhanh chng no so vi CHIU HNG TRNG
K.
Mt h thng v s LA CHN TP TH trong mi c tri xp hng tng v tr
trong nhm.(Xem APPROVAL VOTING, CONDORCET CRITERION, SOCIAL
DECISION RULE, SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION)
Qu trnh thng lng tp th v cc iu khon v iu kin tuyn dng thng l
tho hip v nhng b.
Mt khi nim c H.A.SIMON a ra cho rng mc du cc c nhn c x theo l
tr theo s sp t s thch cho d l hon chnh, nht qun v kn k, nhng kh
nng thu nhp v x l thng tin ca h li b hn ch, ngha l n b gii hn bi kh
nng tnh ton ca tr c con ngi.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng ch mt b phn ca x hi cng nghip thng
th trong cuc cch mng Cng nghip nh ch hng v cc nh chuyn mn.
Mt phng php d bo da trn m hnh CHUI THI GIAN ARIMA.
S di c ca nhng ngui lao ng c trnh v tay ngh t cc nc ngho sang
cc nc giu hn.
Vic cung cp cc dch v ngn hng thng qua mng li ngn hng chi nhnh s
hu bi mt cng ty ngn hng.
S trung thnh v tm l i vi s kt hp biu tng ca mt sn phm c nhn
hiu.
Page 168
economic
Chi ph sn xut mt hng ho c th chia thnh hai phn chnh: CHI PH C
NH v CHI PH KH BIN. t quan im ca ngi k ton v chi ph, s lng
doanh thu ti im ho vn l s lng m bo rng tt c chi ph c nh v kh
bin u c trang tri mc gi bn c th.
Mt im ti chi tiu cho tiu dng ng bng thu nhp nh c minh ho ti
im m HM TIU DNG ct ng 45 trong M HNH THU NHP CHI TIU.
(Xem CONSUMPTION FUNCTION)
Khu du lch New Hampshire M, ti y Hi ngh ti chnh ca Lin hp quc
c t chc vo nm 1944 tho lun vn thanh ton quc t sau chin tranh.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
mt ngha hp l ngi trung gian chp ni ngi bn v ngi mua vi nhau,
hoc ngi hot ng nh mt i in cho ngi ny hay cho ngi kia, tin
hnh mt giao dch mua bn v nhn tin th lao hoa hng hay mi gii. Tuy nhin,
my s trng phi khi nim ny ch ngi mua hoc ngi bn gc, d cch dng
ny xut pht t giai on ban u ca ngi mi gii thc s.
Mt khon tin c yu cu bi mt ngi mi gii v thc hin vic mua bn
thay mt mt khch hng.
M hnh ny c s dng phn tch cu trc ca CHU K KINH DOANH v
cho nh gi CHNH SCH TIN T, TI CHNH v TNG TRNG KINH T. M
hnh nh du mt bc quan trng trong vic thng nht nhiu thnh phn khc
nhau ca nn kinh t thnh mt quy m ln nhng qun l c, y l mt ct mc
trong vic pht trin cc m hnh kinh t lng.
Mt hip c h tr ln nhau gia Anh, php v cc nc Benelux k nm 1948.
Hip c c xem nh mt bc tin trong nh hng hi nhp ca chu U i
trc Hip nh Roma (1957) v s khi u ca CNG NG KINH T CHU U
(EEC), ngy nay l cng ng CHU U (EC).
Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Hi ngh tin t quc t c t chc Brussel nm 1920 di s bo tr ca cc
nc ng minh, nu ln vn n nh ngoi hi. Xem GENEVA CONFERENCE.
S phn loi tiu chun hng ho, c chp nhn bi a s cc nc trn th gii,
v nhng mc ch v thu quan.
Nh kinh t hc ngi M t gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1986 v nhng ng gp
ca ng i vi l thuyt ra quyt nh chnh tr v S LA CHN CNG CNG.
Trong khi l thuyt kinh t truyn thng c th l gia cch thc NHNG NGI TIU
DNG v cc nh sn xut ra quyt nh v mua hng ho v CC YU T SN
XUT,l thuyt ny li khng cp ti vic a ra quyt nh kinh t trong KHU
VC CNG CNG. B nh hng bi M HNH TRAO I T NGUYN CA
WICKSELL, Buchanan coi din bin chnh tr nh mt phng tin hp tc t
c nhng li th c i c li. ng thi v kt qu ca qu trnh ny s ph thuc
vo "lut chi", do Buchanan nhn mnh tm quan trng ca s la chn
nhng quy tc t chc ny: Kt qu c th ca cc chnh sch u c th on c
v c nh trc bi chnh cc quy tc trn. Buchanan c hn 20 cun sch v
300 bi bo c xut bn.
Mt ngn sch c 3 b phn l B PHN PHN B, B PHN PHN PHI v B
PHN T N NH. Chng c kt thnh mt ngn sch v nhng l do v phng
din qun l. Mi b phn i hi c phng php qun l ring ca n.
Chi tiu hin ti vt thu nhp hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c
miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu khng trang tri
chi tiu ca chnh ph.
Mt ng trong Khng gian hng ho ch ra nhng t hp m ngi tiu dng c th
mua c mc thu nhp nht nh.
Page 169
economic
Thu nhp hin ti vt chi tiu hin ti. Thng c s dng nhiu nht c
miu t tnh trng trong thu nhp ca chnh ph, thu t thu vt chi tiu ca
chnh ph.
Mt h thng qua kim tra c tin hnh i vi cc ngun thu v chi cho cc
mc tiu c nh ra trong ngn sch. Mc ch l khm ph xem kt qu chch
hng mc tiu mc no c nhng hnh ng vo thi gian thch hp nhm
a cc lung ph hp vi mc tiu mong mun.
Cc lng hng ho c d tr khc phc bin ng gi c i vi cc mt hng
c bn.
Mt nh ch ti cnh chp nhn cc qu di dng "c phn" v tin gi cho ch
s hu vay li hu nh ton b mua nh hoc cn h.
Xem AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS
Kim loi qu nh vng hoc bc c gi vi s lng ln di dng thi hay thanh.
Thoi vng c dng giao dch tin t gia cc quc t gia cc ngn hng v
chnh ph.
Cc c nhn tin rng chng khon hoc tri khon s tng gi v do mua chng v
hy vng c th bn vi gi cao hn sau . Ngi u c gi xung gi l NGI
BN KHNG.
M hnh ny gi nh rng cc c quan nh nc s c x nh nhng tc nhn ti a
ho ngn sch. Ngn sch ln hn cho php cc cng chc tho mn thch ca
mnh v lng, chc tc, bo m vic lm v nhng li ch phi tin t nh quyn
lc, danh ting v c hi phn b cc hp ng.
Trong HC THUYT KINH T V S QUAN LIU, nhng t chc phi li nhun
c ti tr, t nht mt phn t tr cp nh k v cung ng mt tng sn lng
i ly mt ngn sch ch khng phi nhng n v sn phm theo gi.
Xem TRADE CYCLE.
Mc ti mt nghnh t c kt qu hay mc tiu m cc hng thnh vin
theo ui. Xem STRUCTURE - CONDUCT - PERFORMANCE - FRAMEWORK).
Xem CORPORATE RISK.
ch mc m tng giao dch trn mt th trng b thng tr bi mt vi ngi
mua ln nht.
Mt th trng c c trng l d cung, trong ngi bn v vy phi gp kh khn
khi bn tt c sn phm ca h theo gi d kin.
Mt php tnh ca nghnh ton hc lin quan n vic tnh ton cc o hm hay tch
phn.
Cc khon tin m cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU vay t cc ngn hng thanh ton
b tr v ngn hng khc London v chng c s dng gi cc danh mc
u t ti sn. Rt nhiu khon tin gi ca cc ng tin Chu u cng dng ny.
Mt hp ng cho php la chn mua c phiu vo mt ngy trong tng lai gii hn
c nh trc. Xem PUT OPTION, OPTION.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc b nh hng ca nhng bi vit v mi lin h vi
A.MARSHALL.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Xem COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY.
M hnh gii thch s t l u t c quan h mt thit vi m hnh GIA TC v c
bit vi m hnh IU CHNH LNG VN.
L t l sn lng thc t so vi sn lng tin nng. Xem EXCESS CAPACITY.
Page 170
economic
1)Mt t dng ch mt yu t sn xut do h thng kinh t to ra. 2)Mt t cng
c s dng lm thut ng ch cc ti sn TI CHNH. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL,
CAPITAL CONTROVERSY, FINANCE.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
Qu trnh tch lu vn qua u t rng dng. Xem GOLDEN RULE OF
ACCUMULATION
Min thu i vi thu cng ty lin quan n chi tiu cho vn ca hng.
Mt ti sn khng c mua bn nh mt phn ca cng vic kinh doanh hng ngy.
V d: nh xng, my mc, t ai hoc chng khon.
M hnh ra i vo nhng nm 1960 v a ra mt dng c th ca khi nim chung
v s nh i gia ri ro v li tc.
Qu trnh phn b vn c th u t cho cc vn d n.
Cc chi ph m cc cng ty v c nhn a vo ti khon ca h tr li vn vay,
khu hao ti sn v tr n vay. Xem ANNUAL CAPITAL CHARGE.
Xem CAPITAL - OUTPUT RATIO
Mc chnh lch gia tng sn phm quc dn (GNP) v sn phm quc dn rng
trong khun kh hch ton thu nhp quc dn M. Xem NATION IMCOME
Mt cuc tranh lun gia trng phi Cambridge (c trung tm ti trng i hc
Cambridge, Anh ) v trng phi tn c in ca vin Cng ngh Massachusetts
(MIT), Cambridge v tnh xc ng ca cc quan im tn c in v kinh t hc.
Qu trnh tch lu vn vi tc nhanh hn so vi mc tng trng ca lc lng lao
ng. Xem CAPITAL WIDENING.
Xem CAPITAL
Chi tiu cho t liu sn xut ca cc hng, chnh ph, cc c quan chnh ph hay h
gia nh, nhm mc ch thay th vn khu hao hay to vn mi. Xem CAPITAL
INVESTMENT.
Lng b sung vo DUNG LNG VN sau khi khu hao. Xem INVESMENT.
Chnh lc gia gi mua mt ti sn v gi bn li vo mt ngy no m chnh
lch ny l dng.
Thu nh vo s tng thm ca ti sn
Xem GEARING.
Xem CAPITAL.
T s vn so vi lao ng c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut. Xem
PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt k thut sn xut A c coi l s dng nhiu vn hn so vi k thut tng
ng B nu t s vn so vi CC YU T SN XUT khc ca A ln hn B.
Mt nn kinh t trong a s cc k thut sn xut l s dng NHIU VN.(Xem
CAPITAL INTENSITY)
Mt ngnh kinh t trong cc k thut sn xut ch yu BAO HM NHIU VN
(Xem CAPITAL INTENSITY, CAPITAL INTENSIVE TECHNIQUES, APPROPRIATE
TECHNOLOGY).
Mt phng php sn xut c t trng VN cao hn bt c yu t sn xut no khc.
(Xem CAPITAL, FACTORS OF PRODUC-TION).
Xem MARGINAL EFFICIENCY OF CAPITAL
Mt h thng chnh tr, x hi v kinh t, trong phn ln l ti sn bao gm ti sn
vn c s hu v kim sot bi cc c nhn.(Xem MARKET ECONOMY, MIXED
MARKET ECONOMY AND FREE ENTERPRISE).
Tng s v c cu VN c phiu ca mt cng ty
Xem BONUS ISSUE
Mt khi nim lin quan n t trng ca mi loi c phiu hay vn n trong mt cng
ty so vi tng VN C PHN trn th trng ca n.
Page 171
economic
Tr gi c nh cho mt ti sn theo mc li nhun hin ti v li sut th trng
hin hnh.
T s m LAO NG v VN c kt hp trong qu trnh sn xut.(Xem
INVESTMENT).
Xem CAPITAL GAIN
L th trng, hay ng hn l mt nhm cc th trng lin quan ti nhau, trong ,
vn dng ti chnh (tin t) c em cho vay, vay hoc "huy ng" vi cc iu
kin khc nhau v trong thi hn khc nhau.(Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF
INTEREST RATES).
Cc lung vn quc t c th c c nhn hay chnh ph tin hnh
T l ca lng vn trn sn lng m vn to ra. (Xem INCREMENTAL CAPITAL-
OUTPUT RATIO).
c dng xc nh mt tnh hung, trong s hn hp ngn sch v lng tin
sn c cho u t v cc d n trn mc rng buc th trng thng thng c
quyt nh bi mi lin h gia chi ph vn v li tc d kin.
Vic c tnh cc yu cu v vn l cn thit xc nh T S VN GIA TNG
SN LNG, tc l mi lin h gia u t v tng thu nhp nh u t .
Vic p dng mt phng php sn xut khi gi tr ca lng vn lin quan v t sut
li nhun cng tng ln.
Lung dch v qua thi gian bt ngun t dung lng vn thit b (Xem CAPITAL).
Tng s T LIU SN XUT trong mt nn kinh t.(Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY)
Mt l thuyt cho rng mc U T RNG l mt phn chnh lch gia DUNG
LNG VN mong mun v dung lng vn thc t, n phn nh kh nng iu
chnh khng hon ho ti mt mc ti u trong bt c khong thi gian c hn no
. (Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE).
Thnh phn VN ca mt cng ty (Xem COST OF CAPITAL)
Xem WEALTH TAX
Mt cch tip cn kinh t hc xem tt c cc ngun lc nh VN , ngha l gi tr hin
ti rng ca lung thu nhp tng lai ca chng.
Xem CAPITAL CONTROVERSY
Thu nh vo vic chuyn giao TI SN p dng Anh t nm 1974 thay th
THU BT NG SN v c t tn li l thu tha k nm 1986.Thu chuyn
giao vn bao gm thu qu tng cho sut i v thu tha k.
Mt tiu chun u t c xut t lu s dng CC NC ANG PHT
TRIN. xut ny cho rng cc d n c la chn ph hp vi T S VN GIA
TNG - SN LNG ca chng v nhng d n c t s thp nht s c u tin.
Qu trnh tch lu VN tng cng vi tc gia tng LC LNG LAO NG T
S VN- LAO NG khng i (Xem CAPITAL DEEPENING)
Xem POOL TAX.
L thuyt v iu tit do Geogre Stigler a ra. V c bn, mt ngnh b iu tit c
th thu li t s iu tit bng cch "nm gi" c quan iu tit c lin quan.
Thu nh vo cc nhin liu ho thch nhm gim lng thi CO2 gim s nng
ln ca ton cu. Xem EXTERNALITIES, INTERNALIZATION.
Trng phi cho rng THO DNG c th o lng c bng cc n v s
m. Xem CARDINAL UNTILITY.
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economic
C th phn bit hai ngha ca cm thut ng ny.1)t c s dng hn l tho
dng gn vi mt nhm hng ho c th o c mt cch tuyt i bng n v nh
'util' (mt thut ng c Jevons dng trong thuyt kinh t chnh tr ca ng nm
1871). 2)c s dng rng ri hn, lin quan ch n khong cch gia cc mc
tho dng.
Tho thun chnh thc gia cc hng trong mt th trng c quyn nhm kt
hp cc th tc c thng nht v cc bin nh gi c v sn lng. Xem
OLIGOPOLY.
Cc hnh pht p t bi cc thnh vin ca Cartel nhm t c s kt dnh vi
mc tiu chung ca c nhm.
Theo ngha chung nht, thut ng ch tin bao gm TIN MT v TIN GI NGN
HNG.
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Cm thut ng ny ch cc loi hoa mu c nng dn trng bn trn th
trng ch khng phi tiu dng trc tip CHO CC MC CH T CUNG T
CP.
Tng thu nhp gi li v khon khu hao cn li ca mt hng.
Mt dng kim sot CHI TIU CNG CNG thc hin Anh.
T s m cc ngn hng duy tr gia s tin mt v tng s tin gi ca chng, v
thnh thong c gi l t l d tr tin mt.
Tnh trng c vic lm tm thi m khng c gi lm u dn hay hp ng lng.
Xem GRANT
Mt khi nim ny sinh t vic xem xt cc gi nh ni bt ca m hnh kinh t lng
c lng t s hiu chui thi gian m bn cht l khng th nghim.
Xem CONFEDERATION OF BRITISH INDUSTRY.
Gii hn tng sn lng trong thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH. Trn t c khi tt c
cc yu t sn xut t ti mc ton nng.
Ban hnh M nm 1950 vi t cch l mt sa i O LUT CLAYTON. Mc ch
ca o lut ny l tng cng php lut chng li s st nhp phn cnh tranh.
Mt c quan c trch nhim kim sot h thng ngn hng v tin t ca mt nc,
mc d c chc ng khc ph thuc vo mi trng v c cu ti chnh.
Xem BANK FOR INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS v INTERNATIONAL
MONETATY FUND.
Mt khu vc trung tm cc thnh ph v a s th trn ln c s dng cho cc
hot ng thng mi. Xem ACCESS/SPACE TRADE - OFF MODEL.
nh l ni rng tng (v trung bnh) ca mt nhm cc bin ngu nhin s tun theo
phn phi chun nu mu chn ln, khng ph thuc vo dng phn phi m cc
bin ring bit c.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
Mt vn phng c thnh lp Anh nm 1970 chu trch nhim tin hnh cc vn
chnh sch kinh t chnh cho vn phng ni cc.
Mt cc ca chnh ph Anh c trch nhim thu thp, tng hp xut bn cc s liu
thng k do vn phng chnh ph v cc c quan khng chnh thc v bn chnh thc
Anh cung cp.
Trong nhng bi cnh RI RO hay khng chc chn, cc bin s s mang cc gi tr
vi t nht 2 c tnh:
Page 173
economic
Mt chng t do mt ngn hng pht hnh chng nhn khon tin gi ngn hng
v l mt li ha tr li khon tin cho ngi cm phiu vo mt ngy xc nh
trong tng lai.
Xem CONSTANT ELASTICITY OF SUBTITUTION PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt cm thut ng la tinh ngha l "mi th khc khng i". Phn tch kinh t thng
tin hnh bng cch xem xt nh hng ca mt vi bin c lp trong khi cc yu
t khc khng i.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm vi mt bin s, trong hm l hm
ca mt bin s.
Mt nh kinh t ngi M ni ting vi L thuyt cnh tranh c quyn (1933). Trong
l thuyt ny, ng phn tch tnh hnh th trng gia cnh tranh HON HO v
C QUYN c lp vi cng trnh Anh ca Joaobinson. ng cho rng cc hng
cnh tranh vi nhau v cu ni vi sn phm ca h b tc ng bi s tn ti ca cc
hng khc, nhng mi hng li c mc c quyn no v chng c cc sn
phm ring mnh. Cnh tranh c th di dng cnh tranh sn phm, trong qung
co rt quan trng cng nh i vi cnh tranh bng gi vy. Chanberlin nhn mnh
tnh bin d sn phm i lp vi s khng hon ho ca th trng, bao gm yu t
nh tn nhn mc, cht lng c bit, mu, bao b v dch v bn hng. Mt trong
nhng kt lun ni ln t s phn tch ca ng l cnh tranh c quyn c th c c
trng tha nng lc, mt kt qu b thch thc v n c v ph thuc vo gi nh
rng tt c thnh vin ca mt nhm hot ng di nhng iu kin chi ph ging
nhau.
L thuyt ny lin quan ti l thuyt cu tiu dng v cng trnh ca K.lancaster.
tng chnh l nhng ngi tiu dng khng yu cu sn phm m l c tnh ca
sn phm. Xem HEDONIC PRICES.
Mt phng tin tn dng ngi bn l dnh cho khch hng.
Ch mt giai on trong cc khon vay sn c li sut thp hay mt chnh sch
to nn tnh hung ny.
Vic ch thu tr trc tip ph cng on t lng nhn vin. Ph ny sau c tr
cho cng on.
Th do cc ngn hng cp cho cc khch hng c TI KHON vng lai m bo
vic thanh ton sc c rt bi cc khch hng ny theo nhng gii hn nht nh.
Mt loi chng t thng c cp di dng in sn bi mt ngn hng, yu cu
ngn hng chuyn t ti khon VNG LAI ca ngi rt sang ngi nh danh c
tr.
Tn ch cc nh kinh t hc c chung 4 nim tin c bn sau. Th nht, h tin rng
kinh t hc l (hoc c th l ) khng gi tr theo cch tng t nh cc ngnh khoa
hc vt l. Th hai, h tin rng l thuyt gi c Tn c in l mt l gii chnh xc v
cch thc hot ng ca cc h thng kinh t. Th ba, h tin rng s hot ng ca
th trng cnh tranh, t do l gii php kh d nht cho vn phn b cc ngun
lc. Cui cng, h l nhng ngi trung thnh vng vng vi CH NGHA TRNG
TIN. Tt c nhng iu ny a h n ch ng h s can thip hn ch ca chnh
ph vo h tng kinh t. Tn gi ny bt ngun t thc t l nhiu thnh vin ni bt
ca "trng phi" ny (v d FRIEDMAN, KNIGHT, SCHULTZ v STIGLER) gn
b vi trng i hc Chicago.
Trong hu ht cc h thng THU THU NHP u tr cp cho tr em n theo.
tng ny l gim nh gnh nng chi ph nui dy con ci m gia nh phi gnh chu.
Page 174
economic
Mt phn b xc sut vi tham s n bc t do ca tham s. Xem CONTINGENCY
TABLES.
Xem TECHNOLOGY, CHOICE OF.
Mt bin trong bi ton ti u m gi tr ca bin c "chn" ti u ho gi tr ca
HM MC TIU. Cc bin la chn thng l bin c lp ca hm mc tiu.
Xem AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOUR.
Lung tin thu v chi gia cc hng v h gia nh trong nc.
Xem WORRKING CAPITAL.
c phong gio s ti trng i hc Columbia nm 1895. Nhng n phm chnh
ca ng bao gm Trit l v ca ci (1885), Phn phi ca ci (1899),Cc yu t ct
yu ca thuyt kinh t (1897), v Cc vn c quyn (1904). ng c ng gp
trong vic khm ph c lp v nguyn l phn tch bin v c coi l ngi sng
lp ra HC THUYT NNG SUT BIN M. Con ng ring ca ng tin ti l
thuyt nng sut bin l i t vic khi qut ho khi nim ca RICARDO v gi thu.
ng tin xa hn VON THUNEN, JEVONS, MENGER v WALRAS bng vic tuyn
b rng phn phi thu nhp theo quy lut nng sut bin l "cng bng".
Vic xc nh ring bit v c lp gi tng i v tuyt i trong KINH T HC C
IN v TN C IN.(Xem NEO-CLASSICAL SYNTHESIS).
Mt t tng kinh t t gia th k XVIII n gia th k XIX, m phn ln t tng
ny ni ln t Anh.
Xem Classical economics.
Xem CORPORATION TAX
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t k thut thng k chun nhm phn bit chng c
th vi cc k thut BAYES.
Mt kha cnh ca HM SN XUT trong THUYT TNG TRNG khng cho php
t l vn - lao ng bin i trc hoc sau khi thc hin u t. Cm thut ng "t
st" dng ch vn, do t st c cho l km tnh cn mng hn so vi "mt tt"
(Xem PUTTY-CLAY and PUTTY- PUTTY).
c thng qua M nm 1914. Mc ch ca o lut l xc nh c th nhng vi
phm chng c quyn nhm lm cho o lut Sherman r rng hn. (Xem CELLER-
KEFAUVER ACT and ROB INSON- PATMEN ATC).
Khi T GI TH NI c bin i mt cch t do khi bt c nh hng can thip
no cc CO QUAN QUN L TIN T. (Xem DIRTY FLOAT)
Anh, cm thut ng ny dng ch cc NGN HNG THNG MI theo truyn
thng iu hnh v c th tip cn vi mt PHNG THANH TON B TR hay cc
c quan tng ng vi mc ch thanh ton b tr cc t SC ca nhau.
Mt a danh ca London m cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR LONDON,
NGN HNG ANH v Edinburgh, ngn hng c phn Scotland tin hnh thanh ton
b tr sc v cc khiu n khc vi nhau
Tn mn lch s kinh t "mi", s dng KINH T LNG nghin cu v cc vn
c cc nh s hc cp
Khi nim s dng ch yu trong cc m hnh l thuyt ch mt nn kinh t khng
c quan h ngoi thng m hon ton t tc v tch bit vi cc tc nhn bn ngoi.
Page 175
economic
Theo ngha s dng M, cm thut ng ny ch mt tho thun yu cu cc cng
nhn tr thnh thnh vin ca cng on trc khi c mt hng thu lm vic.
Anh, mt khc, cm thut ng ny thng phn bit gia cc hnh thc ca hng
ng trc khi vo lm v sau khi vo lm li.
c s dng ph bin cng vi TH TRNG CHNG KHON ch gi CHNG
KHON v C PHIU ti thi im kt thc bun bn ca mt ngy.
Mt dng trung gian gia HNG HO CNG CNG thun tu v hng ho t nhn
(Xem CLUBS, THEORY OF)
Thuyt cu lc b l mt phn ca thuyt HNG HO CNG CNG KHNG THUN
TU
Mt nh kinh t hc sinh ti Anh c tng gi thng Nobel kinh t hc nm 1991
cho cng trnh chuyn ca ng v L THUYT V HNG v kinh t hc v NGOI
NG. Coase, ngi c dy trong mt thi gian ti Trng kinh t London, lm
vic ti trng i hc Chicago trong hu ht qung i ca ng. Nm 1937 trong bi
bo "Bn cht ca hn" (tp ch Economica s IV), ng nu ra cu hi ti sao cc
hot ng kinh t nht nh b ph mc cho s trao i ca th trng, cn s khc li
c tin hnh bn trong hng. Khi th trng v cc hng l cc cch t chc c th
thay th nhau, th ci g s quyt nh cch no c s dng? Coase tr li cu hi
ny bng cch cho rng hng s m rng ti mt im ti chi ph tin hnh hot
ng trong hng bng vi chi ph thc hin qua giao dch th trng. y chnh l xut
pht im xem mt t chc cng nghip t gc chi ph giao dch, tc l kiu t
chc c chn l kiu t chc lm ti a ho chi ph ca mt giao dch kinh t.
Nm 1906, trong bi bo "Vn la chn x hi", Tp ch Php lut v Kinh t hc
s 3, Coase lp lun ci tr thnh NH L COASE rng tnh ti u Pareto vn c
th c khi c cc ngoi ng v khng c can thip ca nh nc, nu c th thng
lng c gia nh sn xut v ngi tip nhn tc ng ngoi ng QUYN S
HU TI SN c xc nh r.
nh l ny da trn lp lun rng cc NGOI NG khng gy ra s phn b sai cc
ngun lc khi khng c CHI PH GIAO DCH v khi quyn s hu ti sn c s
hu r rng v c hiu lc.
Dng n gin nht ca M HNH NG trong , cung ca mt hng ho trong nm
t l mt hm ca gi hng ho trong nm t-1 v trong bt k giai on no th gi
c u c iu chnh "cn i th trng".
Tn dng ph bin cho th tc c thit k c tnh cc thng s ca mt
phng trnh m s d ca n tun theo TNG QUAN CHUI. Xem PRAIS-
WINSTEN.
S tham gia ca cng nhn vo qu trnh a ra quyt nh chnh sch trong cc
hng.
Mt thng k tm tt nng lc gii thch ca mt phng trnh.
Thng dng o mc phn tn ca cc bin xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca
n.
S so snh gia cc mc lng ca nhng nhm cng nhn khc nhau v c
ngi i din ca ca cc nhn vin s dng nh l s kim chng v tng lng.
Xem COMPARABILITY.
ng h s ca mt phn t trong mt ma trn l NH THC ca ma trn mi c
to nn bng cch xo hng v ct ca ma trn gc c cha phn t .
Mt phn ca tin trao tay gm cc ng tin kim loi.
Mt dy s liu kinh t bin ng theo cng chu k kinh doanh, ngha l tng ln cng
mt lc vi giai on tng ln ca chu k kinh doanh v tt xung khi chu k kinh
doanh tt xun.
y l mt phng php xc nh mi quan h di hn gia mt nhm cc bin
CHUI THI GIAN.
Page 176
economic
Xem ESCALATORS.
Khi c ngha rng, c dng ch bt c vt th chp no (nhng khng phi m
bo c nhn nh bo lnh) m mt ngn hng nhn khi n cho mt khch hng vay
v ngn hng c quyn i trong trng hp v n.
m phn gia ch v cc cng nhn v vic hnh thnh cc th tc v lut l bao
hm cc iu kin v lm vic v lng. Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING, COMPANY
BARGAINING v PLANT BARGAINING.
i khi c gi l s la chn x hi. Mt quyt nh do mt nhm hay nhng ngi
thay mt cho mt nhm a ra.
Hng ho hay dch v mang tnh cht KHNG LOI TR. Xem PUBLIC GOODS
Xem MULTICOLLINEARITY, LINEAR DEPENDENCE.
Tho thun gia cc hng trnh cnh tranh phng hi ln nhau. Xem PRICE
LEADERSHIP.
Xem COLLUSION.
Xem PRICE LEADERSHIP.
Xem COUNCIL FOR MUTUAL ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE.
Xem PLANNED ECONOMY.
Mt cm thut ng chung, khng xc nh, ch nhng ngn hng thng trong
khu vc kinh t t nhn tin hnh kinh doanh tng hp ch khng chuyn doanh.
Mt HI PHIU c rt ti tr cho cc hot ng sn xut, bun bn hoc
thng mi khc. N khc vi HI PHIU B TI CHNH hay hi phiu ca chnh
quyn a phng v l cng c ca cc nghip v ti chnh cng cng.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch HI PHIU THNG MI
Cc quy tc c mt nc p dng iu hnh hay qun l chi tiu v cc hot
ng ngoi thng ca mnh
Bt k vt no c sn xut ra phc v tiu dng hay trao i trn th trng
Tp qun bn hng hay dch v trn gi.
Mt cng ty ca M c thnh lp nm 1933 nhm to ra mt th trng c trt t v
n nh hn cho hng ho nng sn. (Xem PARTY PRICE SYSTEM)
Mt h thng tin t da trn mt hng ho c th.
Gii hn gia hai trc biu th lng hng ho hay dch v sn c tim nng ngi
tiu dng mua.
Xem TERM OF TRADE.
H thng chung v tr gi v tr cp nng nghip do CNG NG CHU U p
dng. Chnh sch ny nhm khuyn khch iu kin th trng nng nghip n nh,
m bo li ch cng bng cho nng dn, duy tr gi c hp l cho ngi tiu dng v
p dng cc chnh sch c xy dng tng sn lng v nng sut lao ng
trong ngnh nng nghip ca cng ng.
Mc THU QUAN ngoi b chung ca CNG NG CHU U (EC).
Mc THU QUAN do cc thnh vin ca mt lin minh thu quan, mt TH TRNG
CHUNG hay mt CNG NG KINH T p dng mt mc c thng nht v
ging nhau i vi hng nhp khu t cc nc khng phi l thnh vin.
Mt bin php chnh sch c xy dng nhm to iu kin cho vic tng cng
cng ngh tin tin bng cch thnh lp cc hp tc x s dng nhng trang thit b
chung hay cc cng xng sn xut chung nng cao nng sut ca th th cng
lnh ngh a phng v ngnh cng nghip. Xem ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGY.
Page 177
economic
Mt khu vc thng kt hp mt s nc, trong tt c u c th mua bn theo
nhng iu kin ngang nhau. Xem EUROPEAN COMMON MARKET.
Mt cng c ti chnh (tho thun ti chnh) mang li quyn s hu v quyn b phiu
trong mt cng ty cho ngi ch cng c ny. Xem PREFERENCE SHARES,
EQUITIES.
Theo mt ngha hp, y l mt giai on pht trin kinh t c cho l din ra khi tt
c cc tng lp trong x hi b thu ht vo GIAI CP V SN. Cm thut ng ny, d
vy, thng c dng ch mt h thng kinh t k hoch ho c iu hnh ti
cc nc thuc HI NG TNG TR KINH T (trc khi cc cuc cch mng
ng u n ra vo cui thp k 80).
Mt loi thu p dng Anh cui thp k 80 thay th cho cc loi thu khc.
Mt ng da trn mi c nhn trong mt cng ng nhn c mt mc tho
dng khng i.
Thng ch cng ty C PHN, y l mt thc th php l c thnh lp tin
hnh cc hot ng cng nghip, thng mi vn c chia thnh C PHIU do cc
thnh vin ca cng ty nm gi.
M PHN TP TH gia cc i din ca mt cng ty, c th c mt hoc nhiu
hn cc nh my trn khp t nc v nhng ngi i din cho cng nhn vin
chc, a ra mc lng v iu kin lm vic trong cng ty. Xem PLANT
BARGAINING.
Ngi do cc c ng bu ra tham gia cng cc gim c khc iu hnh cng ty.
So snh chnh thc hay khng chnh thc do cc nhm lao ng rt ra v mc lng
ca v ca nhng ngi cng nhn khc. Xem RELATIVE DEPRIVATION,
COERCIVE COMPARISIONS.
Mt s tin tng rng cc c nhn lm cng cng vic v sn xut cng lng sn
phm nn c tr cng mt mc lng.
Lng ngang nhau tr cho cng vic c gi tr ngang nhau.
David RIVIRDO khm ph ra l thuyt v li th tng i. y l c s ca
CHUYN MN HO cho mt b phn cc quc gia, cc c nhn v cho t do thng
mi. L thuyt hin i, khng cn da vo l thuyt v lao ng ca RICARDO,
to lp iu kin cn duy nht cho kh nng thu li t THNG MI l t s gi c
phi khc nhau gia cc quc gia. T gi hi oi sau khi bun bn gia cc hng
ho m s xc nh ca n Ricardo khng th gii thch c, thit lp bi QUY
LUT CU QUA LI.
Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
Mt phng php s dng trong KINH T HC NG vi nt c bit l mc
thay i v gi tr ca cc THAM S v v gi tr cn bng ca cc bin l khng i.
So snh mt v tr CN BNG mi vi v tr cn bng c sau khi c thay i no
trong cc bin s m khng i chiu vi cch t c v tr mi v thng khng c
kha cnh nh lng.
Mt ng cu trong HIU NG THU NHP ca thay i gi c loi b
thu nhp thc t dc ng cu khng i.
Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
Mt cng thc xc nh thu nhp ca c nhn. 1)Da trn thi gian lm vic ca c
nhn. 2)Da trn kt qu hon thnh cng vic ca c nhn. 3)Da trn c s kt
qa thc hin ca mt i nh trong ch chia li nhun hay thng theo i.
4)Da trn kt qu thc hin so snh ca c nhn nh i vi quy tc TH LAO
THEO XP HNG TRONG THI U.
Nhng cuc kim nghim nh vy t ra cu hi liu nhng ngi gy thit hi do
thay i no c c n b cho thit hi ca h hay khng trong khi vn
nhng ngi c li khm kh hn trc khi c thay i . Kim nghim c bit
n nhiu nht l KIM NGHIM KALLDOR - HICHS.
Page 178
economic
o lut ny nhn mnh tm quan trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca cc tp qun
v iu kin kinh doanh.(Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1956,
MONOPOLIES AND MERGERS ACT 1965, RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES
ACT 1968, FAIR TRADING ACT 1973, COMPETITION ACT 1980 )
Tn ca mt ti liu tham vn do NGN HNG ANH pht hnh gia nm 1971, ti
liu ny tm lc nhng xut cho vic xem xt nhng tho thun tn dng p dng
i vi cc NGN HNG v c quan ti chnh khc v bt u p dng vo cui nm
. Bn cht ca nhng thay i ny l ch chng cho php kt thc vic kim sot
v s lng cho vay dc bit ca cc NGN HNG THANH TON B TR v
chng p dng vi cc ngn hng v CNG TY TI CHNH theo cch thc cng ln
v cng khng phn bit cng tt (Xem MONETARY MANAGEMENT).
Mt th trng trong mt s ln nhng ngi mua v bn nh bun bn mt cch
c lp v do , khng ai c th chi phi gi c mt cch ng k.(Xem PERFECT
COMPETITION).
Mt hng ho c xu hng c mua theo km vi hng ho khc c mua v
n "b tr" cho hng ho th nht
Cc s bao gm nhng phn t TNG TNG, ngha l n cha cn bc hai ca
m mt.
Theo J.R.HICKS (Gi tr v t bn, i hc Oxford,1939), nh l ny ni rng nu c
mt s hng ho m gi tng i ca chng (tc l gi ca hng ho ny so vi gi
ca hng ho kia) khng i th nhng hng ho c th coi l mt hng ho c tn
"hng ho a hp"
Trnh t m theo TIN LI tng lai c tr trn mc li trong qu kh (li m
li con).
Mt hm lm v v trs gc, v vy O HM BC 2 ca n l m. mt hm nh vy
cng c th li t gc to .
1).Mt cm thut ng ch tnh trng cc iu kin cnh tranh ph bin trong mt
ngnh. 2).Mt khi nim s dng khi ni ti PHN PHI QUY M CA HNG trong
mt ngnh ca nn kinh t, hoc lin quan n v tr ca ngnh cng nghip.
Mt s o thng k v mc hot ng kinh t hay mt c tnh kinh t c tp
trung v mt a l, chng hn trong mt quc gia. Xem LOCATION QUOTIENT,
SPECIALIZATION, COFFICIENT OF.
T l phn trm tng quy m cng nghip do mt vi hng ln trong ngnh chim.
Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSICATION.
y l tn t cho mt phng n ca CHNH SCH THU NHP CA C m
chnh ph, mc d khng phi l mt bn tham gia qu trnh m phn tp th, t ra
nhng tiu chun gn tng tin lng vi mc ch n nh v tng trng.
Mt qu trnh gim thu quan, ct gim thu sut cao trong khi khng thay i thu
sut thp, do chnh lch gia cc mc thu quan gim i. Xem ACROSS-THE-
BOARD TARIFF CHANGES.
S can thip vo mt TRANH CHP V LAO NG theo yu cu ca cc bn lin
quan bng mt bn th ba c lp v khng thin v nhm ho gii cc quan im ca
hai bn. Xem MEDIATION, ARBITRATION.
Mt h thng la chn tp th, trong phng n c la chn l phng n nh
bi tt c nhng phng n khc trong chui cc cuc la chn tng i mt s dng
nhng quy tc a s.
Mt t chc ca gii ch Anh thnh lp nm 1965 bng cch st nhp 3 hip hi
trc y i din cho cc li ch ca ngnh cng nghip.
Khong tin cy alpha ca mt tham s gm 2 con s m gia chng ta c tin cy
alpha%, ngha l gi tr thc ca tham s nm . Xem STATISTICAL INFERENCE,
INTERVAL ESTIMATION.
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economic
Mt trong nhng vn ca h thng tin t quc t ny sinh khi ngi ta cho rng
mt ng tin s b ph gi, vn ngn hn sau s b rt khi nc , xut hin s
mt lng tin vo ng tin ca nc .
Khi vic s dng mt phng tin hay dch v ang c nhiu ngi dng tng ln,
s xut hin mt chi ph (khng nht thit bng tin) i vi ngi ang s dng
chng, th phng tin gi l "tc nghn".
Mt hng bao gm cng ty m v cc cng ty con m chng khng lin quan vi nhau
trong cc hot ng v th trng.
Xem CONJECTURAL VARIATION.
Ch hnh vi ca hng trong TH TRNG C QUYN NHM. Xem OLIGOPOLY.
Mt tnh cht mong mun ca cc c lng kinh t lng.
Mt cm thut ng khc cho NGN KH Anh. l mt ti khon ca chnh ph
bao gm thu nhp t thu.
Ngy nay, thut ng ny ch loi cng tri 2,5% li sut.
Mt kiu ngn hng quc t hnh thnh bng cch tp hp cc ngn hng vn ang
tn ti t cc nc khc nhau. Xem LIBOR.
Xem VEBLEN.
Theo hc thuyt ca C.Mc, t bn bt bin l mt phn ca T BN c th hin
bng phng tin sn xut, nguyn liu th v cng c lao ng. Xem VARIABLE
CAPITAL.
Hm sn xut CES l mt hm sn xut NG NHT TUYN TNH c co gin
thay th u vo khng i.
Mi quan h gia lng bn v gi m hng phi i mt nu tt c cc i th cnh
tranh ca n thch ng vi bt c s thay i v gi no do hng ny a ra.(Xem
ELASTICITY)
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE
Cc i ho hay cc tiu ho mt HM MC TIU, trong CC BIN LA CHN
tun theo mt s RNG BUC no . (Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING).
Thng l mt mi quan h ton hc gia CC BIN LA CHN ca mt bi ton ti
u ho; trong mt hm no ca bin (v d HM TUYN TNH) khng bng mt
hng s.
Bt c n v kinh t no c nhu cu tiu dng hng ho v dch v cui cng.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch vic cho NGI TIU DNG vay mua hng ho
dch v, nhng thng khng bao gi gm vic mua nh.
Lnh vc ca mn kinh t hc xc nh nhng l thuyt c th kim nghim v cch
ngi tiu dng phn ng li vi nhng thay i trong cc bin nh gi c, cc gi
khc, thay i v thu nhp
L bt c hng tiu dng no c "tui th di", do khng c tiu dng ngay lp
tc (nh thc n).
Tnh hung m ngi tiu dng ti a ho THO DNG ca mnh theo RNG
BUC NGN SCH.
Xem CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE.
HNG HO hu hnh v v hnh c tiu dng theo li ch ca bn thn tho
mn nhng nhu cu hin ti.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX
tng cho rng NGI TIU DNG l quan to tt nht i vi bn thn h.
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economic
c dng ph bin ch khu vc nm di ng cu MARSHALL ca mt c
nhn gia hai mc gi.
Hnh ng s dng hng ho v dch v tho mn nhu cu hin ti.
Tng chi tiu vo hng ho v dch v nhm tho mn nhu cu hin ti (Xem
CONSUMPTION).
Mt th chi tit ho v quan h gia tng CHI TIU TIU DNG v THU NHP,
ngha l C = C(Y).
Thu ny c th c hai dng: mt l, khi bn thn ngi tiu dng b nh thu nh
vi THU CHI TIU v hai l, khi hng ho v dch v ngi tiu dng mua b nh
thu. Trong trng hp u thu c nh vo hng cung cp dch v hay hng
ho.
Mt TH TRNG trong c s t do nhp th, s gia nhp v rt lui khng mt chi
ph.
D tr khng phn b dnh cho s c bt thng v cc nhu cu khc, n khng th
c nh lng khi xem xt cc k hoch chi tiu nh lng ca Anh.
Mt cng c m theo mc lin h hay ph thuc gia hai bin s hay hai c
tnh c nh gi.
Vic lm r gi tr tiu dng ca hng ho v dch v khng c trao i trn th
trng.
Mt bin s c th ly bt c gi tr no (ngha l n c th thay i m khng gin
on) gia nhng gii hn xc nh (c th l v hn) (Xem DISCRETE VARIABLE).
Trong trng hp hai ngi tiu dng trao i hai mt hng, ng ny l qu tch
cc im ti T L THAY TH BIN gia hai mt hng l nh nhau i vi hai
ngi tiu dng (Xem EDGEWORTH BOX).
Giai on ca CHU K KINH DOANH sau khi t n im cao nht v ko di cho
n im thp nht sau . N nh du s suy gim ca hot ng kinh t.
tng cho rng cc nn kinh t x hi ch ngha v t bn ch ngha i ra khi cc
dng "l tng" tng ng ca chng v tin ho theo nhng hnh thi, suy ngh, th
ch v phng php ngy cng ging nhau.
Xem DAMPED CYCLE.
Tp qun pht hnh CHNG KHON v C PHIU mi thay th ci c.
Mt thuc tnh ca mt ng tin c th trao i mt cch thoi mi vi mt ng tin
khc hay vi vng. (Xem EXCHANGE RATES, GOLD STANDARD, EXCHANGE
RESERVES, GOLD RESERVES).
Xem CONVERTIBLE SECURITY.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Mt loi chng khon, tc l mt khiu n i vi ngi pht hnh, c th chuyn i
sang cc loi khc trong c tin mt.
Mt hm li so vi gc to , do , O HM bc hai ca n l dng.
Mt giai on tr hon c tin hnh hp php trc khi hot ng nh cng c th
bt u gim bt cng thng hay lm lng ng cm xc v do n c cho
thi gian nh gi hp l hn v vn c tranh ci.
S phi hp gia gii ch v cng on gii quyt ln lt nhng ngh hay yu
cu v lng ca cng on.
Xem GAME THEORY.
Trong bi ton ti u, mt tnh th m mt hoc hn cc bin LA CHN c gi tr
bng 0 ti mc TI U.
Cc b lut p dng Anh t nm 1815 v c bi b t nm 1846 nhm duy tr gi
ng cc bng cch cm nhp khu khi gi trong nc gim xung di mt mc nht
nh.
Mt quan im ng thi v cc nn kinh t pht trin phng Ty, trong khu
vc sn xut do cc cng ty ln thng tr m c im cc cng ty ny l s tch ri
gia quyn s hu v qun l. Xem MANAGERIAL THEORIES OF THE FIRM.
Page 181
economic
Vi s tch ri gia quyn s hu v qun l, mt s nh phn tch lp lun rng, cc
nh qun l ca cc cng ty ln tch khi "lng tm v c ng" v thay vo
p dng mt thc ph bin v trch nhim i vi cng chng ni chung. Xem
Corporate capitalism.
Ton b ri ro lin quan ti mt doanh nghip.
Xem COMPANY.
Thu nh vo doanh thu ca cc cng ty sau khi tr i chi ph hot ng, LI
SUT, PHN GIM THU CHO U T VN v MC GIM VN.
Mc m hai bin tng quan vi nhau mt cch tuyn tnh, hoc l thng qua
quan h nhn qu trc tip, gin tip hay xc sut thng k. Xem Rank Correlation.
Mt th biu th H S TNG QUAN gia gi tr hin ti ca mt bin v cc gi
tr tr ca chnh n so vi tr di.
Mt ngn hng hot ng nh mt i l cho mt ngn hng khc ni m ngn
hng ny khng c vn phng hoc v l do no ngn hng khng th tin hnh
cho cc nghip v ca bn thn n.
Mt tn lng thng thng trn th trng ch yu cu phi c cc khon TIN GI
C BIT B SUNG, c p dng t nm 1973 nhm tng cng kim sot ca
NGN HNG ANH i vi cc khon gi ngn hng. Xem COMPETITION AND
CREDIT CONTROL.
Ni chung y l mt thc o nng g phi tr c c mt ci g , hoc bng
cch mua, trao i hay sn xut.
Khung khi nim nh gi cc d n u t trong khu vc chnh ph, mc d n
c th c m rng sang bt c d n khu vc t nhn no.
Gn ging nh Phn tch chi ph - li ch nhng khc ch n i hi mt yu cu
khc. l, nu xt v mt mc tiu, lm cch no t c mc tiu mc
chi ph thp nht.
Xem CIF.
i vi bt k mc sn lng no, l vic la chn t hp u vo sn xut
mt lng u ra nht nh vi mc ph thp nht.
L chi ph c tnh bng t l phn trm, ca cc ngun VN khc nhau cn thit
tr cho vic chi dng vn.Tt c cc ngun vn u c gi v c th tnh c trc
tip nh lhon vay n.
Page 182
economic
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
Vic bo h nn cng nghip trong nc bng thu quan, hn nghch hoc hn ch
khc thng p t chi ph ln nn kinh t c bo h di 2 hnh thc: s phn b
sai ngun lc v bp mo c cu tiu dng.
L nh gi bng cch cng thm mt khon li nhun vo CHI PH KH BIN BNH
QUN nhm trang tri CHI PH C NH v mt mc li nhun hp l no .
L s gia tng c duy tr ca mc gi chung do s gia tng t nh ca cc chi ph.
Xem DEMAND-FULL INFLATION, THE WAGE-WAGE SPIRAL.
L mt phn tch CHI PH - HIU QU trong kinh t hc y t, trong kt qu hay li
ch c tnh bng Tui th iu chnh theo cht lng hoc mt s o phi tin t
ch phc li ca bnh nhn.
L c quan tha hnh ca chnh ph M c thnh lp theo LUT V LAO NG
nm 1946. T chc ny hot ng vi t cch l c vn cho tng thng M.
L mt Hi ng lin chnh ph c thnh lp theo s tho thun vo nm 1949
gia Bungary, Tip Khc, Hungary, Balan, Rumani v Lin X. Mc ch l tng
cng s pht trin kinh t v s hi nhp ca cc nc thnh vin. Hi ng nay tan
r vo thng 2/1991. Xem PLANNED ECONOMY, TRANSFERABLE ROUBLE.
Vn ng ngc chiu vi mt pha no trong CHU K KINH DOANH.
L cc hinh thc thng mi quc t, khng bnh thng t nhng hnh thc n
gin nhng t gp nh HNG I HNG cho n cc hnh thc cn bng cng
nghip phc tp.
Th lc lm cn bng thng thy khi sc mnh th trng ca mt nhm n v kinh
t hay ca mt hng c cn bng bi sc mnh th trng ca mt nhm cc n
v kinh t khc mua hoc bn cho cc nhm k trn.
L mt loi chng thc dng cho vic nhn tin li i vi mt chng khon c li c
nh nh tri phiu thu m t tri phiu , phiu li c th c x ra.
Xem YIELD.
M hnh ny da trn gi thit hnh vi cho rng mt trong hai hng s ti a ho li
nhun nu sn lng ca i th cnh tranh vn gi mc gi khng i. Xem PROFIT
MAXIMIZATION, BERTRAND'S DUOPOLY MODEL, STACKELBERG'S DUOPOLY
MODEL.
Thc o mc tng quan ca 2 bin. Xem VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX.
Xem STATIONARITY.
Trong mt CH T GI HI OI LINH HOT, l khi mc li sut hai nc
c lm cn bng nh mt t l chit khu hp l hoc mt khon ph i vi t gi
hi oi di hn. Xem FORWARD RATE.
Nghip on tp hp tt c cc cng nhn c mt k nng hay mt s k nng c lin
quan vi nhau bt k h lm trong ngnh no.
L phng php dng gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh ng thi.
L phng php t gi hi oi. y l mt cm thut ng chung p dng cho bt k
mt ngh no c c trng NGANG GI - t gi hi oi chnh thc do qu tin t
quc t a ra - c th iu chnh theo thi gian, mc thay i cn thit c th
phn nh v ko d trong sut mt thi k nht nh. Xem DEVALUATION.
Page 183
economic
L mt cm thut ng ngha rng lin quan n hot ng kinh doanh hay cc bn k
khai c lin quan n vic cho vay tin, thng l cho vay ngn hn. Xem BANK
CREDIT, MONEY SUPPLY.
Xem CHARGE ACCOUNT.
L mt th do mt ngn hng, mt nhm cc ngn hng, hay mt t chc pht hnh
ti chnh pht hnh cho khch hng ca n m ngi ny c th s dng TN DNG
trc tip chu tin mua hng mt ngi bn l, chu tin khch sn
Trong CHNH SCH TIN T, mt gii hn c thng bo i vi lng tn dng
m cc th ch, thng l cc ngn hng m rng cho khch hng trong cc giai
on hn ch tin t.
L mt cm thut ng chung ch mt lot cc bin php do cc t chc tin t s
dng kim sot s lng tin do mt nhm hoc do cc t chc ti chnh cho vay.
Qu trnh m cc t chc gi tin v rt tin, cc t chc cho vay hot ng da trn
T L D TR, trn c s tng cc ti sn d tr ca chng, c th tng s lng
tin m chng cho vay, v cc khon n tin gi tng ln mt lng ln hn mc
tng ca d tr.
L loi hnh bo him m mt hip hi bo lnh tn dng ng ra bo him khi khng
tr c n.
Ni mt cch cht ch, s nhn tn dng l t s gia s thay i s lng tin do mt
nhm cc t chc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH gi tin, rt tin cho vay i vi mc
thay i trong ti sn d tr gy ra thay i .
Mt nc c coi nh mt n v, l ch cho vay rng hoc nh u t rng vo cc
nc khc bng cch tch lu s khiu n i vi cc nc ny.
L cc c nhn hay cc t chc cho vay tin c ngi hoc t chc vay ha tr
mt khon tin nht nh hng nm theo LI SUT v hon tr GC vo mt ngy
no trong tng lai.
L vic phn b tin vay bng cc phng tin phi gi c trong cc trng hp vt
cu tn dng ca cc TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH. Cm thut ng ny c ngha l t
chc c lin quan, v d nh ngn hng hoc ngn hng pht trin c x, khng c
gng lm gim d cu bng cch tng li sut.
Cc bin php do cc c quan tin t a ra, bin php ny c th l cc nghip v
nhm hn ch hoc gim lng tn dng do cc ngn hng hoc cc t chc ti chnh
khc m rng ra (Xem COMPETITION AND CREDIT CONTROL).
L mt giai on ca chnh sch hn ch tn dng (Xem MONETARY POLICY, OPEN
MARKET OPERATIONS).
L mt h thng qua tin c chuyn trc tip qua h thng ngn hng ti mt ti
khon c th ca ngi nhn (Xem CLEARING).
L tnh trng lm pht trong mc chung ca gi c tng ln chm nhng lin tc,
c th do tng TNG CU (Xem DEMAND-PULL INFLATION, COST-PUSH
INFLATION).
Gi tr ti hn
L t l thay i trong lng cu i vi mt hng theo thay i gi ca mt hng ho
khc.
L mt khi nim ch cc hng mi nhp ngnh nhng c thit lp trong cc
nghnh s dng cc cng ngh tng t vi cng ngh m cc hng mi nhp th
ny tin hnh.
O HM ca mt hm s ln th nht ly theo mt BIN C LP v sau ly
theo mt bin khc.
L vic phn tch mt lot cc s liu ca nhng quan st c lin quan xy ra ti mt
thi im (Xem TIME SERIES).
Page 184
economic
L mi quan h hm s gia tiu th v thu nhp c tnh cho cc nhm c thu
nhp khc nhau ti mt thi im (Xem CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, LONG-RUN
CONSUMPTION FUNCTION, SHORT-RUN CONSUMPTION FUNCTION).
Khi s dng i vi cc doanh nghip a sn phm, l s tr cp l ca mt mt
hng ny bng SIU LI NHUN trong khi kinh doanh cc mt hng khc.
Cho rng cc hng ro NGN CN NHP NGNH v s thiu hon chnh thng tin
s c khuynh hng nhi nht mt vi nhm ngi, ch yu l ph n v ngi da
en, vo cc ngh b hn ch v c nhn lng thp hn t cc ngh nghip ny.
Vic gim TIU DNG hay U T ca t nhn do tng chi tiu ca chnh ph (Xem
FISCAL POLICY).
Xem CENTRAL STATISTICAL OFFICE
Phng trnh lp phng l phng trnh m trong s m cao nht ca BIN C
LP l 3 (c ngha l lp phng ca n).
Mt trong nhng ph phn v cc loi hnh pht trin kinh t l n ph hu nn vn
ho bn a. Nhng s thay i cng ngh v PHT TRIN KINH T c th t c
m khng cn ti thay i vn ho c bn.
Xem FEEDBACK/ ENTRAPMENT EFFECTS
Mt phng php phn tch tng trng kinh t khu vc do G.MYRDAL a ra. M
hnh ny cho rng cc lc lng th trng c khuynh hng lm tng bt bnh ng
v kinh t gia cc khu vc ca mt nn kinh t. N cng cho rng nu mt khu vc
c t l tng trng cao hn cc khu vc khc s khin cho cc yu t sn xut trong
khu vc tng tng chm chy sang khu vc tng trng nhanh.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Theo ngha hp, thut ng ny ch mt lng tin ca mt nc thc s c trao
i qua tay (Xem CASH).
S tng gi tr ca mt NG TIN ny so vi gi tr ng tin khc, c ngha l tng
T GI HI OI trong iu kin T GI HI OI TH NI. (Xem CURRENCY
DEPRECIATION).
L nhng kim sot v quyn hn ca NGN HNG TRUNG NG hay c quan
pht hnh tin t trong vic pht hnh tin (Xem CASH BASE).
L s gim gi tr ca mt ng tin so vi ng tin khc, c ngha l s gim T
GI HI OI trong h thng T GI HI OI TH NI.
V mt lch s, tin giy l giy bc 1 bng v 10 shilling do B Ti chnh Anh pht
hnh sau khi xy ra cuc chin tranh vaod nm 1914 bo tn s vng trong kho v
p ng nhu cu v ng tin vng hay m vng ca cng chng trong cn hong
lon ban u.
L hc thuyt v tin t thnh hnh gia th k XIX do TRNG PHI TIN T
xng, hc thuyt cho rng s n nh tin t c c tt nht bng vic kim sot s
lng tin t, nht l lng tin giy, ang lu thng bng cc bin php ca cc quy
tc t ng (ngha l khng th tu ).
Quyn mt s nc xut khu, phn ln l cc nc XHCN, c mua li mt t l
nht nh s thu nhp NGOI HI ca mnh, do m khng b l thuc vo vic
phn b nhp khu t trung ng.
L mt nhm cc nh chnh tr, cc nh kinh t v cc ch ngn hng quan tm n
chnh sch tin t Anh na u th k XIX.
L hnh thc thay i cc ng tin c th chuyn i trong cc ng tin t quc t
vi mc ch sinh li hay trnh s tn tht trong vic thay i gi tr TIN T.
Trong ngnh Ngn hng Anh, mt ti khon m khch hng rt SC ln ti s d tn
dng hoc vt qu s d tn dng gii hn THU CHI C THO THUN.
M, y l tin gi ngn hng linh hot nht v c trong tt c cc nh ngha v cung
tin.
Page 185
economic
Gm 3 loi ti sn chnh: 1)"D tr" bao gm cc hng ho c hon thin, ang
c sn xut v cc nguyn vt liu th. 2)Khon tin s thu c hay khon n
ngn hn. 3)Tin mt v u t ngn hn.
Xem INFLATION ACCOUNTING.
Xem PERMANENT INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
Dng ch nhng khon n ca cng ty s phi thanh ton trong nm sau.
L doanh s tr i ton b CHI PH C HI thu c trong giai on k hoch hin
ti ca hng.
L nhng quy tc khng chnh thc v v tr lm vic chi phi vic phn cng v thc
hin cc nhim v.
L cc th trng trong gi c khng nh gi bng cung v cu.
Mt u ban c thnh lp nm 1950 nhm ci thin v lm ho hp cc hot ng
hi quan.
y l cc loi thu p dng cho nhp khu hay vic bn cc hng ho c th. Nhng
th tc c bit c p dng cho vic nhp khu cc hng ho nng nghip. Xem
EC ARRICULTURAL LEVIES.
L mt t chc gm mt s nc, trong hn ch v mu dch gia chng c loi
b.
L loi tht nghip do THIU CU NGN HN.
Xem PARADOX OF VOTING.
L chi ph phi tr cho thit hi gy ra, thng l thit hi do nhim.
Cn gi l chu k ng quy. Mt trong mt lot cc bin ng chu k vi mt bin
GIM DN theo thi gian.
Cc quan st v ln ca cc hin tng kinh t nh THU NHP QUC DN,
THT NGHIP, MC GI BN L
Cc chng khon oc ghi thnh chng khon hon tr ngn hn, trung hn v di
hn tu thuc vo thi gian o hn
Xem DISCOUNTED CASH FLOW ANALYSIS.
L khon n khng c bo lnh bng mt ti sn thc no c, n ny c dng
tr cho cc chi tiu thng xuyn.
Cm thut ng thng c s dng ch s mt mt thng d ca ngi tiu
dng m ngi mua phi chu ch khng phi ngi sn xut.
LI SUT cao hn so vi gi tr trung bnh vn c ca n.
Xem COINAGE, GRESHAM'S LAW, BAD MONEY DRIVES OUT GOOD.
Cc chng khon N c li sut c nh thng do mt cng ty pht hnh v bo
lnh bng ti sn. Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Page 186
economic
Nh kinh t ton hc ngi M gc, Php, ngi ginh gii Nobel v kinh t hc nm
1983 nh cng trnh nghin cu v thuyt "Cn bng tng th". Debreu xem xt chi
tit vn m SMITH v WALRAS nu ra, c th l mt h thng th trng phi tp
trung c th em li s phi hp mong mun ca cc k hoch c nhn nh thno.
Trong nghin cu cng vi ARROW, ng chng minh c s tn ti ca cc gi
c to ra cn bng, bng cch khng nh logic trong quan im ca SMITH -
WALRAS. Debreu tr li c 2 vn tip theo trong lnh vc ny. Th nhtt
ng xc nh c cc iu kin m BN TAY V HNH ca NN KINH T TH
TRNG s m bo HIU QU PHN PHI. Th hai, ng phn tch vn n
nh cn bng ca mt nn kinh t th trng ch ra rng trong cc nn kinh t ln
c nhiu tc nhn th trng th cn bng th trng c th n nh c. Cun sch
chnh ca ng HC THUYT V GI TR (1959) gy c ting vang ln v tnh ton
th v cch tip cn phn tch vn . i vi Debreu, mt m hnh cn bng tng th
nh th c th ho nhp vi l thuyt phn b, l thuyt v vn v l thuyt hnh vi
trong iu kin khng chc chn.
Trch nhim hoc khon tin n ny sinh do vay mn v ti chnh hay nhn cc
hng ho hoc dch v di dng tn dng tc l s tr sau.
Xem CONVERSION
Khi nim ny c hai ngha ring bit nhng u lin quan n vic vay mn. Khi
nim ny ch cc cng ty i vay ti tr cho cc nghip v ca mnh. Cc chnh
ph cng i vay ti tr cho cc hot ng ca mnh v iu chnh cc hot ng
tngt th ca nn kinh t.
K thut c ra gip cc nc thuc khi pha ng v cc nc km pht
trin gim bt gnh nng n nn bng cch chuyn i cc khon n ca mt hng
hay chnh ph thnh vn c phn.
Cm thut ng ny c s dng thng lin quan n cng n, ch cc hot
ng ca c quan cho vay n ca NGN HNG trung ng, thay mt cho c quan
vay n, iu chnh quy m v c cu cc khon n cha tr.
Nc vay rng t cc nc khc hoc nhn u t t cc doanh nghip nc ngoi
v do tng s lng n rng v cc ngha v khc i vi nc ny.
Xem GEARING.
L s liu mu hoc l s o v tr ca mt phn phi.
H thng tin t da vo c s s mi.
ng ngha vi HM MC TIU.
Khong thi gian gia vic nhn bit nhu cu phi hnh ng gii quyt mt vn
kinh t (c bit l kinh t v m) vi vic quyt nh chnh sch v vn .
Mt tiu chun s dng trong vic chn la, nh c tin hnh mt d n hay khng
hoc nh gi cc sn phm u ra nh th no.
L thuyt lin quan n vic hnh thnh cc qu trnh hnh ng thch hp nhm t
c cc mc tiu trong cc hon cnh c th c th khng n nh.
Mt ngnh m ng cung di hn dc xung. iu ny xy ra nu c nhng yu t
to hiu qu kinh t nm ngoi hng m li nm trong ngnh.
Xem LAW OF DIMINSHING RETURNS, RETURNS TO SCALE.
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Tnh trng chi tiu vt qu thu nhp, trong mt bi cnh hin hu no , hoc
khon n vt qu ti sn ti mt thi im no .
Khon ti tr cn thit trong tnh hung cc khon chi tiu c c cho vt qu
thu nhp.
Page 187
economic
Cc n v kinh t m thu nhp trong mt giai on no khng th p ng chi tiu
trong giai on .
L s gim st lin tc trong mc gi chung.
Tnh trng m trong TNG CHI TIU thp hn mc chi tiu cn phi c to ra
mt mc THU NHP QUC DN c th m bo TON DNG NHN CNG.
Mt CH S GI C r rng hay hm c s dng phn bit gia nhng thay
i trong gi tr bng tin ca tng sn phm quc dn do c mt thay i v gi v
nhng thay i do mt thay i ca sn lng vt cht.
Xem HOMOGENNOEUS FUNCTIONS.
S lng cc thng tin c th thay i mt cch c lp vi nhau.
S pht trin trong mt nn kinh t quc dn theo hng tng t trng ca nghnh
dch v trong tng sn phm quc ni hoc trong s vic lm trong cc ngnh dch v.
Bn bo co ny c trnh ln Hi ng Chu u ti cuc hp Madrid thng 6/1989,
l mt phn k hoch LIN MINH TIN T giai on hin ti trong CNG NG
CHU U.
Lng hng ho hoc dch v m mt c nhn hay mt nhm ngi mun c mc
hin hnh.
Mt minh ho th v s cu hay hm cu vi iu kin th ny ch c v
trong mt khng gian hai hoc ba chiu, biu hin mi quan h gia cu v ch mt
hoc hai bin s nh hng n cu, cc nhn t khc khng i.
Xem SIGHT DEPOSITE.
Trng hp trong tng cu qu thp khng to vic lm cho tt c nhng ai
mun lm vic ti mc lng thc t hin hnh bt k trnh o to hoc b tr nh
th no i na.
Mt khi nim cho rng c nhng khon thu li tim tng i vi mt s nhm ngi
no nh cc chnh sch tng lm pht.
Mt biu thc i s ca BIU CU c din t bng cc s hng tng qut
hoc vi cc gi tr bng cc con s c th cho cc tham s khc nhau v thng bao
gm cc yu t nh hng n cu.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Vic kim sot mc tng cu trong mt nn kinh t thng qua vic s dng CHNH
SCH TIN T, CHNH SCH TI CHNH.
S gia tng bn vng ca tng cu dn n s gia tng bn vng ca mc gi
chung.
Mt bng cho thy mc cu i vi mt lai hng ho no ti cc mc gi khc
nhau.
Mt l thuyt kt hp cc yu t ca lm pht cu ko vi lm pht chi ph y, cho
thy rng lm pht l do thay i c cu ca tng cu.
Nghin cu c im ca dn s.
T l m cng s dng t thay i theo khong cch hng knh t trung tm
ca mt vng th.
Cc nc th gii th ba l mt phn ca cu trc rng ln v s ph thuc kinh t,
x hi v chnh tr gia cc nhm quyn lc cc nc tin tin, c bit l cc cng
ty a quc gia v nhm li ch ch yu cc nc ngho.
Mt tnh hun trong t l tr em rt cao trong ton b dn s sng ph thuc vo
mt t l ngi ln nh hn nhiu.
Mt bin bn tri du bng ca mt phng trnh, gi nh vy bi v gi tr ca n
"ph thuc" hay c nh bi cc gi tr ca cc BIN C LP hay BIN GII
THCH bn phi.
Page 188
economic
Mt u i v thu cho php ngi ch s hu cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin
c tr khi tng thu nhp khon gi tr b suy gim ca mt ti sn khng ti sinh
nh qung, du m, kh t
Khon tin cho cc nh ch ti chnh no vay, v d nh cc NGN HNG, NGN
HNG PHT TRIN GIA C v CNG TY TI CHNH, vi iu kin rt c bo trc
hoc khng, hay hon tr sau mt thi gian nht nh.
Trong nghip v ngn hng Anh, mt kiu ti khon c thit k thu ht cc s
d t hot ng ca khch hng, v hot ng nh l mt phng tin tit kin.
ch mt bp phn ca dung lng tin di dng tin gi ngn hng.
o lut ny c Quc hi M thng qua nm 1980, DIDMCA, c coi l o lut
v th trng ti chnh v ngn hng k t sau khi o lut v d tr lin bang nm
1913 v cc o lut ngn hng 1933 v 1934. o lut ny ra i sau tnh hung
gn khng hong thp k 70, khi li sut M lm cho cc nh ch ti chnh to
lp mt lot cng c ti chnh cnh tranh v c gng thu ht vn.
S gim gi tr ti sn ni chung pht sinh t s hao mn hay h hng.
Xem Slump.
Vic d b cc lut v di lut ca chnh ph trung ng hay a phng hn ch
s tham gia vo cc hot ng nht nh. Xem PRIVATIZATION.
Mt vng a l hay khu vc trong mt nc t kt qu hot ng kinh t km hn
mt cch ng k so vi c nc.
Mc thay i ca BIN PH THUC ca mt hm trn mt n v ca thay i trong
BIN C LP c tnh trong mt khong v cng nh vi bin c lp.
Cu i vi mt yu t sn xut. Diu ny c ngha l cu pht sinh t nhu cu
i vi hng ho cui cng m yu t gp phn sn xut ra.
Qu trnh loi b nhng nh hng ca ma v, nhng hin tng xy ra thng
xuyn theo ma lm mo m xu th ni bt khi cc s liu. Xem FILTER.
Dung lng di hn ti u.
Qu trnh m mt khuynh hng v thi gian c loi b khi s liu, thng bng
vic trc tin c tnh mt khuynh hng theo thi gian v tnh ton cc s d. Xem
FILTER.
Gim t gi hi oi c nh gia mt ng tin v cc ng tin khc.
miu t tnh trng kinh t ca cc nc ngho hn ca th gii, c bt u s
dng trong nhng nm 1960 thay th cc cm thut ng t hon chnh hn nh
"km pht trin" hoc "lc hu". Xem ADVANCED COUNTRIES.
Cc vng Anh c nhiu hnh thc h tr ca chnh ph i vi cng nghip.
Mt k hoch vi mt lot cc mc tiu nhm pht trin tim nng kinh t v x hi
ca ton b nn kinh t hay mt vng nht nh.
Cch tip cn vn chm pht trin, ph thuc vo m hnh tng trng no c
s dng.
Mc chnh lch gi gi tr ca mt bi s v TRUNG BNH ca n. Xem Standard
deviation, Variace.
Mt tp hp cc kim nh s tn ti ca n v gc trong chui thi gian.
Mt phng trnh trong gi tr hin ti ca BIN PH THUC c biu din di
dng mt hm ca cc gi tr trc ca n.
Phng php dng nhn din mt phng trnh vi phn tnh.
Page 189
economic
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE
Xem WAGE DIFFERENTIALS.
Mt kha cnh ca tng trng ca hng bng A DNG HO, ch s tng trng
c thc y bi a ra nhng sn phm khc bit vi nhng sn phm khc v
c khch hng cng nh hng c coi l mi.
1) Xem PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION. 2) Qu trnh tnh o hm ca mt hm.
Trong bi cnh ph bin k thut, cm thut ng ny ch mc truyn b cc sng
ch sang cc hng.
Tn thng dng cho vng dm phn thng mi th nm t chc di s bo tr
ca HIP NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH GENEVA (1960-1961)
Hin tng theo gi nh rng tho dng gia tng i vi mt n v hng ho
gim khi cng nhiu hng ho c mua hn.
Xem LAW OF DIMINISHING RETURNS.
Xem VARIABLE COSTS.
Mt h thng pht trin mi y v thanh ton qua h thng ngn hng. Theo ngn
hng ca mt ngi giao dch sp nhn mt khon thanh ton s a ra khiu n cu
trc tip i vi ngn hng ca bn phi tr n thanh ton, n lt mnh ngn
hng ca bn n s ghi n vo ti khon ngi tr.
L thu nh trc tip vo c nhn hay hng. Thu ny ngc vi thu gin thu.
Xem COMPANY DIRECTOR.
Mt gi thuyt do Aaron Director a ra, cho rng trong mt h thng dn ch, chnh
ph c xu hng theo ui nhng chnh sch phn phi li thu nhp t nhng ngi
kh giu v ngi ngho sang nhng nhm thu nhp trung bnh.
Mt loi hnh T GI HI OI TH NI nhng khng c hon ton t do, bi v
cc NGN HNG TRUNG NG thnh thong li can thip nhm lm cho t gi lch
khi t gi ca th trng t do.
Nhng ngi cng nhn m xt v tay ngh h a ra th trng lao ng hoc cc
"tn hiu" h chuyn ti nhng ngi ch tng lai tnh th tng i bt li.
Tng s ngi ri b cng vic mt cch khng tnh nguyn trong bt k mt thi k
no.
Mt phng php nh gi cc d n da trn tng CHIT KHU chi ph v li
nhun tng lai xung gi tr hin ti ca chng.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
Mt TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH trong th trng tin t London thu v cc ti sn ngn
hn cng vi tin s tr khi c thng bo ngn hn
Qu trnh p dng mt li sut i vi khon vn.
Theo ngha hp l th trng London m ti HI PHIU THNG MI v HI
PHIU B TI CHNH c mua bn .
T l m li nhun hay chi ph tng lai s c chit khu do S THCH HIN TI
HN TNG LAI hoc v s tn ti ca LI SUT DNG.
Nhng cng nhn ri b th trng lao ng khi tht nghip tng ln.
Mt bin ch nhn mt s gi tr nht nh.
Page 190
economic
Li nhun vt qu mc ti thiu cn thit t c s chp nhn ca cc c
ng.
S can thip trc tip ca chnh ph thng dng CHNH SCH TI CHNH hay
CHNH SCH TIN T nhm n nh tng trng hay mc THU NHP QUC DN.
(Ngc li vi AUTOMATIC STABILIZERS).
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
i s khng cng bng i vi nhng th nh nhau.
Xem PRICE DISCRIMINATION.
Nhng rng buc mnh m pht sinh khi tc tng trng cao hn mt mc no
v lm mt tnh hiu qu ca cc hot ng ca hng.
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE.
Tin b k thut t c m khng tn km tin u t, nh mt dng "lc tri cho",
hon ton khng ph thuc tch lu vn hay bt k bin no khc trong h thng kinh
t.
Mt trng thi khng cn bng.
Xem HIDDEN UNEMPLOYMENT.
Xem TAX DISINCENTIVE.
Qu trnh lm mt dn hay gim LM PHT.
Qu trnh theo vn m t trc i t ngi cung cp cui cng n ngi s
dng cui cng thng qua TRUNG GIAN TI CHNH, c bit l cc ngn hng v cc
l do lin quan n li sut tng i hay kim sot kh nng m rng cc khon tin
gi ca cc ngn hng, by gi oc tin hnh trc tip.
Vic c gim mt phn DUNG LNG VN hay s tht bi c d nh hoc khng
d inh v u t thay th trang tri khu hao.
Xu hng quan st c v tng chi tiu cng cng trong sut mt cuc chin tranh
hay cuc khng hong quc gia khc nhng khng tr v mc ban u sau khng
hong.
Thu nhp cn li sau khi tr thu. Xem PERSONAL INCOME.
Tiu dng vt thu nhp hin ti.
Xem TRANSFER COSTS.
S xc nh v cc mi quan h kinh t lng thng i hi rng mt bin gii thch
khng ch tn ti di gi tr hin ti m cn di dng mt chui trc (tr).
Phn li nhun rng do hng phn phi di dng tr li c tc cho nhng ngi s
hu vn c phiu cng ty. Xem DIVIDEND PAY.
Cc l thuyt lin quan n c ch theo THU NHP quc dn c phn phi gia
cc c nhn v cc nhm trong nn kinh t.
Page 191
economic
S ng mc hay cng bng theo cch m sn phm ca mt nn kinh t c phn
phi gia cc c nhn.
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi nhng thay i trong thu nhp ca cc c nhn
hay nhm c nhn v bao gm s BIN MINH PHN PHI no vi mc ch nh
gi hiu qu ng gp ca mt chnh sch hay d n.
Mt phn ca chnh sch chi tiu v thu ca chnh ph lin quan ti iu chnh phn
phi thu nhp hoc ca ci trong x hi.
Khi cc nh kinh t nh gi cc chnh sch hay d n, h gp phi nhng kh khn
nh cc chnh sch nh hng khng ch i vi tng sn lng ca nn kinh t m
c cch thc sn lng v li ch c phn phi gia c c nhn.
Mt khi nim hay nguyn tc nh gi cc phng n phn phi thu nhp hoc ca
ci gia cc c nhn. Xem Distributive judgement.
Sai s trong mt phng trnh hi quy (hay cn gi l nhiu ngu nhin).
S khng tho mn hoc khng hi lng do mt sn phm hay "hng xu" gy ra.Xem
Utility.
Xem EXPLOSIVE CYCLE.
Hoc c nhiu ngnh trong mt khu vc hoc c mt lot sn phm do mt hng bn
ra.
Mt nh u t gi mt phn ca ci ca mnh di dng tin v phn cn li l cng
tri hp nht.
Phn tr cho c ng di dng tin hay c phiu.
T s li nhun trn c phiu thng thng so vi tng li tc trn c phiu.
Phn li tc thanh ton C TC.
Li c tc cho thy t l % li tc m nh u t c th thu ti mc gi hin hnh.
Qu trnh phn b lao ng cho hot ng no c nng sut cao nht, tc l vo
hot ng s dng tt nht cc k nng ca n.
Giy chng nhn tin gi (CD) ghi bng ola v c pht hnh c pht hnh
i ly tin gi bng la.
Nh kinh t ngi M gc Ba Lan, ni ting v cng trnh ca ng v THUYT TNG
TRNG KINH T. ng nhn mnh rng chi tiu u t c hai hiu ng, c th l
hiu ng to thu nhp v hiu ng tng nng lc. Kinh t hc KEYNES ch cng nhn
hiu ng th nht v Domar a ra khng nh v nhng iu kin cn tng cu v
tng nng lc pht trin mt cch cn i. Kt qu m ng thu c ging vi
nhng g HARROD thu c mt cch c lp n ngy nay chng c bit n
nh nhng iu kin ca Harrod/Domar. Tc phm chnh ca ng l Cc tiu lun v
thuyt tng trng kinh t (1957).
Mt ch s v thay i tin t trong mt nn kinh t, do QU TIN T QUC T a
ra v ng h trong nhng nm 1960, nh mt thc o hin hnh ng hn v cc
tc nhn m rng trong h thng tin t so vi nhng thay i tnh c trong dung
lng tin.
Xem Price leadership.
Mt cch tip cn c h thng gii cc h phng trnh c 4 phng trnh hoc c
4 phng trnh tr ln do M.H.Doolittle a ra.
Nu vic mua bn c tin hnh theo PHNG PHP HNG I HNG th cn
thit phi c s trng hp hai ln nhu cu gia hai bn tham gia trao i.
Vic tnh mt yu t chi ph hay li ch nhiu hn mt ln trong PHN TCH CHI PH-
LI CH.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
Xem RESWITCHING.
Page 192
economic
Mt c nhn hay t chc c thu nhp nc ngoi c th phi chu THU thu nhp
c nc ngoi v nc bn a.
S CH BO gi c phiu trn S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON PH WALL. l
thut ng tng ng ca M cho CH S C PHIU THNG CA THI BO TI
CHNH.
Trong nhng pht trin hin i ca KINH T HC KEYNES c lp lun cho rng
hm cung v cu thng thng khng cho thy nhng tn hiu xc ng v im cn
bng trn th trng.
Thuyt ny ban u do Mathus xng, ng xem nn kinh t gm 2 khu vc chnh:
nng nghip v cng nghip; chia nn kinh t thnh 2 khu vc v xem xt s tc ng
qua li gia chng c coi l lm tng s hiu bit v qu trnh pht trin.
Phng ph dn xut cc h phng trnh cu phi sinh ph hp vi hnh vi ti u
ho ca ngi tiu dng hay sn xut bng cch n gin l vi phn ha mt hm
thay th cho vic gii mt bi ton ti u c rng buc.
Gi thuyt cho rng th trng lao ng c phn thnh 2 cp: Cp mt v cp
hai.Nhng cng vic c lng cao, c trin vng v bt, an ton v tr cp cao,
to thnh khu vc cp mt ca mt nn kinh t lng cp. Trong khu vc cp hai, tin
lng c hnh thnh do cnh tranh, cng vic nhiu c th s dng ht tt c
cng nhn, tuy nhin nhng cng vic ny c lng thp, khng n nh v ni chung
l khng hp dn. Nhng cng nhn trong khu vc cp hai do phi chu tnh trng
hu nghip phim dng.
Mt bin nh phn (c - khng) c a ra xem xt nhng dch chuyn (dch
chuyn gi) hay thay i ngoi sinh ca dc ( c gi) trong mi quan h kinh t
lng.
Vic bn mt hng ho nc ngoi mc gi thp hn so vi mc gi th trng
trong nc.
Mt c cu th trng ch c 2 hng. Cc m hnh l gii c gii thch s xc nh
sn lng v gi c trn c cu th trng ny t c s phn tch ca mnh ln
nhng gi nh xem xt n vic a ra quyt nh trong c s ph thuc ln nhau
c thy r.
Mt th trng ch c hai ngi mua cng mt loi sn phm hay dch v em trao i.
Khong thi gian trung bnh m mt c nhn tri qua khi ng k tht nghip.
S thng k d bo bi ton TNG QUAN CHUI hay cc h s sai s trong php
hi quy, bao gm mt bin ni sinh tr hon trong trng hp s thng k Durbin -
Watson-d thng dng hn khng th p dng c.
Mt s thng k d bo v bi ton TNG QUAN CHUI ca cc h s sai s
trong php hi quy.
Phn tch lin thi gian v h thng kinh t. Nn kinh t c th i t mt im cn
bng ny sang im cn bng khc (tc l hai im CN BNG TNH SO SNH)
hoc c th lin tc khng t n im cn bng tnh no.
Xem Dynamic economic.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Mt tp hp cc k thut ton hc gii cc loi bi ton chui ra quyt nh.
Cc l thuyt mi v thng mi quc t, nhn mnh vai tr ca tnh r rng v s
truyn b thnh tin trong vic gii thch hnh thi thng mi quc t v sn xut.
Vic gn nhng yu t c th trong CHI TIU CNG CNG vi cc khon thu nhp
huy ng t mt s c th. Xem BENEFIT PRINCIPLE.
Page 193
economic
Cn thut ng c s dng theo hai cch: mt miu t phn li tc i vi n lc
ca con ngi, th lao cho u vo ca yu t lao ng sn xut v ngha th hai
miu t thu nhp ca mt doanh nghip.
Tng thu nhp hng tun vt mc tng MC LNG tho tho thun.
Mi quan h hm s gia cc mc thu nhp v cc yu t quyt nh chng.
Tnh trng chung ca vic vay tin d dng v r trong h thng ti chnh.
Thu do cc thnh vin ca CNG NG CHU U (EC) nh vo hng nng phm
nhp khu t cc nc khng phi l thnh vin.
Mt M HNH ton hc ca mt nn kinh t hay mt b phn ca mt nn kinh t m
cc tham s ca n c c tnh bng phng php kinh t lng.
Mt nghnh ca thng k hc lin quan ti kim nghim cc gi thuyt kinh t v c
tnh cc tham s kinh t ch y thng qua phng php HI QUY BI S, mc d
i khi thng qua vic s dng phng php lun phc tp hn.
Nhng hot ng kinh t m s tng trng v pht trin ca chng c coi l c
vai tr quyt ng i vi tng trng kinh t ca mt vng hay ca mt th trn.
Mt dng ca NHN T KHU VC c tnh nh hng ca nhng thay i trong
mt C S KINH T vng i vi ton b nn kinh t ca vng.
Mt lin minh kinh t gia cc nc c biu thu quan v chnh sch thng mi
chung d b cc hn ch i vi thng mi gia cc nc thnh vin.
Mt c quan vin tr kinh t, thnh lp nm 1948 do o lut Tr gip nc ngoi
ca M, qun l K HOCH MARSHALL i vi vic phc hi kinh t Chu u sau
chin tranh th gii th hai.
Qu trnh ci thin mc snngs v s sung tc ca dn chng ca cc nc ang
pht trin bng cch tng thu nhp trn u ngi.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT
Xem DYNAMIC ECONOMICS
Xem ALLCATIVE EFFICIENCY
Thng ch mc tng sn lng thc t ca SN PHM QUC DN RNG, mc
d thc o ny s nhy cm vi cch tnh sn phm quc dn. Xem GROWTH
THEORY
Mt mt hng khan him v mt hng m ngi ta s la chn nhiu hn nu c th.
Xem FREE GOOD.
Xem IMPERIALISM
Hc thuyt ng h kh nng s dng nhiu nht cc th trng v cc tc nhn cnh
tranh iu phi hot ng kinh t.
Tn t cho "vt oc c sng to" trong kinh t hc, bng cch , cc c nhn
c gi nh l c s nh th h ti a ho tho dng, chu chi phi bi nhng
rng buc, trong hin nhin nht l thu nhp.
S phi hp mt cc c t chc cc hot ng kinh t.
S iu hnh ca nh nc i vi nn kinh t ca mt quc gia.
Khon tri tr cho mt yu t sn xut vt mc cn thit gi yu t mc s
dng hin ti.
Page 194
economic
Mt ngnh nghin cu v cch thc con ngi t t chc gii quyt vn c bn
v s khan him.
Chnh lc gia sn lng ca mt nn kinh t v chi ph cn thit sn xut ra sn
lng , m chi ph cn thit l TIN CNG, KHU HAO VN, chi ph nguyn vt
liu.
Gim chi ph trung bnh ca mt sn phm xt trong di hn nh tng sn lng.
Mt m hnh v hnh vi chnh tr gi nh rng l c tri l nhng ngi ti a ho
THO DNG v cc ng phi chnh tr l nhng T CHC TI A HO PHIU
BU.
Xem ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Phn phc li ca con ngi xut phts t vic tiu dng hng ho v dch v.
Xem LEARNING
Mt nhn nh rng, tin cng cao s dn n nng sut cao; tin cng v sn phm
lao ng bin c coi l c lin h thun vi nhau.
Xem EUROPEAN COAL AND STEEL COMMUNITY
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM
Gio s kinh t chnh tr hc trng i hc Oxford 1891-1922 v l ngi theo ch
ngha v li, l ngi pht minh ra cng c v ng bng quan v ng hp ng
m s dng trong thuyt hng i hng. ng cng ni ting vi cng trnh v cc
phng php thng k v c bit l quy lut chung ca sai s, ch s v hm s. ng
m rng QUY LUT LI TC GIM DN t nng nghip sang ch to nh mt
nguyn l chung.
Xem EUROPEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY
Tng cu i vi hng ho v dch v c h tr bi cc ngun lc mua chng.
Xem DUAL DECISION HYPOTHESIS.
c nh ngha l phn gi tr gia tng, do c cu thu quan mang li, l mt phn
gi tr gia tng ca thng mi t do.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX
Mt cm thut ng c cc nh kinh t ng U s dng ch T S SN
LNG/ VN GIA TNG.
Thu nhp trn mt N V HIU QU. Khi cc nh kinh t hc ni v khuynh hng
cnh tranh cn bng thu nhp trn cng mt TH TRNG LAO NG TRONG
NC ngha l h mun ni n thu nhp hiu qa.
Mt phng php o lng lc lng lao ng thng qua u vo dch v lao ng
c s dng.
Theo hc thuyt ny, SN PHM BIN ca ngi lao ng v tin cng m h c
tr c lin quan vi nhau.
Mt quan im cho rng gi c phiu trn th trng chng khon l nhng c tnh
tt nht v gi tr thc ca c phiu v th trng chng khon c c ch nh gi tt
nht.
Page 195
economic
Mt khi nim chnh thc dng biu th gi nh rng s n lc l mt bin s c
tc ng m trong HM THO DNG ca cc c nhn, tc l s n lc to ra trong
s PHI THO DNG BIN.
Mt thc o t l phn trm thay i ca mt bin s i vi mt t l % thay i ca
mt bin s khc. Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
Thng dng ch CO GIN CA CU THEO GI, nhng cn phi xc nh r
ca gin ca cu no ang c cp n.
Mt thc o s phn ng ca s kt hp lao ng TI U i vi thay i gi
tng i ca hai u vo ny (hoc ch hai yu t u vo bt k).
Xem RESERVE ASSET RATIO.
Cc TI SN ti chnh m NGN HNG TRUNG NG sn sng mua (ti chit
khu) hay chp nhn lm vt th chp cho cc khon vay, trong mt s trng hp
c bit, v thng l khi giao dch vi cc c quan oc nh r.
Xem Luxury
Tin b k thut m khng th c c nu khng hm cha ngun vn mi.
c nh ngha l mt phn tin lng ca ban qun l v cc li ch PHI TIN T
m li ch ny khng phi l mt phn gi cung cp ca doanh nghip (lng chnh ).
Mt k hoch cho php cc nhn vin trong cc hng ca M c hng li nhun
v s tng trng ca doanh nghip bng cch s hu cc c phn trong c phn
chung ca cng ty.
Tit mt ca o lut ny quy nh rng, trong quyn hn ca mnh, chnh ph lin
bang M lm mi vic to ra v duy tr c hi v vic lm, tng trng bn vng v
sc mua n nh cho ng tin ca M.
Cc vn phong nh nc hay t nhn c gng sp xp nhng ngi xin vic vo cc
ch trng hin c.
Xem JOB CREATION
Php kim nghim khng tp trung ny da trn nguyn tc cho rng mt m hnh
nn c cc c im ni bt ca cc m hnh khc nhau v c th l cc m hnh
nghch.
Mt gi thit cho rng tho dng l mt hm ca chi tiu TIU DNG v CA CI.
Theo quan im ny, mc cung tin c quyt nh bi cc tc nhn bn trong nn
kinh t, chng hn nh li sut v mc hot ng kinh doanh.
Mt bin s m gi tr ca n c xc nh trong khun kh ca mt m hnh kinh t
hay kinh t lng.
Cc c nhn i hi nhiu hn c th li ko h t b mt hng ho m h c
so vi s tin m h sn lng tr c c hng ha tng t.
Mt ch bo v tnh hiu qu trong vic s dng nng lng c bn trong sn xut
mt n v tng sn phm quc ni.
Page 196
economic
Mt cch tip cn khng chnh thc v khng r rng i vi qu trnh T NHN
HO nhanh chng ti sn nh nc cc nc x hi ch ngha trc y (v mt
vi nc khc), qua cc nh hot ng ng phi trc y v quan chc nh
nc c th mua ti sn nh nc vi gi thp hn gi th trng. Thut ng
nomenklatura ch nhng ngi c la chn vo cc chc v cao, nhng khng
phi do cng trng m do s phn quyt ca ng cm quyn.
Tng s ngi tham gia i ng c vic l trong bt c thi k no.
Mt ng biu th mi quan h gia thu nhp v tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt
hng ho c th.
Mt "quy lut" tiu dng thc nghim do Ernst Engel xng. tng y l phn
thu nhp quc gia c chi tiu cho lng thc l mt ch s tt v phc li ca quc
gia .
Mt phng php c dng trong PHN TCH CHI PH THNG K, trong nhng
c tnh ca ngi k s v mi lin h u vo- u ra l c s tnh ton chi ph
sn xut ti thiu ti cc mc sn lng khc nhau.
Mt nguyn tc v s cng bng trong phn phi cho rng, cc c nhn c coi l
"c quyn" i vi nhng vt s hu chng no s hu c c nh, do trao i
t nguyn hay do qu biu.
Mt nhn t t chc trong mt qu trnh sn xut. Ch doanh nghip chu trch nhim
v cc quyt nh kinh t nh sn xut ci g, sn xut bao nhiu v phng php sn
xut no c p dng.
Li tc va gi mt ngi iu hnh vi mt s phm cht no li vi
cng vic hin ti ca ngi .
Xem Entrepreneur.
Xem BARRIERS TO ENTRY.
Xem LIMIT PRICING.
Gi m cc hng thit lp trong mt ngnh nh ra mc khng s nhng doanh
nghip m nhp ngnh.
Mc d trnh hiu bit khoa hc v k thut ca th gii ang gia tng, vn cn
chnh lch ln v kin thc ny, c bit lin quan n iu kin mi trng CC
NC ANG PHT TRIN.
Gi thuyt cho rng mi trng vt cht l yu t chnh quyt nh ti trnh pht
trin kinh t ca mt quc gia.
Mt phn tch tm cch xc nh r rng nhng nh hng ln ton b mi trng ca
mt d n u t.
Xem EUROPEAN PAYMENTS UNION.
Xem COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
Mt o lut m rng vi phm ca mc VII ca o lut Quyn dn s ca M nm
1964 sang cc chnh quyn tiu bang v a phng v cho php U ban c hi vic
lm ngang nhau lp h s kin tng cho bn thn h.
Mt u ban c thnh lp gii quyt nhng khiu ni bt ngun t s thng qua
o lut Quyn dn s ca M nm 1964. o lut ny nghim cm hnh ng phn
bit i x ca cc ng ch.
Cc qu do mt chnh ph cp cho cc chnh quyn a phng vi mc ch gim
mc khng cn bng trong thu nhp hay doanh thu do chnh quyn a phng thu
c.
Xem NET ADVANTAGES.
S cng bng gia cc gii v iu khon v iu kin vic lm: mt khi nim v tr
lng ngang nhau cho cng vic c gi tr ngang nhau, mc d nh ngha v "tr
lng" v "cng vic ngang nhau" khng ging nhau gia cc nc.
S hy sinh cng THO DNG ca nhng ngi tr thu.
Page 197
economic
Xem QUANTITY THEORY OF MONEY.
Mt cm thut ng mn t mn vt l miu t tnh hung, trong cc tc nhn
kinh t hay tng tc nhn kinh t nh th trng, khng c ng lc g thay i
hnh vi kinh t ca mnh.
Khi mt nhm cc bin s c lin kt vi nhau trong mt m hnh HI QUY l ng
lin kt (xem COINTEGRATION) th thnh phn nhiu c gi l sai s cn bng.
Mc cn bng ca THU NHP QUC GIA khng biu hin cc xu hng thay i.
Gi ti TH TRNG trng thi CN BNG.
T l LM PHT c hon ton d bo trc. T l lm pht gi c m ti cc
k vng c th tr thnh hin thc.
Cn c gi l c phiu thng, l nhng c phiu dng vn pht hnh ca mt
cng ty.
Cng l hay l phi.
Xem EQUYTIES.
Mt h s hoc mt "quyn s" c dng nh gi mc thu nhp hoc tiu dng
m cc gia nh bt buc phi c trong cc hon cnh khc nhau t c mt
"mc sng" nht nh.
Mt h s biu th bng s p dng cho mc tiu dng cc hng ho nht nh ca
cc gi nh trong cc hon cnh khc nhau ch ra mc tiu dng m mi gia nh
cn c t c mc sng nht nh.
Mt h s bng s p dng i vi mc thu nhp ca cc gia nh cn c t ti
mc sng nht nh.
Xem CONSUMER'S SURPLUS.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE MECHANISM.
Trong phn tch v hi quy mt ECMs kt hp cc s tc ng qua li ngn hn v
di hn gia cc bin s,
Xem ADAPTIVE EXPECTATIONS.
Mt bi ton kinh t lng, theo cc bin gii thch trong phn tch HI QUY c
o mt cch khng hon ho do gi tr thc t ca chng khng th quan st c,
hay do s khng chnh xc khi ghi chp.
Cc iu khon v ph sinh hot trong cc ghi tho thun thng lng tp th. Cc
iu khon l mt c ch iu chnh nh k mc lng da trn nhng bin ng
ca mt ch s gi c nht nh.
Dng ch yu ca thu ca ci Anh trc khi n c thay th bng thu CHUYN
GIAO VN nm 1974. Thu ny c dnh gi theo sut lu tin vo cc ti sn ca
ngi ch khi ngi ny qua i. Thu lu tin c p dng cho ton b ti sn
ch khng ch cho lng gia tng ca ci.
Thut ng ni v mt khu vc hay ton b nn kinh t mt nc chm pht trin
c s dng sn xut i quy m ln nng sn xut khu, thng do cc th lc
nc ngoi s hu hoc qun l; nn kinh t ny rt ph bin trong thi k thuc a.
S xc nh mang tnh nh lng cc tham s trong cc m hnh kinh t thng qua
cc s liu thng k.
Mt cng thc hay mt quy trnh c lng cc con s thng k (chng hn nh
TRUNG BNH hay PHNG SAI ca mt bin s) hoc cc tham s ca mt phng
trnh nhn c t s liu.
Mt th trng quc t nc ngoi ca cc ng tin ca cc nc cng nghip ln
(phng Ty).
Xem EUROCURRENCY MARKET.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U c thnh lp nm 1962 nhm ti tr
vn cho chnh sch nng nghip chung ca cng ng.
Page 198
economic
c thnh lp nm 1991 vi s vn 10 t n v tin t Chu u nhm thc y s
pht trin cc nc thuc khi ng u.
T chc thc hin v qun l TH TRNG CHUNG v than & thp gia 6 nc
thnh vin sng lp ca CNG NG CHU U.
Mt ngn sch do cc nc thnh vin ca cng ng Chu u ng gp nhm ti
tr cho cc hot ng ca cng ng. Cc khon ng gp t cc thnh vin dng
90% l doanh thu t thu NNG NGHIP v BIU THU QUAN CHUNG v di 1%
doanh thu t thu GI TR GIA TNG c tnh cho mc ch lm hi ho thu gia
cc nc thnh vin.
Xem European Economic Community.
Mt tn gi chung ca 3 t chc: Cng ng Than v thp Chu u, Cng ng kinh
t chu u v cng ng nng lng nguyn t Chu u.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
Mt qu c bit do CNG NG KINH T CHU U thnh lp cung cp vin tr
ti chnh v k thut cho cc nc lin kt vi Cng ng Chu u theo Hip c
ROME, cc hip nh YAOUND v LOM. Xem EUROPEAN INVESTMENT BANK.
Cng ng Kinh t Chu u c cnhthwcs thnh lp ngy 25-3-1957 theo hip c
Rome do chnh ph cc nc B, H Lan, Cng ho lin bang c, Italia, Lucxmbua.
Hip c ny a li s pht trin t do lin minh thu quan, loi b mi ro cn i
vi s vn ng t do ca VN, LAO NG v DCH V v hnh thnh cc chnh
sch vn ti v nng nghip gia cc nc thnh vin.
c thnh lp nm 1960 sau Hip nh Stockholm, c o, an mch, Nauy. B
o Nha, Thu in, Thu S, Anh thng qua. Hip hi t c cc mc tiu ban
u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn hng ho cng nghip t do gia cc mc tiu ban
u ca mnh l thit lp bun bn hng ho cng nghip t do gia cc thnh vin
v m phn mt hip c thng mi ton din vi cng ng chu u (EC).
HIP C TIN T CHU U c hi ng OEEC thng qua vo nm 1955, cho
php qu Chu u gip ti tr thm ht CN CN THANH TON tm thi pht sinh
t quyt nh ca cc nc thnh vin lm cho ng tin ca mnh c kh nng
chuyn i vi ng la.
Mt ngn hng pht trin c thnh lp nm 1957 theo HIP C ROME, cho ra
i CNG NG KINH T CHU U. Chc nng c bn ca ngn hng ny l thc
y s pht trin ca h trng chung Chu u bng cch cp cp cc khon vay di
hn, bo lnh cc khon vay to iu kin ti tr u t cho cc vng km pht trin,
cc k hoch hin i ho cng nghip v cc d n cng nghip.
Hip nh c Hi ng T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U thng qua nm
1955. Hip nh l quyt nh ca cc nc Chu u nhm lm cho ng tin ca cc
nc dn dn chuyn i c i vi ng la, bng cch thay th LIN MINH
THANH TON CHU U bng mt h thng thanh ton quc t mi, trong mi
giao dch phi c tin hnh bng vng hoc cc ng tin c th chuyn i.
Mt qu c bit ca EC hnh thnh nm 1973 nhm p dng HIP NH BASLE
1972, hip nh ny quy nh cc mc dao ng trong trao i ca cc ng tin c
qun l, oc bit n nh "con rn tin t" chu u.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY FUND.
c p dng vo thng 3-1979, h thng ny (EMS) l mt n lc nhm to nn mt
khu vc n nh v t gi hi oi gia cc nc thnh vin, v hu ht cc thnh vin
u tin hnh vic hn ch bin ng t gi hi oi ca mnh mc (+) hoc (-)
2,25% gi trung tm, thng nht cho ng tin ca h.
Xem EUROPEAN UNIT OF ACCOUNT.
Page 199
economic
Nm 1950, T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U thnh lp Lin minh Thanh ton
Chu u, thay th cho h thng cc t chc thanh ton Chu u do cc hip nh
thanh ton trong Chu u nm 1948 v nm 1949 a vo p dng. Mc ch ca lin
minh ny to iu kin choa thanh ton thng d hay thm ht a phng gia cc
nc Chu u (v cc khu vc tin t nc ngoi tng ng ca chng) v khuyn
khch cc chnh sch t do ho mu dch bng cch a ra cc phng tn tn dng
t ng cho cc thnh vin gp phi thm ht cn cn thanh ton.
Nm 1947, B trng ngoi giao M, tng George Marshall pht biu trong mt
bi din vn ti trng i hc Harvard, ngh gip ca M i vi chng trnh
phc hi nn kinh t Chu u do cc nc Chu u iu phi. Sau bi din vn ny,
cc i din ca 16 nc Ty u thnh lp U ban v Hp tc Kinh t Chu u,
T CHC HP TC KINH T CHU U c thnh lp nm 1948 iu hnh mt
chng trnh phc hng chu u cng vi U BAN HP TC KINH T CA M.
Chng trnh ny thng c gi l VIN TR MARSHALL.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U, thnh lp nm 1975, nhm lm gim
s chnh lch v pht trin kinh t gia cc khu vc trong cng ng.
Mt qu c bit ca CNG NG CHU U, nhm mc ch tng cng c hi tm
kim vic lm trong cng ng bng cch m bo h tr ti chnh o to li cng
nhn, c bit l nhng ai b thu hp cng vic do hot ng ca Th trng chung
Chu u.
L n v k ton c s dng trong CNG NG CHU U cho cc mc ch nh
chun b ngn sch cng ng v nh gi sn phm nng nghip thng qua CHNH
SCH NNG NGHIP CHUNG. V cc nc thnh vin ca C dng cc ng tin
khc nhau, nn cn thit phi to ra mt n v k ton chung trao i bun bn
cng ng.
Cc Thng k ca CNG NG CHU U.
Khi PHN PHI XC SUT ca mt thng k kim nh c bit mt cch chnh
xc, thay cho vic mt phn phi ch bit dng gn ng, nh vy vng ti hn c
th xc nh c th kim nh y c gi l kim nh chnh xc.
L mc c d tnh, d nh hay mong mun ca mt hot ng no .
Ni mt cch cht ch, khi mt doanh nghip c coi l sn xut tha nng lc l
khi mc SN LNG c sn xut ra thp hn mc sn lng ti chi ph trung
bnh thp nht.
c dng miu t d bo m hnh CNH TRANH C QUYN, trong cc
hng trong iu kin cn bng di hn sn xut trn on xung dc ca NG
CHI PH TRUG BNH di hn, do sn xut mc chi ph cao hn chi ph ti thiu.
L tnh trng CU vt CUNG mt mc gi no .
Mc chnh lch gia tng s d tr m ngn hng gi tin M ang gi v D TR
BT BUC do lut php yu cu tr n.
L tnh trng CUNG vt CU mt mc gi no .
L thu a ra chng vic tng lng qu cao nhm lm gim lm pht.
Xem TRADE.
L mt h thng m nh nc s dng kim sot cc giao dch bng ngoi t v
vng.
L mt h thng hay dn xp c NGN HNG hnh thnh nm 1932, nhm qun l
nhng bin ng khng mong mun trong t gi hi oi ca ng bng, sau khi Anh
b CH BN V VNG vo nm 1931.
L gi ca ng tin mt nc c tnh bng ng tin ca mt nc khc.
Page 200
economic
C ch t gi hi oi (ERM) l mt h thng m theo cc thnh vin ca H
THNG TIN T CHU U (ENS) buc phi duy tr t gi hi oi ca h trong
nhng mc nht nh.
Xem EXTERNAL RESERVES
L ti khon trung ng ca chnh ph Anh c B ti chnh gi trong ngn hng
Anh. Xem CONSOLIDATED FUND.
Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
L mt tnh trng m ngi tiu dng "b loi tr" khng c mua mt loi hng ho
no v gi m ngi sn sng tr thp hn gi th trng.
Xem EXCLUSSION PRINCIPLE.
L mt tiu chun chng ta phn bit HNG HO CNG CNG v hng ho phi
cng cng. Khi mt ngi sn xut hay mt ngi bn c th ngn cn mt s ngi
no khng cho h mua hng ca mnh - ni chung l nhng ngi khng tin
mua hng - th hng ho c cung cp theo cch ca th trng.
L mt c nhn chu trch nhim i vi mt mt hay kha cnh no trong cc hot
ng ca mt hng.
Xem VALUE - ADDED TAX
L hnh thc la chn tp th m trong ngi b phiu th hin phng n t thch
nht ca mnh.
Bt k mt nh l no tm cch lp lun rng, trong bi cnh cn bng tng th, tn ti
mt lot gi v lng cn bng. Xem EQUYLIBRUM, GENERAL EQUIBRIUM.
L s phn loi cc h thng, m cc c nhn s dng by t thch ca h
phn bit nhng ngi mun tham gia vo hay rt lui khi nhng th cn s giao tip
bng li ni.
Nu cc bin s gii thch trong mt phng trnh M HNH KINH T LNG c th
c coi l c nh trong cc mu c lp li, chng c coi l cc bin ngoi sinh.
Xem MONEY SUPPLY.
L mt cm thut ng miu t bt k ci g c quy nh hoc cho trc ca mt
phn tch kinh t.
L mt bin s m gi tr ca n khng c xc nh trong m hnh kinh t, nhng li
ng vai tr quan trong trong vic xc nh gi tr ca cc bin ni sinh.
L mt giai on trong CHU K KINH DOANH tip theo sau mt im thp nht ca
chu k v ko di n im tip theo cao nht ca chu k.
Lin quan n HNG, y l ng ni cc la chn yu t u vo mi mc sn
lng nh trong th, ngha l qu tch ca cc tip im gia NG NG PH
v NG NG LNG.
L thut ng chung ch ngi mang quc tch nc ngoi, thng dng ch
nhng ngi t CC NC PHT TRIN n lm vic ti CC NC KM PHT
TRIN.
L cc quan im hay s tin tng vo cc gi tr tng lai ca cc bin s kinh t.
L cc bin i i vi mt m hnh kinh t tnh n hiu ng ca cc d tnh.
tr trong vic xem xt li gi tr k vng ca mt bin s do cc thay i trong gi tr
hin ti ca n. tr d tnh thng c gii thch bng GI THIT K VNG
PHNG THEO.
T L LM PHT no c d tnh trong tng lai.
Page 201
economic
L tng cc thu nhp d tnh tr i cc chi ph d tnh, tc l li nhun d tnh ca
mt d n u t.
L thuyt v cc hnh vi c nhn trong iu kin KHNG CHC CHN ca VON
NEUMANN v MORGENSTERN. Thuyt a ra s m t logic rng mi ngi duy l
c th c x nh th no trong mt th gii khng chc chn. Phn chnh ca thuyt
ny cho thy rng mt c nhn c nhng s thch tho mn mt s nh (thng l
v trt t, tip tc v dc lp) s la chn ti a ho tho dng d tnh.
Cn c gi TRUNG BNH, k vng ton hc.Gi tr k vng ca mt BIN S
NGU NHIN l gi tr trung bnh ca phn phi ca bin y.
L mt trong cc chnh sch cn thit loi b s khng cn bng thng mi quc
t.
L loi thu nh vo chi tiu ca ngi tiu dng.N l hnh thc thay th cho THU
THU NHP v c th c nh mc da trn c s lu tin.
iu chnh li s mt cn bng kinh doanh bng cch thay i mc v thnh phn ca
ngn sch v bng cch kim sot quy m v chi ph ca tn dng.
L mt khi nim ni v s hi lng ca cc nh qun l tc trong vic chi tiu
cho mt s cng vic ca hng nh chi tiu cho vic Marketing v cho i ng nhn
vin.
L bin s ng vai tr trong vic "gii thch" s bin i ca mt bin c lp trong
phn tch hi quy, bin s gii thch xut hin bn phi ca phng trnh hi quy.
Dng thng thng nht ca mt hm s trong bin s PH THUC c vit
bn tri ca du bng v cc BIN C LP vit bn phi, thng ch mi lin h
nhn qu hoc xc nh.
Trong kinh t hc, thut ng ny c hai ngha. Th nht, l vic s dng ti nguyn
thin nhin hay nhn lc. Th hai, mt cng nhn c gi l b bc lt nu s tin
chi tr cho cng vic lm t hn gi tr ca cng vic .
L chu k c trng bi vic bin tng theo hm m, v d, qua thi gian. N c
xem nh chu k phn k.
Hm s m l mt HM LU THA, thng ch s lin quan gia bin s c lp v
s e tng ln mt lu tha cha BIN S C LP khi e = 2,718, v l c s ca
LOGARIT T NHIN.
Mt hng ho hoc dch v sn xut ti mt nc c bn v tiu dng nc
khc. Xut khu hu hnh l xut khu hng ho, cn xut khu v hnh l xut khu
dch v cho ngi nc khc mua.
Ngn hng do chnh ph M thnh lp nam 1937, nhm thc y ngoi thng ca
M bng cch cung cp vn di dng cc khon tin cho vay trc tip c bo m
cho cc cng ty nc ngoi.
L s tng trng c thc y bi s gia tng hng xut khu.
L s pht trin ca nhng ngnh m thtng chnh l nc ngoi. y l mt
chin lc thay th chnh i vi CHIN LC THAY TH NHP KHU cc nc
km pht trin.
L mt t chc c chnh ph Anh thnh lp nm 1930, a ra cc hnh thc BO
HIM khc nhau nhm chng li nhng ri ro m cc nh xut khu Anh pha chu
ng.
Sau khi xy ra mt s kin no hoc sau mt quyt nh thc hin mt vic g .
Xem EX ANTE.
L tnh trng LI TC GIM DN i vi t ai.
Page 202
economic
Thng c nh ngha l mt tnh trng trong CN CN THANH TON ca mt
nc l CN BNG, theo ngha lung tin vo t nh bng vi lung ra t nh m
khng cn iu chnh cc lung b sung vo hoc rt ra t d tr NGOI HI hay d
tr vng.
Thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Nhng nh hng c li hay c hi m cc hot ng sn xut ca mt hng ny gy
ra cho cc hot ng sn xut ca hng khc.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Qu c huy ng bi cc hng bng cch pht hnh C PHIU (vn c phn)
hoc i vay ti tr cho cc hot ng ca hng.
Chnh ph Anh t gii hn i vi cc NGUN TI CHNH T BN NGOI m cc
cng ty quc doanh c th huy ng trong nc.
S m rng ca mt hng c mang li do SP NHP hay thu mua.
c bit n vi nhng tn khc nhau, nh tc ng ngoi lai, nh hng t bn
ngoi, bt li t bn ngoi,nh hng tro ra bn ngoi v NH HNG N VNG
LN CN. Ngi ta phn bit ngoi ng bin v ngoi ng trong bin.
Mt th trng cho mt s ngi lao ng nht nh, hoc l sn ngay hoc tim tng
cho cc cng vic mi.
Thng ch mc nm gi cc phng tin thanh ton ca mt nc c quc t
chp nhn, vi mc ch trang tri lm thm ht ngn hn v trung hn ca CN CN
THANH TON VI BN NGOI, ng thi nhm mc ch kim sot s thay i T
GI HI OI ng tin ca nc ny.
Nhng thng tin ban u (c th l c lng v tham s trc ) c kt hp vi
thng tin mu vi mc ch suy lun thng k hay c tnh tham s trong phn tch
hi quy thng ci thin d bo hay khc phc nhng vn nh A CNG
TUYN TNH.
Cc gi tr thp nht v cao nht ca mt hm s.
Tin b k thut dn n vic gia tng mc sn lng khi VN v LC LNG LAO
NG KHNG I.
Mc sn c cc yu t sn xut trong mt vng hay mt nc thng l t ai,
lao ng, vn v k thut.
Thu nhp trc tip c c nho sn xut hng ho v dch v hin ti.
Phng php gii thot s n thng mi thng qua mt cng ty c th "bn"
c s n ny cho mt th ch ti chnh.
Mt nh ny sinh t CCH TIP CN HECKSCHER - OHLIN V THNG MI
QUC T cho rng vi mt s gi thit hn ch, THNG MI T DO l s thay th
hon ho cho vic di chuyn yu t sn xut v s c tc dng san bng mc thanh
ton cho bt k mt yu t sn xut no trn phm vi ton th gii, chng hn nh
mc tin cng ca tt c cc nc phi bng nhau.
Thut ng ny do PAUL SAMUELSON a ra, ch mi quan h t l nghch gia mc
tin cng v li nhun trong l thuyt tng trng.
Page 203
economic
T l kt hp cc YU T CA SN XUT.
Mt trong cc gi thit caCCH TIP CN HECKSCHER - OHLIN V THNG
MI QUC T l cc hm sn xut hng ho khc nhau t s, cng s dng
cc yu t sn xut v mt hng ho s dng.
Cc ngun lc ca x hi c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut.
Lng cc yu t c th s dng trn thc t.
So snh tin cng da trn c s cho rng cng nhn lm nhng cng vic gn
tng t nh nhau phi c tr cng mc tin cng.
Nguyn tc ch o trong vic iu tit ngnh cng ch M l t l thu li hp l i
vi gi tr ca vn c s dng trong vic sn xut cc dch v dn dng.
M c mt s n lc nhm thit lp cc mc gi bn l ti thiu theo khun kh
php lut (cc tho thun c duy tr mc gi bn li) i vi cc hng ho c nhn
hiu v tn gi.
o lut ny ca Anh m rng chnh sch cnh tranh i vi cc th trng c
quyn, v trch nhim tp trung trong vic thc hin lut c qun v hot ng hn
ch vi vn phng mi ca Tng gim c Vn phng Thng mi Cng bng.
c ra i theo o lut thng mi bnh ng 1973, vn phng ny c trch nhim
thu thp thng tin lin quan n c cu ca cc nghnh v vic tin hnh kinh doanh.
NHn chung, tin cng cng bng l tin cng c c nh theo LUT TIN CNG
TI THIU quc gia.
Hot ng thng mi theo mc gi phi cn bng.
Mt cuc iu tra chn mu hng nm v xu hng chi tiu ca cc h gia nh do
chnh ph Anh tin hnh.
XemBEVERIGDE REPORT
H thng nng nghip ph bin cc vng chm pht trin da trn c s gia nh.
Nhng cch to vic lm bng cch dng qu nhiu sc lao ng v/ hoc khng
dng cng ngh tin tin.
Mt cng ty M c trch nhim bo him cc khon tin gi trong cc NGN HNG
THNG MI v cc hip hi tit kim v cho vay ln ti 100.000 la trong mt ti
khon ti mt th ch.
Th trng M, trong "nhng khon tin c th c s dng ngay lp tc" c
em cho vay hay i vay, ch yu l qua m gia cc Ngn hng thnh vin ca H
THNG D TR LIN BANG, cc th ch ti chnh ch yu khc cc chi nhnh v
c quan ca cc ngn hng khng phi ca M.
C quan ca chnh ph M s dng quyn lc ca mnh trn th trng tin t
cung cp cc khon thanh khon cho Hip hi tit kim v cho vay.
Page 204
economic
Mt t chc do chnh ph M thnh lp nm 1938, nhm tr gip th trng i vi
cc ti sn cm c c chnh ph ti tr
Xem FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM.
Mt cng c chng n do H THNG D TR LIN BANG pht hnh di nhiu
hnh thc khc nhau.
H thng ny c thnh lp M nm 1913 thc hin chc nng ca mt NGN
HNG TRUNG NG v xy dng mt khun kh mnh nhm kim sot h
thng ngn hng thng mi. H thng ny c cu trc quy m lin bang, gm c 12
Ngn hng d tr Lin bang, mi ngn hng c trch nhim v cc hot ng hng
ngy trong khu vc v hot ng ging nh knh lin h hai chiu gia h thng ny
v cng ng lin doanh.
o lut ny c ban hnh M vo nm 1914, nhm thit lp mt hi ng (FTC)
c kh nng trong cc cng vic kinh doanh iu tra "vic t chc, ch o kinh
doanh, th tc v qun l" ca cc cng ty hot ng thng mi gia cc tiu bang
v chng li "cc phng php cnh tranh khng cng bng". FTC cng c nhim v
chng li "cc hot ng hoc th tc khng cng bng, di tr hoc c lin quan n
thng mi".
Gi thit cho rng nhng iu kin trong th trng lao ng th cp (cp hai) lm cho
cng nhn c nhng thi quen lao ng xu.
Mt dng h thng chnh tr v kinh t thng tr Chu u thi k trung c. Ch ngha
phong kin c c trng bi mt thp x hi bt u t ngi nng dn l thuc
thng qua cc cha t v tc hu "thi p" ln n tn nh vua.
Tin c v th c lut php quy nh.
Mt b phn ca tin do ngn hng Anh pht hnh theo O LUT QUY CH NGN
HNG ca Hun tc Robert Peel nm 1844, c kh nng i ly tri phiu ca chnh
ph, v khc vi tin vng (v tin bc trn mt phm vi nht nh) v thoi vng.
Tn gi ca mt cng thc hay mt phng thc nhm loi b nhng bin ng
khng mong mun ca s liu.
Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong KINH T HC TH m t qu trnh
thay i v cht lng nh , nhn chung l din ra thng qua vic chuyn nh ca
nhm ngi c thu nhp cao sang nhm ngi c thu nhp thp hn.
Xem FULL INFORMATION MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD.
Nhng hng ho c s dng cho mc ch tiu dng ch khng dng nh l U
VO trong qu trnh sn xut cc cng ty. Do hng ho cui cng khc vi SN
PHM TRUNG GIAN.
S can thip vo TRANH CHP LAO NG ca mt bn th ba c lp v cng
bng, bn th ba ny xem xt cc l l ca hai bn v xut kin cui cng, quan
im cui cng ca mt trong cc bn tranh chp s c thc hin.
(Cn c gi l tng sn phm quc ni) Tt c cc loi hng ho v dch v c
ngi cui cng mua. Tng sn lng ca mt nn kinh t sau khi tr i SN PHM
TRUNG GIAN.
Theo ngha hp, n c ngha l VN di dng tin, tc l di dng s tin cho vay
hoc i vay nhm mc ch to vn thng qua cc thi trng hay th ch ti chnh.
Theo cch ni thng thng th cm thut ng ny dng ch s tin t bt k mt
ngun no c s dng cho bt k mt khon chi tiu no.
Mt tng cng ty c phn c lp vo nm 1973 t Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip
(FCI) v Cng ty Ti chnh Cng nghip v Thng mi (ICFC), FCI v ICFC c
thnh lp nm 1946 bi Ngn hng Anh, cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v
cc Ngn hng Scotland nhm cung cp cc khon vay cho trung v di hn cho cc
cng ty ang gp kh khn trong vic tng s vn t cc ngun khc.
Page 205
economic
Mt t chc trung gian ti chnh, khng phi Ngn hng, c th huy ng cc ngun
tin t vn ca ring mnh, thng qua vic tip nhn tin gi (thng l trong khong
thi gian c nh), hay thm ch bng cch vay t cc th ch khc, ri cho vay vi
nhiu mc ch khc nhau, c bit l cp tin cho cc hp ng thu mua v
cng c th l cho thu.
Mt nhm Th trng tin t c lin quan vi nhau v xut hin London vo nhng
nm 1960.
Ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon khc vi ti sn vt cht ca mt cng ty.
Bt k mt loi giy t no c s dng vi t cch l bng chng n v vic bn
v chuyn nhng n cho php ngi bn c c mt ngun ti chnh.
Theo mt ngha rng, l bt k mt ngi no c vai tr phi hp ngi cung cp c
bn v ngi s dng c bn ngun vn TI CHNH.
Xem CORPORATE RISK
Tp hp cc ch s gi v thu nhp trung bnh v tin li ca cc chng khon Anh
trong s giao dch chng khon.
Trc khi xut hin ch s FT - SE 100 vo nm 1984, th ch s ny l ch s gi c
phiu c s dng ph bin nht vi t cch l ch tiu tng qut v tnh hnh ca
Th trng chng khon ca Anh.
Cc c quan khc nhau s dng cc nm ti chnh khc nhau hch ton ti chnh
v khng cn phi trng hp vi nm lch s tiu chun.
Mt tnh cht ca QU TRNH XU TH TNH.
Trong kinh t hc tn c in, l tn gi c tnh cht phn tch ca mt th ch thc
hin nhim v chuyn cc u vo thnh u ra.
L thuyt v hng l ch quan trng trong KINH T HC VI M cp n vic
gii thch v d on hnh vi ca hng, c bit l trn phng din cc yu t quyt
nh gi c v sn lng.
Hiu s gia mt bin v gi tr tr mt bc v thi gian ca n.
Nhn chung, iu kin ny ni rng cc o hm bc nht ca HM MC TIU theo
BIN LA CHN phi bng 0 xc nh GI TR CC TR.
Ni chn cp n vic s dng thu v chi tiu chnh ph iu tit tng mc cc
hot ng kinh t.
Xem FISCAL FEDERALISM.
nh hng ca Lm pht i vi thu sut hu hiu hay trung bnh.
Mt h thng thu v chi tiu cng cng trong nhng khi kh nng thu nhp tng
v quyn kim sot chi tiu c giao cho cc cp khc nhau trong mt quc gia, t
chnh ph n cc n v nh nht chnh quyn a phng.
Tnh hung trong nhng li ch ca chi tiu chnh ph c nhng ngi hng
chi tiu ny xc nh mt cc r rng nhng chi ph khng xc nh r c, nhng
chi ph ny b phn tn theo thi gian v trong cng ng dn c.
H s cho bit mt mc gia tng ca chi tiu ti chnh tc ng n mc thu nhp cn
bng nh th no.
Xem TAX EXPENDITURES
Nh kinh t
Page 206
economic
Xem Fisher, Irving; CAMBRIDGE SCHOOL, FRIEDMAN, QUANTITY THEORY OF
MONEY.
Bt k ti sn vn phi ti chnh no ca cng ty c tui th kh di, chuyn dng cho
cc qu trnh sn xut nht nh v chi ph ca n thn c trang tri ch sau mt
thi k hot ng tng i di, v d nh my mc, nh xng.
Hm sn xut, trong cc u vo phi c kt hp theo cc t l c nh.
i vi mt hng ngn hn c nh ngha l mt khong thi gian trong mt s
YU T SN XUT khng th thay i c.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Nhng yu t sn xut khng th thay i v s lng.
Bao gm cc chi ph v vic lm v thay i theo t l t hn so vi s gi lm vic.
Cc m hnh gi thit rng cc giao dch c thc hin ti nhng mc gi khng cn
bng v nhng mc gi ny c gi c nh.
Phn nh qu trnh trong , t s VN/ LAO NG l c nh, ngha l chng ch c
th c s dng theo nhng t l c nh.
S phn bit ln u tin do J.R.HICKS a ra gia nhng gi khng phn ng vi
nhng thay i c bn trong cung v cu.
Mt khon tin hng nm c tnh vo tin li ca mt chng khon biu hin bng
t l % ca gi mua.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
L thuyt kinh t ch ra rng nu thc hin thi gian linh hot s c li v cc cng
nhn khc nhau c nhng khu v v s thch khc nhau.
Ch s chuyn CA CI t tin mt thnh cc ti sn sinh li.
S chnh lch gia khon tin cha thu c hay khon tin ang trong qu trnh thu
v khon tin phi n nhng chm.
Cm thut ng c cng ngha c cng ngha nh vn lu ng, ch s tin c u
t vo cng vic ang c thc hin, tin cng cn tr hay bt k mt loi u t
no khc khng phi l ti sn c nh.
Mt dng m bo ca ngi i vay i vi cc khon vay hay cc khon n khc, v
d nh c phiu cng ty.
Mt phn N QUC GIA c vay di dng cc CHNG KHON ngn hn thng
thng dng ch b phn c th hin bi HI PHIU B TI CHNH. S n ny
l "th ni" theo ngha l n lin tc gim cho qu trnh thanh ton n.
Xem EXCHANGE RATE
Xem EXCHANGE RATE.
Gii hn s i xung ca sn lng theo l thuyt CHU K KINH DOANH.
Hot ng pht hnh c phn cho cng chng nhm huy ng VN mi.
Lng ca mt bin kinh t c o lng trong mt khong thi gian.
S phn tch trn cc gic tng hp khc nhau, lung tin qu t cc khu vc
thng d v ti chnh ti cc khu vc thm ht.
Cm thut ng ny ch gi hay gi tr ca mt hng ho c tnh trn c s qu trnh
sn xut v khng bao gm chi ph vn chuyn hng ho n ngi tiu dng.
c thnh lp nm 1954, FAO c tr s Rome. Vi nh ci tin vic sn xut v
phn phi lng thc v cc sn phm nng nghip, t chc ny c giao nhim v
thu thp v nghin cu cc s liu thch hp v thc y cc hip nh trao i hng
ho quc t v tr gip k thut.
Nhng ngnh khng b rng buc vo mt ni nht nh nhm p ng yu cu v v
tr a l v do vy c th b tr bt c ni no.
Page 207
economic
Tn gi thng dng ca CH S C PHIU FT-SE 100.
Hnh nh ngc ca NGI XI CHA (free-rider). Ngi hng li bt buc l
nhng ngi nh gi li ch bng tin v khng phi bng tin ca vic tr thnh
thnh vin ca mt t chc thp hn chi ph bng tin v chi ph khng phi bng tin.
Mt dng tit kim pht sinh do ngi tiu dng khng c kh nng tiu tin ca mnh
vo nhng hng tiu dng m mnh mun, n thun l v nhng hng ho ny khng
c.
Chnh lch gia gi tr d on ca mt bin thu c bng cc phng php d
on kt qa t thc t.
Mt phng php c h thng nhm c c c lng v gi tr tng lai ca mt
bin, thng l da trn vic phn tch cc quan st v bin ng qu kh ca n.
Mt lung vn vo hoc mt s tr gip no cho mt nc khng do cc tc
nhn th trng t nhin cung cp.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENT.
TIN hoc cc TRI PHIU sinh li ca mt nc khc.
Th trng quc t trong cc ng tin c chuyn giao gia cc nc.
Xem EXTERNAL RESERVE.
Thng ch l u t ca mt nc khc do cc cng ty hay c nhn tin hnh v
khc vi vin tr chnh ph.
Bt k khon thanh ton no c tin hnh vi nc ngoi d i ly hng ha
v dch v, hay thanh ton n; vic thanh ton ny phi c thanh ton bng tin
mnh. Xem Foreign aid.
T s phn nh s thay i ca thu nhp c c t s thay i ca xut khu so vi
s thay i ca thu nhp.
Cn gi l hp ng tng lai. Xem Forward market.
Th trng trong cc ng tin c mua v bn theo nhng t gi hi oi c
c nh t by gi v giao vo mt thi gian nht nh trong tng lai.
Xem VERTICAL INTERGRATION.
Mi h gia mt ngnh hay mt cng ty v cc ngnh hay cng ty v cc ngnh hay
cc cng ty khc s dng u ra ca mt ngnh hay cng ty ny nh l U VO
ca mnh.
Bt k mt giao dch no c lin quan n mt hp ng mua hay bn hng ho, hoc
chng khon vo mt ngy c nh theo mc gi c tho thun trong hp ng, l
mt b phn ca th trng k hn.
T gi hi oi theo mt ng tin c th c mua hay bn c giao trong
tng lai trn th trng k hn.
Mt dng tr cp gia cc chnh quyn c s dng rng ri M nhm mc ch
san bng chi ph i vi tng cng ng a phng (v phng din thu sut t ra
cho tng a phng) trong vic cung cp mt mc dch v cng cng ti thiu.
Mt phng php c th chuyn s liu CHUI THI GIAN thnh khong tn s.
Hot ng m cc ngn hng THNG MI thc hin duy tr d tr cc ti sn c
kh nng chuyn hon cao mt mc no , thng l mc thp nht trong tng
danh mc ti sn ca h.
Nhn chung l ch thu nhp chu thu cng ty v v vy khng l i tng
tnh thu cng ty na, thu nhp ny l thuc v cng ty nhn n.
Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
Page 208
economic
Kh nng ca mt cng ty mi gia nhp mt th trng hng ho v dch v. Nu
hon ton khng c cc HNG RO GIA NHP th vic gia nhp l t do.
Mt hng ho m cung ca n t nht l bng cu ti mc gi bng khng.
Th trng khng c s can thip ca chnh ph v ti cc tc nhn cung v cu
c php hot ng t do.
Xem MARKET ECONOMY.
Xem FOB.
Tng d tr php nh ti mt th ch nhn tin gi tr i lng d tr yu cu v tr
i lng d tr vay c t Qu D tr Lin bang.
Mt hin tng ny sinh t c im ca HNG HO CNG CNG.
Chnh sch khng can thip ca chnh ph trong thng mi gia cc nc nhng
nc m thng mi din ra theo PHN CNG LAO NG quc t v l thuyt LI
TH SO SNH.
Mt s phn nhm khng cht ch gia cc nc loi b THU QUAN v cc
hng ro thng mi khc.
Th hin tm tt thng l di dng bng s hoc BIU TN SUT, th hin s
ln m mt BIN NGU NHIN nhn mt gi tr nht nh hay khong gi tr trong mt
mu quan st.
Thng c hiu l THT NGHIP TM KIM, ngha l s lng tht nghip tng
ng vi ch khuyt vic lm trn cng mt loi vic lm v TH TRNG LAO NG
A PHNG.
c phong l gio s kinh t ti trng i hc Chicago nm 1948 v l ngi lnh
o ca TRNG PHI CHICAGO.ng c tng gi Nobel kinh t nm 1976. Cc
tc phm ch yu ca ng v kinh t h gm: nh thu phng nga lm pht
(1953), L thuyt v yu t tiu dng (1957), L thuyt v gi c (1962), Lch s tin t
ca M 1867-1960, Nhng nguyn nhn v hu qu ca lm pht (1963). Friedman l
ngi i tin phong trong vic pht trin t tng v VN NHN LC v cng trnh
ca ng v hm tiu dng a n vic hnh thnh GI THIT THU NHP SUT
I. Lp trng phng php lun KINH T HC THC CHNG, h t tng t
do v vic xy dng nn T L THT NGHIP T NHIN ca ng gp phn ch
ra cc hn ch ca cc chnh sch N NH HO ca trng phi Keynes. Cng vi
Anna Schwartz, ng vit nn mt lch s tin t s ca M gp phn cung cp
c s cho vic pht trin L THUYT NH LNG TIN T v lm sng li s tin
tng vo cc hc thuyt trc Keynes vo s n nh t ng ca h thng kinh t.
ng m rng PHNG TRNH FISHER bao hm cc bin nh ca ci, li sut
v t l lm pht, gi c d kin v iu ny dn n s pht trin ca vn chng
theo ch ngha trng tin v kinh t hc v m.
Tt c cc yu t phi tin cng hay tin lng trong tng li ch bng tin m mt
ngi i lm nhn c t cng vic ca mnh.
Page 209
economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi Na uy v l ngi chung gii Nobel kinh t ln u tin vo
nm 1969 cng vi Jan Tinbergen nh nhng kt qu ca ng trong vic din t L
thuyt kinh t chnh xc hn v ton hc v a ra dng th hin ca n to kh nng
nghin cu thc nghim bng s lng v tin hnh kim nh thng k. Vo u
nhng nm 1930, Frisch i u trong nghin cu s hnh thnh dng ng cc chu
k thng mi, trong ng chng minh mt h thng ng vi mt s c tnh
ton hc to ra mt bin ng c tnh chu k tt dn vi chiu di bc sng l 4
n 8 nm. Khi h thng ny gp phi nhng c scngu nhin th nhng dao ng
hnh sng tr thnh hin thc v lu di. Cc thnh tu ca Frisch l ch ng l
ngi tin a ra cc phng php kim nh cc gi thuyt thng k. Trong lnh
vc chnh sch kinh t, ng a ra h thng hch ton quc gia rt c ch cho cc
chnh sch n nh ho v k hoch ho kinh t, gii thiu cc phng php quy
hoch ton hc s dng trong cc k thut my tnh in t hin i. Nhng cng
trnh ch yu ca ng l Phn tch hp lu thng k bng cc h thng hi quy hon
chnh (1943), Cc i v cc tiu (1966), L thuyt v sn xut (1965).
Thng k tun theo phn phi F. Thng c s dng kim nh ngha chung
ca mt tp hp cc bin gii thch trong phn tch hi quy.
Mt ch s gi ca 100 c phiu quan trng nht c nim yt ti S giao dch chng
kon London, Ch s ny c a ra vo nm 1984 vi ch s gi gc l 1000, bi v
lc ngi ta c cm gic rng Ch s cng nghip ca bo Financial Times b thin
lch qu nhiu v pha cc cng ty thuc nghnh ch to.
Xem TOKEN MONEY.
Ti bt k mc sn lng no, chi ph y l tng chi ph kh bin trung bnh, chi
ph c nh trung bnh v phn li nhun rng.
Quy tc nh gi theo cc cng ty tnh thm phn li nhun rng vo chi ph n v
trong khi vic tnh chi ph n v th bao gm tt c cc chi ph.
S o tc ng ca chnh sch ti chnh, khng ch n thun da vo quy m ca
thng d ngn sch.
L s o cc gi tr thc t ca hng ho v dch v c th c sn xut ra khi cc
yu t sn xut ca t nc c s dng ht, khi nn kinh t mc tht nghip t
nhin.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
Mt k thut c lng h thng cc phng trnh ng thi, tuyn tnh hay phi tuyn
tnh. Xem maximum likehood.
Mt cng thc ton hc c th ho mi lin h gia cc gi tr ca mt tp hp cc
bin c lp xc nh gi tr cc bin ph thuc.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
Xem CHAIN RULE.
Thng thng n ca chnh ph khng nh ngy tr li theo hp ng. Lc u, cm
thut ng ny ch hot ng ca thay th n c ti tr cho n vi mt ngy tr nht
nh. Gi y, n c s dng rng ri hn ch s thay th ca cc khon n di
hn cho cc khon n ngn hn.
Page 210
economic
Nh Forward contract. Nhng c kh nng chuyn nhng hoc hu b. Xem
Forward contract.
Xem Forward market.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Phc li tng ln ca nn kinh t th gii ni chung hay i vi mt nc ring, tu
thuc vo quan im, do kt qu ca vic tham gia vo thng mi quc t.
Xem HYPER INFLATION.
L thuyt v vic ra quyt nh hp l ca c nhn c thc hin trong nhng iu
kin khng thnh tin lin quan n nhng kt qu ca cc quyt nh ny.
Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE.
Xem GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Ch tiu th hin t l tng i ca vn n v vn c phn.
T s ca ti chnh n vi tng s ca n v ti chnh vn c phiu thng thng.
Hip nh c k ti Hi ngh Geneva nm 1947 v c hiu lc t ngy 1/1/1948.
y l mt hip nh thng mi a phng ra cc quy tc tin hnh cc quan h
thng mi quc t v cung cp mt din n cho s m phn a phng v cc
gii php cho cc vn thng mi v gim dn THU QUAN v cc rng buc
khc i vi thng mi.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
S phn loi cng nghip ca cc hot ng kinh t trong Cng ng chu u l cch
khc ca s phn loi cng nghip theo tiu chun quc t.
Tnh hung trong tt c cc th trng trong nn kinh t ng thi trng thi cn
bng, ngha l gi c v s lng khng i.
Xem GRANT.
Cn gi l c lng Aitken. Mt dng c lng theo kiu BNH PHNG NH
NHT p dng cho cc trng hp trong Ma trn phng sai - Hip phng sai
ca Thnh phn nhiu ca phng trnh hi quy khng c s 0 trong cc v tr ngoi
ng cho, v/ hoc khng c cc phn t thuc ng cho ging nhau.
Dng hm s c s dng ph bin nht trong phn tch kinh t lng, n c bit
coi bin ph thuc l mt hm tuyn tnh ca tp hp cc bin c lp.
Theo GSP, c ngh ti hi ngh ca Lin hp quc v thng mi v pht trin
ln u tin nm 1964 v c chp thun ti hi ngh ln th hai vo nm 1968, cc
nc cng nghip ng khng nh thu nhp khu t cc nc ang pht trin,
trong khi vn nh thu nhp khu i vi cc nc cng nghip khc, do to
ra mt chnh lch u i cho cc nc ang pht trin.
Mc gi chung ca tt c hng ho trong nn kinh t.
Xem Keynes.
Nghip on l t chc tp hp cng nhn cc ngnh v bao gm nhiu ngh
nghip khc nhau.
Xem GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE.
Page 211
economic
Tn thng gi cho c vng m phn th nht (1947) v ln m phn th t (1955-
56) trong khun kh v Hip nh chung v thu quan v thng mi.
Cm thut ng c s dng trong l thuyt pht trin kinh t m t mt khu vc
trong s vi s dn, kh nng k thut, s thch v khu v nht nh, s xut hin
li tc tng dn t lao ng v t bn.
Cn gi l tr gim dn theo s m.
R.Grilbrat (cc nn kinh t khng cn i, Paris, 1931) c cng xy dng mt m
hnh m t qu trnh tng trng ngu nhin bng cch no c th to ra c
phn b chun LOG quy m hng.
Mt hng m cu v n c xu hng gim khi gi gim, v vy, r rng l mu thun
vi quy lut cu. Hng ho ny mang tn ca Robert Giffen (1937-1910), ng quan st
thy rng ngi ngho mua bnh m nhiu hn khi gi tng. Tnh hung ny xy ra
khi tr s tuyt i ca NH HNG THU NHP (so vi gi) ln hn nh hng thay
th. Co gin ca cu i vi thu nhp i vi hng ho th cp l m.
Xem CAPITAL TRANSFER TAX.
Tt c s n chnh ph, khng tnh tri phiu B ti chnh, di dng cc chng
khon c th trao i c, (ngha l c th bn c trn th trng chng khon).
Ch s v mc bt bnh ng (thng l) ca phn phi thu nhp.
Mt h thng thanh ton thng qua chuyn khon cc khon tin gi "ghi s", c th
thng thch vi h thng SEC ngn hng truyn thng nhng khc v c cu.
Php kim nh c s dng nhn dng vn phng sai KHNG THUN
NHT trong S d ca mt phng trnh hi quy.
Xem GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT.
S hn ch sn lng do cng nhn gy ra trong khun kh H THNG THANH
TON KHUYN KHCH trnh vic p dng cc tiu chun n lc lm vic cao hn
trn mt n v thanh ton.
Mt phng tin ghi n hay giy bc do B ti chnh pht hnh th hin mun ca
B ti chnh bin mt lng vng nht nh thnh tin.
Trong l thuyt tng trng, l mt tnh hung TNG TRNG CN I trong
T L TNG TRNG C BO M bng vi T l tng trng t nhin khi c
vic lm.
Con ng tng trng ti u a ra mc tiu dng u ngi l bn vng v ti a
trong mt nn kinh t.
Con ng tng trng cn i trong mi mt th h tit kim th h mai sau phn
thu nhp m cc th h trc tit kim c.
Mt dng BN V VNG, theo mt nc neo gi tr ng tin ca mnh theo gi tr
ng tin ca mt nc trung tm.
Xem Gold point.
Xem Gold point.
Tn ca mt php kim nh c s dng nhn dng vn Phng sai khng
thun nht trong S d ca mt phng trnh Hi quy.
Th trng bun bn vng kim loi, tin vng hay vng nn.
Cc mc t gi trao i m ti khi mt ng tin mt BN V VNG, th vic mua
vng t Ngn hng trung ng v xut khu vng (im xut khu vng) hay nhp
khu v bn n cho ngn hng trung ng (im nhp khu vng) l c l nhun.
Page 212
economic
H thng t chc tin t theo gi tr tin ca mt nc l c xc nh theo lut bng
mt lng vng c nh, v ng tin trong nc c dng tin vng v/ hoc tin giy
khi cn c th chuyn i thnh vi t l c xc nh theo lut.
Mt quy lut mang tn nh kinh t Goodhart cho rng bt c tng lng tin no c
chn lm bin mc tiu th cng u b bp mo bi chnh nhng hnh ng vo mc
tiu .
Mt cm thut ng chung m t mc ph hp s liu ca mt phng trnh kinh t
lng c c lng.
Cc hng ho hu hnh c ng gp tch cc vo PHC LI KINH T. Phn bit vi
hng xu.
Mt thut ng c s dng trong hch ton ti sn v hnh thng c o bng s
chnh lch gia gi tr cho mt cng vic ang tin hnh v gi tr trn giy ca n.
Mt thut ng ting Nga ch U ban k hoch nh nc trc y Lin X. N c
trch nhim ra cc k hoch sn xut v chuyn cho cc t chc thch hp thi
hnh.
Xem BUDGET DEFICIT.
Mun tm hiu chi tit hn, xem CHI TIU CNG CNG. Nhng chi tiu ny to nn
mt phn quan trng ca TNG CHI TIU v may mc d c coi l ngoi sinh
trong M HNH CHI TIU THU NHP n gin, vn chim gi mt vai tr quan trng
trong m hnh Keynes trong vic xc nh MC THU NHP QUC DN CN BNG.
C quan ca chnh ph M tr gip th trng cm c nh .
Mt cm thut ng chung ch s n c th trao i c ca chnh ph trung ng, t
thi hn ngn nht, ngha l HI PHIU B TI CHNH ti thi hn rt di v nhng
khon n khng xc nh ngy.
Mt quan im ca chnh sch pht trin kinh t cho rng qu trnh pht trin kinh t l
mt hin tng tng trng t t, chc chn, chm chp v do vy cc bin php
chnh sch cn thit cng phi mang c trng nay.
Mt k hoch ti tr cho gio dc i hc thng qua sinh vin c vay tin p
ng cc chi ph v gio dc v/ hoc cuc sng trong khi nghin cu v s thanh ton
li mt phn bng thu nhp trong tng lai.
Mt khi nim do P.SAMUELSON S DNG nhm khi phc li vic s dng tng t
bn trong cc m hnh kinh t tn c in.
Mt s dn xp qua cc thnh vin hin hnh thuc mt ngh nghip c min
p dng cc bn v CP BNG NGH NGHIP cao hn t ra cho ngh nghip ny.
Xem CAUSALITY.
Khon tin do mt t chc hay c nhn cp cho cc t chc v cc c nhn khc m
n khng to thnh mt b phn trao i no , nhng ch l mt thanh ton chuyn
khon mt chiu.
Xem INTER-GOVERNMENTAL GRANTS.
Page 213
economic
Mt cch tip cn c s dng rng ri nhm gii mt s bi ton trong Kinh t hc
khu vc v nghin cu vn ti, th hin c s lng quan h tng tc ln nhau
gia 2 v tr v c xc nh bi quy m tng tc hoc tm quan trng ca cc v tr
ny v khong cchgia chng. Mt dng tng tc ny l s di chuyn v dn s.
Cc quan h tng tc khc l i li bng t hay i li bng my bay.
Tn gi ca mt chnh sch pht trin c pht ng Trung Quc vo cui nm
1957 nhm y nhanh qu trnh pht trin vi t l tng trng cng nghip l 20-
30%. Rt kh nh gi thnh cng ca chnh sch mo him ny do c nhng s kin
khc xut hin ng thi vo qung thi gian ny.
T gi hi oi ca ng bng Sterling s dng chuyn i gi c nng nghip
c chp thun bi chnh sch nng nghip chung tnh theo n v tin t chu u
thnh gi c nc Anh.
Mt cm thut ng c s dng trong trng hp c s tng mnh trong nng sut
nng nghip cc nc ang pht trin bng cch a vo p dng cc loi ging
chng c bnh tt, c nng sut cao.
Mt quy lut do Hun tc Thomas Gresham (1591-1579), nh kinh doanh v vin
chc ngi Anh a ra.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
Xem GROSS INVESTMENT
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Mt ch s gi c s dng iu chnh gi tr bng tin ca tt c hng ho v
dch v tham gia vo tng sn phm quc ni khi gi c thay i.
Tng u t ny sinh trong nn kinh t trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Mc chnh lch gia gi tr cho ngi bn bun cung cp v gi nhn c ca
ngi bn l.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Xem PROFIT.
Li nhun kim c t nhng nghip v trc khi tr i KHU HAO v li i vi ti
chnh n v mc tng gi c phn.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
By nc cng nghip ch yu (Canada, Php, c, Italia, Nht, Anh v M), nhng
ngi ng u chnh ph cc b trng kinh t ca nhng nc ny thng xuyn
gp nhau nhm phi hp chnh sch kinh t v m, c bit l v t gi hi oi ph
hp gia cc nc. Hin nay c thm Nga gia nhp thnh cc nc G8.
Mt lin minh lng lo ca hn 100 nc ch yu l ang pht trin, lc u l do 77
nc thnh lp ti HI NGH LIN HP QUC THNG MI V PHT TRIN vo
nm 1964 biu th hn na mi quan tm tp th ca h v s pht trin th ch
ca h thng kinh t th gii.
Tht nghip do thiu ht cu di hn.
y l mt hnh thi thay i ca mt bin theo thi gian.
cp n T sut li nhun ti a m mt hng c th duy tr c cc t l tng
trng khc nhau.
cp n mt tnh hung trong do T l chit khu hin hnh nh hn t l tng
trng ca c tc hng nm khng i d kin ca mt hng, gi tr c phn s tin
n v hn.
Nh cng trnh i u ca E.T. Penrose (l thuyt tng trng ca hng, Blackwell,
Oxford,1959) v R.L.Marris (l thuyt kinh t ca ch ngha t bn "qun l",
Macmillan, London, 1964) cc l thuyt tng trng tr thnh mt ngnh ca cc l
thuyt v QUN L HNG v c coi l ph hp i vi mt nn kinh t hng trong
cc nh qun l ca cc hng c quyn t do trong vic ra cc mc tiu m h
mun theo ui.
Page 214
economic
Cc m hnh ny sinh t vic nghin cu nn kinh t khi c s thay i v lng t
bn, quy m dn s v ko theo p lc v s lng v c cu tui ca lc lng lao
ng v tin b k thut. C 2 nhm l thuyt chnh: 1)L thuyt tng trng tn c
in. 2)L thuyt tng trng ca Keynes (v Keynes mi).
Hm ny to ra T S GI TR cc i m mt hng c th duy tr c ti cc mc
t l tng trng khc nhau v l mt c im chung ca cc L THUYT TNG
TRNG CA HNG.
Thanh ton tr cho nhng cng nhn ch lm vic trong thi gian ngn m khng phi
do li ca h.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Xem NORM FOLLOWING BEHAVIOUR.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Nh kinh t ngi Nauy, c gii thng Nobel kinh t nm 1989 v cng trnh
nghin cu v c s mn kinh t lng. ng gp quan trng nht ca ng th hin
trong bn lun n lm ti trn i hc Harvard, sau c xut bn di nhan :
"Nghin cu xc sut trong kinh t lng". Tp ch Econometrica tp 12, tr.118
(1944). Tc phm cho thy trong vic lp cng thc l thuyt kinh t bng ngn
ng xc sut c th s dng cc phng php suy lun thng k rt ra cc kt
lun chnh xc v cc quan h c bn t mt "mu ngu nhin" trong nhng quan st
theo thc nghim. iu ny cho php rt ra nhng m hnh kinh t, kim nghim v
s dng chng trong d bo. Lun n ca ng cng a ra nhng tin b trong vic
gii bi ton v s ph thuc ln nhau gia cc bin s kinh t, v ng ngh cc
phng php xc nh r vic nhn dng v nh giaccs quan h kinh t khi c s
ph thuc ln nhau. Phng php ca ng c cc nh kinh t lng khc cng
nhn v pht trin. Ngoi cng trnh v l thuyt kinh t lng, Haavelmo cn c nhiu
ng gp quan trng v l thuyt u t v tng trng kinh t. Ngoi bn lun n,
nhng sch xut bn ca ng l: Nghin cu v l thuyt pht trin kinh t(1954),
Nghin cu v l thuyt u t (1960).
Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra o, ni ting v nghin cu thng mi quc t.
Trong cun L thuyt thng mi quc t (1936), ng a ra mt cch chng minh
khc v li ch thng mi bng chi ph c hi ca sn xut cc hng ho v xem
nh hng ho khc khng c s xut. iu ny b qua trng hp gi thc t
trong nghin cu ca Ricardo. Mt tc phm khc ca ng l Thnh vng v nh
n (1935), trong c xem xt ti liu v chu k kinh doanh. Cc tc phm ln khc
ca ng l Thng mi quc t; Cc chuyn kho gy ting vang; Nghin cu v l
thuyt thng mi quc t (1961) v Tin t trong nn kinh t (1965).
Mt HM CU i vi hng ho khng lu bn, cho thy rng cu trong bt k giai
on no cng c th b nh hng bi vic mua hng t trc.
U ban t vn ca chnh ph Anh c lp ra t vn v t chc mt h thng
TIEN T BI S MI. Thnh lp nm 1961 v ngng hot ng nm 1963.
Trc s kin Big Bang nm 1986, khi mt cng ty mi gii chng khon khng o
kh nng tr n cho khch hng hoc NHNG NGI MI GII CHNG KHON
th quyn kinh doanh trn th trng chng khon ca cng ty b nh ch.
Nhng ngi tht nghip c ng k cm thy do cc iu kin v th cht v tinh
thn, do thi i vi cng vic hoc do tui tc nn rt kh tm vic lm.
Mt loi tin t c mc cu cao lin tc so vi cung trn trn th trng hi oi.
Xem INVISIBLE HAND.
Page 215
economic
Sau khi dy trng dng Oxford t nm 1922, ng c b nhim lm ph gio s
Vin kinh t quc t nm 1952. ng l biien tp t Economic Journal t nm 1945-
1961. Cc sch xut bn ca ng bao gm: Chu k thng mi (1936), Tin ti
kinh t hc ng (1948), Cuc i ca John Maynard Keynes (1951), Mt b sung vo
thuyt kinh t ng (1952), Chnh sch chng lm pht (1958), Tham lun th hai v
l thuyt kinh t ng (1961) v ng lc kinh t (1973).
M hnh tng trng mt khu vc do R.F.Harrod v E.Domar pht trin vo nhng
nm 1940, v c bn xut pht t cc cuc cch mng Keynes, v n c lin quan ti
s n nh kinh t v tht nghip cng nh nhng gi thit cng nhc dng cho phn
tch ngn hn.
Mt loi tin b k thut c lp so snh cc im trong qu trnh tng trng t
l sn lng so vi vn khng thay i.
Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION.
Sinh ra v hc ti Vin, Hayek l ngi lnh o mt s c s ca trng kinh t
London v cc trng i hc Chicago, Freiburg v Salzburg. Nm 1974, ng c
trao gii Nobel kinh t cng vi G.MYRDAL. Li dn khi trao gii Nobal cng nhn
cng hin m ng ca ng v l thuyt tin t v lao ng, v hiu qu lao ng
ca cc h thng kinh t khc nhau, v lnh vc nghin cu ca ng bao gm c c
cu lut php trong h thng kinh t. Trong cun Gi c v sn xut (1931), ng kt
hp l thuyt tin t vi l thuyt ca trng phi o v vn. Vi tc phm The Road
to Serfdom (ng Xung Kip Lao T) (1944), ng chuyn sang lnh vc trit hc
chnh tr v lut php, trong ng phn tch vn t do, mt ch c nng ln
trong (Constitution of Liberty) Hin Php T do (1960). Ngoi ra, Hayek c nhiu
ng gp trong lch s t duy tr tu nh trong tc phm John Stuart Mill v Harriet
Taylor (1951) v trong phng php lun nh Cuc phn cch mng khoa hc. (Xem
AUSTRIAN SCHOOL)
Nghin cu ny do nh kinh t ngi Thu in Heckcher khi xng, sau c
ngi ng hng ca ng l Ohlin pht trin (trong Thng mi quc t v gia cc
vng, 1935), cng nhn rng thng mi quc t da trn s khc nhau ca chi ph
tng i nhng c gng gii thch cc yu t to ra s khc nhau trong gi tng i
ny.
Mt hnh ng do ngi mua hoc ngi bn thc hin t bo v thu nhp ca
mnh khi c s tng gi xy ra tong tng lai.
Gi n hay GI BNG l tnh cht ca mt hng ho. Mt phn gi ca loi hng ho
c lin quan n mi tnh cht ca n v do vy c th nh gi s thay i v cht
lng.
Trit l cho rng hnh vi ca con ngi b chi phi bi su tm kim th vui. Tuy
nhin, vi t cch l mt trit l, ch ngha khoi lc b thay i rt nhiu bi khi nim
v ngha v, trch nhim
Mt thc o tp trung ca th trng cng nghip.
Cht lng ca hng ho, dch v hoc cc yu t to ra s khc nhau trong quan
nim ca ngi tiu dng v ngi sn xut.
VN vt cht thuc nhiu loi c trng ring cho tng qu trnh sn xut v khng
c chuyn sang qu trnh khc. Khi nim ny tr nn lng lo vi tng rng
mt hng ho vn d chia nh c th s dng cho sn xut nhiu hng ho trong
nhiu qu trnh.
Cc hng ho hay dch v do cc i v kinh t a ra trn mt th trng nht nh
m c t hp thuc tnh khng ging nhau di con mt ca ngi mua sn phm .
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong phng sai ca sai s trong mt m hnh hi quy
khng ng nht gia cc quan st.
Page 216
economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ng gii Nobel kinh t 1972, cng vi Kenneth ARROW
ng dy ti trng Kinh t London v cc trng i hc: Cambridge, Manchester v
Oxford. ng nhn c gi Nobel do nghin cu v l thuyt CN BNG TNG TH
trong Gi tr v t bn (1939), c bit v vn n nh h thng cn bng tng th
trc cc c sc t bn ngoi; v nghin cu trong KINH T HC PHC LI,
THNG D CA NGI TIU DNG. Tuy nhin, Hicks cn nghin cu nhiu lnh
vc khc. L tuyt tin lng (1932) ca ng nu ra phng php NNG SUT BIN
ng dng trong xc nh tin lng theo quan nim c in. Trong bi Keynes v cc
phng php c in (1937), ng khc phc c vn bt nh ca thu
Keynes v qu c th cho vay v LI SUT bng cch a vo cc ng IS/LM, cc
ng IS/LM tr thnh cng c dng trong phn tch l thuyt Keynes. Nm 1950, ng
tng hp cc tng Keynes (Phng php QU TRNH S NHN) ca cc nh
kinh t lng ( tr) ca qu trng gia tc v ca Harrod (tng trng v h thng
khng n nh) vo m hnh ca chu k kinh doanh trong Mt ng gp vo l thuyt
vo chu k kinh doanh. ng cng xut bn cc cun sch v L thuyt cu v hin
trng ca kinh t hc Keynes.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
Mt phn loi ca tin b k thut pht trin c lp so snh cc im trong qu trnh
tng trng m t l VN/ LAO NG l khng i.
Cn gi l tht nghip tr hnh. V lc lng lao ng bin i tun hon, nn ngi ta
lp lun rng s ngi tht nghip c thng bo phn nh khng ht lng ngi
tht nghip thc s do khng tnh nhng cng nhn chn nn.
Trong l thuyt truyn thng v s nhn tn dng, ti sn d tr m da vo h
thng ngn hng to ra tin gi ngn hng rng buc cc hot ng cho vay ca ngn
hng v dn n to ra tin gi gp chung c gi l "tin mnh".
Xem ACCESSION RATE.
Kh khn trong tuyn ngi i vi ngi ch khng phi l tip xc vi nhiu ng c
vin nht, m vn l tm s ng c vin xng ng dnh thi gian xem xt.
Mt minh ho bng th ca phn phi theo tn xut ( hay PHN PHI XC SUT),
trong tn sut (hay xc sut) l mt bin ly gi tr gia cc gii hn c tnh
bng chiu cao ca mt ct trn trc honh gia cc gii hn .
Chi ph xy ra vo thi im mt yu t u vo hoc ngun liu c mua vo v v
vy khng bng chi ph thay th u vo (chi ph thay th) nu gi tng ln vo thi
im .
Cc m hnh kinh t c kh nng phn tch cc bin i vtnh hnh trong th gii hin
thc, i lp vi cc m hnh CN BNG thng nng tnh l thuyt.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t c th k XIX m phng php lun v phn tch ca h
c nh hng ln trong cc nc ni ting c.
Xem Historical school.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt cng ty kim sot mt s cng ty khc thng qua s hu mt t l trong vn c
phn chung ca cc cng ty .
Tnh cht ca hng ho dch v hoc cc yu t ging nhau theo cch suy ngh ca
nh phn phi v ngi tiu dng.
Mt hm c coi l ng nht bc n nu nhn tt c cc bin C LP vi mt
hng s Lamda c kt qu bng BIN PH THUC nhn vi Lamda.
Khi cc n v kinh t a ra trn mt th trng nht nh mt lot cc sn phm v
dch v ging nhau di con mt ca ngi mua th sn phm c gi l ng
nht.
Xem PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Mt tnh cht ca phng sai ca thnh phn nhiu trong cc phng trnh hi quy
khi n c nh trong tt c cc quan st.
Tnh cng bng hoc cng l p dng vi cc c nhn trong cng mt hon cnh.
Page 217
economic
Lin kt theo phng ngang xy ra khi hai hng cng mt giai on trong qu trnh
sn xut st nhp vi nhau lp ra mt doanh nghip duy nht. Xem MERGER.
Mt quc gia c li sut cao s thu ht tin t nc ngoi vo.
Mt quy tc v s dng ti u cc ti nguyn thin nhin khng ti to c do
H.Hotelling a ra nm 1931 (Kinh t hc v ti nguyn c th b cn kit, Tp ch
kinh t chnh tr , tp 39, trang 137-175).
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
Ct yu ca vn nhn lc l ch u t co ngun nhn lc s lm tng nng sut
lao ng.
Nh t tng ln ngi Scotland. ng c nhiu ng gp i vi kinh t chnh tr
trong tc phm Thuyt trnh chnh tr (1752). ng nhn mnh (theo sau LOCKE) rng
khi lng tin t trong nc khng c vai tr g i vi ca ci thc t ca nc
v hon thin THUYT TIN T NH LNG. ng b sung v cng ph
nhn l thuyt ca LOCKE rng mt quc gia c th cao thng d hoc thm ht
thng mi thng xuyn. C CH CHY VNG m bo rng thng mi quc t
lun cn bng. L thuyt cung cu ca ng rt c quan tm. Nhu cu v vay tin
thng b nh hng mt phn bi cc k vng v kinh doanh v do vy t l li
nhun v li sut c quan h mt thit vi nhau. ng cho rng phng php lun
khoa hc x hi l mt ngnh ca tm l hc ng dng. Trit l ny v quan im ca
ng v li ch ring v nhu cu tch tr vi t cch l ng lc thc y cho cc hot
ng kinh t c nh hng quan trng n A.SMITH v cc nh kinh t hc tip theo.
U ban ca tng thng v c cu v lut l ti chnh a ra bo co nm 1972, ku
gi ci t dn dn cc nghnh dch v ti chnh M.
Kt qu lm vic ca u ban Hong gia Anh, c lp ra xem xt kh khn ca a
phng nc Anh c gi l trung gian - tc l nm gia cc vng thnh vng
v cc vng tr tr v c nhn tr cp nh CHNH SCH A PHNG U ban
hong gia (HMSO) v cc vng trung gian Cmnd, 3998, London, 1969.
Tnh trng lm pht tng nhanh khi c siu lm pht, gi c tng ln 10 ln, thm ch
100 ln ch trong vng 1 thng.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t cc th tc thng k xc nh tnh ng n
ca mt gi thuyt.
Cc nh khoa hc s dng thut ng ny miu t mt trng thi trong cn bng
ca mt h thng ph thuc vo lch s ca h thng .
Xem INTERNATIONAL BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem INVESTOR OF INDUSTRIES.
Xem INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION.
Bi ton kinh t lng ny sinh trong qu trnh c lng cc tham s ca cc
phng trnh ng thi.
Mt phng trnh ng theo nh ngha hay c tc dng xc nh mt bin no .
Thng k hiu l I. L mt ma trn c cc phn t nm trn ng cho bng 1 cn
cc phn t nm ngoi ng cho bng 0.
Page 218
economic
Bn cht c o ca cc nhim v v do vy cc k nng ca tng cng nhn gip
cho cc cng nhn v cc ng ch c c cc t do nht nh khi ra mc tin
cng.
Tin c rt ra khi lu thng v c lu di dng tin tch tr ca ci.
Vic thiu tnh chuyn hon ca mt ti sn nht nh hoc ca mt danh mc ti sn
do mt ngi giao dch nm gi.
Xem INTERNATIONAL LABOR OFFICE.
Con s c cn bc hai ca m mt, v thng k hiu l i. Xem COMPLEX NUMBER.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Mt hng tng trng ca HNG thng qua A DNG HO chi mt qu trnh
tng trng c kch thch bng cch a vo nhng sn phm c c tnh sao cho
ngi tiu dng khng nhn thc c sn phm ny l mi; ngha l chng khng
thc tnh v tho mn CC NHU CU TIM N.
Mt trng hp c th xy ra nhng khng chc chn, trong mt s gia tng sn
lng kinh t trong mt nc thng qua tc ng phn hi ca thng mi s dn
n mt tnh hung trong PHC LI KINH T b gim st.
Mt tn gi chung cho nhng k thut dng o lng nh hng ca mt thay i
nht nh trong hot ng kinh t n mt nn kinh t cp vng hay cp a phng.
Tc ng ngay tc th ca mt thay i trong BIN NGOI SINH ln BIN NI SINH,
tng phn vi tc ng tng hp hay di hn ca s thay i ny.
cp n mt ngi, mt cng ty hay mt giao dch b nh thu.
Mt cm thut ng chung c th c s dng theo 2 cch. 1)Dng ch bt k mt
dng c cu th trng no khng pah l cnh tranh hon ho v do vy n bao gm
CNH TRANH C QUYN, C QUYN NHM v C QUYN. 2)Dng ch
bt k mt c cu th trng no khng phi l CNH TRANH HON HO v C
QUYN.
L th trng trong cc iu kin sau y ca mt th trng hon ho khng c
tho mn: 1)Sn phm ng nht. 2)Mt s ln ngi mua v ngi bn. 3)Ngi
mua v ngi bn c quyn t do nhp v ra khi th trng. 4)Tt c ngi mua v
ngi bn u c thng tin hon ho v thy c trc tp hp cc mc gi hin ti
v tng lai. 5)Lng mua v lng bn ca tng thnh vin th trng l khng
ng k so vi tng khi lng giao dch. 6)Khng c s kt cu gia ngi bn v
ngi mua. 7)Ngi tiu dng cc i ho tng THO DNG v ngi bn cc
i ho TNG L NHUN. 8)Hng ho c kh nng chuyn nhng.
Theo t tng Mac-xt hay t tng X hi ch ngha th Ch ngha quc l mt
chnh sch ca nc ngoi nhm tm cch p dng s kim sot v chnh tr v kinh
t i vi khu vc lc hu m bo cho nc ch c c mt th trng tng
i vi nhng khon tin tit kim nhn ri v cc hng ho ch to d tha nhm i
ly cc nguyn vt liu chin lc.
Thi gian cn c thc thi CHNH SCH TIN T, v cn c gi l tr bn
trong.
Khi nim hp ng n c s dng nhm cung cp mt c s cho vic tn ti tin
cng v gi c t bin i v c da trn nhng c tnh KHNG THCH RI RO
khc nhau ca chu doanh nghip v ngi lm thu.
Chi ph c hi ca vic s dng cc yu t sn xut m mt nh sn xut khng phi
mua hay thu m li s hu chng.
Hm s c biu din di dng khng c BIN PH THUC.
Mt ch s gi c s dng gim pht mt hay nhiu thnh phn ca ti khon
thu nhp quc dn.
Gi c m ngi ch mt yu t sn xut di dng vt cht chng hn nh t bn,
tnh i vi mt hng cho vic s dng yu t ny. Xem USER COST OF CAPITAL.
Hng ho hay dch v c tiu dng mt nc nhng mua t nc khc.
Page 219
economic
Xem TARIFFS.
Xem QUOTA.
Cc hn ch v s lng hoc chng loi hng ho c nhp khu vo mt nc
thng qua vic s dng thu quan hay hn ngch.
Mt trong nhng chin lc pht trin ch yu c cc nc ang pht trin la
chn.
Xem TARIFFS.
Xem SOCIAL WELFARE FUNCTION.
Xem MIXED GOOD.
Khi nim tin thu do doanh nhip t tr cho mnh trong vic s dng t ai m
doanh nghip s hu. Xe, IMPLICIT COST.
Xem IDLE BALANCES.
Xem PAYMENT BY RESULTS.
Ch s phn phi cui cng gnh nng ca mt khon thu. Cm thut ng ny
cp n nhng ngi c thu nhp thc t b gim do vic nh thu.
S lng tin, hng ho hoc dch v do mt c nhn, hay cng ty hay mt nn kinh
t nhn c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Xem Circular flow of Income.
Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca ngi tiu dng v NG NGN SCH
xc nh v tr cn bng ca ngi tiu dng.
Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
S khc nhau v mc thu nhp gia nhng ngi khc nhau. S khc nhau ny
thng l do cc loi cng vic nh s khc bit v k nng lm vic, v v tr a l
trong mt s vng c th c mc tin cng cao hn vng khc, hay c th c s
khc nhau gia mc tin cng thnh th v nng thn.
Mt s thay i gi c ca mt hng ho s lm gim hay tng thu nhp thc t ca
ngi tiu dng.
o lng mc phn ng ca lng cu v mt hng ho i vi mt mc thay i
v mc thu nhp ca nhng ngi c yu cu v hng ho ny.
M hnh mt khu vc dng Keynes n gin cho php xc nh c MC THU
NHP QUC DN CN BNG.
Cc chnh sch c ra nhm nng mc thu nhp ca mt s nhm ngi hay c
nhn no .
T s gia gi tr gia tng v tng doanh thu ca mt doanh nghip hay mt ngnh.
nh ca chnh ph mun kim sot tin cng bng mt hnh thc can thip no
vo qu trnh thng thuyt v tin cng.
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
y l mt loi thu quan trng nht Ah v ng mt vai tr quan trng trong cc
ch ti chnh ca tt c cc nc phng Ty.
Xem TERM OF TRADE.
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economic
S o tc lu thng ca tin c ngun gc t s phn tch ca trng phi
Cambridge (xem QUANTITY, THEORY OF MONEY ), trong s lng tin mt
trung bnh c quan h vi mc thu nhp trong mt thi k nht nh.
Xem ECONOMIES OF SCALE, RETURNS TO SCALE.
S n v VN tng thm cn thit sn xut ra mt n v sn lng tng thm.
Bin xut hin v phi ca du phng trnh, gi l bin khng ph thuc bi v gi
tr ca n c xc nh "mt cch c lp" hoc c xc nh ngoi phng trnh
ny.
Mt c ch iu chnh theo tng thi k gi tr danh ngha ca cc hp ng theo s
bin ng ca CH S GI c xc nh.
Ch s ho cc khon tr cp thu l qu trnh gi cho s lng tr cp thu khng
i tnh theo gi tr thc t.
Con s th hin gi tr ca mt i lng no .
Vn ch s c th ny sinh khi mun so snh hai tp hp bin s ti hai thi im
khc nhau nhng s dng mt ch s thi v c nhiu cch khc nhau tng hp cc
bin s vo cng mt s o.
Vic s dng cc mc tiu c xc nh t trung ng phi hp cc k hoch
sn lng, U T CA KHU VC CNG CNG v u t t nhn.
Mt nhn nh cho rng mt HNG HO, mt s kin hay mt d n va c a
thch hn va khng c a thch hn mt hng ho khc
Tp hp cc ng BNG QUAN, trong mi ng k tip nm pha ngoi
ng trc theo hng ng bc. Cc ng bng quan cao hn ch mc tho
dng cao hn.
Mt cch c lng cc tham s ca cac PHNG TRNH NG THI trnh c
S CHCH CA CC PHNG TRNH NG THI.
Thng thng, y c coi l nhng loi thu nh vo hng ho v dch v v do
vy, vic tr thu ch l gin tip.
Hm tho dng biu hin tho dng thu c t mt tp hp hng ho c xc
nh bi gi c ca nhng hng ho ny v mc thu nhp.
c tnh ca mt yu t sn xut hay mt hng ho khng cho php s dng n di
mt php ti thiu no .
Hnh pht do mt s c nhn hay cc nhm ngi mu toan gii quyt BT NG
V LAO NG trong doanh nghip ca h.
Xem INVESTORS INDUSTRY.
Mt tn gi khc ca mt CNG TY TI CHNH, chng hn nh mt t chc to tn
dng THU MUA.
Mt k thut c s dng trong k hoch ho vng lnh th, n tp trung vo phn
tch mi quan h tng tc gia cc hot ng cng nghip c thc hin trn cng
mt vng a l.
Mt s m rng qu trnh ra quyt nh trong phm vi mt x nghip t mt nhm nh
theo hng cho ton th lc lng lam vic.
Mt s kim sot trc y v xy dng cng nghip c hnh thnh theo o lut
K hoch ho qun v th x nm 1947, i hi phi c mt chng ch (IDC) trc khi
xy dng hay m rng mt khu cng nghip qu mt quy m nht nh. Sau khi thng
qua Lut Cng nghip nm 1972, IDCS khng cn cn cho s pht trin trong CC
KHU VC CN PHT TRIN hay cc KHU VC C BIT CN PHT TRIN v
IDCS thc t b b t nm 1982.
Mi s bt ng hay s bt ho hoc l gia ch v ngi lm thu hoc l gia
nhng ngi lm thu v thi hn v iu kin lm vic ca mt ngi, mt nhm
ngi hay l tnh trng khng c vic lm ca mt ngi.
Page 221
economic
Mt cm thut ng c s dng m t mt hin tng, cc doanh nghip khng
thay i c v tr a l khi v tr hin ti khng cn l mt v tr mang li nhiu li
nhun nht na.
S pht trin ca cc ngnh cng nghip c coi l chin lc pht trin chung.
Thng thng, y l lnh vc ca L THUYT GI C NG DNG. N quan tm
n s vn hnh ca nn kinh t th trng v nhn chung l n tip cn theo c cu
th trng, s iu hnh v kt qu ca th trng.
Nghin cu v thc hnh cc quy tc chi phi vic lm.
Mt t chc c lp c mt chnh ph Anh lp ra vo nm 1966 ri sau b mt
chnh ph Anh khc gii tn vo nm 1971. Mc ch ca t chc l tng hiu qu ca
khu vc cng nghip trong nn kinh t thng qua vic khuyn khich hp l ho v hp
nht cc doanh nghip "nh" thnh cc n v ln hn v hy vng c hiu qu ln
hn.
Nghip on l t chc ca tt c cc cng nhn trong mt ngnh bt k chuyn mn
ca h l g. Xem GENERAL, UNION AND CRAFT UNIONS.
Cc chnh lch v mc tr cng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi
theo ngnh m h lm vic.
Vic xp hng mc tr cng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn khc nhau c
phn loi theo ngnh m h lm vic.
Mt ngnh trong khun kh C CU TH TRNG CNH TRANH HON HO c
th c nh ngha l mt s ln doanh nghip cnh tranh vi nhau trong vic sn
xut MT SN PHM NG NHT.
Xem NATIONAL BARGAINING
Xem Elasticity.
Quan h ni ln mt hm s ca mt bin (hay mt tp hp cc bin) ln hn hay nh
hn mt s no .
Ngnh cng nghip trong thi k u pht trin, th phn ni a ca n hin cn nh
do s cnh tranh ca cc i th nc ngoi.
Mt trong nhng l l bo h lu i nht cho rng mt ngnh cng nghip l mi i
vi t nc v nh hn quy m ti u c th khng c kh ng ng vng trong
cnh tranh vi nc ngoi trong thi k non tr.
Xem STATISTIC INFERENCE.
Hng c nh thu nhp m, ngha l khi thu nhp tng ln, cc yu t khc khng i,
lng cu i vi hng ho gim.
Mt C TNH CA QU TRNH TNH SAI PHN .
S gia tng ng k trong mc gi chung hay t l tng ca mc gi chung trn mt
n v thi gian.
Lm pht b nn ny sinh nu vic kim sot gi gi gi c mc thp trong khi nn
kinh t ang c xu hng lm pht ni chung. Xem Inflation.
Ch cc k thut xc nh tc ng ca lm pht n cc ti khon v cc th tc hch
ton.
Tng chi tiu vt qu mc sn lng ti a c th t c dn n kt qu gy
sc p lm cho gi c tng ln.
Xem HYPERINFLATION, INFLATION.
Do tnh khng linh hot v th ch m li sut v thanh ton n c th khng cng
tng vi lm pht, do LI SUT THC T v gi tr thc t ca n gim xung.
Tnh hung khi chnh ph thc hin chnh sch tng lm pht thay cho vic tng thu
thanh ton cho cc khon chi tiu ca mnh.
Page 222
economic
Ch mt s lng ln nhng ngi t lm vic cho mnh trong mt nc ang pht
trin, nhng ngi ny tham gia vo cc cng vic quy m nh, chng hn ch may
v, dch v n ung, bun bn, sa cha giy dp.
Xem PERFECT INFORMATION.
Ma trn gm cc o hm bc hai ca HM XC SUT trong c lng xc sut ln
nht ca m hinh kinh t lng.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Cc yu t c cu ca mt nn kinh t to iu kin thun li cho vic lun chuyn
hng ho v dch v gia ngi mua v ngi bn.
y l mt loi thu nh vo ca ci Anh v n tn nm 1986 vn c coi l
THU CHUYN NHNG VN, thu ny thay th cho THU BT NG SN
nm 1974.
Bo co thng k s ngi ln u tin xin tr cp tht nghip M.
S b sung ngoi sinh vo s thu nhp ca cc doanh nghip v h gia nh.
Bao gm tt c cc dng phn phi li khng phi bng chuyn tin mt hay thu nhp.
Mt hi phiu c rt nhm ti tr cho sn xut v bun bn trong nc.
Thng c s dng thay cho t "pht minh" v ch nhng tin b v cng ngh
trong qu trnh sn xut cng nh vic to ra nhng thuc tnh khc nhau v kt hp
cc thuc tnh trong cc sn phm c th trao i c.
Xem FACTOR OF PRODUCTION.
Xu hng ca mt s phng thc sn xut v ch to mun gn ngun nguyn
vt liu hay u vo.
Mt phng php phn tch trong nn kinh t c th hin bng mt tp hp cc
HM SN XUT TUYN TNH m t mi quan h tng tc gia cc ngnh.
S chm tr gia vic nhn thc ra nhu cu phi c hnh ng chnh sch v s thc
hin chnh sch.
Cc dng tin da trn s n ca khu vc t nhn , v d quan trng nht l tin gi
ngn hng thng mi ng vi s tin ngn hng cho khu vc t nhn vay.
Cc m hnh phn bit nhng ngi hin ang lm vic, gi l nhng ngi bn trong
- nhng ngi ny c coi l c mt t sc mnh i vi th trng - vi nhng
ngi khng c vic lm nhng ang mun lm vic, gi l nhng ngi bn ngoi.
Mt ngi hay cng ty khng tr c n, sau khi qua cc khu xem xt v lut php,
c th c tuyn b Ph sn hay h c th dn xp vi nhng ngi cho vay xo
n.
Cm thut ng chung ch ti chnh cho vay theo cc iu kin v vic tr gc v li
lm nhiu ln.
Mt loi phn tch kinh t nhn mnh n vai tr ca cc t chc x hi, chnh tr v
kinh t trong vic hnh thnh cc s kin kinh t.
Thng c s dng m t s o to vic lm do chnh ph trc tip cung cp.
Bin s thay th BIN GII THCH THC T lm trng s trong phn tch hi quy.
Page 223
economic
Cn gi l cc CNG C CHNH SCH. Thut ng ny xut pht t vic phn loi
cc bin trong qu trnh n nh ho kinh t thnh cc cng c chnh sch, mc tiu
chnh sch v cc bin ngoi sinh.
Bo him cho php mi ngi i ri ro ca vic thua thit ln ly s chc chn
ca vic thua thit nh.
Xem INSURANCE.
Xem TANGIBLE ASSETS, GOODWILL.
Mt s trn, khng c phn thp phn hay phn s.
Cm thut ng ch tnh hung khi m cc khu vc t nhn khc nhau ca mt nn
kinh t, thng l cc khu vc cng nghip v nng nghip, hot ng phi hp vi
nhau mt cch c hiu qu v ph thuc ln nhau.
y l qu trnh ngc li ca vi phn. Xem DERIVATIVE.
S gia tng d tr c ch tm. Xem INVESTORIES.
Trng hp gim li tc vt cht i vi vn v lao ng khi t ai l c nh.
Mt trong cc nhm TH TRNG TIN T c quan h ln nhau London. Th
trng ny pht trin vo nhng nm 1960 v l mt th trng trong CC NGN
HNG KHNG THANH TON B TR cho vay ln nhau, nhng ri n tr thnh
mt th trng tin ln c rt nhiu th ch ti chnh s dng trong vic cho vay v
i vay.
Trong HM TUYN TNH h s chn l mt hng s, ngha l s hng khng cha
BIN C LP.
Nu tho dng ca mt nhi b tc ng bi s lng hng ho v dch v m
nhng ngi khc tiu dng th ny sinh trng hp tho dng ph thuc ln
nhau.
Mt ti khon c bit ca s thanh ton b tr c s dng iu tit s chuyn
tin gia 12 Ngn hng vng thuc H THNG D TR LIN BANG.
Xem RATE OF INTEREST.
Vo u nhng nm 1960, nc M tri qua mt thi k cn cn thanh ton lin tc
thm ht vi s lng ln do vn chay khi t nc. Thu san bng li sut l mt
nh nhm ngn lung vn i ra ny bng cch nh thu vo vic cng dn M mua
tri phiu v ti sn nc ngoi.
Tnh cng bng trong vic s dng cc ngun ti nguyn thin nhin gia cc th h
khc nhau.
S tin do mt cp chnh ph mt nc (v d chnh ph trung ng) cp cho mt
chnh ph nc khc.
Ch tnh hung trong mt hay nhiu ngi tham gia vo ban gim c ca hai hay
nhiu cng ty.
Xem HUNT REPORT, ASSISTED AREAS.
Hng ho c s dng vo mt thi im no trong qu trnh sn xut cc hng
ho khc ch khng phi cho tiu dng cui cng.
y l mt phn tr ca tr hot ng c lin quan vi CHNH SCH TIN T.
Tp hp cc k thut v qu trnh cng ngh nm gia cng ngh DNG NHIU
VN ca th gii phng Ty v cc k thut ni sinh, th s ca cc nc ang
pht trin.
Page 224
economic
Nhm do E.F.Schumacher thnh lp vo nm 1965 London. C 3 hot ng chnh.
1)K hoch thu thp v th mc ho s liu v cc k thut DNG NHIU LAO
NG c hiu qu ph hp vi vic p dng quy m nh. 2)Xut bn cc tng v
CNG NGH TRUNG GIAN thng qua cc bi bo, sch, bi ging, tp ch ring v
thng qua c n lc gy nh hng i vi chnh sch vin tr ca cc chnh ph v
cc t chc quc t. 3)C mt chng trnh cung cp vin tr cho cc d n c bit
cc nc chm pht trin, cc d n ny nhn mnh n qu trnh t gip thng
qua vic s dng cng ngh thch hp cho cc cng ng dn c nh.
Xem Intermediate lag.
iu kin d dng cho cng dn mt nc mun i ni t vi khi lng tin khng
hn ch ly ngoi t theo mt t gi do ngn hng trung ng quy nh nhng ni
v vic s dng ngoi t c hn ch trong cc giao dch thuc TI KHON VNG
LAI.
S vn ng ca tin mt, tc l mt phng tin lu thng, t cc ngn hng vo
lu thng trong nc.
Phn m rng ca mt doanh nghip c to ra bi u t trong ni b doanh
nghip ch khng phi u t c c thng qua thu mua ca cc doanh nghip khc
v hot ng hp nht, ngha l TNG TRNG T BN NGOI.
Mt tnh hung trong mt ngoi ng, thng l ngoi ng phi kinh t, c tnh
ton n v SN LNG ca hng ho gy ra tc ng khng tt c gim xung
mc ti u, ng thi vn tn ti mt lng ngoi ng ti u, ngha l chi ph ca vic
gim ngoi ng i thm mt n v na ln hn li ch thu c t vic lm nh vy.
Mt dn xp qua lao ng c cung v cu trong phm vi mt doanh nghip m
khng c s tham gia trc tip vo TH TRNG LAO NG BN NGOI.
Khon tin gi li t LI NHUN RNG s dng cho vic ti tr cc hot ng
ca mt doanh nghip. Xem External finance.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
Xem RELATIVITIES.
Mt ngn hng pht trin quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1945 cng vi Qu tin t
quc t IMF theo cc iu khon ca hip nh c k trong Hi ngh v Ti chnh v
Tin t ca Lin hp quc t chc ti BRETTON WOODS, New Hampshire thng 7
nm 1944.
Mt hip nh gia cc nh sn xut, khi s lng sn xut ca h cn nh, phn
chia vi nhau th trng th gii v mt loi hng ho nhm thu c li nhun trn
mc cnh tranh v khi suy thoi th li trnh c cnh tranh khc lit.
Xem KEYNES PLAN
Cc hip nh gia cc nc sn xut v tiu dng, nhng i khi ch l hip nh ca
cc bn sn xut, nhm bo m n nh gi c cc hng ha s ch.
Mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc c thnh lp vo nm 1960 vi t
cch l mt phn hiu ca NGN HNG TI THIT V PHT TRIN QUC T hay
Ngn hng th gii.
Mt t chc hnh chnh c thnh lp nm 1970 nhm gim st tt c cc hnh thc
tr gip ca M i vi cc nc chm pht trin, bao gm tin vin tr nc ngoi,
cc khon cho vay u i, vin tr lng thc, thc phm theo Lut cng chng 480,
tr gip k thut v chuyn giao nhn lc (v d nh cc i qun gn gi ho bnh).
Chuyn mn ho trong sn xut trn c s quc gia.
B phn ca kinh t hc nghin cu cc giao dch gia cc nc trong lnh vc hng
ho v dch v, lu thng ti chnh v di chuyn cc yu t sn xut.
Page 225
economic
Mt t chc pht trin quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1956 v sau tr thnh mt
c quan chuyn mn ca Lin hp quc vo nm 1957.
Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh lp nm 1919 theo hip c Versaille, sau
tr thanh mt c quan chuyn mn ca Lin Hp Qucvo nm 1946. T chc ny
mong mun xc tin s hp tc quc t theo cc chnh sch c ra mhm mc
ch t c mc tiu vic lm, ci thin iu kin lm vic, m rng bo him x
hi v nng cao mc sng ni chung.
Phn tch n cng, cc khon n gia cc nc khc nhau c gii quyt bng
cch chuyn giao cc phng tin thanh ton c quc t chp nhn nh: vng,
mt hoc nhiu NG TIN D TR ch yu, hoc trong phm vi hp hn l cc
QUYN RT TIN C BIT (SDRs).
Mt trng phi t tng cho rng nhng thay i ca MC CUNG TIN th gii l
ngun gc c bn to ra sc p lm pht v gim pht trong nn kinh t th gii.
(IMF) - Qu tin t quc t c thnh lp vo 12/1945 theo s ph chun cc iu
khon ca Hip nh v qu, c lp ra ti Hi ngh Ti chnh v Tin t ca Lin
hp quc t chc ti BRETTON WOODS, New Hampshire, 1944. Mc ch ca qu l
khuyn khch s hp tc v tin t quc t, to iu kin cho vic m rng tng
trng cn i trong THNG MI QUC T, gip cc nc thnh vin trong
vic khc phc CN CN THANH TON v xc tin vic n nh NGOI T.
Mt cm thut ng chung ch cch thc tin hnh cc giao dch ti chnh quc t,
ngha l cc thanh ton gia cng dn ca cc nc ang gi cc ng ni t khc
nhau.
S phn loi cng nghip v cc hot ng kinh t c ra nhm tng cng kh
nng so snh quc t ca cc s liu thng k do Lin hp quc tp hp v xut bn.
Trao i bun bn hng ho v dch v gia cc quc gia.
Nm 1947, Hi ng Kinh t v X hi ca Lin hp quc nhm hp Havana, Cuba,
mt hi ngh quc t v Thng mi v Pht trin "nhm mc ch thc y sn xut,
trao i v tiu dng hng ho".
Mt t chc hnh ho quc t c thnh lp nm 1979 theo Hip nh v la m
Quc t ln th nht nhm iu hnh Cng c Bun bn la m theo Hip nh v
la m quc t nm 1971.
Xem WELFARE ECONOMICS.
Mt thc o s phn tn ca s liu mu hoc phn phi, thut ng ny c nh
ngha nh s chnh lch gia gi tr cao nht v thp nht ca cc t phn v, v v
vy n cha 50% gi tr trung tm cc quan st ca cc bin s lin quan.
o lut ny thit lp U ban Thng mi gia cc Bang (ICC) M nm 1887. ICC
l t chc iu tit lin bang u tin.
c lng mt khong trong gi tr ca THAM S thc t c kh nng ri vo.
TH TRNG CHIT KHU LONDON c gi l "ti Ngn hng" khi tt c hay mt
s TR S CHIT KHU buc phi vay hay gim chit khu hi phiu ti Vn phng
Chit khu ca NGN HNG ANH do cc ngn hng rt tin THEO YU CU ca
chng.
D tr hay mc duy tr hnh ho ca cc doanh nghip p ng nhng dao ng
tht thng tm thi trong sn xut hay kinh doanh.
Nhng dao ng ca mc sn lng do nhng thay i ca LNG TN KHO.
S tch lu hng tn kho khi sn xut vt qu sn lng bn thc t.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm s, trong bin s m chng ta mun
ly o hm c biu din di dng bin ph thuc.
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economic
Thut ng ny c s dng ph bin nht m t lu lng chi tiu c dng
tng hay duy tr DUNG LNG VN thc t.
(i vi cc nc ANG PHT TRIN). Cc tiu chun c ra nhm lm c s
cho vic phn b cc ngun lc u t.
Cc khon tin do chnh ph hay cc t chc khc cung cp nhm mc ch khuyn
khch cc doanh nghip chi tiu mua VND vt cht.
Mt cng ty vi chc nng u t vo cc t chc khc.
Mt cng ty ti chnh pht trin c ngn hng Anh v Ngn hng thanh ton
London v Scotland thnh lp nm 1946 gi l HIP HI TI CHNH CNG NGHIP
V THNG MI (ICFC) vi s tr gip ca chnh ph Anh nhm lp mt trong
nhng "l hng" ca th trng vn Anh do u ban MACMILLAN xc nh.
Mt cm thut ng ch mt qu trnh phi hp khng trng thy c nhm m bo
cho s nht qun ca cc k hoch c nhn trong nn kinh t th trng phi tp trung.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS, BALANCE OF TRADE, CURRENT ACCOUNT,
EXPORTS.
Tht nghip s c loi b khi tng cu tng ln, tng cu lm cho gi c tng ln v
tin cng thc t thp i.
Gi thit rng, vi bt k kh nng tng tin cng trong ngn hn, tin cng chc chn
s tr li mc va sng trong di hn.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Xt v phng din TI NGUYN THIN NHIN v mi trng, thut ng ny ch
mt hnh ng no c nhng tc ng khng th o ngc c mt cch tuyt
i hoc do chi ph lm nh vy l qu ln.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM
Xem INTERNATIONAL STANDARD INDUSTRAL CLASSIFICATION
Mt ngn hng pht trin khu vc c T chc Hi ngh o hi thnh lp nm 1974
nhm khuyn khch tng trng kinh t cc nc v cng ng hi gio.
Lc m t vic xc nh ng thicc gi tr cn bng ca li sut v mc thu
nhp quc dn do kt qu thc hin cc iu kin trong th trng hng ho v tin t.
ng cong hay ng thng m t t hp ca hai u vo bt k c th mua c
vi mt s tin c nh.
(Cn c gi l ng cong ng chi). Xem ISO-COST CURVE.
(Cn c gi l ng bng quan ca ngi sn xut hay ng ng lng). Mt
ng ng sn phm l tp hp cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu U VO to ra cng
mt mc SN LNG.
Qu tch cc t hp ca hai hay nhiu bin ph thuc ca HM LI NHUN to nn
mt mc li nhun nh nhau.
Xem Iso-profit curve.
Qu tch cc t hp SN LNG v ph tn tip th to nn mt mc TNG DOANH
THU nht nh.
Khi mt cng ty c hn ch v c phn c thnh lp, cng ty ny c php tng
vn bng cch pht hnh c phiu vi mt s lng nht nh.
Mt cc thuc Ngn hng Anh c trch nhim trong vic pht hnh giy bc ngn
hng.
Mt s loi chng khon pht hnh mi ca cc cng ty v cc t chc khc c
nhng ngi mi gii chng khon iu khin v trn phng din ny th h hot
ng ging nh nh pht hnh.
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economic
Mt t chc, thng l mt ngn hng thng mi, bn cnh cc hot ng khc cn
chuyn mn ho trong qun l vic pht hnh c phn mi, tri phiu cng ty hoc tri
phiu nhn danh cc cng ty hoc cc t chc khc c nhu cu v ti chnh, v d nh
chnh ph v cc cp chnh quyn a phng.
Mt hip hi c thnh lp vo nm 1945 t chc mt din n nhm tng cng
nhng li ch ca cc ngn hng thng mi v cc t chc khc hot ng vi t
cch l cc nh pht hnh.
Xem INTERNATIONAL TRADE ORGANIZATION.
Thi k ngay sau khi ng tin ca mt quc gia b mt gi hay ph gi, quc gia
c th tri qua mt thi k thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Cm thut ng miu t vn khi phng din l thuyt ngi ta gi nh rng T S
VN - LAO NG c th c thay i ngay lp tc.
Mt cng chc v sau l mt gio s u tin ti trng i hc Owens,
Manchester v sau ti trng i hc tng hp London, Jevon l mt nh kinh t
y nng lc c tng ban u rt v i, mc du ng khng pht trin ht
nhng tng ca mnh mt cch rt y . Trong cc tc phm chnh ca mnh,
Hc thuyt kinh t chnh tr (1871), Jevon ch yu vit v nhng tng ca
TRNG PHI O v phn tch gi tr tho dng bin v l thuyt v vn v li. L
mt trong ba nh sng lp phng php tho dng bin, (nhng ngi khc l
Merger v Walras), Jevon l ngi u tin cng b hc thuyt ny vo nm 1862.
ng cng a ra khi nim phi tho dng ca lao ng. ng gn thi gian vo qu
trnh sn xut v vo l thuyt v vn trc Bohm Bawerk. ng coi u t c hai kha
cnh, dung lng vn v thi gian u t. ng cho rng tng vn ng ngha vi vic
ko di thi gian u t v rng nng sut ca vn l mt hm s thi gian. Li sut
th ph thuc vo sn phm bin ca vn. Jevon cng ng gp nhiu vo vn cc
s ch s. ng xy dng ch s gi c bnh qun gia quyn v thuyt chu k thng
mi vi thuyt "vng nng nng" ca mnh. Vng nng nng b nh hng n thi
tit v nh hng n ma v cy trng v do vy nh hng n nn kinh t ni
chung.
Thut ng trc khi c khi nim v n ln vo nm 1986, ch mt nh lp th trng
ti s chng khon London.
Mt nhm n nh cc ngh nghip hay cng vic nm trong mt th trng lao ng
ni b lin kt cht ch vi nhau n mc chng c cng cc c im quy nh v
lng bng.
Mt nh thay th cnh tranh lng bng chnh thng m trong cng nhn cnh
tranh vi nhau ginh ly vic lm bng vic thay i mc lng m h sn sng
lm vic.
Hnh ng c hiu theo ngha rng nht l gim s ngi tht nghip trong thi k
suy thoi, hoc bng cch gim tc ngi b sa thi do d tha hoc bng cch
tng tc ngi tht nghip tm kim c vic lm.
iu ny din ra khi mt c nhn ng thi c hn mt vic lm v do vy khng ph
thuc vo mt ngun thu nhp duy nht.
Mt qu trnh m trong cc yu t khc nhau ca mt vic lm lm nh k nng,
kin thc tch lu, trch nhim v cc iu kin lm vic - c nh gi, cho im v
a ra mt im chung cho vic lm .
L qu trnh thu thp thng tin v nhng c hi vic lm v mc lng ca mi c hi
c hi vic lm trong th trng lao ng.
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economic
Cc phng php tm vic hoc nhn vic lm c phn loi thnh "chnh quy" v
"khng chnh quy".
Mt xu hng trong gii cng nhn tr, v c bit trong s nhng ngi v thnh
nin tm kim vic lm thch hp trn c s th nghim.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Canada c b nhim l ch nhim cng trnh v thuyt
kinh t ti Manchester nm 1956. nh dy hc ti Chicago, Trng Kinh t London v
Geneva. ng l bin tp vin ca nhiu thi bo khc nhau nh Thi bo kinh t, Tp
san Kinh t chnh tr v Kinh t hc quc t. Cc tc phm ni ting ca ng bao gm
Thng mi quc t v tng trng kinh t, Nhng nghin cu v l lun thun tu
(1958), cc tiu lun tip theo v kinh t hc tin t (1972), Kinh t hc v X hi
(1975). L thnh vin ca TRNG PHA CHICAGO, ngoi nhng ng gp ban u
vo lnh vc cn cn thanh ton, thu quan v thanh ton cho cc yu t sn xut,
ng tng hp nhiu tc phm ng thi v kinh t hc quc t v kinh t hc tin
t quc t.
Cc phn phi xc sut m cho bit xc sut vi hai hay nhiu hn cc bin s nhn
ng thi nhng gi tr nht nh (hoc nm trong nhng khong nht nh).
Cc hng ho c c tnh l nu c s thay i trong tc sn lng ca mt sn
phm th s em li s thay i tng t i vi cc sn phm kia.
Ti a ho li nhun kt hp ca mt nhm doanh nghip.
Cng ty c phn c thnh lp m khng phi tun theo nhng i hi phi cam kt
nhiu vn ti chnh.
Mt tnh hung trong c khu vc cng cng v t nhn hp tc vi nhau trong mt
hot ng kinh t; iu ny c bit ph bin trong cc nc km pht trin ni m
vn rt khan him trong khu vc t nhn v cc qu ca chnh ph thng c
dng pht trin cng nghip hay dch v ngn hng
Mt hnh thc hp tc kinh doanh quc t gia cc cng ty Phng Ty v cc cng
ty ng u v l m hnh u t nc ngoi chnh cc nc ng u.
Mt php kim nh c to ra gii quyt cc gi thit khng c bin chung trong
khun kh ca m hnh hi quy.
Mt chu k trong thng mi trong mc hot ng kinh t vi thi gian t 9 ti 10
nm.
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
Mt tiu chun o c v gi tr ca mt hng ho hay dch v - ngha l mt mc
gi m c coi l "ng v o l".
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, ngi c nh hng ln ti Cambridge, t nhng nm
1930 ti nhng nm 70. Uy tn v nh hng ca ng vt xa nhng tc phm
xut bn ca mnh m trong tc phm Cc tiu lun la chn v vic lm v tng
trng (1973) miu t nhng ng gp ch yu ca ng.ng c cho l ngi
a ra khi nim s nhn v c ghi nhn v nhng ng gp quan trng trong
nhng nm 1930 v KINH T HC PHC LI trong vic xc nh nhng iu kin
c mt S TI U V X HI.
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economic
Sinh ra Hungary, Kaldor hc v dy Anh t nhng nm 1920. ng ta c mt s
ng gp cho l thuyt kinh t v i khi l nhn vt quan trng trong vic t vn cho
cc chnh ph v chnh sch kinh t. ng c ng gp vo l thuyt kinh t trong lnh
vc KINH T HC PHC LI m theo ng cng vi J.R.Hicks pht trin m hnh
KIM NH N B phc li thu c. ng ta l ngi ng h chnh i vi cuc
tranh ci v vn v cng vi Joan Robinson v nhng ngi khc ng tn cng
hc thuyt tn c in v phn phi thu nhp v tin b k thut da trn phn tch
bin thay th chng vi cc m hnh da trn phn tch ca J.M.Keynes, David
Ricardo v Pireo Sraffa. Trong khi lm c vn cho b trng b ti chnh Anh v cc
chnh sch thu kho t nm 1964-1968 v 1974-1976, ng ngh s dng
THU LI VN phn phi li thu nhp v thu s dng lao ng chn lc
khuyn khch thuyn chuyn lao ng sang ngnh ch to. L ngi bo v chung
thnh kinh t hc Keynes, ng c nh hng rt ln trong mt s lnh vc c bit
trong cc tc phm ca Nhm chnh sch kinh t Cambridge, ch yu l ca Kaldor v
CU HIU LC v s cn thit ca chnh ph cn phi can thip vo nn kinh t
n nh nn kinh t v c bn trong v bn ngoi v khuyn khch tng trng. Cc
tc phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Thu chi tiu (1955), Cc tiu lun v tng trng
v n nh kinh t (1960), Cc tiu lun v gi tr v phn phi (1960), Tch lu vn v
tng trng kinh t (1961), Nguyn nhn ca t l tng trng chm Anh (1966),
Mu thun ca cc mc tiu chnh sch (1971), Cc tiu lun v kinh t c thu
thp, tp 5 (1978).
Kim nh ny c Kaldor v Hicks a ra trong cc bi bo c in Tp ch Kinh
t nm 1939. Xem COMPENSATION TESTS.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Balan, trong u nhng nm 30 ng c lp pht trin
thuyt ca Keynes. Kalecki cng l ngi a ra khi nim "mc c quyn" c
xc nh bi t l gia mc li sut trn gi bn, iu ny cho thy khng c s cnh
tranh v gi c. Khi nim ny c dng gii thch ti sao gi c li khng gim
xung trong thi k suy thoi v cng gii t trng ca li nhun v lng trong
THU NHP QUC DN. Kelecki cng l ngi a ra khi nim "ngi cng nhn
tiu ci g m h kim c v cc nh t bn kim ci g h chi tiu". Nu ngi
cng nhn tiu ton b tin lng ca vo mua hng ho th phn cn li ca thu
nhp quc dn, li nhun phi c sn cho u t v tiu dng ca nh t bn. Nu
cc nh t bn tng tiu dng ca mnh th n s tr li vi h di dng li nhun
cao hn. Nm 1943, Kalecki cng d on chu k ngng tng trng chnh tr. iu
xy ra Anh t cui Chin tranh th gii th hai. Ti cui i mnh, Balan,
Kalecki quan tm n NG HC KINH T v s tng trng cc nc X hi
ch ngha. Cc n phm chnh ca ng bao gm: Cc tiu lun v l thuyt giao ng
kinh t (1939), L thuyt ng hc kinh t (1945), L thuyt tng trng mt nn
kinh t X hi ch ngha (1969) v cc tiu lun la chn v ng hc ca nn kinh t
t bn ch ngha (1971).
y l phng php ti u d on CC BIN S NI SINH v cp nht nhng
THNG S C LNG trong cc phng trnh d on.
Page 230
economic
Nh kinh t hc v ton hc ngi Nga l ngi khi xng QUY HOCH TUYN
TNH trong nhng nm 1930. Kantorovich ng dng thuyt ny khng nhng i vi
vn kt hp cc yu t sn xut sn c trong mt nh my ti a sn lng, m
cn p dng thuyt ny vo vn k hoch ho kinh t v m mt nn kinh t x
hi ch ngha. Kt lun ca ng l c th phi tp trung ho cc quyt nh sn xut m
vn duy tr hiu qu nu gi c bng (dn xut t p s ca cc bi ton quy hoch
tuyn tnh) c s dng cc mc thp ca qu trnh quyt nh. Lun im chnh
trong tc phm ca ng v cc nh kinh t khc Nga, nhng ngi chu nh hng
ca ng l: mt nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung thnh cng cn phi s dng h
thng gi c xy dng bao gm t l chit khu x hi hay li sut x hi. ng ngh
ci cch k thut k hoch ho khi ang c dng Lin X. ng c tng gii
Nobel v kinh t hc nm 1975 (cng vi T.KOOPMANS). Cc tc phm chnh ca
ng bao gm: Cc phng php ton hc trong lp k hoch t chc sn xut (1939),
Cc s dng tt nht cc ngun lc kinh t (1965) v Quyt nh ti u trong kinh t
hc (1972) (vi A.G.Gorstko).
Vng thng thuyt mu dch a phng ln th su, tin hnh di s bo tr ca
HIP NH CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH din ra Geneva t 1964-1967.
Khng ging cc vng thng thuyt mu dch trc thng khuyn khch gim
hng ro mu dch a phng, vng Kenedy dn ti vic thng lng gim thu
quan i vi nhng nhm hng ho c th ch khng thng lng v mt mt hng.
Mt hnh thc ch o tin lng c th m trong mt khon thanh ton tin lng
c dng lm tham chiu cho ton b nhng khon lng phi tr sau .
L mt hc tr ca Alffred Marshall.
Mt thay i ca cu i vi hng ho l kt qu ca s thay i trong mc gi chung.
Xem INCOME - EXPENDITURE MODEL.
Mt cm thut ng dng miu t cc l thuyt kinh t v m v mc hot ng
kinh t s dng cc k thut do J.M.Keynes a ra.
Xem HARROD DOMAR GROWTH MODEL.
B ti chnh Anh a ra nhng ngh v vic thit lp mt lin minh Thanh ton B
tr quc t ti Hi ngh Ti chnh v tin t ca Lin hp quc BRETTON WOOD,
New Hampshire nm 1944. John Maynard Keynes l ngi chu trch nhim ch yu
v vic to lp cc ngh nn c gi chung l K hoch Keynes.
Cc mc lng ca ngh nghip trong th trng LAO NG NI B lm im tip
xc vi th trng bn ngoi.
Da trn gi thuyt rng trong cc th trng c c im c quyn nhm, s ph
thuc ln nhau buc cc doanh nghip phi tin rng gim gi xung di mc hin
hnh s b cc i th lm theo, nhng tnh hnh s khng din ra i vi trng
hp tng gi.
Mt m hnh KINH T LNG c va ca nn kinh t M cho giai on 1929-1952
(khng k c giai on 1942-1945) c nh hng rt quan trng i vi vic xy
m hnh kinh t lng t thi gian xut bn nm 1955 n nay.
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economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi M v l gio s kinh t ti trng i hc Pennsylvania; c
tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1980 v tc phm tin phong ca mnh trong
vic pht trin cc m hnh d bo kinh t nh lng, c th c dng d bo
cc bin s nh tng sn phm quc dn, xut khu, u t v cc tc ng ca
cc bin php trong cc chnh sch i vi cc bin s ny. Trong s nhiu m hnh
c lin quan n tn ny th m hnh thnh cng v ni ting nht l m hnh D bo
Kinh t Lng Wharton i vi nn kinh t M, a ra ti trng i hc
Pennsylvania. Klein quan tm nhiu n vic p dng cc pht trin l thuyt trong
kinh t lng vo cng vic ng dng hn l vic a ra thuyt kinh t nh lng.
S nghip ca ng gp phn pht trin lnh vc ny v nh hng ti vic xy
dng m hnh trn quy m ton th gii. Thnh tu c mt khng hai ca Klein ni
chung l vic dch chuyn m hnh Keynes sang lnh vc thng k. Hai cun sch ni
ting nht ca ng l Cuc cch mng Keynes (1947) v Sch gio khoa v Kinh t
lng (1953).
Trong THUYT TNG TRNG, mt vt cn i vi tng trng n nh khi Tc
tng trng m bo l khng n nh, ngoi vn na l liu tc m bo c
ngang bng Tc tng trng t nhin hay khng.
L mt nh kinh t hc ngi M, Knight c b nhim lm gio s kinh t ti
Chicago nm 1928. ng c ng gp quan trng vo o l v PHNG PHP
LUN ca kinh t hc cng nh i vi vic nh ngha v gii thch CHI PH X HI.
ng gp ln nht ca ng i vi kinh t tc phm Ri ro, S khng chc chn v
li nhun (1921). Cc n phm chnh khc ca ng bao gm T chc Kinh t (1933),
Lun l v cnh tranh (1935), T do v i mi (1947), Nhng bi lun v lch s v
Cc phng php kinh t hc (1956), v Tnh bo v Hnh ng dn ch (1960). L
mt nh sng lp trng phi cc nh kinh t "T DO" CHICAGO, Knight c nh
hng ng k i vi cc thnh vin ca trng phi , mc du ng ta b ph
phn v quyn hnh ca nh nc, ng ta nghi ng kh nng ca mt x nghip t do
hot ng hiu qu v theo mt cch thc hp o l. c bit ng b ph phn v
cc tc ng ca kinh doanh t do i vi thu nhp.
Mt nh kinh t ngi Nga c ng gp ng k vo kinh t nng nghip v pht trin
k hoch ho kinh t Lin X. Nm 1952 ng xut bn cun Nhng ln sng di
trong cuc sng kinh t, m nh ng tr nn ni ting. ng tm ra nhng chu k di
t cui nhng nm 1780 n 1844-51, t 1844-51 n 1914-20. ng cho rng s tn
ti ca cc ln sng di l "t nht c kh nng" nhng khng a ra thuyt h thng,
ch n thun a ra mt s yu t lin quan. Cc nghin cu sau ny cho thy
rng cc ln sng tm c c th l do cc k thut thng k c Kondratieff s
dng to nn. Mong mun phn tch cc iu kin kinh t mt cch khch quan ca
ng v hnh lm cho ng mu thun vi cc chnh sch ca Lin X. ng b bt
nm 1930, v khng c a ra x cng khai, v sau cht trong t khng ai bit
ti.
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economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi M sinh ra Halan. Koopmans l gio s kinh t ti Chicago
(1948-1955), gim c COWLES FOUNDATION (1961-1967), v l gio s kinh t ti
Harvard (1960-1961). L ngi c cng c lp pht trin QUY HOCH TUYN
TNH, Koopmans gn lin quy hoch tuyn tnh vi thuyt kinh t vi m truyn thng
v pht trin mt m hnh phn b ngun lc trong mt nn kinh t cnh tranh. ng
cho rng mt m hnh sn xut nh vy c th lm c s cho vic thit lp nn mt l
thuyt cn bng tng th. Nm 1951, ng trnh by quan in ny trong phn tch hot
ng v sn xut v phn b, trong ng a ra cng c phn tch hot ng. Kt
lun ca tc phm ny l vic s dng gi bng to ra cc kh nng phi tp trung ho
cc quyt nh sn xut trong nn kinh t. Koopmans c ng gp quan trng vo
thuyt tng trng ti u v thuyt kinh t lng. ng a ra mt s nh l quan
trng v vic phn chia ti u thu nhp quc dn gia u t v tiu dng thng qua
thi gian v cho thy kt qu ca nhng la chn i vi vic phn b phc li
gia cc th h. ng c tng gii thng Nobel nm 1975 (cng vi
L.KANTOROVICH). Cc tc phm chnh khc ca ng bao gm Ba tiu lun v tnh
trng khoa hc kinh t (1957).
Mt lot cc bin i m trong mt phng trnh cha mt tr phn phi gim theo
cp s nhn c di v hn c bin i thnh mt s s lng hu hn cc bin
s, bao gm mt tr khng ng nht.
Nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Nga, ngi c tng gii thng Nobel kinh t nm
1971 do ng gp vo vic thu thp, c lng v gii thch cc s liu lin quan n
qu trnh thay i x hi. ng gp ca ng chiu mt lung nh sng mi vo
tng trng kinh t. ng quan tm n chu k tng trng di m c v b nh hng
mnh m bi nhng thay i trong tc tng dn s, s n nh trong hu ht cc
nc cng nghip trong nhiu thp k ca t l gia tiu dng v thu nhp v vic ng
pht hin ra rng s lng vn thc s cn sn xut ra mt lng hng ho nht
nh c xu hng i xung. C mt s tranh ci v vic liu cc chu k m ng tm ra
c th khng phi l v k thut thng k m ng s dng. Xem Fishman, G.S, Nhng
phng php ph bin trong kinh t lng. Harvard University press (1969). Cc n
phm chnh ca Kuznuts l Thu nhp quc dn v Thnh phn ca n (1941), Sn
phm quc dn t nm 1869 (1946) v S tng trng kinh t ca cc dn tc
(1971).
Ton b ngun nhn lc sn c trong x hi dng vo qu trnh sn xut.
Tin b k thut lm tng sn lng ging nh kiu tng sn lng nh tng LC
LNG LAO NG m khng c s thay i thc s no v s lng ngi trong
lc lng lao ng tham gia thc hin.
S nghin cu bn cht v cc yu t quyt nh tin lng v vic lm.
Lc lng lao ng bao gm nhng ngi ang lm vic v ang tm vic, n bao
gm nhng ngi c vic lm v c nhng ngi tht nghip.
i vi ton b dn s hay i vi mt b phn ca dn s tnh theo tui tc, gii tnh
hay chng tc, t l tham gia lao ng c nh ngha l t l gia s dn (c vic
hay tht nghip) c kh nng hot ng kinh t so vi tng s dn cng loi.
Khi cc hng u t mnh vo vic thu v o to mt cng nhn, h s khng
mun sa thi ngi trong thi k kinh t suy thoi.
Mt th trng lao ng bao gm cc hot ng thu v cung ng lao ng nht nh
thc hin nhng cng vic nht nh, v l qu trnh xc nh s tr bao nhiu cho
ngi lm vic.
Mt cm thut ng c C.Mc dng miu t hng ho m ngi cng nhn bn
cho cc nh t bn.
Cc quy trnh cng ngh hay phng php sn xut thin v hng c gii ho v
s dng t lao ng hn.
Page 233
economic
T trng tin lng trong THU NHP QUC DN.
Mt cm thut ng do J.H.HICKS pht trin th hin cch gii thch c bit ca
ng v cch thc m tin lng (v do vy, gi c) c n nh.
Xem SUPPLT OF LABOUR.
Xem LEWIS-FEI - RANIS MODEL
Mt hc thuyt c CC NH KINH T HC C IN, nh RICARDO v c bit
l C.Mc s dng gii thch vic n nh cc gi c tng i trn c s s lng
lao ng, hin ti v tch dn, c bao hm trong hng ho.
Mt cm thut ng p dng cho cc doanh nghip miu t s vic lm thay i,
nhng ngi thi lm vic v nhng ngi mi c thu mn.
Mi quan h gia cc bin m trong gi tr hin ti ca BIN PH THUC c quan
h vi cc gi tr trc ca mt hay nhiu BIN C LP.
Mt phng php gii quyt cc bi ton ti u ho c rng buc, trong cc rng
buc c vit thnh HM N gp cng vi HM MC TIU to ra phng trnh
gi l "phng trnh Lagrange".
Mt hc thuyt cho rng cc vn kinh t ca x hi c nh hng tt nht bi
quyt nh ca cc c nhn m khng c s can thip ca cc c quan chnh quyn.
Mt thut ng s dng trong kinh t hc miu t khng ch phn b mt tri t
khng tnh n bin m cn bao gm ton b ti nguyn thin nhin nh rng,
khong sn, ngun lc bin, mu ca t c th c s dng trong qu trnh
sn xut.
Mt cm thut ng rng thng thng m ch cc kh nng tng s phn thnh cc
vng nng thn (thng l cc nc ang pht trin) thng qua cc thay i v th
ch trong khu vc nng nghip.
Mt loi thu nh vo gi tr hoc kch thc ca mnh t.
Nh kinh t ngi Balan dy mt vi trng i hc M v gi v tr cao trong
trng i hc Chicago. ng l mt trong nhng nh sng lp kinh t lng v l
ngi ng h kinh t hc Keynes (Gi linh hot v ton dng cng nhn, 1944), mc
d vn coi kinh t hc Keynes l mt trng hp c bit ca Walras. Tuy ng c
ng gp ng k vo nhiu lnh vc nhng ng c ngi ta nh n nhiu nht
trong cuc tranh lun trong nhng nm 1930 v vn liu rng cc tnh ton kinh t
hp l c th xy ra trong nn KINH T HOCH HO hay khng. ng cho rng iu
ny c th xy ra, v gi c cn tnh ch s khan him c th c tnh ton bn
ngoi H THNG TH TRNG m khng cn bt k hnh ng trao i no, mc
du trong thc t c c h thng gi c ca mnh, Lange i hi to ra mt th
ch v th ch ny ging mt th trng. Tc phm Kinh t chnh tr ca ng, mc d
khng hon chnh (bn dch ting Anh nm 1963), nhng l tng hp ln u tin v
KINH T HC MC XT.
Mt ch s bnh qun gia quyn so vi nm gc.
Mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh Lp nm 1975 khuyn khch hp tc v hi
nhp kinh t trong khu vc M Latinh.
Hip hi thng mi t do c thnh lp nm 1961 cn c vo s chun y ca Hip
c Motevideo nm 1960, nh du s kt thc hng lot cuc hi tho s b di
s bo tr ca U BAN KINH T M LATINH, LIN HP QUC.
Mt trng phi t duy kinh t c ngun gc ti trng i hc Lausanne Thu s
nhn mnh vo vic s dng cc k thut ton hc th hin s ph thuc ln nhau
trong mt th trng.
Mt quan im c cng nhn rng ri, nu mi yu t khc khng i th hng ho
s c mua nhiu hn nu gi c thp hn, v hng ho s c mua t hn nu
gi c tng ln.
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economic
Khi s lng ngy cng nhiu ca mt yu t kh bin c thm vo s lng c
nh ca mt yu t no khc, th trc hts l li tc bin, v sau l li tc trung
bnh i vi yu t bin i s, sau mt im no gim dn
Xem Law of diminishing returns.
Mt bn bo co ca chnh ph Anh v thu v chi tiuu ca cc chnh ph a
phng Anh xut bn nm 1976 (HMSO, Ti chinh chnh quyn a phng, bo
co theo yu cu U ban iu tra, London, 1976).
Xem TEMPORARY LAYOFFS.
Trong nn kinh t k hoch ho, chnh quyn c th gn tm quan trng c bit cho
mt mc tiu c th no .
Mc thanh ton lng bng chung trong mt ngnh kinh t c coi l im tham
kho v lng cho cc khu vc khc (v d nghip on trong mt khu vc cng cng
c th ly mc thanh ton lng bng trong khu vc t nhn tham kho).
Xem Withdrawals.
Mt qu trnh c coi l s xoy trn c lng/ lng v c cho l mt l do c
lp dn n lm pht lng v gi c bi nhng ngi to lp thuyt LM PHT DO
CHI PH Y.
Mt cch gii thch v TIN B K THUT (nh thy trong s gim dn u vo lao
ng trn mi n v u ra) xt theo kinh nghim thc hin cng vic .
Mt tho thun trong mt bn c quyn s dng ti n no thuc v quyn s
hu ca ngi khc trong mt thi gian nht nh, i li ngi s dng ti sn ny
phi tr mt khon ph c nh tho thun, thng tr thnh nhiu ln theo nh k.
Xem COST MINIMIZATION.
Mt cm thut ng chung miu t c s ca mt nhm cc k thut c lng kinh t
lng.
Mt m hnh ton hc c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc, gii quyt cc tc ng
ca cc rng buc i vi vic ti a ho hnh vi.
Mt trong nhng chc nng, v l mt trong nhng l do tn ti ca mt NGN HNG
TRUNG NG HIN I.
Sinh ra Lin X, Leontief tr thnh gio s kinh t ti Harvard nm 1946. Tc phm
chnh ca ng l mt bi phn tch v ph thuc ln nhau bn trong mt nn kinh t,
v c bit l bn trong khu vc sn xut, s dng mt k thut m ng ta gi l phn
tch u ra - u vo. Trong cc tc phm nh Cc nghin cu v c cu kinh t M
(1953) v Kinh t hc u vo - u ra (1966), ng m rng m hnh tc ng qua li
ca QUESNAY v cnhngx ngi kc thnh mt m hnh ton cao cp cho thy mi
quan h gia cc thnh phn ca mt h thng kinh t. Leontief p dng k thut
vo nn kinh t M, v to ra cc kt qa l th trong lnh vc thng mi quc
t v kinh t ti nguyn thin nhin. K thut tr thnh c s ca k hoch ho
trong nhiu nn kinh t phi th trng. Leontief c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t
nm 1973.
Xem HECKSCHER - OHLIN APPROACH TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE.
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economic
Sinh ra Nga v hc Anh, s nghip nghin cu ca ng din ra mt s trng
i hc M. Tc phm ban u ca ng bao gm vic miu t bng th v m
rng thuyt gi tr ca Marshall bao gm nhng nghin cu v cnh tranh khng
hon ho ca Joan ROBINSON v CHAMBERLIN. Tc phm ny tp trung vo vic
tm kim mt khi nim y v quyn lc c quyn v bo v ch ngha bnh
qun bng cch s dng quy lut li tc bin gim dn. Tc phm chnh ca ng l
Kinh t hc kim sot (1944) s dng nhiu nhng phn tch ca Marshall to ra
mt tnh hung ng h CH NGHA X HI TH TRNG. ng cng a ra nhng
iu kin m theo mt s thay i v t gi hi oi ca mt quc gia s ci thin
c cn cn thng mi ca n. iu kin ny thng c gi l IU KIN
MARSHALL - LERNER. Ngoi ra, Lerner cn l ngi ng h v bo v kinh t hc
KEYNES.
Tnh hung do Lerner phn tch trong thuyt v thu quan trong vic p dng mt
loi thu quan vo mt mt hng nhp khu c nhu cu trong nc khng co gin
theo gi th kt qu s dn ti cn cn thng mi ti t hn v cu i vi sn phm
tng ln.
Khi CNH TRANH HON HO tn ti th gi bn chi ph bin; do vy ch s ny s c
gi tr bng 0.
Xem DEVOLOPING COUNTRIES.
Mt vn bn do mt ngn hng pht hnh thay mt khch hng bo m rng ngn
hng s thanh ton cc sc do khch hng rt, hay ph bin hn ngy nay gi l
cc hi phiu do cc bn m khch hng mua hng rt theo tn ca khch hng.
Mt khi nim s dng trong kim nh gi thuyt xc nh cc gi tr ti hn nhm
so snh thng k kim nh vi chng.
Mt ch s v mi quan h gia n di hn v vn s dng.
Nh kinh t hc Ty n v l ngi cng c tng gii thng Nobel vi Theodore
Schultz v kinh t nm 1979. Hun tc W.Athur c o to ti trng kinh t
London v l trng khoa kinh t ti trng i hc Manchester v Princeton. Mi
quan tm chnh ca ng l chnh sch cng cng v kinh t ca cc nc km pht
trin v m hnh pht trin ca Lewis, trong gi nh mt nn kinh t hai khu vc
hin i ang pht trin, trong li nhun c ti u t, v hp th s lao ng
khng hn ch t khu vc nng nghip truyn thng, c chp nhn rng ri. Tc
phm chnh ca ng l L thuyt v tng trng kinh t (1955), trnh by nhng phn
tch tng hp v pht trin kinh t cho n thi gian . Trong k hoch pht trin: s
ct yu ca chnh sch kinh t (1966), ng a ra nhng hng dn v cch thc to
lp v nh gi mt k hoch kinh t. Cc n phm khc ca ng l Kho st kinh t,
1948 - 1935 (1949), phn tch v xem xt cc s kin v chnh sch ca giai on ,
Chi ph c nh (1949) v Cc nguyn tc k hoch ho kinh t (1949).
Mt m hnh kinh t v tht nghip cc nc ang pht trin c A.Lewis gii
thiu nm 1954 v 1958 v sau ch chn thc ho bi Fei v Ranis nm 1964.
S thch ca mt c nhn i vi mt nhm hng ho ny so vi mt hng ho khc,
nu n cha nhiu hn mt hng ho c th no v bt k s lng ca cc hng
ho khc trong nhm nh th no.
Mi tri quyn, thc ti hay tng lai, i vi mt c nhn hay t chc.
Page 236
economic
Xem ECONOMIC LIBERALISM.
Li sut cho vay lin ngn hng London London l li sut khc nhau trong nhng
hon cnh khc nhau m cc ngn hng c th cho vay nhng loi tin no
vi s lng v thi hn no , trong th trng tin t Chu u.
Theo Lut ngn hng ca Anh nm 1979, mt loi t chc tn dng c php nhn
tin gi. B lut nhm thit lp mt h thng quy nh v kim sot bo v cng
chng c tin gi, v c tc dng lm hn ch cc hot ng nhn tin gi hai loi
t chc tn dng, "cc ngn hng c cng nhn" v "cc c quan c php nhn
tin gi".
Gi thit cho rng c nhn tiu dng mt t l c nh gi tr hin ti ca thu nhp ca
c i h trong mi thi k.
T lng ch nghip v vo thng 12/1973 ca ngn hng trung ng Anh, cng vi
s gip ca cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v Scotland, gii quyt ci
gi l khng hong NGN HNG CP HAI, din ra trong thng 12/1973.
Trong kinh t lng, mt trung bnh m theo m hnh c kh nng thc nht c th
c suy ra t mt tp hp hu hn cc quan st i vi cc s kin c cho l do
m hnh to ra.
C hai loi cng ty trch nhim hu hn Anh: Cng ty trch nhim hu hn cng
cng v cng ty trch nhim hu hn t nhn.
Xy ra trong m hnh hi quy theo bin ph thuc b hn ch mt s khong gi
tr no .
Mt cm thut ng miu t mt nhm k thut c tnh kinh t lng s dng trong
vic c tnh cc bin s ca cc hm ng thi.
Cc cch thc m cc hng thit lp cho mt nghnh cng nghip c th nh gi
vi mc ch ngn cn nhng i th cnh tranh mi mun thm nhp vo th trng.
Xem VOLUNTARY EXCHANGE MODEL.
Thuyt ca nh kinh t Thy in c tn l Linder cho rng cc nc cng c thu
nhp bnh qun u ngi ging nhau th lng bun bn v hng ch to gia cc
nc cng cao v ngoi thng c coi l vic m rng tiu dng v sn xut
trong nc.
Tng ca mt dy bin s (hoc cc VECT) c nhn vi mt s hng s no
.
Mt tnh cht ca mt tp hp cc vect trong mt trong cc vect c th c
biu din bng mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc vect khc.
Mt cng thc c tnh cc tham s ca phng trnh hi quy, trong cc c tnh
c tm ra nh l cc hm tuyn tnh ca cc gi tr bin ph thuc c lng OLS
l mt cch c lng tuyn tnh.
Trong cc h thng chi tiu tuyn tnh, cc HM CU c din t i vi cc nhm
hng ho, chc khng phi vi cc hng ha n l.
Mt mi quan h ton hc trong cc bin s xut hin nh l cc yu t cng,
khng c cc thnh phn s m hay nhn.
Xem HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTION.
Cng gi l m hnh PROBIT - m hnh xc sut n v. Mt m hnh trong bin
ph thuc l mt bin gi hay bin nh nguyn v c biu din bng mt hm tuyn
tnh ca mt hay nhiu bin c lp.
Mt k thut to lp v phn tch cc bi ton ti u hc rng buc trong hm
mc tiu l mt hm tuyn tnh v c ti a ho hay ti thiu ho tu thuc v s
lng cc bt ng thc rng buc tuyn tnh.
Page 237
economic
Xem LIQUIDITY.
y l qu trnh chm dt s tn ti ca mt cng ty, ti sn ca n c pht mi v
phn chia cho cc ch n ca n v trong trng hp cn d tha th c chia cho
cc thnh vin trong cng ty.
Tnh cht ca ti sn "gn" ti mc mua t do, TIN c nh ngha l c kh nng
chuyn hon cao nht.
Xem MONEY, DEMAND FOR.
Anh, cc ngn hng phi tun th mt t l chuyn hon ti thiu l 30%, sau li
gim xung cn 28%. Xem MONEY MULTIPLIER, FUNDING.
Tnh hung m trong vic tng cung tin khng dn ti vic gim li sut m n
thun ch dn n vic tng s d tin nhn ri; co gin cu v tin i vi li sut
tr thnh v hn.
Tn ch cc chng khon c bun bn trn s giao dch chng khon Anh quc.
Mt k thut nh gi d n trong cc NC ANG PHT TRIN c ch
rng ri.
Xem IS - LM DIAGRAM.
Mt khon tin do ngi cho vay ng cho ngi vay.
Cm thut ng ny c ngha l cc khon tin sn c cho vay trn th trng ti
chnh, nhng thng n ny sinh trong vn cnh l thuyt li sut.
Xem DEBENTURES.
Xem DEBENTURES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL
TH TRNG TIN T bn bun London, gn b cht ch vi cc th trng cng
ty ti chnh, tin t Chu u v Lin ngn hng, trong ngi ta cho cc c quan
chnh quyn a phng vay cc khon vay ngn hn, thng qua cc cng ty mi gii
tin t.
Thu nhp v chi tiu ca chnh quyn khu vc (a phng).
S phn chia nh theo a l ca TH TRNG LAO NG ch yu l hu qu ca
cc chi ph v tm l v c bit ca vic i li nhiu n ch lm.
Xem REGIONAL MUTIPLIER
Hng ho cng cng ca mt cng ng, chng hn h thng n ng.
Mt tp hp nhng u mi quan h tn ti gia mt s ngnh va gn nhau v mt
v tr a l va lin quan vi nhau do sn phm ca mt s ngnh l u vo ca
ngnh khc.
Mi quan h tng h gia cc hng trong quyt nh ca mt loi hng v vic
la chn v tr cho mt nh my ca n b tc ng bi nhng la chn v v tr ca
cc i th cnh tranh.
Thc o thng k v mc chnh lch m mt lot hot ng kinh t c th c
nh gi trong mt vng ca nn kinh t so vi ton b nn kinh t ni chung.
Hc thuyt phn tch nhng tc ng quyt nh n v tr ca hot ng kinh t, gii
thch v on trc hnh thi v tr ca cc n v kinh t.
Hiu ng lm cho mt ngi c mt ti sn khng bn ti sn na v gi tr th
trng ca n gim xung v s gy ra thua l.
Vic ngi ch ng ca ni lm vic buc cng nhn tha nhn cc iu khon
tuyn dng ca ban lnh o.
Lgart ca mt s l mt s m khi c s ca n nng ln s m l gi tr ca lgarit
th bng s .
th ca hm ny c hnh ch S, v n c s dng biu din mi quan h
gia gi tr ca mt bin s kinh t v thi gian.
Page 238
economic
Mt mi quan h ton hc m nu biu din bng lgarit th l mt hm tuyn tnh.
L t tn cho qu trnh "trao i l phiu" trong mt ngi ng ng h mt
ngi khc i vi mt vn nht nh i li ngi kia s ng h anh ta i vi mt
vn khc.
L ph trung tm ca ngn hng v ti chnh ca thnh ph London.
Cng c hp tc kinh t v thng mi c k kt nm 1975 Lom, th ca
Togo, gia cc nc thnh vin ca Cng ng Chu u (EC) v 46 nc ang pht
trin Chu Phi, Caribe v Thi bnh Dng (ACP).
Cc chng khon dng n ch khng phi dng c phn - v d nh chng khon
vin vng hay tri khn cng ty - c ngy o hn di, thng l hn 10 nm.
Xu hng chi ph vn ti tng t hn v t l so vi qung ng chuyn ch.
Mt kiu d liu PANEL, trong cc thng tin trong giai on trc thi im thu
thp c a vo.
Mt lot cc li sut c th thu c t cc chng khon di hn, v do c th tr
cho cc khon vay di hn mi.
Khong thi gian lin quan n qu trnh sn xut trong c thi gian thay i tt
c cc yu t sn xut, nhng khng thi gian thay i quy trnh cng ngh c
bn c s dng.
Trong di hn tt c cc chi ph c xu hng l chi ph kh bin.
Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu nhp trong giai on hn 50 nm.
Chi ph tng thm khi sn sut thm mt n v sn phm trong di hn.
Vn di dng ti chnh (tin) nu c vay theo cc iu khon vay n, c k hn
tr n di, thng trn 10 nm; hoc theo cch khc nu ai huy ng bng cch pht
hnh c phn th s khng c hon tr, tr khi cng ty ng ca.
Mt th dng tnh mc bt bnh ng.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Mt gi thit cho rng PHI THO DNG do b mt mt hng ho nhiu hn so vi
tho dng ca hng ho y.
Mt hm phi tho dng m mt nh lp chnh sch mun ti thiu ho.
Khi cc doanh nghip c hng ho a dng cho bn mt phn trong lot sn phm
ca h mc gi thp hn chi ph, v tin rng iu ny s thc y vic tiu th cc
sn phm c chnh lch li nhun cao hn.
Thng ni n tho thun, theo cc khon l ca mt d n c th c b li
bi thu nhp t cc ngun khc.
Xem POPULATION POLYCY, POPULATION.
Xem DYNAMIC THEORIES OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE.
Bi ph bnh v vic s dng m hnh kinh t lng nh gi kt qu ca cc
quyt nh chnh sch v cc tham s c lng ngm bao hm nh hng ca chnh
sch.
Tnh t dng m t cc s d tuyn tnh (L), khng chch (U) v c ma trn hip
phng sai cho v hng (S)>
Mt thut ng khng c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc hin i, nhng nu c
dng th ch mt hng ho c co gin cu theo thu nhp ln hn 1, do khi
thu nhp tng th hng chim mt t l cao hn trong thu nhp ca ngi tiu
dng.
Tng thu cho ngn sch chnh ph c th rt rc ri cc nc km pht trin,
nhiu ngi t hnh ngh hoc c tr bng hin vt v khng th nh thu thu
nhp c.
Page 239
economic
U ban iu tra ca Anh c thnh lp nm 1929 vi tn gi "U ban Ti chnh v
Cng nghip", do H.P Macmillan (sau ny l Hun tc) lm ch tch, nhm nghin
cu h thng ti chnh v ngn hng trong cc nghip v trong nc v quc t ca
n, v nhm a ra nhng khuyn ngh v vic lm th no h thng ny c th
thc y "vic pht trin ni thng v ngoi thng v vic tuyn dng lao ng".
Xem Macmillan Committee.
S sa i vo nm 1952 i vi o lut v U ban thng mi Lin bang Hoa k,
o lut Mc Guire c ban hnh nhm cng ch cc nh bn l khng k kt cc
tho thun v cch nh gi cng nh nhng ngi c k kt tho thun phi nh gi
trn nguyn tc "thng mi cng bng".
L khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi ca ton b nn kinh t ni chung.
L mt hnh thc LA CHN TP TH hoc QUY TC QUYT NH X HI m
theo bt k ngh no c s ng h ca hn mt na s "ngi biu quyt" s
c chn.
L mt gi nh v bn cht ca vn hin vt thng s dng trong kinh t hc c
in, theo cc vt liu hnh thnh nn mt c my c th c th c thay i ngay
lp tc v khng h tn km thnh mt c my khc.
Malthus l mt mc s v cng l mt gio s mn lch s hin i v kinh t chnh tr
(l ngi u tin c cp danh hiu ny ti Anh). Tuy nhin, ng cng c nhng
ng gp cho vic phn tch tin t v cho "hc thuyt v tnh trng d tha" v tham
gia v mt cuc tranh lun ni ting vi ngi bn ca ng lad Ricardo, ng c
bit n nhiu nht vi t tng l tc gi ca Tiu lun v nguyn tc dn s (1798).
Trong tc phm nay, ng thch thc quan im truyn thng ca cc nh kinh t hc
dn s cho rng dn s ng v ng cng gia tng ng ngha vi s giu c v ng
lp lun rng dn s s tng ln cho n khi t ti mc rng buc v cung cp lng
thc. ng cho rng dn s c xu hng gia tng theo cp s nhn v ngun lng
thc li tng theo cp s cng. S tng dn s c th c km hm hoc l mt cch
tch cc (ngha l qua s t vong tng ln) thng qua nhng hnh thc nh chin
tranh, bnh dch hoc mt cch tiu cc (ngha l qua vic sinh t i) thng qua
cc hnh thc nh hn ch bng o c, kt hn mun Hc thuyt ny ca
Malthus v tin lng t ra mt mc lng khng thay i mt mc tn ti. Tri
vi d on ca ng, c dn s v mc lng u c xu hng gia tng cc nc
cng nghip pht trin; s d nh vy l do tin b khoa hc k thut, m Malthus
nh gi thp vai tr ca n i vi vic qun gim t l sinh khi thu nhp tng v
i vi vic khai thc cc vng t mi. Ni m nh v vn ca Malthus cho n nay
vn cn tn ti cc nc chm pht trin khi h mun nhp khu cc loi thuc m
em li cho nc cng nghip pht trin nhng t l t vong tng ng vi cc t
l sinh ca nc ang pht trin. Vn ny cng c mt s nh sinh tha hc
a ra trn phm vi ton cu khi h cn tin on rn dn s v sn lng cng
nghip tng s khin cho th gii b cn kit cc ngun ti nguyn.
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
L nhng nhn vin trong mt hng c quyn thay mt cho cc ch s hu kim sot
cc hot ng ca hng.
L vic ban qun l thu mua cc ti sn ca mt cng ty.
Trong khun kh ca vic nghin cu doanh nghip, mn hc ny p dng cc
nguyn tc khoa hc nhm h tr cho vic t c hiu qu hot ng trong vic
thc hin cc mc tiu kinh doanh.
Page 240
economic
L mt cng ty khng c mt c ng hoc mt nhm c ng no chim c t l
biu quyt cao nm quyn kim sot cc chnh sch ca cng ty.
Vic t chc nn kinh t thnh cc tp on ln, trong quyn nh ot cc ngun
lc nm trong tay mt tng lp qun l c th xc nh c tch bit khi gii ch s
hu ti sn v hu nh khng chu s kim sot ca h.
L kh nng ca cc nh qun l ca mt cng ty thc hin nhng mc tiu m h t
thy l c li hn cho h.
L mt khi nim gn vi tng ca Galbraith cho rng quyn lc kinh t chuyn
t vn sang ch s hu ca cc b quyt k thut, tc l tng lp qun l.
Xem X - EFFICIENCY.
L cc hc thuyt bt ngun t quan nim cho rng CH NGHA T BN ng thi
c c trng bi s khng ch trong khu vc sn xut ca cc tp on ln, ni
m quyn s hu v quyn kim sot c phn tch r rng gia cc c ng v
cc nh qun l.
Mi quan h ny quy nh c th nhng lun chng m th t u tin ca cc nh
qun l ca doanh nghip ph thuc vo .
L chi ph tng thm cho vic sn xut thm mt n v sn lng.
L mt phng php nh gi ca cc hng t nhn hoc cc cng ty nh nc theo
c xc nh bng chi ph bin.
L mc thay i trong tiu dng do tng thm mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i nhp khu do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i tit kim do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
Trong hc thuyt v cu ca ngi tiu dng, t l thay th bin cp n s lng
ca mt loi hng ho, b p cho ngi tiu dng i vi vic t b s lng mt
loi hng ho khc sao cho vn c c mc phc li (tho dng ) nh trc.
L gi tr biu hin bng s ca dc ca ng GII HN KH NNG SN XUT.
L mc thay i trong tng doanh thu pht sinh t vic bn thm mt n v sn
lng.
L mt ngi c b nhim l gim c mt cng ty trch nhim hu hn, c trch
nhim chnh l iu hnh cc hot ng hng ngy ca cng ty.
L mt phin bn, do nh kinh t Manoilescu a ra, v lun chng v NGNH
CNG NGHIP NON TR, da vo nhn nh rt ra t thc t rng mc lng trung
bnh trong khu vc ch to mt nc chm pht trin cao hn mc lng trung
bnh trong khu vc nng nghip mc d nng sut lao ng c th nh nhau.
L mt n lc nhm tng cng hot ng ca th trng lao ng, v nu c th, l
s nh i gia tht nghip v lam pht.
L nhng nhn vin lm cc cng vic chn tay v c tr tin cng theo tun.
Trong kinh t hc, "ti bin" c ngha l ti im m n v sn phm cui cng c
sn xut hoc tiu th.
Page 241
economic
Mt n v bin l n v tng thn\m ca mt ci g , chng hn nh vi CHI PH
BIN, THO DNG BIN..
Xem NEO - CLASSICAL ECONOMICS
L biu xc nh chi tit chi ph thc s ca vn ti chnh ca doanh nghip.
L chi ph tng thm cho mt thit hi pht sinh, thng do nhim gy ra, t mt
n v tng thm ca hot ng gy hi.
L phi tho dng tng thm pht sinh t mt thay i nh trong mt bin s no .
L T L CHIT KHU c nht c th khin cho gi tr hin ti ca li ch rng d
kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng vi gi cung cp n khi gi cung cp ti sn
khng h tng.
L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h cn bng di hn gia s vn cn c v li
sut.
Cn gi l t st li tc ni hon. L t l chit khu lm cho gi tr hin ti ca li
tc rng d kin t mt ti sn vn bng ng gi cung cp ca n trong trng hp
mc gi ny c cng nhn s tng ln trong ngn hn.
L ng cu v u t. L biu trnh by chi tit mi quan h gia hiu sut bin
ca u t v t l li sut.
L mt tiu chun v u t vi mc tiu ti a ho thu nhp bnh qun u ngi ti
mt thi im trong tng lai.
L mc tng thm tng sn lng nh vic s dng thm mt n v lao ng v c
th dn xut t hm sn xut, vi iu kin cc yu t khc khng i.
L sn lng tng thm do s dng thm mt n v u vo.
Hc thuyt ny cho rng mt ch s dng lao ng mong mun ti a ho li nhun
ca mnh s chu s chi phi ca quy lut v nng sut bin gim dn, theo cc
n v lao ng ln lt c s dng s to ra cc n v SN LNG gim dn
tng ng.
L mc thay i trong thu nhp v thu do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thay i nhng khon rt tin do thay i mt n v thu nhp.
L mc thu i vi mt n v thu nhp tng thm, nhng khi nin ny cng c
p dng tng ng vi vic tng thm ca chi tiu, ca qu tng.
L t l thay th k thut bin ca hai yu t u vo.
L sn phm vt cht bin nhn vi doanh thu bin t vic bn thm mt n v sn
phm nh vic s dng thm mt n v u vo.
Trong kinh t hc ti nguyn, l li ch rng (vic nh gi mt n v ti nguyn,
tc l gi ca n tr i chi ph khai thc) m th h tng lai khng c c do th h
hin ti s dng mt n v ti nguyn hu hn.
L tho dng ph thm c c t vic thm mt n v ca bt k loai hng ho
no.
Xem Marginal utility of money.
L t l gia tng tho dng ca mt c nhn khi ngn sch ca ring ngi (thu
nhp) tng thm 1 n v.
L t l gi tr th trng ca 1 chng khon m ngi mua c th vay c khi mua
chng khon .
Thng thng, l bt k khung cnh no trong din ra vic mua bn cc loi
hng ho v dch v.
C rt nhiu cch khc nhau phn loi th trng.
L tng hp ca mt lot cc ng cu ring r i vi mt loi hng ho.
Page 242
economic
Vi mt mc gi bn sn phm khng i, ng cu ca th trng hay ca mt
nghnh sn xut chnh l s tng hp theo chiu ngang cc ng DOANH THU
SN PHM BIN ca cc doanh nghip tham gia.
L mt h thng kinh t trong cc quyt nh v vic phn b ngun lc v sn
xut c din ra trn c s cc mc gi c xc nh qua nhng giao dch t
nguyn gia cc nh sn xut, ngi tiu dng, cng nhn v ch s hu cc yu t
sn xut.
L vic mt h thng cc th trng t nhn khng c kh nng cung cp mt s mt
hng nht nh cho d l mt phn nh hay vi mc hp l nht nh hoc ti u
nht.
L nhng tc nhn pht sinh t quan h t do gia cung v cu ca th tng dn
n vic phi iu chnh gi bn v/hoc s lng c giao dch.
L bt k s sai lch no khi cc iu kin cn thit c c cnh tranh hon
ho.
L mt thut ng dng ch nhng hot ng ca cc doanh nghip lin quan n
vic bn v phn phi sn phm.
Cc ban ny c thnh lp ti mt s nc chu Phi, v chng p ng c nhiu
mc ch khc nhau. Chng mang li cho cc tiu nng mt th trng chc chn v
n nh i vi cc sn phm ca h v v sau hng ha c bn trn quy m ln
trn cc th trng quc t nn cc nh chc trch c c c s hp l hn mc
c gi bn hp l.
L tn gi xut hin ti S GIAO DCH CHNG KHON London k t nm 1986, t
cho hng to ra c mt th trng mua bn cc loi chng khon khc nhau thng
qua vic lun sn sng mua hoc bn nhng loi chng khon ny.
L vic cc nh sn xut c xu hng t nh my ca h gn th trng tiu th sn
phm ch khng phi ni khc, chng hn nh gn ngung nguyn liu.
L vic nhm ngi mua hoc bn c kh nng tc ng n gi c ca sn phm
hoc dch v m h ang mua bn.
L t trng ca tng s hng ho bn trn th trng ca mt doanh nghip.
L mt h thng kinh t x hi ch ngha nhng li nhng quyn iu hnh cc hot
ng hng ngy ca nn kinh t cho c ch th trng.
L mt qu trnh lin kt gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s vi nhng gi tr trc ca
chnh n v mt sai s ngu nhin.
L mt nh kinh t ngi M ng ot gii Nobel v kinh t nm 1990 (cng vi
M.Miller v W.F.Sharp). Cng vic quan trng m ng thc hin trong nhng nm
1950 t nn mng cho hc thuyt hin i v DANH MC U T. Hc thuyt
ban u ca ng v s la chn danh mc u t c da trn m hnh chun tc
dnh cho cc nh qun l u t. ng gp quan trng ca ng l vic pht trin
thuyt nghip v c tnh ton chnh xc v s la chn danh mc u t trong iu
kin khng chc chn. Markowitz ch ra rng trong nhng iu kin nht nh, s la
chn danh mc u t ca mt nh u t b hn ch vic cn bng gia li tc d
kin thu t danh mc u t vi sai s ca n. V mt nguyn tc, s la
chn phc tp gia nhiu ti sn vi nhng thuc tnh khc nhau ca chng c
xem nh mt bi ton khng gian hai chiu, thng gi l php phn tch phng sai
trung bnh. Cc n phm ln trung bnh ca Markowitz bao gm: S la chn danh
mc u t: S a dng ho c hiu qu u t, Wiley (1959), v Php phn tch
phng sai - trung bnh trong vic la chn danh mc u t v cc th trng vn,
Blackwell (1987)>
Page 243
economic
L mt phn cng thm vo cc chi ph kh bin trung bnh hnh thnh gi bn do
ngi bn xc nh nhm trang tri cc chi ph c nh v c c li nhun.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh m c s nghip ca mnh dnh cho cng vic ca
mt gio s kinh t ti aih hc Cambridge (1885-1908).ng coi yu t gi thnh sn
xut quan trng khng km g tho dng trong hc thuyt v gi tr ca ng.
tng c bn trong cng vic ca ng l kh nng ca cung v cu trong vic to ra
nhng mc gi cn bng trn th trng. Marshall c v nh cu ni gia hc
thuyt kinh t c in vi hc thuyt tn c in ca Jevon v hc thuyt v cn bng
tng qut ca Walras. Cc tc phm ca Marshall khng ch c nh hng ng k
n chnh sch kinh t cho n hin nay m cn gy nh hng ng k n cc th
h nh kinh t ca Anh.
L vin tr ca M v Canada cho Anh v cc nc khc tr gip h phc hi nn
kinh t sau chin tranh th gii th hai.
L ng cu c s dng rng ri nht trong phn ng ca lng cu i vi
mc gi chu nh hng ca c hiu ng thu nhp ln hiu ng thay th.
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, vic ph ga ng tin c th ci thin c cn cn
thanh ton. iu kin Marshall - Lerner l mt iu kin ging nh vy.
Xem EUROPEAN RECOVERY PROGRAMME.
L nh trit hc, X hi hc, s hc, l lun chnh tr hc, kinh t hc ngi c. T
1849, sng ti Anh vi s gip ca ng-ghen, mt nh t bn cng nghip. Chu
nh hng su sc t tng H-ghen v t a ra lun thuyt v x hi t bn, v
lun im tng hp v ch ngha cng sn. Nhng tin on ca C.Mc v ch ngha
t bn vn cha tr thnh hin thc nhng nhng thnh tu ca Mc l ht sc to
ln khin chi Mc t ti nh co ca mt nh phn tch kinh t.
L mt trng phi t duy kinh t c mc ch phn tch s pht trin kinh t v x hi
ca h thng kinh t t bn ch ngha.
L mt nguyn tc trong kinh t hc mi trng, theo khi lng cht thi ra mi
trng t qu trnh sn xut c coi l xp x khi lng cc ti nguyn c s
dng sn xut ra hng ho.
L cm thut ng c C.Mc s dng xc nh nn tng kinh t thc t ca mt
x hi.
Xem EXPECTED VALUE.
L ngy m khon n ca ngi pht hnh tri phiu n hn phi thanh ton hoc l
ngy n hn thanh ton tin n gc.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT NH gip cho vic la chn trong
nhng iu kin khng chc chn.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt RA QUYT NH gip cho vic la chn trong
nhng iu kin khng chc chn.
L gi tr ln nht ca mt hm s hoc ca bin s.
L mt cm thut ng m t k thut c lng kinh t lng chung bao gm vic ti
a ho hm hp l ca nhng quan st mu v cc gi tr ca cc tham s ca cc
phng trnh ang c c tnh.
Page 244
economic
L trng phng kinh t thuc vn phng ni cc Anh t nm 1940 n nm 1945,
gio s kinh t hc thuc trng Kinh t London t nm 1947 n nm 1957, gio s
kinh t chnh tr thuc trng i hc Cambridge t nm 1957 n nm 1969. ng
c trao tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc vo nm 1977. Nhng tc phm ni
ting ca ng l: Hc thuyt v chnh sch kinh t: Cn cn thanh ton (1951), H
thng thng mi quc t (1952); Hc thuyt v chnh sch quc t.v cc h thng
khc nhau v kinh doanh v tr lng cho cng nhn (1986). Tc phm ni ting nht
ca ng thuc v lnh vc chnh sch v hc thuyt thng mi quc t. Nhng vn
ca cc chnh sch N NH HO trong NN KINH T M l trng tm ca
nhng tc phm u tin ca ng, c bit l nhng iu kin c c mt s cn
bng trong nn kinh t trong nc v trong giao dch vi nc ngoi. ng nhn mnh
n nhng mu thun v chnh sch c th xy ra gia cn cn thng mi quc t
vi cn cn tng cung v tng cu trong nc trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c
nh. ng cng tin hnh phn tch v kinh t hc phc li ca lin minh thu quan v
thu quan trong nhng iu kin m s cnh tranh hon ho s khng dn n kh
nng ti a ho phc li.
Mt s o thng c s dng tnh xu hng tp trung ca mt bin s, c th
dng tnh cho mt mu nht nh hoc ton b tn th.
L nhng tr cp m ch c th nhn c nu nh thu nhp ca ngi xin c
hng tr cp thp hn mt gi tr nht nh.
L phng php tm ra DANH MC cc ti sn c hiu qu cao.
Xem ERRORS IN VARIABLES.
Mt s o xu hng tp trung.
L mt quy tc dng tm ra a im m ti tng khi lng vn chuyn cn phi
thc hin phc v cho mt nhm cc th trng phn tn v v tr a l c gi tr ti
thiu.
L mt nh l lin quan n s LA CHN TP TH trong mt x hi dn ch, n
d on rng cc chnh tr gia hu ht u s i din cho quan im ca nhng c tri
trung tm ca ph chnh tr hoc x hi .
L s can thip vo CUC TRANH CHP LAO NG bi mt bn th ba c lp
khch quan, l bn xem xt lp lun ca c hai pha v a ra khuyn ngh gii
quyt tranh chp.
L bt k ti sn hoc phng tin no c chc nng trung gian trong qu trnh trao
i, ngha l mt vt m ngi bn hang hoc cung cp dch v chp nhn thay
th, khng phi cho bn thn n m l v thc rng n c th s dng trong
nhng cuc trao i mua bt k ci g m anh ta cn.
L mt chnh sch do chnh ph Anh xng trong k hoch ngn sch nm 1980
theo cc t l tng mc cung tin gim dn hng nm c n nh nhm kim
ch lm pht. Vo thng 10/1985, chin lc ny trn thc t b t b khi mc tiu
t ra cho ng Sterling M3, bn v tin c a chung b nh li.
L nh kinh t ngi o, ngi sng lp ra trng phi o. ng l mt trong nhng
tc gi ca hc thuyt v gi tr THO DNG BIN, cn nhng ngi khc c
lp nghin cu hc thuyt ny l Jevons v Walras. Menger lp lun rng gi tr mc
gia tng ca mt hng ho khi c cung, c th hin bi cng dng km quan trng
nht m mc gia tng c s dng. ng cng xy dng nn mt hc thuyt quy
trch nhim v phn phi (tc l th lao cho yu t sn xut) theo gi tr v a c
ca phng tin sn xut bt ngun t vai tr ca chng trong vic sn xut cc mt
hng cn mua trc tin ngha l hng tiu dng. Gi tr pht sinh t tho dng v
t cc chi ph sn xut cho php; gi tr khng bt ngun t cc chi ph sn xut, c
bit l lao ng ch khng theo quan im, chng hn nh KINH T HC C IN
ANH. Tc phm ln ca ng mang ta Grundsatze Der Volkwirtschaftslehre.
Page 245
economic
Trit l kinh t ca cc nh bun v cc chnh khch th k XVI v XVII. T tng ny
ph thuc vo mt nh nc mnh v can thip su vo hot ng kinh t.
L mt nhm trong s cc th ch ti chnh Anh tin hnh mt lot cc hot ng a
dng v ti chnh hoc lin quan n ti chnh.
L vic hai doanh nghip sat nhp li vi nhau, trong cc c ng ca hai bn
cng ty ng kt hp gp vn ca mnh li hnh thnh mt cng ty mi.
L mt mt hng m xt v bn cht c coi l ng tiu dng.
L mt loi hng ho m ngi ta lp lun rng khng nn khuyn khch tiu dng
hoc cm tiu dng cho d nhiu ngi vn thch th hng ho .
L mt thut ng thng c s dng mt cch khng cht ch trong kinh t hc
m t cch thc m cc nh kinh t s dng trong cch phn tch vn .
L tnh hung trong hc thuyt THU QUAN c nh kinh t Metzler phn tch, theo
vic nh thu vo mt hng nhp khu s ci thin t gi thng mi theo hng
khng ch t gi trao i ngoi nc m ngay c t gi trao i trong nc tnh c thu
quan cng c ci thin.
L hnh thc t chc ni b rt ph bin c cc cng ty ln p dng nhm phi hp
nhm i ph vi tnh trng QUN L LNG LO.
L thut ng s dng m t nhng phn trong phn tch kinh t quan tm n
hnh vi ca nhng n v n l, c th l nhng ngi tiu dng v cc doanh
nghip.
L n lc tm ra c nhng mi qun h v hnh vi ca kinh t hc v m t nhng
m hnh hnh vi ca cc c th m kinh t hc vi m bn n.
L o lut v "bun bn cng bng", nh ra quyn ca mt nh sn xut M trong
vic quy nh nhng mc gi bn l ti thiu cho cc mt hng c nhn hiu thng
mi v c ng k vo nm 1972, quc hi tuyn b nhng o lut trn u v
hiu.
L mt quy tc trong l thuyt v qu trnh ra quyt nh trong nhng diu kin khng
chc chn.
Gi tr nh nht ca mt bin hay mt hm.
L: quy m ca mt nh my hoc doanh nghip m ti cc chi ph trung bnh di
hn t c mc ti thiu.
Trong cc k hoch pht trin ca ccc nc chm pht trin thng xc nh nhng
mc ch tiu ti thiu v vi lm.
Cm thut ng c a vo thng 10/1971 thay th cho cm thut ng "li sut
ngn hng", tn gi ca li sut m ngn hng Anh s h tr bng cc khon tin vay
hoc bng cch ti chit khu cc hi phiu cho cc NGN HNG CHIT KHU do
thiu vn trn th trng tin t buc phi ti ngn hng trung ng nh l NGI
CHO VAY CU CNH CUI CNG. Vo thng 8/1981 MLR b xa b, d vn cn
quy nh s s dng n trong nhng trng hp khn cp.
Cc lut nhm vi thin iu kin sng ca ngi cng nhn bng cch n nh mt
mc thp nht i vi lng theo gi m cc doanh nghip tr cho cng nhn.
L kh nng ca mt c nhn hoc mt t chc nm c quyn kim sot mt cng
ty, mc d s hu t hn 51% s c phiu thng thng c quyn b phiu ca
cng ty.
L ni tin kim loi c sn xut ra.
Xem Specification error.
L phng php c tnh trong c s dng thng tin ph.
L loi hng ho m li ch c c t vic tiu dng n khng ch thuc v mt c
nhn m cn c san s cho nhiu ngi.
Page 246
economic
L mt h thng kt hp cc doanh nghip t nhn mang tnh cnh tranh vi mt mc
kim sot nht nh t trung ng.
L thc o xu hng tp trung ca mt bin s.
LA mt khung mu chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy ca php phn tch nhm rt ra
t nhng hin tng phc tp ca th gii thc ti nhng c im ca mt h thng
kinh t c ngha quan trng trong vic gip nm gi c nhng mi quan h v
hnh vi, th ch v k thut l nn tng ca h thng .'
Xem MONETARISM, MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt tn gi khc ca khu vc cng nghip, hoc i khi dng gi khu vc chnh
ph.
L cm thut ng m C.Mc dng ch c s kinh t ca x hi, l yu t m ng
cho rng c nh hng ln nht trong vic quyt nh c cu x hi.
L nh kinh t hc ngi M gc Italia c trao gii thng Nobel kinh t vo nm
1985 chnh nh tc phm v hm tiu dng, trong sng to ln nht ca ng l gi
thit v chu k sng. Modigliani cng c nhng ng gp quan trng vo hc thuyt t
bn, c bit l v chi ph t bn trong hc thuyt MODIGLIANI - MULLER. Xem
CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
Xem CAPITAL STRUCTURE.
Xem ABSOLUTE VALUE.
L mt thut ng m t THNG K tng c tc dng biu th c im hnh dng
v v tr ca mt PHN PHI XC SUT, hoc mt mu s liu.
L mt trng phi t duy kinh t lp lun rng nhng xo trn trong lnh vc tin t
l nguyn nhn ch yu ca s bt n trong nn kinh t.
1)Xem CREDIT MULTIPLIER. 2)L h s ca mc cung tin thc t trong phng
trnh thu nhp dng n gin rt gn trong m hnh kinh t v m.
Xem PRICE.
L mt cch gi khc ca cung tin.
L s lng tin trong mt nn kinh t, c nhiu nh ngha khc nhau lin quan n
cc ti sn c kh nng chuyn hon m c coi l tin t.
L vic biu hin nhng gi tr ca mt loi hng ho theo tin trn danh ngha - hay
n cch khc l bao gm c nhng thay i trong mc gi chung.
L tp qun canh tc mt loi hoa mu trn mt din tch t ai nht nh, tp qun
ny xut hin ti Anh trc cch mng rung t v hin vn cn ph bin cc vng
nhit i.
o lut ny c hai quan im mi quan trng trong chnh sch cnh tranh ca Anh.
Th nht, CC CUC ST NHP ln u phi chu s iu tra ca c quan hu
trch lc c tn l U ban v c quyn. Th hai l quy nh cho U ban v c
quyn c quyn iu tra chung v cc v vic lin quan n cung cp cc dch v
cng nh cung cp hng ho.
Page 247
economic
Tng gim c v thng mi cng bng v B thng mi v cng nghip l nhng
ngi c th a cc HNG C QUYN V CC V ST NHP ra iu tra ti U
ban v c quyn v st nhp, mt t chc xt x hnh chnh c lp c thnh lp
vo nm 1973 thay th cho U ban v c quyn trc c thnh lp vo nm
1948.
o lut ny nh du s ra i mt chnh sch v cnh tranh ca Anh vi vic thnh
lp U ban v c quyn v nhng thng l hn ch.
L mt hc thuyt do E.H.Chamberlin (THUYT V CNH TRANH V C QUYN,
nh xut bn Harvard University, 1933) v J.Robinson (Kinh t hc v cnh tranh
khng hon ho, Macmillan,1933) khi xng.
Theo ngha chnh xc nht ca cm thut ng ny th mt doanh nghip c coi l
c quyn nu n l nh cung cp duy nht mt lot sn phm ng nht m khng
c mt hng no c th thay th v c rt nhiu ngi mua.
L kh nng ca mt doanh nghip hoc mt nhm cc doanh nghip trong vic tc
ng n gi c th trng ca mt loi hng ha hoc dch v m h bn.
Xem SUPER-NORMAL PROFITS
Theo ngha cht ch th mt nh c quyn mua l ngi mua duy nht i vi mt
yu t sn xut.
L mt k thut nhm khm ph ra nhng tnh cht nh ca mu ca cc c tnh
kinh t lng.
Xem UNDEREMPLOYED WORKERS.
L nh hng ca mt s loi hnh nht nh ca cc h thng bo him trong vic
gy ra s chnh lc gia chi ph bin c nhn ca mt hnh ng v Chi ph bin x
hi ca hnh ng , do vy dn n vic phn b cc ngun lc khng ti u.
L mt s thu xp v mt php l theo mt hnh thc s hu mt loi ti sn no
c ngi i vay chuyn cho ngi cho vay nh mt s bo m i vi khon
vay .
L iu khon trong mt hp ng thng mi quc t quy nh rng cc bn tham
gia hp ng c ngha v phi dnh cho nhau s i x m h dnh cho bt k nc
no khc trong lnh vc thu XUT NHP KHU v trong cc quy nh khc v
thng mi.
L mt phng php nhm loi bt nhng bin ng s liu.
L mt bi ton kinh t lng trong hai hoc nhiu BIN S GII THCH trong mt
phn tch hi quy c tng quan mt thit vi nhau.
L vin tr bng tin hoc hin vt do mt nhm cc nc cng nhau cung cp hoc
thng qua mt t chc quc t cho mt nhm cc nc khc.
L mt thnh vin ca Ngn hng th gii. MIGA c hnh thnh lp vo nm 1988
vi chc nng chuyn trch l khuyn khch u t c phn v cc u t trc tip
vo cc nc ang pht trin.
L hnh thc thng mi gia mt s nc vi nhau, nhng lng hng xut v nhp
ca cc nc ny khng cn bng gia tng cp nc vi nhau, mc d nc no
cng c xu hng cn bng trong tng chi ngoi thng v tng thu ngoi thng.
L mt doanh nghip ln ng tr s ti mt nc nhng li iu hnh cc cng ty
con thuc s hu hon ton hoc mt phn ca hc cc nc khc.
L vic gim c tng chi ph trung bnh nh vn hnh nhiu hn mt nh my.
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economic
Nhng yu t thng thng khuyn khch hnh thc hot ng ni trn l cc th
trng phn tn v mt a l cng vi chi ph vn chuyn cao, tnh kinh t v chi ph
vn cho s hot ng a nh my v mc linh hot cao hn trong vic p ng
nhng i hi ca nhu cu m hnh thc hot ng a nh my c th c c. Xem
Multiplant economies.
Xem Coefficient determi-nation.
Xem REGRESSION ANALYSIS.
L t s thay i trong thu nhp vi thay i ban u trong chi tiu m to ra thay i
thu nhp ni trn.
Mt phng php dng gii thch nhng bin ng trong mc pht trin ca
hot ng kinh t - CHU K KINH DOANH - vn ph thuc vo nhng tc ng qua
li gia S NHN v GIA TC.
L mt doanh nghip kt hp cc yu t sn xut vi nhau sn xut ra nhiu loi
sn phm.
L m hnh c s dng trong l thuyt tng trng theo cho php sn xut
nhiu loi hng ho.
L mt phn tch (thng l mang tnh thng k) trong c t hai bin s tr ln.
L mt M hnh do hai nh kinh t hc Mundell v Fleming xy dng mt cch c
lp, n cho thy tc ng m rng ca cc bin s chnh sch, CHNH SCH TI
CHNH v CHNH SCH TIN T u bin i tu thuc vo ch t gi hi oi
c gi nh.
y l ni ti tnh hung trong c hai hoc nhiu d n khng th cng thc thi v
chng cn c mt u vo m ch c th c dng cho mt d n.
Xem ACCELERATOR PRINCIPLE
Trong L THUYT TR CHI khi nim ny c p dng trong nhng iu kin
nht nh tm ra cch gii quyt cho nhng tr chi hai ngi hp tc vi nhau.
L vic son tho cc ti khon nhm a ra c nhng c tnh v THU NHP
QUC DN.
L s thng lng tp th gia nhng ngi lm cng n lng v i din ca gii
ch ra mc lng v nhng iu kin lm vic trong mt ngnh hoc mt nhm
ngnh trn ton quc.
L mt t chc t nhn phi li nhun ca M c thnh lp nm 1920 di hnh
thc mt trung tm nghin cu c lp v khch quan.
Theo nh ngha thng thng th khi nim ny phn nh tng s ngha v n cn
tn ng ca chnh quyn trung ng v c chia l hai loi: n c th bn c,
tc l CHNG KHON c trao i ; v n khng th bn c, v d nh giy
chng nhn tit kim quc gia.
L mt hi ng Anh, ch tch ca hi ng l B trng Ti chnh, l mt din n
cho cc i din ca chnh ph, cc doanh nghip nh nc v t nhn, cc nghip
on v gii hc gi nhm ra v nh gi cc chnh sch lin quan n hot ng
v s tng trng nn kinh t Anh vo nm 1962.
L mt t chc ca nh nc c thnh lp bi o lut cng nghip nm 1975.
Chc nng chnh ca NEB l tng cng hiu qu sn xut cng nghip v tnh cnh
tranh quc t, tip qun cc c phn hin c ca chnh ph m bo mc sinh li.
L thc o gi tr tin t v hng ho v dch v c cung cp trn ton quc t
hot ng kinh t.
Xem GIRO SYSTEM.
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economic
L mt t chc phi li nhun c lp ca Anh c thnh lp vo nm 1938 nhm
mc ch nng cao kin thc v cc iu kin kinh t v x hi ca x hi ng thi.
L mt nh kinh t hc, chnh tr gia v nh hot ng quc t ngi Thu in,
Myrdal kin nh thch thc t duy kinh t chnh thng trn mt lot cc ch .
Trong cc lnh vc, Myrdal u by t quan im rng cc yu t v th ch quan
trng hn cc quan h th trng trong vic quyt nh nhng s kin kinh t. Myrdal
cng c nhng ng gp cho hc thuyt kinh t "thun tu", v nhng tc phm trc
ca ng, c bit l cc tc phm Cn bng tin t (1931) pht trin thm kinh
t hc ca Knut Wicksell v d bo c phn ln nhng nghin cu sau ny ca
J.M.Keynes. Trong phm vi vn ny, Myrdal l ngi a ra nhng khi nim
EX ANTE V EX POST. ng s dng nhng tng ny bn v nhng quyt
nh u t ch cht v mi quan h ca chng vi tng sn lng quc dn im
cn bng theo cch thc m ngi ta cho l ging ca Keynes. Nhng tc phm quan
trng khc ca ng bao gm: Mt nn kinh t quc t: Nhng vn v trin vng
(1956); Hc thuyt kinh t v cc khu vc km pht trin (1957); Thch thc vi s
phong lu (1963); v Li ngc dng (1973). Myrdal c trao gii thng Nobel kinh
t (cng vi F.A.von HAYEK) vo nm 1974 do c nhng n lc m rng phm vi
nghin cu kinh t hc.
L mt hnh thc thu lao ng ti Anh, nh vo c gii ch ln ngi lao ng. Cc
khon np trn c dnh ring dng vo vic chi tr cho tr cp bo him quc
gia nhng chng khng to ra c ton b ngun thu cn thit thc hin vic chi
tr ny.
L mt qu tip nhn cc khon ng gp bo him quc gia v thc hin thanh ton
tr cp bo him x hi.
"o lut Wager" c quc hi M thng qua vo nm 1935. N l kt qu ca mt
Lch s lu di trong vic gia tng sc p ca chnh quyn lin bang nhm ng h
nguyn tc thng lng tp th. Ch yu nh ao lut m s thnh vin ca cc
nghip on ca M tng mt cch nhanh chng t 3,9 triu nm 1935 ln ti 15
triu nm 1947 khi m a lut Wagner c sa i theo cc quy nh ca o lut
Taft-Harley.
Ngnh sn xut ra cc sn phm bn cho ngi tiu dng v cc nh sn xut
khc thng qua cc th trng nhng li thuc s hu duy nht ca chnh ph v chu
s kim sot ca chnh ph.
Xem NATION INCOME.
L mt cng ty nh nc c lp c thnh lp vo nm 1949 nhm khuyn khch
vic trin khai v khai thc cng ngh mi.
y l mt ngn hng tit kim ca nh nc Anh hot ng thng qua mng li
bu in.
L mt tp hp cc quy tc t nhin t ra i vi con ngi v do khng bao gi
thay i c.
Xem LOGARITHM.
L mt cm thut ng c Adam Smith dng m t gi tr ca mt loi hng ho
m cc mc gi th trng dao ng xung quanh gi tr ny.
L t l tng trng ca lc lng lao ng c lm vic trong m hnh tng trng
HARROD - DOMAR.
L t l tht nghip c ngm hiu theo c cu hin i ca nn kinh t. T l tht
nghip ny c xc nh bi cc tc nhn c cu v tc nhn dai dng trong nn
kinh t, nhng tc nhn nay khng h gim bt khi tng tng cu ng Philips thng
ng cho ta thy rng bt k n lc no trong vic gi cho vic gi cho mc tht
nghip thp hn t l t nhin ca n s lm gia tng lm pht.
L nhng hin tng vt cht ca thin nhin ny sinh mt cch t do trong phm v
nhng ranh gii ca hot ng ca con ngi.
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economic
Gi thit ny cp n lun im cho rng cc th trng vn hoc cc th trng
sn phm mang tnh cnh tranh m bo hnh vi ti a ho li nhun thay cho cc
doanh nghip.
L ca ci c nm gi di mt hnh thc m c th chuyn i mt cch nhanh
chng v d dng thnh tin.
y khng phi l mt thut ng c s dng rng ri trong kinh t hc hin i,
nhng nu s dng, l cp ti mt loi hng ho c co gin thu nhp ca
cu nh hn 1.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
L tn gi khng chnh thc ca c hi ng pht trin kinh t quc gia cng nh Vn
phng pht trin kinh t quc gia.
Xem NATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL.
i khi ngi ta lp lun rng trong mt th trng t do, cc c nhn s khng c
cu i vi mt s hng ho no nhiu n mc m "x hi" hay "cng ng" cho
l h cn phi tiu dng.
L mt chng trnh h tr thu nhp trong cc c nhn hoc h gia nh c thu
nhp thp hn mc "ho vn" nht nh s nhn c cc khon thanh ton, mc
thanh ton lin quan n mc thu nhp. Do vy, nhng ngi khng c khon thu
nhp no khc s nhn c mt khon tin ti thiu c bo m.
L mt cm thut ng khc dng thay cho thut ng NHNG NGOI NG, khi ngoi
ng c tnh khng gian.
L mt phn ca hc thuyt kinh t trong c s dng nhng k thut v phng
php tip cn tng hp ca cc nh kinh t hc u tin theo trng phi bin th k
XIX.
L cm thut ng tng hp cp n nhng m hnh tng trng kinh t c xy
dng trong khun kh hc thuyt tn c in, trong ch trng n vic thc y
kh nng thay th gia vn v lao ng trong hm sn xut m bo s tng
trng n trng thi bn vng, cho nn tnh trng mt n nh c pht hin ra
trong m hnh tng trng HARROD - DOMAR do gi nh v h s c nh gia vn
v lao ng gy ra.
Lun chng cho rng s tn ti ca CN BNG THT NGHIP pht sinh t gi nh
v mc lng cng nhc ca Keynes. y l s kt hp gia mt bn l vic lng
ghp ca Keynes i vi cc khu vc thc t v khu vc tin t ca mt nn kinh t,
nhm chng minh cho s quyt nh cng mt lc ca thu nhp danh ngha v li sut
vi pha bn kia l cc quan im c in cho rng xu hng t ti im cn bng
ton dng nhn cng ch c th b cn tr bi tnh cng nhc trong h thng kinh t.
Theo cc tc phm ca phi MC XT v X HI CH NGHA th l s kim sot
nn kinh t ca cc nc chm pht trin bi cc tp on t bn khng l c tr s
ti cc nc t bn pht trin.
L tn gi c t cho nhng ngi phn i phi CHNH THNG MI trong cuc
tranh lun v vic kim sot cung tin t.
Trong M HNH HI QUY, CC GI THIT c coi l "lng nhau trong" nu CC
BIN GII THCH trong mt gi thit l mt tp hp con ca cc bin s gii thch
trong cc bin khc.
L gi thuyt cho rng s cnh tranh trong CC TH TRNG LAO NG s m
bo rng ton b nhng li th v bt li ca cc cng vic khc nhau s hoc l
hon ton ngang bng nhau hoc lin tc c xu hng ngang bng nhau.
Xem TERMS OF TRADE.
L bo co v gi tr ca cc ti sn c nh c dng trong k ton.
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economic
L kt qu thu c khi ly gi tr trit khu ca cc khon li nhun d kin tr i
gi tr chit khu ca cc chi ph u t d kin.
L vic b sung thm vo tng ngun vn ca nn kinh t, hay ni cch khc l gi tr
ca vn u t tr khu. Xem INVESTMENT.
L thc o c s dng ti cc nc x hi ch ngha (ch yu l Khi ng u)
nh gi sn lng hng nm ca ci gi l "lnh vc sn xut", bao gm nng
nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, ngnh ch to, xy dng, vn ti v mt s "dch v
mang tnh sn xut" nh du lch, n ung v ngn hng.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
Xem NATIONAL INCOME.
L phn cn li ca tng s li nhun sau khi tr i thu v khu hao.
L mc chnh lch gia LI NHUN, C TC v LI SUT nhn c t cc ti
sn nc ngoi ca cc c dn trong nc v li nhun, c tc v li sut thanh
ton ra nc ngoi cho cc TI SN ca cc c dn ngi nc ngoi nn kinh t
TRONG NC.
nh l ny cho rng nh cc tc ng S D THC T TRN TH TRNG TIN
T m c mi khi cung tin t tng ln mt mc bao nhiu th gi tin t ti im cn
bng cng tng ln mt mc by nhiu.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARISM
V c bn th y l s trnh by li di mt hnh thc t m hn v KINH T HC
C IM chnh thng.
L mt thut ng c s dng m t c ch hot ng ca h thng kinh t Lin
X trong nhng nm 20.
Cm thut ng ny c lin quan n cng trnh nghin cu ca J.KGALBRAITH,
ngi lp lun rng cc nn kinh t t bn ch ngha pht trin hin i tri qua
mt s chuyn i trong quyn lc kinh t v chnh tr t nhng nh s hu vn sang
ci m ng gi l C CU CNG NGH.
L quan nim cho rng lm pht hin ti m kinh t cc nc phng Ty tri qua
k t sau Chin tranh th gii th hai c bn cht hoc ngun gc khc so vi cc
kiu lm pht trc y trong lch s.
L th trng s cp, khng xc nh c r rng lm, trong ngi ta bn cc loi
CHNG KHON mi c to ra, hoc l cc chng khon trc cha c
nim yt chnh thc v do vy cha c trao i ti s giao dch chng khon: bng
cch cho cng khai ti dn chng, ti cc c ng c c phn trong trng hp
"pht hnh c phiu c quyn", hoc bn ring cho mt s c nhn v t chc c
la chn c kh nng mua vi s lng ln i vi cc chng khon ca cc cng ty
t nhn hoc ca cc cng ty nh nc khng c nim yt chnh thc.
L tn gi c t cho cc ti liu kinh t thc hin vic phn bit kinh t hc v
m; c th l a mt c s kinh t hc vi m vng chc cho nhng c cu lm
nn tng cho mi quan h tng hp gia nhng thay i v gi v tht nghip.
L tn gi c t cho nhng phng php xy dng m hnh trong tm cch gii
thch nhng hp ng v lng v gi trn c s xem xt hnh vi ti u ho ca kinh
t hc vi m.
S tch ri khi quan im chnh thng cho rng cc nh chc trch khng kim sot
c cung tin.
Xem Quantity theory of money.
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economic
L quan nim v u t trong cc M HNH TNG TRNG THEO GIAI ON
trong ghi nhn rng TIN B K THUT lm gim tui th trung bnh ca
ngun vn v tng t l ca NGUN VN m c hm cha yu t cng ngh mi.
L hc thuyt v bn cht ca tin t v s to ra tin, trong bc b phn ln hc
thuyt truyn thng v s to ra tn dng v v S NHN TN DNG, nh l mt l
do c gi tr gii thch cc thc xc nh s lng cc khon tin gi ngn hng - yu
t c bn ca lng tin.
L th trng chng khon chnh M, ti c nim yt hn 1000 loi chng khon.
L tnh t m t s anh gi v mt i lng kinh t trong cc mc gi hin ti.
Xem MONEY BALANCES.
L gi tr c ghi trn mt t chng khon hoc mnh gi ca n, tri vi gi tr danh
ngha l gi th trng.
Trong trng hp mt c phiu thng, c tc c cng b v c tnh theo t l
phn trm ca MNH GI ca n.
ng ngha vi t l tht nghip t nhin.
L nhng t chc trung gian ti chnh m cc ti sn n ca chng khng c tnh
vo trong cung tin theo nhng nh ngha thng thng.
c c nhng mc chnh lch v ngh nghip c tc dng cn bng, m bo
rng cc c nhn c th t do la chn ngh nghip.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Mt loi hng ho c coi l khng th khu bit c nu vic cung cp hng ho
cho bt k ngi no s t ng khin cho nhng ngi khc cng c c hng
ho . Tnh khng loi tr l mt c im ca HNG HO CNG CNG.
L khon thu nhp pht sinh ngoi th trng lao ng, c th l t cc khon u t
hay quan trng hn l t cc khon THANH TON CHUYN NHNG.
L thut ng thng c gn vi mt hm s m th ca n khng phi l mt
ng thng.
L mi quan h ton hc gia cc bin s m mi quan h ny li khng phi l mt
hm tuyn tnh.
L nhng ngi lao ng v ch s dng lao ng lm cng n lng v cng vic
ca h l lao ng tr c ch khng phi l lao ng chn tay.
Trong m hnh hi quy, hai gi thit c ci l khng lng trong nhau nu cc bin
s gii thch trong mt gi thit khng phi l mt tp hp con ca cc bin s gii
thch trong gi thit kia.
L nhng mc tiu m mt c nhn hay t chc anh theo ui, nhng mc tiu nay
khng th c xc nh mt cch trc tip thnh nhng n v tin t.
L vic p dng bt k chnh sch no ngoi tr chnh sch gim gi, nhm mc ch
li ko nhng khch hng mi t cc i th ca mnh.
L cc t chc khng tn ti v mc ch kim li nhun d l tuyn b mt cch cng
khai hay ngm hiu nh vy, v d nh nhiu t chc chm sc sc kho v gio dc.
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economic
L bt k ngun ti nguyn no tn ti di mt hnh thc c hn - hay ni cch khc
l vi mt s lng hn ch m khng c b sung thm ngoi cch ti ch.
Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn i vi mt loi hng ho khng h lm gim i
ngun cung cp hng ho cho nhng c nhn khc th hng ho c coi l
khng cnh tranh trong tiu dng.
L nhng hn ch i vi thng mi quc t nh hn ngch, cc chnh sch thu
mua trong nc ca chnh ph v cc tiu chun v k thut v an ton nhm gip
cho cc nh sn xut trong nc c li th hn so vi cc nh sn xut nc ngoi.
Trong l thuyt cn bng b phn v cn bng tng th, y l mt tnh hung trong
tn ti t hai mc gi ti im cn bng tr ln.
L cc c im phi tin t ca mt quan h hp ng lao ng, chng hn nh cc
iu kin lm vic, uy tn v c hi thng tin.
L nhng chi ph lao ng m doanh nghip phi tr ngoi mc thu nhp tnh theo
gi.
L mc tng lng thng thng c xc nh ti tng thi im trong chnh sch
thu nhp.
L gi thit cho rng qu trnh nh gi c cn c trn chi ph ca mc sn lng
gi thit ch khng da trn nhng chi ph hin ti hay mc d cu.
L mt hm phn ph xc sut i xng hnh chung, vi cc thng s l trung bnh
v phng sai.
L mt nhm cc phng trnh ng thi, nhm phng trnh nay c gii c
c c lng bnh phng nh nht ca cc thng s trong mt phn tch hi quy,
bao gm tng ca cc bnh phng v tch cho ca cc bin s trong phng trnh
hi quy.
L loi hng ho m cu i vi n s gim i khi thu nhp gim xung.
L mc li nhun ti thiu m mt doanh nghip phi t c khin cho doanh
nghip cn c th tip tc hot ng c.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNMENPLOYMENT.
L mt bin ngu nhin c phn phi chun.
L nhng chi ph c tnh, dn sut t nhng c s cng nghip n l c cc
nh k honh ho tp trung cc nc X hi ch ngha (trc y) s dng lm c
s cho vic n nh mc li nhun v mc thu ca doanh nghip trong vic hon
thnh k hoch.
L phn tch kinh t a ra nhng quy nh hoc nhng tuyn b v vic iu
"cn phi nh th no" ch khng phi iu "l nh th no".
Lp lun cho rng trong mt giai on ca chnh sch thu nhp khi tn ti mt nh
mc lng do lut nh hoc c p dng mt cch t nguyn th inh mc ny trn
thc t s tr thnh ci ch cho mi tho thun v lng, hay ni cch khc n s tr
thnh mc lng c bn.
Xem EFFECTIVE DEMAND.
Trong nhng kim nh gi thuyt, l gi thit m trong thng k kim nh s
da vo mt hm phn phi xc sut cho trc.
Xem HERFINDAHL INDEX.
L mt n v hch ton, hoc l mt biu thc ca tiu chun gi tr.
L mt hm s lin h mc tiu (bin s cn ti u ho) vi bin s la chn trong
mt bi ton ti u ho.
L mt s tho thun trong nhng ngi hnh ngh thuc mt lnh vc ngh
nghip no cp bng hnh ngh trong lnh vc ni trn bng cch quy nh v tiu
chun gia nhp v quyn hn.
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economic
L chnh lch trong tin lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi
theo ngh nghip m h ang lm.
L vic phn hng nhng mc lng trung bnh tr cho cc nhm cng nhn khc
nhau c phn loi theo ngh nghip m h lm.
Xem ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT,
trc y l OEEC.
Hin nay c gi l OECD. Xem ORGANIZATION FOR EUROPEAN ECONOMIC
COOPERATION.
L mt k thut th do EDGEWORTH to ra nhm minh ho cho nhng tc nhn
ca cu tng h.
L phng thc tin hnh mt t pht hnh chng khon mi, theo chng khon
c mt nh pht hnh mua li t ngi pht hnh, sau c cho bn cho cng
chng.
L mt c quan chnh ph ca Anh, ng u l mt tng gim c v thng cng
bng, chu trch nhim thc thi mt lot chc nng khc nhau v chng c quyn .
c thnh lp nm 1921 vi tn gi lc l vn phng ngn sch M, OMB l mt
b phn trong vn phng iu hnh ca tng thng v h tr tng thng trong vic
vhun b mt bn ngn sch lin bang tng hp trnh ln quc hi.
L nhng ni m ti , do thu nh vo thu nhp v ti sn rt thp hoc khng c,
v ti c cc o lut hon chnh v c quyn, nn vic gi ti sn ti l c
bit c li; hoc l t ni cc cng vic kinh doanh, c bit l kinh doanh ti chnh
c th c tin hnh vi nhng li th v thu.
Nh kinh t hc Thu in, c nhn chung gii thng Nobel v kinh t hc nm
1977. ng gp ch yu ca ng vo kinh t hc c th hin trong tc phm
Thng mi quc t v lin khu vc (1933), trong ng pht trin v bn lun v
phng php tip cn thng mi quc t v lin khu vc do ngi ng hng vi
ng l Eli Heckscher xng. Da trn gi nh v cc hnh thi cu tng t cc
nc c quan h thng mi vi nhau, m hnh Heckscher - Ohlin cho thy mt nc
s xut khu nhng mt hng m c s dng nhiu cc yu t sn xut m nc
d tha v s nhp khu nhng mt hng s dng nhiu nhng yu t m nc
khan him.
L tnh trng gim st tng sn lng m v mt thng k c lin quan n t l tht
nghip tng ln mt mc nht nh trong ngn hn.
L hnh vi ca cc doanh nghip c c trng bi s ph thuc ln nhau trong
vic ra quyt nh v nhng linh vc chnh sch ln, chng hn nh nh gi, qung
co v u t.
L mt c cu th trng trong cc doanh nghip u thc c s ph thuc
ln nhau trong cc k hoch bn hng, sn xut , u t v qung co.
L mt th trng m ti c t ngi mua trong khi c rt nhiu ngi bn.
L mt m hnh c s dng trong thuyt tng trng, trong mt sn phm ng
nht duy nht c sn xut ra v ng thi c hai tc dng tng ng nhau - tc
dng nh mt loi hng ho tiu dng v tc dng nh mt loi hng ho u t.
L nhng kim nh gi thit trong php nh hng c p dng cho gi thit
i.
L hnh thc o to chnh quy hoc khng chnh quy c tin hnh ti ngay ni lm
vic.
L mt ti nguyn thin nhin m khng thuc quyn s hu ca mt ai.
L mt nn kinh t tham gia vo thng mi quc t.
L mc gi quy nh cho cc giao dch khi mt ngy kinh doanh bt u trn mt th
trng.
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economic
L vic bn hoc mua li cc loi chng khon c th bn c, vic ny c ngn
hng trung ng tin hnh ti mt th trng m v c coi nh mt cng c kim
sot h thng tin t.
L mt cm thut ng thng c s dng trong bi cnh ca cc nc ang pht
trin. L tnh trng m mt c nhn tha nhn rng anh ta ang khg c cng n vic
lm v sau anh ta c th ng k vi mt c s giao dch lao ng.
L mt s o t l phn trm cc nghip v ca mt doanh nghip cu thnh nn cc
chi ph c nh, php phn tch im ho vn c th c s dng xc nh t s
ny.
L thu nhp pht sinh t hot ng kinh doanh bnh thng ca mt doanh nghip.
L khon li nhun m doanh nghip s kim c nu khng c ngun lc no dnh
cho vic m rng doanh nghip trong tng lai.
L gi tr ca hnh ng thay th b b qua khng lm.
Phng php ny coi chi ph sn xut ra mt hng ho c th khng phi s lng
chi ph thc t nht nh m l hng ho khc phi t b c c hng ho ni
trn.
Chi ph ny thng c phn nh trong li sut th trng, theo chi ph c hi ca
vic gi tin l mc li sut m l ra c c nu nh tin c u t vo cc ti
sn sinh li thay v c gi di dng tin mt.
L mc lng m mt c nhn c th kim c nu anh ta chn lm mt cng vic
khc "tt nht" sau cng vic ang lm; l mc lng cao nht phi t b do vn li
lm cng vic hin ti.
Xem OPTMUM.
L sn lng tng ng vi im ti thiu ca mt biu ca tng chi ph trung
bnh.
L hnh thc phn phi (thng thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci "tt nht" hay ng
c mong mun nht cho cc c nhn trong mt x hi hoc trong mt cng ng.
L mc nhim m bt k chi ph thm no c b ra l gim thiu nhim li
ng bng vi gi tr thit hi do nhim gy ra.
L tnh hnh hay tnh trng "tt nht" ca cng vic.
Xem OPTMUM.
L quy m ca nh my m vi quy m ny mc chi ph trung bnh di hn l mc ti
thiu.
L thu quan c tc dng ti a ho phc li hay tho dng ca mt quc gia.
L mt hp ng trong mt bn cho php bn kia c mau hoc bn hng ho
hoc chng khon trong mt thi hn nht nh vi mt mc gi tho thun.
L gi tr m ngi tiu dng c c trong vic c quyn chn mua mt loi hng
ho.
L vic lit k cc s kin, hng ho, d n sao cho ci g c a thch nht th
c a ln u danh sch.
L hc thuyt cho rng cc tho dng ch c th c xp theo s th t.
Hng ha no c tho dng cao nht th c xp trn hng ho c tho dng
cao nht tip theo v c tip tc nh vy. tho dng theo th t l nn tng cho
hc thuyt tn c in v cu ca ngi tiu dng.
L phng php ph bin nht c s dng c lng nhng thng s trong
mt phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh.
Xem EQUITIES, FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
L gi tr trn trc tung ca mt im trn mt th hai chiu.
Page 256
economic
L thut ng do C.MC dng gi t s gia vn c nh vi vn kh bin v l khi
nim gn ging nhng khng hon ton ng ngha vi khi nim hin i v t sut
VN-LAO NG v vn c nh ch th hin c vn v nguyn liu c s
dng trong qu trnh sn sut ch khong th hin c tng s vn v nguyn liu
sn c cho lao ng.
L mt t chc lin chinh ph c thnh lp nm 1961 thay th v m rng t
chc hp tc kinh t chu u (OEEC) theo cc iu khon ca cong c k ti Paris
nm 1960 bi cc nc thnh vin ban u ca OEEC gm Canada, Ty ban nha v
M.
Nm 1947, sau khi c s gi ban u ca Marshall, b trng ngoi giao M v mt
chng trnh h tr ca M nhm phc hi ca kinh t chu u sau chin tranh, 16
nc chu u thnh lp U ban hp tc kinh t chu u qun l v iu phi
CHNG TRNH PHC HI CHU U.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c thnh lp vo nm 1968, c nhim v iu
phi cc chnh sch kinh t v du m v khuyn khch hp tc kinh t gia cc nc
rp sn xut du m.
L mt t chc hng ho quc t c nhim v iu phi cc chnh sch sn xut v
nh gi du m ti cc nc thnh vin ca cc nc xut khu du m.
L mt thut ng c dng m t mt im s liu m cch xa mt cch bt
thng trung tm ca quan st.
L sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh chuyn i u vo thnh hng ho.
L mt h thng k ton phn loi cc chi ph theo sn lng c sn xut ra da
vo qu trnh sn xut ch khng da theo nhng u vo c mua.
L s tr gia vic thc thi mt chnh sch (kinh t v m) v tc ng ton b hay
hon ton ca n.
Cm thut ng ny ni n tin m gi tr ca n da vo nhng ti sn khng phi l
ti sn n theo ngha l nhng ti sn khng to ra mt khiu n i vi cc c
nhn trong nn kinh t.
L h thng cho vay trong ngn hng, do cc ngn hng ca Xctlen khi xng,
theo ngi i vay c php rt sc vt qu s d tn dng trong ti khon ca
mnh, cho n mt hn mc c tho thun v ch phi tr hng ngy tnh trn s
tin rt qu s d.
L mt thut ng m t hnh ng ca cc c quan qun l tin t ca Anh vo
u nhng nm 80 trong vic bn ra cc khon n ca chnh ph cho cc t chc v
c nhn khng phi ngn hng nhiu hn so vi quy nh p ng c yu cu
vay n ca khu vc cng cng trong nhng nm .
Xem FIXED COSTS
Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
Tin cho vay mt th trng no trong CC TH TRNG TIN T vi thi hn
tr ngn nht.
Di ch T GI HI OI LINH HOT, l hin tng c thy thng
xuyn phn ng li mt cn sc ca gi tr thc t ca t gi hi oi vt qu gi
tr cn bng mi khi m gi tr ny c xc nh da vo cc nguyn tc c bn
chng hn nh s ngang bng sc mua.
L mt th trng c phiu, phn ln ca cc cng ty loi nh, c phn bit bng
thc t l th trng ny khng c tr s giao dch; vic mua bn c thu xp bng
vin thng, mc d khch hng c th mua bn c phiu ngay trn bn lm vic ca
mnh.
S gi lm vic qu tun l lm vic tiu chun.
Page 257
economic
Mt loi tin m t gi hi oi c quy nh vt trn t gi cn bng ca th trng
t do.
NHng cng ty c mt nhm cc c ng r rng l ng quyn li, chim hu mt t
l c phn c b phiu kh ln, lm cho h c kh nng kim sot hu hiu chnh
sch cng ty.
Ch s gi gia quyn theo nm hin hnh.
Phn vn pht hnh ca mt cng ty m nhng ngi gp vn yu cu phi thanh
ton.
Mt kiu d liu trong trong tin cho cc c nhn c ly mu vi cc khong
thi gian u n.
Thut ng khi qut ch tin dng giy bc ngn hng.
Khi mt ti sn tng ln v gi tr danh ngha. iu ny c th biu hin hoc khng
biu hin hoc khng biu hin mt li nhun thc t, tu thuc vo t l lm pht.
Thng thng trong kinh t hc (mc d khng nht thit) l th hnh ch U hoc
ch U ngc ca mt phng trnh bc hai.
Trong mt nn kinh t khng c vic lm, cc h gia nh cng tit kim th sn
lng v vic lm cng thp.
Kh nng h thng quy tc a s n gin c th khng a ra mt s la chn r
rng gia nhiu gii php.
Xem USE VALUE, EXCHANGE VALUE.
Mt lng khng i mt bi cnh no .
Tn t cho mt nh l do A.K.Sen trnh by. nh l chng minh rng khng th c
QUY TC QUYT NH X HI no c th ng thi tho mn tiu chun Pareto v
cho php cc c nhn c nhng quyt nh v mt s vn "ring t" m khng tnh
n (bt k) nguyn vng ca nhng ngi khc (t do c nhn).
Nh kinh t hc ngi Italia c o to su v ton hc, l hc v k thut. Pareto
l ngi k tc Leon Walras v tr ch nhim khoa kinh t hc trng i hc
Lausanne nm 1892. S quan tm n vic ng dng ton hc v thng k hc vo
kinh t ca ng dn n vic m rng cc iu kin ton hc cho h thng cn
bng tng th ca Walras, t thnh lp mt trng phi Lausanne r rng. Trong
gio dc kinh t chnh tr hc, ng nu ln quan nim l cc iu kin ton hc ca
mt h tng cn bng tng th da trn s ph thuc ln nhau ca tt c cc i
lng kinh t. Ngoi vic nhn mnh vo bn cht chnh ca mt khoa hc hc kinh
t thc chng loi b mi yu t o c, Pareto cng bc b ch ngha x hi
trn cc c s chun tc v bin minh cho s bt bnh ng thu nhp da trn c s
ca mt s bt bin gi nh v phn phi thu nhp cc nc v qua thi gian.
(nh lut Pareto).
Mt lot cc quy tc t ra trong kinh t hc phc li, nu thc hin c s a n
mt ti u Pareto.
Xem PARETO OPTIMUM.
Mt s phn phi li cc ngun lc lm cho t nht mt ngi kh ln m khng lm
cho bt c ai km i.
Mt tnh trng x hi m mt s c nhn thch tnh trng ny hn v mt s khc li
thch tnh trng kia hn th hai tnh trng ny c coi l tnh trng khng th so snh
Pareto.
S dch chuyn thu nhp hoc ca ci t mt c nhn ny sang mt c nhn khc lm
tng tho dng, hoc tho mn ca c ngi cho ln ngi nhn, do em li s
ci thin Pareto.
Khi cc ngun lc v sn lng ca mt nn kinh t c phn chia m khng c s
phn chia li no lm cho bt c ai kh ln m cng khng l cho t nht l bt c mt
ngi no khc km i th lc l c s hin hu ca mt ti u Pareto.
Page 258
economic
Xem EXTENALITIES.
Tn t cho din n - ni m cc nc ch n thng lng vi cc nc vay n
v vic nh li thi gian cho cc khon n chnh thc.
Mt h thng h tr gi i vi nn nng nghip M ln u tin c thit lp vi
o lut iu chnh nng nghip nm 1933.
Vic th hin cc t gi hi oi bng vng hoc ng M.
Mt qu trnh m theo hnh vi c iu chnh mt cch khng hon chnh hng
ti mt mc mong mun no .
Trong cc hm s c hai bin s c lp hay c nhiu hn, o hm ny tnh theo mt
trong nhng bin s ny, trong khi coi cc bin s c lp khc l hng s.
Vic nghin cu th trng cho mt hng ho trong iu kin tch bit.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Xem LABOUR FORCE PARTICIPA-TION RATE.
Mt gi nh rng ngi ta k vng mt cch hp l s cn bng di hn nhng li
khng chc chn v con ng m nn kinh t s i n v tr , cho nn cc k
vng s c xem xt li tng thi k tnh n s khng nht qun gia gi tr
thc t v gi tr k vng.
Gi tr danh ngha, mnh gi ca mt c phiu hoc chng khon.
C quan cp bng sng ch cp c quyn c bit cho mt sng ch quy trnh.
ni din ra s so snh nhm la chn mt s cc gii php, s la chn ny c
gi l c lp v ng i khi gii php c la chn c lp vi mt trt t xem
xt cc gii php ny.
Nhiu khi cc nghip on trong cc nghnh c quyn nhm s chn mt cng ty c
th lm mc tiu thng lng.
Gii lao ng cc nc giu cho rng vic nhp khu hng ho t nhng nc c
lng thp s ph dn ph hoi mc lng v vic lm nhng nc giu.
Mt phng php k ton truyn thng thm nh cc d n u t. Thi gian cn
thit cho mt d n sinh ra lng tin tng thm b cc chi tiu v vn ban
u.
Mt gii hn cao nht c hiu lc v mc tin lng.
Xem INCOMES POLICYM.
Cn gi l h thng tr lng theo khuyn khch. H thng tr lng theo cng vic
ca cng nhn.
Xem BALANCE OF PAYMENTS.
Li ch rng c c khi thc hin mt qu trnh hnh ng c th.
Phn trm ca li rng m mt x nghip thanh ton di dng c tc.
Mt loi thu da vo tin lng (thng) v tin cng do ngi ch thanh ton.
Vn tnh gi theo tiu dng im nh xut pht khi m cu v sn lng (u ra)
ca mt x nghip cng cng c th c nhng bin ng ln.
Mc cu v lao ng thi im cao nht, cm thut ng ny thng c ni n
vic lm trong nng nghip c tnh cht chu k vi nhng nh im xy ra vo thi
gian thu hoch.
Page 259
economic
Miu t mt tnh hung trong li nhun ca mt doanh nghip ph thuc khng
nhng vo u vo v u ra ca ring doanh nghip m cn ph thuc vo u vo
v u ra ca cc doanh nghip khc.
Xem EXCHANGE RATES.
S phn x trong trng ti vin c yu cu chn mt trong nhng v tr ca cc
bn tranh chp hn l i n mt v tr tho hip trung gian.
C ch lng hu gm hai kiu, c phm vi rng: 1)H thng vn d tr lin quan
n vic phn phi li sut i mt c nhn, da vo tit kim ca ngi lao ng
tch lu vn v sau vn c tiu dng trong thi gian v hu; 2)H thng thanh
ton cho ngi v hu, a n s phn phi li mt thi im gia cc c nhn
sao cho nhng ngi lm vic h tr nhng ngi v hu.
Vi s tng trng nhanh chng ca cc c ch lng hu ca cng nhn vin trong
nhng thp k gn y, qu hu ca cc c quan ln cc khu vc nh nc v x
nghip khu vc t nhn tr thnh nhng th ch ti chnh quan trng, u t
nhng khon tin ln hng nm.
Theo u ngi, chng hn nh THU NHP QUC DN tnh theo u ngi.
Mt cch o tnh v tr cc d liu mu hoc cc phn phi.
Mt thut ng th hin s thay i c cu Lin bang X vit v gn lin vi Mihail
Gorbachev. Trong giai on u t gia nhng nm 1980 n 1987, qu trnh ci
cch phn ln ch mang tnh cht trang im tp trung vo vic ci thin h thng k
hoch ho ch huy ang tn ti v t nhng kt qu khng gy n tng ln.
Mt c cu th trng hon ton c tnh cnh tranh nu c nhng iu sau y duy tr:
vi mt th phn ng k. Cc doanh nghip ny to ra mt sn phm ng nht s
dng cc qu trnh sn xut ging ht nhau v c thng tin hon ho.
Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Mc tiu dng trung bnh m mt c nhn hoc h gia nh d nh thc hin trong
mt s nm.
Cng c ngha l thu nhp bnh thng v thu nhp d kin v trung bnh. Thu nhp
trung bnh m c nhn hoc h gia nh d kin nhn c trong mt s nm trong
khi vn gi nguyn ca ci ca mnh.
Gi thit cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn hoc hc gia nh ph thuc vo thu nhp
thng xuyn ca c nhn y hoc h y.
Xem ANNUITY.
Lu lng thu nhp tch lu li ca mt c nhn hoc h gia nh.
Khon vay do ngn hng v mt s th ch ti chnh khc quy nh cho nhng ngi
i vay mang tnh c nhn (c ngha l khng kinh doanh) mua hng tiu dng,
sa cha nh ca. V c th c thanh ton li trong mt khong thi gian.
Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTI-TUTION.
Phn ca thu nhp c nhn khng thanh ton tr thu cng khng chi cho hng ho
v dch v (tiu dng hin ti).
Di c ca c nhn, c bit l cng nhn t khu vc c iu kin (hiu sut) kinh t
tng i tt n khu vc c iu kin kinh t thp km hn.
Xem PUBLIC EXPENDITURE SURVEY COMMITTEE.
ay l loi thu c bit do chnh ph Anh a ra i vi thu nhp do khai thc du
bin Bc, thu ny cng thm vo tin thu m v thu li tc.
Mt quan st c tnh thng k ca A.W.Philips (1958) rng c mt mi quan h nghch
gia t l thay i ca mc lng bng tin v t l tht nghip Anh trong giai on
1861-1957
Page 260
economic
Mt trng phi v k thuyt kinh t c a ra Php vo th k 18. Trng phi
ny ch yu gn vi tn ca F.QUESNAY v TURGOT.
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
Mt h thng thanh ton trong c nhn c thanh ton theo khi lng sn phm
lm ra.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh k tc Marshall v tr ch nhim khoa kinh t chnh tr
hc ca trng i hc Cambridge nm 1908. Pigou m rng cng vic ca Marshall,
c bit l s phn tch cc nghnh m chi ph gia tng v gim st. S phn bit
gia chi ph c nhn v x hi v liu php sa cha bng cch nh thu do ng
xut to nn c s cho thuyt cc ngoi ng, v phng php ca ng nhm loi
tr chng c bit n vi tn gi l thu PIGOU. Cng trnh ca ng v thuyt
tin t v v thu nhp quc dn ch yu l mt l thuyt C in v vic lm v thu
nhp. Do , Pigou phi chu sc mnh ca cuc tin cng ca Keynes i vi h
thng ny. Tuy nhin, Pigou a ra mt c ch t c vic lm y thm
ch c trong h thng ca Keynes. iu ny c bit n vi ci tn l hiu ng
Pigou. Trong iu kin khng c vic lm, gi c gim s lm tng thm gi tr ca
s d tin gi. iu ny to ra s gia tng v cu i vi hng ho v do to
ra mt s gia tng v vic lm. ngha ca c ch ny ny thm ch n nay vn cn
tranh ci.
Xem REAL BALANCE EFFECT.
Mt loi thu nh vo ngi sn xut do to ra mt ngoi ng theo mt cch m sau
khi thu ny c p dng th cc chi ph c nhn do bn to ra ngoi ng cm nhn
c bng vi CHI PH X HI ca hot ng ny.
Lp lun cho rng CHNH SCH THU NHP khng nhng to nn cc hiu ng dch
chuyn trong qu trnh iu chnh tin lng m cn c th lm thay i dc ca
ng cong Phillips, hoc ni mt cch chuyn mn hn, lm thay i ln ca s
phn ng ca t l thay i v lng i vi cc yu t quyt nh gy ra s thay i
.
Mt phng php thc hin mt cuc pht hnh mi v CHNG KHAN, C PHN
HOC TRI PHIU CNG TY, bng phng php ny cc chng khon u tin
c mt nh pht hnh mua, sau c bn thng qua tho thun t nhn, cho
cc th ch, cc ch u t t nhn vcng cho nhng ngi bun bn c phn s
giao dch chng khon London.
Mt nn kinh t trong cc qu trnh kinh t ch yu c quyt nh mt mc
ln khng phi do cc tc nhn th trng, m do mt c quan k hoch ho kinh t,
c quan ny thc hin cc mc tiu kinh t ch yu ca x hi.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING
Mt nghnh kinh t hc c bit quan tm n vic xy dng cc k hoch kinh t v
m ti u.
THNG LNG TP TH gia ngi ch ca mt nh my vi cc i din ca
cng nhn vin thit lp cc mc lng v iu kin lm vic nh my .
Nh trit hc Hy Lp phn ng li thi k ri ren trc ay v ng cho rng chnh
s tng trng kinh t chu mt phn trch nhim v s ri ren , nn ng xut
kin rng nh nc l tng phi l mt nh nc vng vng da trn mt h
thng ng cp v giai cp thng tr thc hin mt cch sng mang tnh cng ng.
Thnh tu kinh t ca ng bao gm s phn tch s phn cng lao ng v phn tch
vai tr ca tin quy c.
Mt h thng gia s la chn tp th trong gii php c chn l gii php xp
u tin do c s ngi b phiu ln nht.
Xem PRICE ELASTICITY OF DEMAND.
Page 261
economic
S c lng ca gi tr thc t ca mt thng s, khc bit vi C LNG
KHONG CCH, n bao gm vic tnh ton cc khong tin cy (thng thng) i vi
gi tr thc ca thng s.
Mt in trn th, hoc hm s m t l thay i ca dc ca hm s i du.
iu ny cho thy rng khi o hm th hai ca hm s bng 0.
Mt ng kh nng tho dng im c th c v cho mi gi hng ho.
Mt h thng la chn tp th trong mi c nhn bt u vi mt s im bng
nhau m c nhn c t do phn phi theo bt c cch thc no m h chn gia
cc phng n la chn v nhng vn khc nhau tho lun.
Cc bin s kinh t v x hi c chnh ph vn dng tc ng n cc bin s
ca chnh sch, n c gi l cng c v ta c th phn bit bn hng mc kinh t
ch yu: CHNH SCH TI CHNH; CHNH SCH TIN T, CHNH SCH T GI
HI OI v CHNH SCH GI C V THU NHP.
Thi k "c s thng lng tp th t do". thi k ny khng c s tn ti chnh
sch thu nhp.
Xem TARGETS.
Cm thut ng bao hm mi lin quan gia kha cnh thc tin ca hot ng chnh
tr v l thuyt kinh t hc thun tu.
Thu tnh c gi m s thanh ton khng lin quan n thu nhp hoc chi tiu.
tng cho rng gy nhim phi tr ph cho vic gy nhim mi trng.
Mt hot ng lm nhim mt hoc nhiu mi trng.
tng cho rng cn phi cp giy chng nhn cho ngi ch s hu "quyn c
gy nhim" mt mi trng nht nh, chng hn mt dng sng.
Mt phng trnh m ni chung nhiu hng s trong mt bin s c lp c nng
ln nhiu lu tha khc nhau.
Xem ALMON LAG.
D liu kiu hnh thnh khi (a) S LIU CHO v (b) D LIU CHUI THI GIAN
c sp nhp vo cng b d liu, thng thng khi khng c d liu kiu (a)
hoc (b) ring, c lng cc thng s ca mt m hnh do khng cc bc t
do.
Tn gi t l tng trng ngy mt ln hn ca dn s th gii, c bit cc nc
ang pht trin.
Mt chnh ph c th t ra mt chnh sch c th lin quan n mc dn s do chnh
ph cai qun.
Cng cn gi l by cn bng mc thp. Mt nn kinh t c mc thu nhp tnh theo
u ngi thp c th thy r rng t l tng trng dn s vt qu mc t l tng
trng ca thu nhp thc t.
Tp hp cc ti sn ca mt c nhn hoc t chc.
Mt phng php phn tch tin t nhn mnh vo ngha cc quyt ca nhng
ngi c ti sn v thnh phn danh mc u t ca h.
Mt phng n ca phng php tin t i vi cn cn thanh ton cho rng cc ti
sn l cc vt thay th khng hon ho.
Xem DIVERSIFIER.
Mt thut ng ca F.Hirsch s dng trong cc gii hn x hi i vi tng trng
(1976) ch mt loi hng ho b gii hn v kh nng cung cp tuyt i hoc mt
cch t nhin hoc thng qua cc kha cnh x hi v c th b tc nghn nu s
dng rng ri hn.
Page 262
economic
B phn khoa hc kinh t quan tm n cc nh c th kim tra c bng i
chiu vi thc t.
Hc thuyt trit hc cho rng cc nh m khng th xc minh c khi i chiu
vi bng chng thc tin th ch t phi coi l khng th chp nhn c nh l mt
b phn ca khoa hc hoc mc cao nht l v ngha.
Mt nhm cc nh kinh t hc coi s nhn nhn ca J.M.KEYNES v M.KALECKI l
khi im ca mt s ph bnh phn tch s cn bng thng thng v l c s cho
mn kinh t hc v m mi.
Phn phi xc sut ca mt bin s hoc thng k l kt qu ca s phi hp gia
phn phi trc v thng tin mu trong k thut BAYES.
Mt hnh thc tit kim bt buc c p dung Anh trong chin tranh th gii th
hai trong ng sch nm 1941.
i vi mt ngnh c th, l kh nng cnh tranh mi ca cc hng - cc hng
cha sn xut cc sn phm cnh tranh.
Xem FULL EMPLOYMENT NATIONAL INCOME.
Sn lng kh thi ti a ca mt doanh nghip, mt ngnh, mt khu vc ca mt nn
kinh t hoc ton b mt nn kinh t l mc c xc nh ca cc yu t sn
xut.
Mt s ci thin Pareto tim nng tn ti khi nhng ngi kim c li do mt s
thay i, th vi tnh cht gi thit c th b p cho ngi thua thit, v c th khng
ai b km i sau s thay i hoc sao cho t nht cng c mt ngi c kh ln.
S ngho kh c th c xem xt vi mt quan nim tuyt i hoc tng i.
Vic tn ti ca nhiu li ch KIM NH BNG BIN PHP ni ln rng ngi c
tr lng thp c th i u vi mt t l thu bin hiu lc - tc l mc thu i vi
mt n v thu nhp thm - vt xa t l 34% ca thu thu nhp v s ng gp bo
him quc gia i vi phn ln ngi lm cng n lng.
Mt hm s trong bin s c lp c nng ln ti mt lu tha no .
Bin i Prais - Winsten c s dng trong phng php COCHRANE-ORCUTT
c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh m s d ca chng tun theo MI
TNG QUAN TO THNH DY.
Mt quan im cho rng tin b k thut cc nc pht trin thng c kt qa l
lng ca lc lng lao ng cao hn v c nhng ci thin trong mc sng nhng
khng lm cho mc gi ca cc hng ho thp hn (mt s hng ho ny c xut
khu n cc nc ang pht trin).
Mt trong nhng ng c gi tin l d phng chi ph cho cc tnh hung xy ra
ngoi d kin nu khng c khon d phng th vic chuyn i ca ci t mt dng
khng phi l tin mt c th gy ra ph chuyn i ln v gy mt nhiu th gi.
Cng cn gi l "tht nghip ch vic". Mt yu t ca tht nghip dai dng, c
xut hin khi tnh cht ca nhim v cng vic hoc hnh thc ca hp ng lao ng
bt buc ngi cng nhn khi nhn mt cng vic no khng tranh th nhn c
mt cng vic m mt thi gian sau mi xut hin.
Cch y gi xung ti mc khng th c li trong mt thi k nhm lm suy yu
hoc loi tr cc i th cnh tranh.
Xem FORECASTING.
Cc quyn dnh cho ngi c c phiu thng mua cc t pht hnh mi da trn
c s theo t l.
C quan im cho rng mt th hng ho, s kin hoc d n no c a
chung hn mt hoc cc hng ho khc l s sp xp cc s thch.
S bc l thng c dn ra nh mt vn lin quan ti s cung cp hng ho
cng cng, (n cng c th l mt vn vi HNG HO T NHN nu con s
nhng ngi c nhu cu rt nh).
C phiu trong mt cng ty xp loi ng trc c phn nhng ng sau tri phiu
cng ty i vi vic thanh ton c tc.
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economic
Mt ngi ch dnh u tin cho vic thu nhng cng on vin mc d ng ta
khng tho thun ch thu cng on vin hoc iu khin mt doanh nghip ch dng
thnh vin cng on.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL
Mt tri phiu tit kim ca Anh, c th mua bu in, li tc ca n l c hi trng
thng s x hng thng.
Gi tr ca mt lung li tc hoc ph tng lai tnh bng gi tr hin ti ca chng.
Gi ca mt loi hng ho hoc gi u vo cho thy ci phi chi c c mt th
hng ho hay dch v.
Mt u ban c lp do Chnh ph Anh thnh lp nm 1973 thc hin cc chnh
sch kim sot gi c biu hin trong cc b lut v gi do B Ti Chnh son v
Quc hi thng qua. U ban ny chnh thc c bi b vo nm 1980.
Cn c bit vi tn NG CHO GI. Tip im ca ng BNG QUAN ca
ngi tiu dng v ng ngn sch ca h xc nh s cn bng ca ngi tiu
dng.
Ni chung thng lin quan ti vic quy nh gi c bng lut php ca nh nc.
Cc s o thc nghim ca CHNH LCH LI NHUN ni m cc s liu k ton
c s dng v do ta khng th trc tip quan st c nh ngha kinh t v li
nhun.
C hai hnh thc ch yu v Phn bit i x theo gi : Th nht, vic cc hng tnh
gi khc nhau cho tng nhm ngi mua khc nhau v th hai tnh cho cng loi
ngi tiu dng cc gi khc nhau i vi cc lng khc nhau ca cng mt loi
hng.
T s ca gi mt c phiu bnh thng i vi mi c phiu bnh thng.
S thay i ca cu i vi mt hng ho xy ra do c mt thay i ca gi hng ho
.
phn ng ca lng cu ca mt hng ho i vi gi ca chnh n.
Mt s tho thun gia hai nh sn xut hoc nhiu hn bn vi gi quy nh
trc, ni chung nhm thc thi sc mnh i vi th trng.
Mt s ch s cho thy gi ca mt "tp hp" hng ho thay i th no t mt thi
k no ti thi k tip theo.
Tnh hung trong mt nghnh m mt hng c sng kin to ra cc thay i v gi v
cc hng khc sau lm theo.
c dng lin quan n h thng th trng t do v cch thc m gi hnh ng
nh nhng tn hiu t ng phi hp hnh ng ca cc n v ra quyt nh.
Tn gi mt dng lm pht ging nh chi ph y trong cc ch doanh nghip b ch
trch gy ra lm pht bng cch tnh gi cao mt cch khng cn thit nhm kim
li nhun ln.
Tn t cho dng chy ca vng v bc t cc nc mi khm ph chu M trong
cc th k 15 v 16 lm cho gi c tng gp 3 ln.
Mt hng hot ng mt th trng kng cnh tranh i din vi mt ng cu dc
xung i vi sn phm v do c quyn c quyt nh gi bn hng ch khng
pah l ngi chp nhn gi.
Xem SPECIE FLOW MECHANISM
Mt phng php nng gi mt hng ho trn th trng mt cch gi to.
Mt n v kinh t c quy m hot ng khng ng k so vi quy m ca th trng
cho nn hot ng ca n v y khng gy nh hng g n gi th trng thnh
hnh.
Page 264
economic
Cc l thuyt bao gm trong t duy c th c chia lm ba mc chnh: Cc l
thuyt lin quan n s xc nh cc gi ring l, cc thuyt lin quan n cc thay i
trong mc gi tng hp v cc thuyt p dng cho vic phn b ngun lc.
Nh c nh ngha trong thuyt v cng bng do John Rawls a ra, nhng loi
hng ho ny l nhng quyn c bn, cc quyn t do, thu nhp v ca ci sn c
phn phi trong mt x hi.
Mt s ti sn khi bn ln u th khng c bn th trng ni m sau chng
c bun bn.
Mt tn gi khc cho tin c bn hoc TIN C QUYN LC, tc l loi tin do cc
nh chc trch v tin t pht hnh.
Mt cm thut ng c John G.Gurley v Edward S.Shaw a ra trong tc phm
Tin trong mt thuyt v ti chnh (1960) v c ngha l mi hnh thc n c th c
em bn hoc pht hnh bi "nhng ngi vay n" tc l nhng ngi i vay cn
ngun vn ti chnh mua ti sn thc t.
Nhng c nhn vn trong lc lng lao ng, c thu mn hoch khng thu
mn, bt lun nhng thay i ngn hn v lng v iu kin th trng.
S tin thanh ton cho mt ngi gi mt tri phiu khi O HN xo n.
iu ny ni n tnh hung trong l thuyt hng khi li ch ca ngi qun l v ca
c ng khc bit nhau.
Phn phi xc xut ca mt bin s hoc thng k, l c trng ca ca thng tin tin
nghim cn kt hp vi thng tin mu trong cc k thut Bayes.
Cm thut ng ny xut hin t mt s xem xt cc vn v quyt nh ca nhng
ti phm b bt g v thm vn ring r. Xem GAME THEORY. M hnh ny cho thy
mt cch x s hp l tng vi m s dn n mt hu qa v m bt hp l.
Xem COMPANY.
Mt hng ho s th hin s cnh tranh (Xem RIVAL) trong tiu dng v l loi hng
ho m ngi sn v ngi tiu dng u c kh nng thc hin c s loi tr.
Chnh sch chuyn i s hu cng cng ca mt ti sn thnh s hu t nhn hoc
cho php mt t chc kinh doanh khu vc t nhn hc hin mt hot ng no
cho n lc y vn c tin hnh bi mt t chc cng cng.
chuyn hot ng t khu vc nh nc sang khu vc t nhn ng u vi nim
tin rng s kim sot v s hu t nhn s c hiu qu hn v vic phn b ngun
lc so vi s hu nh nc.
Mt hm s nm gia 0 v 1 (i khi c biu hin bng mt s phn trm) ch r
kh nng m mt s kin s xy ra.
Mt hm s miu t hnh dng ca mt phn phi xc sut m khi a vo gia cc
gii hn no s cho xc sut m vi xc sut ny bin s ca n s c nhng tr s
gia nhng gii hn y.
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economic
Mt s tm tt di dng mt dng bng s hoc di dng mt quan h ton hc
a ra XC SUT m vi xc sut ny mt bin s ngu nhin c phn phi s
nhn c nhng gi tr no , hoc ri vo gia mt s gii hn nht nh.
Xem LINEAR PROBABILITY MODEL.
Mt s phi hp c bit ca cc u vo c th thay i v quy m sn xut cc
mc cao hn ca u ra.
Mt thay i trong quan h gia cc t l u vo ca cc yu t xn xut mt mc
sn lng nht nh.
S hp nht ca cc doanh nghip ring bit c gng cung cp sn phm chung
ca chng, mc d c bin ng trong sn xut.
Mt thng d xy ra i vi nhng ngi ch s hu cc yu t sn xut do mt c
nhn thng nhn c mt ci g c tho dng trc tip hoc gin tip ln
hn tho dng ca ci m ngi y t b.
Cm thut ng ny miu t hnh thi v qu trnh i qua ca cc sn phm mi, sau
tri qua giai on ca hon thin v chun ho sn phm.
iu ny tn ti trong phm vi mt ngnh khi mi nh sn xut bn mt sn phm m
cc c trng ca n phn bit vi sn phm ca i th cnh tranh.
S thay i ca mt doanh ghip i vi sn phm c th bn c ca n v s
thay i c th xut hin do mt s b sung v cng ngh, hoc mt s thay i v
cc gi tng i c th l s thay i s thch ca ngi tiu dng.
Hnh ng bin i cc yu t sn xut thnh hng ho v dch v do yu cu ca
tiu dng v u t.
Cn gi l ng gii hn nng lc sn xut hoc l hm s ca s bin i. ng
ny cho thy cc kh nng m ra cho vic gia tng sn lng ca mt hng ho bng
cch gim sn lng ca mt hng ho khc.
Mi lin h gia SN LNG (u ra) ca mt hng ho v u vo (nhn t sn
xut) c yu cu lm ra hng ho .
Xem Production frontier.
Mt cch phn loi vic lm c s dng cc nc X hi ch ngha v (vn
cn) s dng mt s nc ng u. Lnh vc sn xut bao gm vic lm trong
nng nghip, lm nghip, ng nghip, cng nghip, xy dng, vn ti, thng nghip,
cc nghnh gi l dch v sn xut v trong khu vc t nhn. Lnh vc ngn sch bao
gm vic lm trong hnh chinh, lc lng v trang, cng an, to n, trng cng, vin
nghin cu, c quan y t nh nc, thu quan..
Sn lng ca mt n v u vo c s dng. Xem AVERAGE PRODUCT.
Theo truyn thng y l mt tho thun lao ng theo nhng thun li loi ny
hoc loi khc, chng hn lng cao hn hoc c ngh nhiu hn dnh cho cng
nhn i ly nhng thay i trong cch lm vic hoc t chc cng vic nhm to
ra lao ng hiu qu hn.
Mt chin lc ngn chn vic gia nhp ngnh do mt s doanh nghip thit lp nhm
theo ui lm bo ho th trng vi mt s ln cc nhn hiu khc nhau n mc
bt k ngi no mi gia nhp cng thy kh m kim c li trong vic a ra th
trng mt sn phm vi mt t hp thuc tnh c th phn bit vi lot nhn hiu c
sn.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm theo mt bin, khi hm s bao gm
tch ca hai hoc nhiu hm s ring bit ca bin s.
Page 266
economic
Chnh lch gia doanh thu t vic bn hng sn xut ra v tt c cc chi ph c hi
ca cc yu t c s dng to ra sn lng .
Mt xu hng i vi t l li tc ca vn st gim theo thi gian.
Khi mt cng ty c phn tn thnh nhiu n v nh, th nhng n v ny c gi
l trung tm li nhun nu chng c tnh t lp tnh c li tc ring cho mi
n v do u t.
Mt khi nim thng c s dng trong cc thuyt QUN L DOANH NGHIP. N
l li nhun ti thiu i hi m bo s ng ca c ng i vi chnh sch
ca cng ty.
Mi quan h c trng gia li nhun v cc bin s nh sn lng v qung co m
tc ng n quy m ca li nhun.
Li nhun ca tng n v sn lng c biu hin di dng mt s phn trm
ca gi.
Gi thit cho rng cc doanh nghip u nhm ti a ho li nhun.
S xy ra khi li nhun mang li s thc y quyt nh
Li nhun c th hin di dng mt t l ca gi tr ghi trong s sch ca cc ti
sn vn.
Mt bin th ca lm pht chi ph y, quy ngun gc ca qu trnh lm pht cho cc
nh t bn nh tm mt phn gia tng trong thu nhp quc dn.
Xem OUTPUT BUDGETING.
Mt tn chung gi mt lot cc k thut ti u ho, thng bao gm cc phng
php gii php lp li, mt v d l QUY HOCH TUYN.
Ni chung cp n mt tnh hung trong t l ca thu nhp c tnh thu tng
ln t l ca thu nhp c tnh thu tng ln t l thu cng vi thu nhp hoc sc
mnh chi tiu.
Xem CAPITAL BUDGETING, DISCOU-TED CASH FLOW, NET PRESENT VALUE,
RATE OF RETURN.
Nhng quyn ny ni n vic cho php s dng ti nguyn, hng ho v dch v.
Trc ht, ni m t l ca thu nhp c ly ra np thu vn gi nguyn khi
thu nhp tng, th c mt THU SUT BIN khng thay i bng vi thu sut trung
bnh hoc thu sut hiu lc. nh ngha th hai l mt th thu t l nu thu sut
khng i khi c s thu tng ln.
Mt ngnh then cht m s tng tc v s m rng ca chng c th to nn s
kch thch tng trng trong mt nn kinh t.
Mt l thuyt v vic ra quyt nh trong tnh trng khng chc chn. L thuyt ny gn
vi Kahneman v Tversky.
Xem EFFECTIVE RATE OF PROTEC-TION, TARIFS , QUOTAS.
Mt bin s c s dng trong vic phn tch hi quy thay th "thay mt" mt bin
s khc v mt l thuyt tho ng hn trong nhng trng hp m cc d liu
khng c c i vi bin s ny hoc bin s ny khng th quan st c (chng
hn mc tiu dng mong mun hoc thu nhp thng xuyn.
Mi quan h hm s cho bit s tin mt c nhn mun thanh ton cho mt lot cc
n v k tip ca mt hng ho cng cng hoc cho cc n v tiu dng k tip ca
hng ho bi cc c nhn khc (nh kt qu s tn ti ca mt ngoi ng c li).
Mt ngnh kinh t hc lin quan n vic p dng kinh t hc vo vic phn tch s
quyt nh "Phi th trng".
Xem COMPANY.
Ni mt cch rng ri, chi tiu ca cc c quan chnh quyn a phng v quc gia
c phn bit vi chi tiu t nhn, nhng t chc hoc doanh nghip t nhn.
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economic
Mt hng ho hoc dch v m nu cung cp cho mt ngi no th i vi
nhng ngi khc cng c cung cp nh vy m khng phi chu bt c chi ph
no thm.
Phng php thc hin mt s pht hnh mi v CHNG KHON trong c quan
pht hnh, chng hn mt cng ty hoc mt chnh quyn a phng bn cc chng
khon mt cch trc tip cho cng chng vi mc gi n nh.
Tng gi tr m s thu ca cc t chc Khu vc cng cng thiu ht so vi s chi.
Xem Pulic Sector Borrowing Requirement (PSBR).
Mt cng ty hay x nghip l ngi cung cp duy nht mt loi hng ho hoc dch v
thit yu no , do phi chu hnh thc kim sot ca chnh ph.
Quy nh ca chnh ph v vic kim sot i vi cc Dch v cng cng c nhng
yu t ca sc mnh c quyn; mc ch nhm hi ho qun l kinh doanh vi li
ch cng cng.
Mt hc thuyt khng nh rng mt n v tin t phi c kh nng mua cng c
mt gi hng ho mi nc.
Mt loi thu doanh thu.N tn ti nc Anh trc khi p dng thu gi tr gia tng
vo nm 1973. N l loi thu tnh theo tng gi tr nh vo mt s hng c bit
mc bn bun.
Xem PERFECT COMPETITION.
Mt s d tin c li khi doanh thu pht sinh t mt hot ng no c
tr cho tt c cc chi ph c hi ca sn xut c th xy ra, li nhun thng thng
cn thit duy tr s kinh doanh ca ngi sn xut.
Xem OPTIONS
Mt hnh thi ca HN SN XUT cho php thay vn bng lao ng v ngc li
trc khi u t thc t c thc hin, nhng mt khi my mc c lp t th
t s Vn/ lao ng khng th thay i c.
Mt kha cnh ca hm sn xut trong l thuyt tng trng cho php vn c lin
tc i hnh dng c trc v sau khi u t thc hin.
Xem HOLDING COMPANY.
Mt phng trnh cha bnh phng ca mt bin s nh lu tha cao nht.
Mt HM THO DNG m dng i s ca n l dng ca mt PHNG TRNH
BC HAI.
y l cc m hnh c a ra gii quyt nhng d liu phn ng khng lin
tc, chng hn nh quyt nh mua hay khng mua xe t, thay i vic lm, hoc i
hc i hc.
L thuyt v CU TIN T to nn yu t quan trng nht ca phn tch kinh t v
m trc ca Keynes: L thuyt tng qut v vic lm, li sut v tin t (1936).
Mt phng tin xc nh v tr ca d liu hoc phn phi mu.
Xem OPTION VALUE.
Thu nhp ca mt ngi bn mt loi hng ho hoc dch v qu mc v trn CHI
PH C HI c th xy ra khi hng ho tm thi c cung cp vi lng c nh.
Page 268
economic
Nhn vt ch yu trong nhm cc nh kinh t hc Php th k XVIII c gi l
nhng ngi theo ch ngha TRNG NNG. L mt bc s phu thut, tc phm ca
ng v kinh t hc xut hin trong BCH KHOA TON TH nm 1756 v 1757, TP
CH NNG NGHIP, THNG NGHIP V TI CHNH nm 1765 v 1767, v
BIU KINH T (1758). L ngi chng li trng phi TRNG THNG, ng sm
ng h cc u im t do cnh tranh trong cng nghip. Bi Biu kinh t a ra
mt m hnh trao i gia ba giai cp x hi: a ch, cng nhn nng nghip v ci
gi l giai cp "khng sinh li". Ch nng nghip l c kh nng sn xut s thng d
so vi cc yu cu tiu dng v do l ng lc thc y nn kinh t. Biu kinh t
a ra m hnh U VO U RA ca nn kinh t cho thy thng d hoc sn phm
dng c phn phi th no gia 3 giai cp. Nh vy n l tin thn ca m hnh ti
sn xut ca C.Mc v m hnh phc tp hn nhiu ca WASSILY LEONTIEF.
Quesnay xut rng do nng nghip l ngun ca ca cui cng, cho nn ti chnh
cng cng c th n gin ho rt nhiu bng mt th thu duy nht nh vo nn
nghip. S ng h ca ng i vi t do kinh doanh v cnh tranh khng hn ch
c nh hng n kinh t hc c in Anh v c bit n ADAM SMITH.
y l t s ti sn d chuyn hon vi s n hin i. Ti sn d chuyn hon l tin
mt, phn ln cc u t c k hn c th thc hin nhanh chng v ti khon cc
khon phi thu tr n kh i.
Nhng nhn vin t nguyn ri b cng vic hin ti thay i cng vic hoc rt
khi lc lng lao ng.
Mt gii hn bt buc t ra i vi s lng hng ho sn xut hoc mua.
Nhng cng ty m vn c phiu c th c bn t do S GIAO DCH CHNG
KHON. London, vic giao dch c c quy ch nh vy i hi phi a ra mt
thng bo gi ca U ban nim yt ca S giao dch chng khon.
Mt quy tc xc nh o hm ca mt hm s theo mt bin s, trong hm s
bao gm thng (ngha l t l) gia hai hm s ring r ca bin s.
Xem COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION.
"U ban v s hot ng ca h thng tin t" c thnh lp nm 1957, do lut gia,
hun tc Radcliffe lm ch tch, U ban ny tng trnh nm 1959 (Bo co
Cmnd.827). y ban trong c hai nh kinh t hc xut sc, gio s Alec Cairncross
v gio s R.S.Sayers tin hnh mt cuc kho st phm vi rng v c thm quyn
v h thng tin t v ti chnh.
Tn chung cho cc tc phm theo truyn thng x hi ch ngha hoc Macxits, lin
quan ch yu n ch ngha Mc nhng chp nhn v s dng cc ngun t tng
khc, chng hn nh thuyt v chnh ph v thuyt t do bnh ng. Nhng tc phm
ny thng c gi l "cnh t mi".
L mt cng ty c tim nng cng c a v nh s thu mua i vi mt cng ty khc.
c s dng rng ri trong thyt ngoi ng mi trng, mt qui tc c th cn
thit p dng cho mi mc gi trong mt nn kinh t, khi t nht c mt th hng ho
l hng cng cng khng th cn kit c.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
Mt mu m t cch ca cc thnh vin c xc nh bng xc sut v l ni mt
quan st c thc hin mt cch c lp i vi tt c cc quan st khc mu
ny.
Mt bin chp nhn nhng tr s tu theo phn phi xc sut ca n.
Mt th d v m hnh dy thi gian trong gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s bng gi tr
mi nht ca n cng thm mt yu t ngu nhin.
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economic
Mt thc o mc phn tn ca mt mu cc quan st hoc ca mt s phn phi
c tnh nh chnh lch gia cc gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca bin s .
Trong kinh t hc, vng khong cch ti a m ngi ta s i mua mt hng ho
c th no .
Phng php o mc m hai bin s lin quan vi nhau, khng nht thit theo gi
tr m theo bc.
Xem MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE, PROJECTS, CAPITAL RATIONING.
Con s ti a ca hng hay ct c lp tuyn tnh ca ma trn.
Mt quy tc theo vic ngi ch thanh ton cho nhn vin ph thuc vo th hng
ca nhn vin trong cuc ganh ua.
Xem RELATIVE INCOME HYPOTHESIS.
Mt th tc m B trng Mi trng ca Anh dng hn ch t l gia tng chi tiu
ca nh chc trch a phng. Th tc ny c coi nh bin php thay th cho cc
phng php truyn thng kim sot s chi tiu ca chnh quyn a phng
chng hn nh vic iu hnh T L H TR BNG TR CP.
Xem MARGINAL RATE OF SUBSTITUTION.
Gi c ca dch v tin t.
Mt khi nim chung ni n s Tin thu c t s u t vn, khi tin ny c coi
nh mt phn ca kinh ph.
Xem TIME PREFERENCE.
Mt h thu da trn gi tr c th b nh thu ca t ai v nh , c thay
th bng ph cng ng vo cui nhng nm 80 Anh. Khi p dng PH CNG
NG cho c nhn th mt thu kinh doanh ng nht c p dng cho mi doanh
nghip. Trong khi m trc mc thu tnh theo ng bng do cc doanh nghip
tr thay i tu theo tng chnh quyn a phng th loi thu ng nht c ngha l
mi doanh nghip trong nc s thanh ton cng mc thu tnh theo ng bng,
mc d hin nay c s thay i gia Scotland, Anh v X Wales.
Mt c ch chuyn vn t chnh ph trung ng cho cc chnh quyn a phng
Anh. Ngy nay s tr cp cho cc chnh quyn ny to nn ngun thu nhp ch yu
ca cc chnh quyn a phng Anh.
l s p dng phn ch yu ca hnh vi duy l ti a ho vo vic thu thp v x
l thng tin cho mc ch to nn mt quan im v tng lai.
Hnh vi ca mt tc nhn kinh t (ngi tiu dng, chnh ph ) nht qun vi mt
lot cc quy tc chi phi cc s thch.
Mt cng thc TR PHN PHI trong , cc gi tr k tip ca mt bin s b tr
c xc nh bng t l ca hai m hnh tr a thc.
Bt c phng php no phn b mt sn phm hoc dch v khan him khc vi
cch dng ca c ch gi.
Mt cch tip cn vn ca mt x hi bnh ng, v c bit l BNH NG PHN
PHI c pht trin bi nh trit hc John Rawls i hc Harvard, ng lp lun
rng bnh ng x hi l x hi m trong c th la chn nu h b chi phi hon
ton bi quyn li c nhn.
Xem RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT.
Gip cho doanh nghip xc nh gi tr ti u cho mt bin s la chn khi bit c
gi tr ny ca cc hng cnh tranh.
Cm thut ng ny thng c s dng m t trng hp khi cu i vi hng
ho thay i do c s thay i s d tin thc t.
Hc thuyt v li th so snh ca Ricardo c da trn mt phng php chi ph
thc t.
L gi tr ca cc lng tin c nm gi c xc nh bng s lng hng ho v
dch v m chng c th mua c.
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economic
Gi tr ca tng sn lng - THU NHP QUC DN - c tnh theo "gi c nh" -
tc l tr i t l lm pht chung tnh c hiu qu thc t ca vic s dng cc
ngun lc.
L tin lng c tnh theo gi tr hng ho v dch v m s tin c th mua
c.
L ngi c b nhim tip qun ti sn ca mt con n, ng thi thu nhn hoa
li t ti sn ni trn nhm thanh ton n.
L giai on gim st ca chu k thng mi xy ra sau mt nh im v kt thc ti
im thp nht ca chu k.
L mt s c s m m mt.
L cu ca mt nc i vi hng ho ca mt nc khc trong quan h trao i
hng gia hai nc.
o lut thu quan Smoot-Hawley nm 1930 p t biu thu nhp khu cao n
mc cc hot ng thng mi quc t ca Hoa K hu nh khng c. n nm
1962, tc ng ca RTA lm gim mc thu quan trung bnh xung cn 11,1%.
Nm 1990, mc thu quan trung bnh cho hng cng nghip ch cn mc 5%.
Lag khong thi gian k t t khi mt yu t c kh nng gy bt n xy ra cho n
khi n c cc nh hoch nh chnh sch nhn nh l c kh nng gy bt n.
L tho thun m theo bn mua hoc bn bn c th thay i s lng hng mua
bn nu biu gi tho thun khng gip cho hng c tiu th ht trn th trng:
s lng hng s c iu chnh tu thuc vo vic xy ra tnh trng d cu hay d
cung.
L mt m hnh trong nhng gi tr hin ti ca mt tp hp cc bin s quyt nh
gi tr hin ti ca mt tp hp khc trong khi cc gi tr trc (gi tr tr) ca tp
hp sau li quyt nh cc gi tr hin ti ca gi tr trc.
Xem KALMAN FILTERING.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
C th l chng khon m s c tr li - thanh ton - vo mt ngy nht nh, hoc
c th l chng khon m c th c tr li tu theo hp ng ca ngi vay tin.
Nu mt nh u t mua mt c phiu c k hn vi gi thp hn gi danh ngha ca
n m gi c phn n khi o hn th s c hng mt khon li tc ngoi
tin li hng nm tr cho c phn .
L qu trnh iu chnh li s phn phi (thng l) thu nhp hoc ca ci trong mt
x hi.
L cc dng ca mt tp hp CC PHNG TRNH NG THI trong cc bin
s ni sinh c biu th nh l cc hm ca cc BIN S NGOI SINH, ngha l
khng c bin s ni sinh no xut hin pha bn phi ca cc phng trnh.
Nhng ngi mt vic khng t nguyn do yu cu v nhn lc ca doanh nghip
gim.
Xem SEVERANCE PAY.
L hng c nhp t mt nc sang mt nc khc nhng khng c tiu th
nc nhp hng m c xut ti mt nc th ba.
L cc khon tin m trc y chnh ph Anh cung cp cho cc hng tin hnh u
t vo sn xut ti nhng vng no c coi l CC KHU VC CN PHT TRIN
v VC KHU VC PHT TRIN C BIT. Cc khon tr cp pht trin khu vc
dn b ct b k t thng 3 nm 1988.
Kinh t hc khu vc l chuyn nghnh phn tch kinh lin quan n vic phn phi
hot ng kinh t theo khng gian v s khc nhau v khng gian trong kt qu ca
hot ng kinh t.
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economic
L khon tr cp cho cc hng sn xut ti cc khu vc cn pht trin v cc khu vc
c bit Anh t nm 1967 n nm 1977 da trn c s s cng nhn c tuyn
dng, ban du l 1,5 bng cho mt cng nhn v sau l 3 bng cho mt cng nhn,
hy vng s khuyn khch cc hng cc khu vc c t l tht nghip cao thu thm
nhiu lao ng.
L mt phin bn ca s nhn c s dng trong vic phn tch cc nn kinh t khu
vc.
L mt dng ca chnh sch kinh t ca chnh ph nhm iu chnh hnh thi hot
ng kinh t hoc kt qu kinh t ca khu vc.
L nhng chnh lch v mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn
loi theo khu vc m h ang lm vic ti .
L vic xp th t cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn c phn loi
theo khu vc m h ang lm vic ti .
L tng s ngi Anh ng k ti cc Vn phng tht nghip c hng tr
cp.
L mt php phn tch bng cch ghp mt phng trnh hi quy quy (hoc mt quan
h ton hc) vo mt tp hp cc im s liu, thng l bng phng php BNH
PHNG TI THIU THNG THNG, thit lp cc mi quan h kinh t lng
(c tnh gi tr ca cc thng s), hoc kim nh cc gi thit kinh t.
L k vng cho rng s bin i ca gi tr thc t ca mt bin s tch ra khi gi tr
ti im cn bng ca n, thng l mt gi tr mi, s c tip ni bi vic quay tr
li gi tr ti im cn bng.
L trng hp thu sut trung bnh gim khi thu nhp tng ln.
L mt BIN C LP trong mt php phn tch hi quy.
Xem MINIMAX REGRET.
L mt quy ch ca Hoa K do H THNG D TR LIN BANG t ra vo nm
1933 i vi cc mc li m cc ngn hng phi tr cho cc tin gi nh.
Xem DISINTERMEDIATION.
L mt khi nim c cc nh kinh t hc th ch vay mn t x hi hc to ra
nn tng v hnh vi vi m ca qu trnh c coi l phi th trng m tin lng c
xc nh trong (Xem SPILLOVER HYPOTHESIS).
L gi thuyt cho rng tiu dng ca c nhn v / hoc h gia nh l hm s ca thu
nhp ca c nhn/ h gia nh trong mi quan h vi thu nhp ca cc c nhn
hoc h gia nh khc, ng thi cng l hm s ca thu nhp hin ti trong mi quan
h vi mc thu nhp trong cc giai on ngay trc .
Xem PRICE.
L thut ng c s dng m t nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng trung
bnh ca cc nhm cng nhn trong cng mt ngh, do cc nhm ch khc nhau tr.
L bt c ti nguyn no c kh nng ti to li, mt phn hoc ton b, mt cch "t
nhin".
Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
L mt mi quan h c s dng trong KINH T HC TH, biu th mc t phi
tr cho mt n v t ai nh mt hm s ca khong cch t mt im tham chiu
nht nh - thng l mt thnh ph hoc trung tm th x.
L nhng ch s hu vn m ton b hoc hu ht thu nhp ca h c c t
ngun ny nhng h li chn cch khng p t quyn kim sot ca mnh i vi
vic s dng n.
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economic
L vic s dng cc ngun lc thc t nhm thu c thng d di hnh thc mt
khon c li.
Xem HISTORICAL COST.
L mt phng php k ton c iu chnh theo nhng thay i v gi c bng cch
tnh li nhun nh l khon chnh lch gia gi bn mt mt hng v chi ph thay th
ca n ti thi im bn hng.
L khon tin cn thit thay th phn vn u t c bn c s dng ht
trong qu trnh sn xut.
L t s gia tng thu nhp rng (thu nhp cng vi phc li tr thu v tin nh ,
cho php hon tr li tin thu) khi tht nghip v tng thu nhp thun khi ang lm
vic.
L mt hng tiu biu cho mt ngnh hay mt khu vc ca nn kinh t ang c
phn tch.
L trng hp vic n nh gi kim sot c tc thay i ca gi c m khng
tc ng n nhng xu hng lm pht ang din ra.
Trong ngnh ngn hng M, cc t chc nhn tin gi phi duy tr mt t l phn
trm nht nh ca s n m cc t chc ny pht hnh (v c bn gm c sc, s
tit kim v giy chng nhn ti khon tin gi) di dng s d nhn ri.
L tho thun theo cc nh sn xut xc nh mt cch c lp hoc tp th nhng
mc gi ti thiu m cc sn phm ca h c th c bn li ti cc nh bn bun
v bn l.
L o lut ca Anh cm vic duy tr gi bn l bi mt hng ring l.
L hot ng nhm nng cao trnh khoa hc hoc k thut v ng dng trnh
vo vic to ra cc sn phm mi v phng tin sn xut mi cng nh ci tin cc
sn phm v qui trnh sn xut hin ti.
Ngi cng nhn tm vic trn TH TRNG LAO NG s c mt tng nht
nh v mc lng m anh ta mong mun hoc xng ng c hng, da trn
mc lng trc y ca anh ta v nhng ngh tr lng c bit n theo mt
ngha k vng nht nh.
L t l ti thiu m tt c cc ngn hng v cc CNG TY TI CHNH c quy m ln
hn hot ng ti Anh trong thi gian t 1971 n 1981 phi duy tr gia cc ti sn
c xc nh l hp l v cc khon n c xc nh bng cch tng t l hp
l.
L s lng nhng ti sn trong h thng ti chnh m xt trn thc t hoc v mt
php l, c th hnh thnh nn d tr ca h thng ngn hng, v theo l thuyt truyn
thng v S NHN TN DNG, hnh thnh nn s b nhn gip cho vic s dng s
nhn xc nh tng s tin gi ngn hng.
L tn gi c t cho mt NG TIN nc ngoi m mt chnh ph sn sng gi
lm mt phn d tr ca mnh; s tin ny c s dng ti tr cho thng mi
quc t.
L t l gia mt ti sn, hoc mt nhm cc ti sn, c gi lm qu d tr so vi
tng s cc khon n hoc cam kt nht nh, v xt v mt mc no th y l
i tng ca chnh sch hot ng ca cc t chc c lin quan.
Chnh lch gia mt im s liu trn thc t vi gi tr c a ra bi mt phng
trnh c tnh.
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economic
L mt phng php c tnh cc thng s ca mt phng trnh, trong c tnh
n mt loi thng tin u tin.
Xem RESTRICTIVE TRADE PRACTICES ACT 1956.
L o lut ca Anh quy nh vic cc hng sn xut tho thun vi nhau duy tr
gi bn l l bt hp php.
im chnh ca o lut ny l mt iu khon ni lng vic ng k bt buc cc
tho thun theo quy nh ca o lut nm 1956 v nhng Thng l thng mi hn
ch.
Trong CUC TRANH LUN V VN, quan im cho rng mt phng php sn xut
b t b khi t l li nhun thp c th c a ra khi t l li nhun tng ln ti
nhng mc cao hn nhiu, cng vi vic mt (hoc nhiu) Phng php sn xut
thay th c kh nng sinh li cao hn c s dng trong giai on chuyn tip.
L giai on cui cng trong dy chuyn phn phi t nh sn xut n ngi tiu
dng.
Thut ng ny c p dng cho cc nghip v ngn hng chuyn thng do cc
NGN HNG THANH TON B TR v ngy cng nhiu cc ngn hng khc tin
hnh, thng qua h thng chi nhnh ca h ti mi i tng.
L mt ch s gi hng ho c cp n nh l ch s gi sinh hot. Ch s ny
o lng nhng thay i tng i trong cc mc gi ca mt nhm hng tiu dng
c th m mt h gia nh trung bnh mua mt cch thng xuyn.
Xem INTERNAL FINANCE.
L t l li nhun rng c tnh lm thu nhp gi li.
L tn gi khc ca THU NHP GI LI hoc LI NHUN KHNG CHIA.
Xem RATE OF RETURN.
L t l m theo sn lng thay i khi s lng ca tt c cc u vo thay i.
L mt thay i theo hng i ln ca sc mua ngang gi i vi mt ng tin trong
mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh.
L mt phng thc tip cn hc thuyt v cu ca SAMUELSON, da trn nhng
nhn nh v cch thc m ngi tiu dng phn ng i vi nhng thay i v gi
c v thu nhp.
Xem SALES MAXIMIZATION HYPOTHESIS.
L vic bn mt loi hng ho nc ngoi vi mt mc gi cao hn gi mt hng
ti th trng trong nc li dng v tr c quyn.
Xem Yield gap.
Theo nh l ny, vic nh thu v vic pht hnh n ca nhnh ph, khi c s
dng nh mt cng c ti tr cho chi tiu ngn hn ca chnh ph, u c cc hiu
ng tng ng vi nhau i vi nn kinh t.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, c nhc n nhiu nht do hc thuyt v TIN
THU v hc thuyt v CHI PH SO SNH ca ng. Nm 1819, ng c bu vo H
ngh vin. S quan tm ca ng i vi kinh t hc bt u t khi ng c tc phm
Ca ci ca cc dn tc ca Smith m sau tr thnh c s cho tc phm Gi cao
ca vng (1810), trong ng lp lun rng tnh trng lm pht hin ti l do vic
ngn hng trung ng Anh khng hn ch c vic pht hnh tin v mt u ban
chnh thc cng a ra mt kt lun tng t vo nm 1811. Tc phm ch yu ca
ng l Nhng nguyn tc ca kinh t chnh tr v thu (1817). Ricardo cng c bit
n v thnh cng ca ng trong vic to ra mt "c my phn tch' v l ngi u
tin s dng phng php xy dng cc m hnh phn tch gin n dac trn nhng
gi nh to bo p dng trc tip vo vic gii quyt cc vn quan trng.
Page 274
economic
M, ni pht sinh cm thut ng ny, vic buc cng nhn phi gia nhp cc
nghip on l bt hp php v cc tiu ban c quyn cm vic p dng quy nh v
gia nhp nghip on.
Trong mt t pht hnh c phiu mi ca mt cng ty, cc c ng hin ti c quyn
mua c phiu mi theo t l gp vn ca tng c ng, l vi nhng iu kin u i.
L hon cnh trong mt s kin xy ra vi mt xc sut nht nh hoc trong
trng hp quy m ca s kin c mt PHN PHI XC SUT.
L k vng ca nh u t mun c li tc d kin cao hn b p s gia tng
ri ro.
Thng thng cm thut ng ny ni n mt khon vn c u t vo mt doanh
nghip m ch s hu ca n chp nhn ri ro l cng ty c th b ph sn.
1.L mt khon b sung vo T L CHIT KHU "thun tu" tnh n s khng
chc chn ca nhng li ch hoc doanh thu ca mt d n trong tng lai; 2.Trong
mt th gii khng chc chn, l phn li tc b p cho ch s hu vn v
nhng ri ro trong vic s dng s vn trong kinh doanh.
Xem INSURANCE.
Khi s tiu dng ca mt c nhn v mt hng ho lm gim s lng hng ho
m nhng ngi khc c th tiu dng.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt nhn vt c nhiu nh hng, l gio s kinh
t ti trng Kinh t London t nm 1929 n nm 1961. Trong thi gian ny,
Robbins c nh hng to ln i vi c sinh vin ln chnh ph, l ngi i u trong
vic hi sinh t duy kinh t "t do". ng nhn mnh s cn thit v mt l thuyt v
thc t gia kinh t hc CHUN TC v THC CHNG. Trong tc phm Lun bn
v bn cht v ngha ca khoa hc kinh t (1953), nhn mnh n kha cnh s
khan him trong mi hnh vi kinh t. Cu ni ni ting ca Robbins tm li quan
im ny v tr thnh mt nh ngha chun v phm vi nghin cu ca kinh t
hc:"Khoa hc nghin cu hnh vi ca con ngi da trn c s mi quan h gia
nhng mc tiu v cng c khan him vi nhng cng dng khc nhau".
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh v l mt trong nhng l thuyt gia kinh t c nh hng
nht trong giai on hu Keynes. L gio s ging dy ti trng i hc Cambrigde
(1931-1971). ng gp gp quan trng u tin ca b l s ph bnh v s din gii
li hc thuyt truyn thng v gi tr da trn khi nim. Tc phm sau ny ca b
chuyn t phng php im cn bng tng phn ca Marshall sang phng php
phn tch c inca Keynes v nhng vn kinh t v m nng ng, c bit l
vn tng trng v phn phi. Tc phm S tch lu vn (1956), ng gp quan
trng ca b cho hc thuyt tng trng kinh t, vn dng t tng ca J.Mkeynes,
Harrod, C.Mc v David Ricardo. Robinson l mt ngi i u trong nhng cuc
tranh lun gay gt v ngha ca vn vo nhng nm 50 v 60.
L o lut ra i nm 1936 sa i mc 2 ca o lut Clayton ca Hoa K. Ni
dung ch yu ca n l vic cm t cc mc gi khc nhau cho cc khch hng
khc nhau i vi nhng hng ho m c bn ging nhau v chng loi v cht
lng, trong trng hp tc ng s l vic gim ng k mc cnh tranh hoc
c xu hng c quyn.
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economic
Cm thut ng ny trc y dng ch iu m ngy nay thng c gi l
"HIU NG KHO". N c mang tn ch ngn hng - Nh kinh t hc Robert
V.Roosa, ngi u tin ng h ngha ca n.
Cc nghim ca mt hm l cc gi tr ca bin c lp lm cho bin ph thuc bng
khng.
Mt thuyt tng trng kinh t do gio s W.W Rostow a ra nm 1961. ng phn
chia qu trnh tng trng thnh 5 giai on: 1)X hi truyn thng; 2)Cc iu kin
tin quyt ct cnh;3)Ct cnh;4)Tin ti trng thnh;5)Giai on tiu dng cao.
Thut ng ny dng ch phng php sn xut tn nhiu thi gian hn v hiu qu
hn. Khi nim nng sut cao hn ca phng php sn xut l gio l trung tm ca
trng phi o trong khi tho lun vn.
Anh, y l loi thu phi tr cho chnh ph Anh bi cc t chc khai khong sn v
mi quyn khai khong u thuc v Hong gia. nhiu nc, mt s hnh thc thu
tinh vi hn v thng cn c vo li nhun ang tr nn quan trng hn vi t cch
l thu nh vo ti nguyn thin nhin.
Xem COMPENSATION RULES.
Xem RETAIL PRICE INDEX.
Mt cng thc hay th tc m to c s cho vic ra quyt nh ca cc tc nhn kinh
t.
nh l, do nh kinh t Rybczcynski a ra, cho rng nu trong m hnh HECKSCHER-
OHLIN, mt trong hai yu t sn xut c tng duy tr gi c hng ho v cc yu
t sn xut khng i th lng hng ho dng nhiu yu t sn xut c tng ln
phi m rng sn lng hng ho kia, dng nhiu hn trong yu t sn xut khng
i phi gim xung.
Con s thi vic c l do. Mt yu t trong chu chuyn lao ng.
Mt m hnh kinh t lng tuyn tnh nh ca nn kinh t M c a ra ti Ngn
hng d tr Lin bang St.Louis chng li xu hng dng cc m hnh phi tuyn
tnh v ln hn c a ra cc ni khc t m hnh ban u v nn kinh t M
ca Tinbergen v Klein-Goldberger.
Xem BERNOULLI HYPOTHESIS.
Tin tr cho hu nh ton b cng nhn khng lm vic chn tay v mt s nhn vin
lm vic chn tay i ly cung lao ng ca h, thng thng vic thanh ton
c tin hnh sau mi thnh v, ngc vi tin cng ca nhn cng lm vic chn
tay, khng thay i theo s gi lm vic hay mc n lc trong nhng gi lm vic
vi iu kin mt s ngha v hp ng ti thiu phi c tn trng.
Do W.J.Baumol, a ra gi thit ny l tinh thn thuyt QUN TR CA HNG.
Mt loi thu nh vo giao dch th trng.
Khi xem xt ngn sch vn, gi tr ca ti sn vn vo cui i d n phi c xem
xt.
Mi tp cc quan st hay cc s liu o c i vi mt bin c th no , m
khng gm tt c cc quan st c th c.
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economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s ti hc vin Cng ngh Massachusetts, v l
ngi c gii Nobel v kinh t nm 1970 v c cng nng cao phn tch tng
qut v mc phng php lun trong kinh t hc vi s gip ca ton hc.
Trong KINH T H NG, ng nghin cu xem mt h thng kinh t c s nh
th no khi bn ngoi im cn bng v mt nn kinh t pht trin nh th no t
giai on n sang giai on kia trong mt chui cc giai on pht trin. Trong L
THUYT CNG TIU DNG, cch tip cn ca ng hon ton i lp vi phng
php tip cn c chp nhn rng ri nht, l vic xy dng cc nh l v hnh
vi tiu dng da trn cc phng php suy din, v ng xc nh nhng s thch
trn c s nhng hnh vi quan st c hay "Nhng s thch c bc l" nh
chng c gi. Trong KINH T HC QUC T, lp lun ca ng v vn chuyn
nhng v nhng li ch thu c t thng mi u rt chnh xc v l nhng tuyn
b kinh in v kinh t hc hin i. Mc d l ngi vit nhu, nhng Samuelson ch
vit, ch khng phi bin son, hai cun sch l: Nhng nn tng ca phn tch kinh
t (1948) v mt cun sch nhp mn rt thnh cng l Kinh t hc (1945) v hin
ang c ti bn ln th 15.
Theo kim nh ny th mt trng thi c kh nng c phc li tt hn mt trng thi
khc nu i vi mi s phn phi gi hng ho trong tnh trng th nht c tn ti
mt s phn b gi hng ho th hai, trong t nht c mt phc li tng ln m
khng c ngi no b gim phc li.
Hin tng " c " mt hng ho no .
Hnh vi hng ti vic t c nhng mc kht vng trong cc mc tiu ra quyt
nh v hnh vi khng nht thit phi lin quan ti vic ti a ho bt k mt yu t
no.
Mi thu nhp khng tiu dng vo hng ho v dch v cho nhu cu hin ti.
Cc cng ty c thnh lp di hnh thc tng h hay c phn nhn tit kim t
dn c v u t ch yu vo cc khon cho vay th chp.
Hm ch r mi quan h gia tng tit kim (S) v thu nhp (Y), Tc l S = S(Y).
Phng php tit kim - u t i vi cn bng cn cn thanh ton tp trung vo mi
quan h do Keynes nu ra gia tit kim v u t gii thch v tr ca ti khon
vng lai trong cn cn thanh ton, v chnh lch gia xut khu v nhp khu hng
ho v dch v.
L mt doanh nhn ngi php tr thnh nh kinh t hc, Say c b nhim lm
ch nhim khoa kinh t Cng nghip thuc trng i hc Convervatoire National des
et Mtier (1819) v tr thnh gio s kinh t nm 1931. im quan trng trong cng
trnh ca ng l vic ng phn i thuyt gi tr c in da trn gi tr lao ng ca
ngi Anh. V mt phng php lun, Say l ngi i tin phong trong trng phi
TN C IN v phn tch cn bng ca h. Say ni ting nht vi l thuyt v th
trng c ng xy dng trong cun Trait d'economie politique (1803). Say pht
hin s ph thuc ln nhau gia cung v cu t nn kinh t hng i hng, ti mi
hng ng bn u lin quan n cu v mt gi tr tng ng, khng tn ti bt k
mt d cung hay cu no v khng c mt hng ho no c sn xut ra m khng
c mt mc cu tiu th no tng ng, thnh l thuyt chung v th trng.
Trong kinh t hc, s khan him thng s dng trong trng hp cc ngun lc sn
c sn xut ra sn phm khng tho mn cc mong mun.
Mt tn gi khc ca ng tin mnh.
S biu din d liu bng th trong cc gi tr quan st c ca mt bin c
v thnh tng im so vi cc gi tr ca bin kia m khng ni cc im li vi
nhau bng ng ni.
Mi quan h hm s gia trnh hc vn t c v cc yu t quyt nh ca cc
trnh .
Page 277
economic
Nh kinh t hc v gio s ti trng i hc Chicago, ng l ng tc gi ot gii
thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1979. Nhng cng trnh ch yu ca ng thuc lnh vc
kinh t nng nghip nhng ng cng c bit ti nh mt ngi tin phong trong
lnh vc Vn nhn lc.
Sinh trng v hc tp Vin, Schumpeter l mt mn ca WALRAS ch khng
phi trng phi o. ng l ngi tin phong trong phn tch CHU K THNG MI
v PHT TRIN KINH T, trong c hai tc phm ny, ch doanh nghip gi vai tr
ch o, chu trch nhim cho vic sng ch. Hnh ng ca anh ta sau s b bt
chc, nh vy sng ch v c th gy ra s bng n mang li. L mt tc gi c tm
nhn ln, ng lp lun trong cun CH NGHA T BN, CH NGHA X HI V
NN DN CH (1947) rng ch ngha t bn s nhng ch cho ch ngha x hi
khng phi v n tht bi nh C.Mc lp lun m bi v thnh cng ca n. Cng trnh
cui cng ca ng, n lc mt vn cha hon thnh l mt tc phm v i: Lch s
phn tch kinh t (1954).
Thu hay cu trc thu t c mc tiu chnh sch, thng l phi kinh t nh
c lp quc gia hay s sn sng v qun s, vi chi ph ti thiu cho x hi.
Nghch l ny sinh nu bc chuyn t phn b A sang phn b B th hin mt ci
thin Pareto TIM NNG nhng nhng ngi chu thit thi t bc chuyn ny s
thu li t khi li chuyn v A to iu kin cho h mua chuc nhng ngi c
li tre li t s phn b ban u.
Scitovsky lu rng vic p dng kim nh KALDOR-HICKS c th dn n quan
im coi nc B hn nc A nhng c khi nc B vic p dng kim nh ny c
th ch ra rng A tt hn B.
Lp lun rng gio dc t c tc ng trc tip n hiu qu tng nng sut lao ng
m gio dc ch yu ng vai tr ca mt b lc, hay thit b sng lc m nhm pht
hin ra nhng ti nng sn c, s bn tr, ng c m ngi s dung lao ng thy
hp dn.
Xem BONUS ISSUE.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
Xem JOB SEARCH.
Xem JOB SEARCH.
Tn gi ca bt k mt quy trnh no trong c tc ng thi v c tnh n hoc
thng hay c loi b khi d liu.
Tht nghip do nguyn nhn t hnh thi cng vic theo thi v ca mt s nghnh.
Mt cm thut ng dng ch mt nhm ln cc t chc ti chnh chuyn nhn tin
gi, rt nhiu t chc trong s l chi nhnh hoc c lin quan n cc ngn hng
thanh ton b tr, nh bun, ngn hng nc ngoi mc ln nhanh chng trong
nhng nm 1960 v u nhng nm 1970 c tr gip bi nhng quy nh v s
lng i vi cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr.
Xem PRIMARY MARKET.
Nhng nhm cng nhn m vic c tham gia vo lc lng lao ng khng chc
chn bng nhng nhm cng nhn hng nht.
nh l tnh trng tt nh do R.G.Lipsey v K.Lancaster a ra, cho rng nu mt trong
nhng iu kin ca ti u PARETO khng th thc hin c th ni chung tnh th
c th t c tt nht (phng n tt nht th hai) ch c th t c bng cch
thot khi mi iu kin Pareto khc.
Du ca o hm bc hai ca hm mc tiu ca cc bin la chn cho thy cc tr l
cc i hay cc tiu.
Khi nim cung trong on thut ng ny thng c hiu l tng t l tham gia vo
lc lng lao ng.
T "secular" ch ra rng l xu hng tnh ton cho nhng d liu di hn.
Xem FINANCE CAPITAL.
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economic
Mt thut ng dng ch mt lot cc ti sn ti chnh, v cc c phiu vin vng, c
phn, v tri khon.
Mt t chc c lp ca chnh ph M c thnh lp nm 1934 hot ng nh c
quan iu hnh chnh ca nganh chng khon.
Xem BIG BANG.
Mt thut ng khc dng ch s t b i vay qua trung gian, m t vic ti tr
nhng nhu cu tin t ca cng ty trc tip thng qua th trng vn v thng qua
vic s dng cc cng c nh hi phiu, chp thun ca ngn hng v pht hnh tri
phiu thay v vay t cc ngn hng thng mi.
T xa xa v p dng i vi tin, y l mt loi thu nh vo nhng kim loi c
mang n xng c tin, nhm trang tri cc chi ph c tin v l mt ngun thu
cho nh cm quyn, ngi cho l mt c quyn.
Mt khon vay hay lao dch ti chnh khc c ri ro thp v c mt th tc gn lin v
vic kt thc khon vay v thanh ton n nn.
Mt cu chm ngn truyn thng trn ngnh ngn hng ca Anh l cc hnh hc tn
dng "t thanh ton" l hnh thc cho vay an ton nht cho ngn hng.
Xem BIG BANG.
Phng php minh ho nhng bin s kinh t c th thay i theo thi gian.
L nh kinh t hc ngi Anh, hai ln c phong gio s kinh t ca Khoa kinh t
chnh tr ti Oxford. ng sa i thuyt dn s ca Malthus. Tng trng dn s c
th din ra m khng c s gim bt ca dn s xung ti mc c th sng c v
mi th h u c c mun ci thin mc sng. Senior l ngi tiu biu cho thuyt
gi tr ch quan v c gng dung ho thuyt gi tr ca Ricardo vi s phn tch
ca THO DNG. Theo quan im ca Senior, king khem ni n vic hy sinh
to ra vn mi. Chi ph cho s king khem gp vo gi tr hng ho. Li sut
c xem nh l phn thng cho s khng tiu dng . Cng trnh ln ca Senior
v kinh t hc l cng Khoa hc kinh t chnh tr (1936).
Cc phng php iu chnh vic thng chc, ging chc v sa thi trong mt b
phn ca hng theo mc thm nin ca ngi lao ng.
Phn tch nhy cm lin quan n vic thay i cc thng s theo bi ton ra quyt
nh v nghin cu xem vic thay i ny nh hng n kt qu nh th no.
Trong l thuyt tiu dng, vic chia hng ho cho nhiu nhm khc nhau sao cho s
thch tiu dng ca mi nhm c x l c lp vi cc nhm cn li.
iu ny xy ra trong nhng cng ty c phn ln, trong nhng c phn c quyn
b phiu c chia cho mt s lng ln c ng.
Cn c gi l tng quan t nh. Mt bi ton kinh t lng, trong gi tr hin
ti ca mt sai s trong mt phng trnh tng quan v nhng gi tr trong qu kh
ca n, ch ch ra rng, mt s nh hng h thng no b loi b khi
phng trnh.
Vic thanh ton li cc khon li sut ca n.
Trn gic kinh t, dch v l cc chc nng hoc cc nhim v c thc hin m
ngi ta c cu v do to ra gi c hnh thnh nn mt th trng thch hp.
Cng gi l tr cp mt vic Anh, mt phng php hp ng ci thin chi ph kinh
t ca vic sa thi vnh vin bng vic bi thng cho nhng ngi lao ng b mt
vic.
Mt b phn ca nn kinh t m sn lng ca n khng c tnh vo con s thng
k v thu nhp quc dn bi v n c giu i chnh quyn khng thy c.
Vic nh gi mt hng ho hay dch v m khng c gi th trng.
Gi bng ca lao ng.
Xem EQUITIES.
Page 279
economic
Mt nn kinh t trong tin tr cho ngi lao ng c gn bi mt cng thc vi
doanh thu hay li nhun ca cng ty m hc lm vic.
Gi th trng hin hnh ca mt n v vn c phn ca mt cng ty.
Mt trong nhng nn tng ca lut chng T-rt M c thi hnh nm 1890.
Lp lun cho rng chnh sch thu nhp c th nh hng n vic dch chuyn ng
Phillips sang bn tri, do to ra mt mc tin lng thp hn v / hoc lm lm
pht gi i vi nhng gi tr cho trc ca cc yu t quyt nh chng trc ht l
mc tht nghip.
Mt k thut c s dng trong phn tch tng trng kinh t khu vc trong c
gng tch mt phn ca s tng trng khu vc m c th gii thch bng s pha trn
cc ngnh trong khu vc (cu trc ngnh) v phn c th gii thch theo cc anh
hng "khu vc" c th.
Xem EFFICIENCY WAGE THEORY.
Mt lp lun tng t nh lp lun c s dng trong nn kinh t c tin lng cao.
Mt i biu c bu ra i din cho mt nhm cng nhn, ngi ny s thc y
nhng mi quan tm ca nhng ngi lao ng trong nh my hoc phn xng nh
tin cng hoc cc iu kin lm vic.
Cc chng khon n, v d nh tri khon cng ty hay chng khon vin vng m
thi gian n ngy thanh ton ngn, thg khng qu 5 nm.
Khong thi gian trong qu trnh sn xut trong cc yu t sn xut c nh khng
thay i, nhng mc s dng cc yu t kh bin c th b thay i.
Xem Average cost.
Mi quan h hm s gia tiu dng v thu nhp trong khong thi gian ca chu k
kinh doanh.
Xem Marginal cost.
cp n nhng cng nhn lm vic t gi hn TUN LM VIC CHUN c nu
trong trong hp ng lao ng ca h.
Xem STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION.
Nhng trao i gia cc c nhn trong mt nhm nhm mc ch khuyn khch thc
hin bn phn cho mt hoc nhiu mc tiu chung.
Nhng khon tin gi ti cc ngn hng v nhng th ch nhn tin gi tng t c
th chuyn i sang sc hoc c th rt bng tin mt m khng cn bo trc.
L nh kinh t hc ngi M, t gii Nobel kinh t 1978 do cng trnh nghin cu i
tin phonng trong qu trnh to ra quyt nh ti nhng t chc v kinh t v hng ni
ring.L lun ca Simon v nhng quan st v vic ra quyt nh ti cc t chc ph
hp vi thc t v to nn nn tng hu ch cho vic nghin cu thc nghim.
Xem LINEAR PROGRAMMING.
Mt hnh thc d on a ra mt tp hp nhng phng n d on da trn
nhng gi thit khc nhau v cc tnh hung tng lai, c th l tr li cu hi "ci
g s xy ra nu?", thay v cu hi "ci g s xy ra?".
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economic
lch trong nhng c lng bng phng php bnh phng nh nht thng
thng l kt qa ca nhng tc ng phn hi gia cc phng trnhkhi m hnh
c d on bao gm mt tp hp nhng PHNG TRNH NG THI.
Mt tp hp gm hai hay nhiu hn cc phng trnh c chung nhng bin s m gi
tr ca cc bin s ny phi ng thi tho mn tt c cc phng trnh.
Bn tho thun ny thuc phm vi h thng CNG NG CHU U (EC), bt u c
hiu lc t 1/7/1987. SEA d nh rng cho ti cui 1992, s pht trin trong chnh
sch ni b EC cn t ra mc tiu cho mt th trng duy nht, vi s di chuyn t
do ca vn, lao ng, dch v v hng ho thay th cho nhng tho thun khng
mang tnh phi hp tng tn ti n nm 1987.
Mt ma trn m nh thc ca n bng 0, do tnh ph thuc tuyn tnh gia mt s
hng hoc ct ca n, c ngha l mt ma trn m hng ca n khng bng kch
thc ca n.
Phn qu thng xuyn ring nhm mc ch tr n, hoc khu hao phn
vn nm trong thit b.
Mt nh nh kinh t hc ngi Thu S. Trong tc phm u tin ca ng, ng th
hin mnh l ngi k tc ca Adam Smith, nhn mnh ti s kt hp hi ho v li
ch, s cn thit cuat QUAN IM T DO KINH T v tnh v l ca s can thip ca
chnh ph. 16 nm sau, trong cun "Nhng nguyn l mi ca Kinh t chnh tr hc"
(1819), ng tht vng vi quan im t do kinh t v ng nhn mnh v nhng t
nn ra i t s cnh tranh khng gii hn, c bit l sn xut tha hng ho v
dch v m ng coi y trc tip l hu qu ca S PHN CNG LAO NG v sn
xut quy m ln. ng cho rng khi lm vic cho bn thn mnh, cong ngi bit khi
no sn xut d, cn khi lm vic cho ngi khc anh ta li khng bit. T do kinh
t dn ti s chu ng cho nn phi c s can thip ca chnh ph ch o v
iu ho nhng bc theo ui s giu c. Sismondi phn bc nhng sng ch ht
b nhng qu trnh sn xut ang tn ti v ch ng h nhng sng ch phc v cho
nhng nhu cu ang m rng. L lun ca ng th hin mt ting ni phn khng
hn l mt hc thuyt v gy nh hng ti nhng nh vn x hi ch nngha sau
ny.
ng bao ca mt tp hp nhng NG BAO KH NNG THO DNG.
Phn phi tn xut m trong cc hng thuc mt ngnh hay mt khu vc kinh t
c phn chia theo quy m.
Mt phn phi khng i xng xung quanh gi tr trung bnh ca n.
Nhng chnh lch gia cc mc lng trung bnh ca cc nhm lao ng thot u
phn loi theo ngh nghip, sau phn loi tip thnh nhng nhm k nng c th.
Mt nt c trng ca cc nn kinh t k hoch ho tp trung l xu hng cc doanh
nghip c gng vch ra mt k hoch nhm t c sn lng sn xut thp hn
mc c th t c v/ hoc s dng nhiu u hn mc cn thit.
Mt giai on i xung hoc suy thoi trong chu k kinh doanh.
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economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi Nga v l nh nh ton hc kinh t, l gio s ti trng i
hc Kiev v Vin ton hc thuc Hc vin hn lm khoa hc Lin X, danh ting c
bit qua l thuyt v cu ni ting ca ng. ng cho rng l thuyt cu c th da trn
khi nim tho dng theo s th t. V sau c Hicks pht trin thm, l s tha
k v pht trin hc thuyt Marshall, nhng b qua gi thit mang tnh hn ch v
tho dng c th lng ho c. Slutsky c nhng ng gp quan trong vo l
thuyt kinh t lng, c bit l vic biu hin nhng dao ng mang tnh chu k
trong nhng s bnh qun di ng ca mt chui thi gian rt ra t nhng con s ngu
nhin.
Thng c xc nh nh sau: Hiu ng ca gi = Hiu ng thu nhp + Hiu ng
thay th.
Nh trit gia v kinh t hc Scotland, hc ti cc trng i hc Glasgow v Oxford,
sau tr thnh Gio s lun l ti trng i hc Glasgow. Quan im ca ng v t
chc kinh t ch yu b chi phi bi lng tin vo Quy lut t nhin, rng trong cc
hin tng t nhin c tn ti mt trt t c th thy c qua quan st hoc bng
cm gic o c v rng t chc x hi v php lut tch cc nn tun theo thay v i
ngc li trt t ny. Tc phm nghin cu v bn cht v nguyn nhn ca ci ca
cc dn tc (1766) l lun thuyt quy m ln u tin ca ng v kinh t hc, bao hm
l lun v sn xut v phn phi. Mi quan tm chnh ca ng thuc v tng trng
kinh t, v ng tm thy ng lc tng trng kinh t l s phn cng lao ng, tin
b k thut v tch lu vn. Ngoi m hnh tng trng mnh, Smith cng nghin cu
nhng vn kinh t vi m. ng cho rng GI l do chi ph sn xut quyt nh. Tin
thu l do gi c quyt nh ch khng phi quyt nh gi c. Thnh tu mang tnh l
lun chnh ca Smith l lt nhng vin gch u tin xy dng l thuyt phn b
ngun lc hiu qu ti u trong iu kin t do cnh tranh. Ngi ta ni rng trc
Smith c nhng lun bn kinh t v sau Smith th ngi ta lun bn v kinh t hc.
Xem EUROPEAN MONETARY SYSTEM.
Hiu ng xy ra khi gi ca mt hng ho gim xung v mt s b phn ca cng
ng tng cu v hng ho ny, ng thi mt s b phn hoc c nhn khc th gim
cu nhm mc ch tch bit h ra khi xu th chung.
Tng nhng li ch t c t mt hnh ng hoc mt d n dnh cho bt k
ngi no.
Xem PUBLIC CHOICE.
Mt tho thun khng thng nht (thng mang tnh gi thit hoc tng tng) gia
tt c cc c nhn to nn mt x hi lin quan ti nhng nguyn tc c bn lm nn
tng cho x hi vn ng.
Chi ph x hi ca mt sn lng no c coi l s tin va n b phc
hi tho dng ban u mt i ca bt k ngi no do hu qu ca vic sn xut
ra sn lng .
Mt th tc hay phng php thc hn s la chn gia cc gii php m phi
c thc hin bi mt nhm hoc i din cho mt nhm cc c nhn thay v mt c
nhn.
y l t sut dng chit khu nhng khon u t cng cng hoc tp th.
L s p dng l thuytt kinh t hc TN C IN vo chnh sch x hi.
Xem BEVERIDGE REPORT.
Mt thut ng dng m t hc thuyt chung cho rng quyn s hu v kim sot
cc t liu sn xut - vn v t ai- phi do ton cng ng nm gi v qun l
phc v tt c mi ngi.
Xem LABOUR THEORY OF VALUE.
Tiu chun ny quy nh rng tng nhng ng gp rng ca mt n v u t vo
sn lng phi c tnh ti khi phn b ngun lc ch khng ch n thun l phn
c phn b cho nhng nh u t t nhn.
Page 282
economic
Ngi ta lp lun cch ng n nh ga nhng khon u t trong khu vc cng
cng l qua vic xem xt CHI PH C HI i vi x hi bng cch chuyn hng
cc ngun lc t nhng d n trong khu vc t nhn ti hn sang nhng khu vc
cng cng.
L s phn b ngun lc ca mt x hi, m hnh sn xut v s phn phi sn phm
c th t c mc tt nht theo mt s mc tiu nh.
Cm thut ng c C.Mc dng nh ngha nhng mi quan h x hi gia
ngi vi ngi, pht sinh t mt tp hp c th tc nhn VT CHT C TH CA
SN XUT.
Li tc c u t vo gio dc vt trn bt k mc thu nhp ph no t c do
c o to.
T sut s thch theo thi gian ca x hi biu th t sut ti x hi sn sng
chuyn i s tiu dng gia nhng khong thi gian khc nhau.
Phc li x hi hoc cng ng ni chung. Ni chung phc li x hi c coi l tng
phc li ca cc c nhn trong mt x hi.
S biu th cc mc tiu ca x hi trong mc phc li x hi c trnh by di
dng mt hm s ca cch phn b ngun lc.
ng tin c t gi hi oi gim do lin tc xy ra thm ht CN CN THANH TON.
Mt khon vay khng li hoc c li sut thp hn mc chi ph vn vay.
Mt nh kinh t hc ngi M ot gii Nobel kinh t nm 1987 do nhng cng
trnh nghin cu ca ng trong l lun v o lng v tng trng kinh t. M hnh
tng trng tn c in ca Solow c tnh n kh nng thay th ca vn cho lao
ng, mt nt c trng xo b c vn IM TA MONG MANH trong m hnh
HARROD-DOMAR v cho php phn tch mt cch h thng nhng c tnh ca s
tng trng vng chc.
Xem REGIONAL ECONOMICS.
Mt yu t ca quyn lc c quyn m mt ngi bn l hay mt nh sn xut bn
c do nm cch xa nhng i th cnh tranh vi mnh.
Mt chin lc nh gi m trong chin lc cc cng ty bn hng cho nhng
ngi tiu dng nm cch xa ngi sn xut khng t cho mi ngi tiu dng mt
mc gi trang tri gi tr tng ng tng mc gi "ti cng nh my" (gi FOB)
v nhng chi ph vn chuyn thc khi vn chuyn hng ho.
Xem RANK CORRELATION.
L hnh thi u tin ca KHU VC C TR GIP, c thnh lp Anh. Vic
to ra cc khu vc c bit Scotland, Wales, v Bc Ireland l kt qu ca tnh
trng tht nghip a phng ny tng cao v n cng th hin mt bc tin ng
k trong CHNH SCH KHU VC ca Anh quc.
Xem INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND.
L mt bin php kim sot tn dng do NGN HNG ANH a ra vo nm 1958 v
sau c p dng ti cc ngn hng thanh ton b tr London v Scotland, sau
vo nm 1971c nhn rng ra cho tt c cc ngn hng hot ng ti Anh v
mt s cc T CHC TI CHNH ln.
L cc vng Anh m cc hng ti cho n nm 1984 vn c t cch c
hng s tr gip ti a ca chnh ph nh l mt phn ca CHNH SCH KHU
VC.
Tp trung hot ng vo cc dy chuyn sn xut trong mi c nhn hoc hng c
c hay t c vi th mnh ring.
Mt ch s thng kc tnh ton ch ra mc chuyn mn ho trn mt s lnh
vc kinh t nht nh theo tng vng. Chuyn mn ha c hiu nh l nn kinh t
ca khu vc c xem xt bao gm tng hp cc nghnh, khc vi trong mt quc
gia, s tng hp ny ch l mt b phn.
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economic
Kim loi qu di dng tin c.
Theo quan im truyn thng v hot ng ca ch BN V VNG, mt c ch
hiu chnh trong thng d hay thm ht CN CN THANH TON c xu hng b
xo b bi cc dng lun chuyn vng.
L cc mc T GI HI OI ca mt ng tin theo ch BN V VNG m ti
vic a vng vo v ra khi quc gia u sinh li.
Mt bi ton kinh t lng trong xc nh sai hnh thc lin kt cn c lng,
hoc do xc nh sai dng ca hm s (v d nh TUYN TNH thay v PHI TUYN)
hoc do b st cc bin s lin quan hay do thm vo cc bin s khng lin quan.
Ni chung, l th thu c p dng trn mi n v sn phm ch khng phi trn
gi tr ca sn phm.
o to k nng nhm nng cao nng sut lao ng ca cng nhn lm vic ti hng
ni cung cp o to.
Mt k thut trong cc c tnh tun hon ca mt bin s c th c thit lp t
s liu chui thi gian.
Vic mua hoc bn nhm mc ch sau bn hoc mua v kim li khi gi c hoc
t gi hi oi thay i.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
u t vo cc d n c ri ro cao nhng vi t sut li nhun hay li vn c
cho l cao trong thi k kinh t tng trng mnh hoc bng n.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Mt thnh phn ca tht nghip dai dng.
Xem EXTERNALITIES.
Gi thuyt cho rng cc khon thanh ton lng quan trng s to ra mt hnh mu
cho cc khon thanh ton sau noi theo, hoc ch t c nh hng n chng.
Mt th trng trong , hng ha v tin t c bun bn giao ngay khc vi th
trng tng lai hoc th trng k hn.
Cc tc ng c li ca s tng trng ca mt nn kinh t, ca mt khu vc i vi
cc nn kinh t, cc khu vc khc.
Bi ton ny sinh khi cc bin s lin kt vi cc bc khc nhau trong mt s m hnh
hi quy.
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh
Thng thng c dng trong ng cnh h thng CN BNG TNG TH hay
TNG PHN ch mc m gi hoc b gi ti mc CN BNG s c m
bo bt k c "c sc" no xy ra n i vi h thng m tm thi lm cho gi c
chuyn ng ra xa mc cn bng .
Mt phng php chun tc nghin cu s bin ng trong mc hot ng kinh
t.
Vai tr ca chnh ph trong vic s dng cc CHNH SCH TI KHO V CHNH
SCH TIN T nhm duy tr mt mc hot ng kinh t cao v u n.
Mt m hnh v th trng bao gm hai hng do Stackelberg a ra. N l s m rng
ca m hnh c quyn song phng COURNOT c kt hp tng ca mt nh
c quyn song phng "gi dn" cng nhn rng i th cnh tranh hnh ng theo
nhng gi nh Cournot.
Mt t lng ca th trng chng khon ch mt ngi ng k mua cc chng khon
mi vi mong i rng chng s tng gi ngay lp tc so vi gi pht hnh, v c th
bn c ly li trc khi t c gi pht hnh.
Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
Cc thi k suy thoi v tht nghip gia tng i km vi mc LM PHT dng.
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economic
Mt loi thu c ln u tin p dng Anh nm 1694. Nhiu loi giy t php l v
thng mi phi c ng du tr th.
Mt thut ng do P.SRAFFA dng tm hiu quan h gia gi c tng i vi phn
phi thu nhp gia tin cng v li nhun.
Mt i lng thng dng o mc m mt bin s phn tn xung quanh gi tr
trung bnh ca n
Mt s o mc m mt THNG K c tnh ton phn tn xung quanh TRUNG
BNH ca n.
S phn loi theo s cc nghnh cng nghip c p dng Anh nm 1948. Cc
c s c phn b theo hng s theo mcc sn phm chnh ca c s. iu ny
dn n kh khn cho vic o quy m ca nghnh, s dng gii thch cc h s tp
trung.
Gi l mc MC PHC LI X HI, THO DNG hay thu nhp thc t. Mc
phc li vt cht ca mt c nhn hay h gia nh, thng c tnh bng s lng
hnh ho v dch v c tiu dng.
Cc din tch a l m nc Anh c phn chia nhm mc ch thng k v kinh t
x hi khc nhau.
S gi ny thng c xc nh trong cc hp ng tp th hay cc chnh sch ca
cng ty v l s gi m trn mc tin cng ngoi gi c p dng.
S gi lm vic ti thiu m nhn vin ng lm vic cho ng ch ca mnh trong
mi tun.
T cui chin tranh th gii th hai n u nhng nm 1990, s hu nh nc i
vi t liu sn xut tt c cc khu vc ca nn kinh t l phng thc t chc
chim u th ng u. Sn xut cng nghip c t chc thnh cc cng ty nh
nc ln v "nh my lin hp" m u vo ca chng c n nh bi cc nh
hoch nh trung ng.
K vng rng gi tr hin ti ca mt bin s s khng thay i.
Mt im trn th m dc(tc thay i) i vi BIN THIN C LP
bng khng, thng l gi tr cc i hay cc tiu ca hm .
Mt nn kinh t s trong trng thi tnh ti khi sn lng trong mi giai on c
tiu dng ht trong giai on .
Bt k mt s lng no c tnh ton di dng tm tt d liu.
l vic s dng k thut thng k v dng ch cc k thut s dng trong
nghin cu chi ph nh PHNG PHP K THUT V K THUT SURVIVOR
Qu trnh tm kim thng tin v mt TNG TH(bao gm cc c im v THNG
S v phn phi ca n) t cc mu cc gi tr quan st t mt tng th .
Mt khi nim s dng trong KIM NH GI THIT ch mc m cc d liu
khng thng nht vi GI THIT KHNG.
Trong L THUT TNG TRNG, mt iu kin nng ng ca nn kinh t m tt
c cc bin s thc u tng vi tc t l khng i.
Xem COMPARATIVE DYNAMICS.
Mt kiu phn tch HI QUY trong cc BIN GII THCH c cng ln lt vo
phng trnh hi quy cho n khi tiu ch MC PH HP c tho mn.
Ngun gc ca s phn bit c th ny sinh t nhng thng tin khng hon ho trong
th trng lao ng.
Vic i trng li cc tc ng tin t ca thng d hay thm ht CN CN THANH
TON i vi CUNG TIN trong nc ca mt quc gia.
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economic
Ban u khu vc ng Sterling bao gm mt nhm cc nc v vng lnh th m do
c quan h ti chnh v thpng mi mnh vi Anh quc c xu hng lm n nh T
GI HI OI tin t ca h vi sterling v nm mt phn hay ton b D TR
NGOI T bng ng sterling. Vi s yu i lin tc trong v th quc t ca ng
sterling v c bit sau cuc khng hong v ph gi nm 1967, nhiu nc thnh
vin c ca "khu vc" thi khng nm d tr ca mnh bng ng sterling na, v
kh c th ni rng "khu vc sterling" hin nay cn tn ti.
Nh kinh t hc ngi M v danh hiu gio s xut sc Charles R. Walgreen ti
trng i hc Chicago. ng c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1982 cho
tc phm "Nghin cu v cu trc cng nghip, chc nng ca cc th trng, nguyn
nhn v nh hng ca lut l cng cng". ng gp ca ng vo lch s t duy kinh
t hc cng rt ng k, bt u vi cun sch u tay ca ng: L thuyt v sn xut
v phn phi (1941) v cc bi vit ca ng v t chc cng nghip. Tuy nhin, vic
ng da nhiu vo d liu thc nghip v phn tch su sc lm cho cun sch ny
ca ng t ph bin. Mt bi vit c bit ca ng nhan "Kinh t hc thng tin"
c Vin hn lm Thu in chn ra, bn v chi ph cn thit ca vic "tm kim"
trong s cc gi c do nh cung ng khc nhau tnh cho cng mt hnh ho hay dch
v. Phn tch c th c p dng i vi cc vn gi c cng nhc, s bin
thin trong thi k giao hng, vic xp hng v cc ngun lc khng c s dng.
Phn ln nghin cu ca ng v kinh t hc v s iu tit u nm trong tc phm
Nhn dn v nh nc (1975), trong ng ku gi s dng phng php nh
lng trong nghin cu v s iu tit. Chnh v c quan im ca nh kinh t hc vi
m m cui i ng chuyn s ch ca mnh sang h thng chnh tr khm ph
ra nhng cch m qu trnh lp php l mt yu t NI SINH ch khng phi l yu
t NGOI SINH ca nn kinh t.
Tun theo bin thin ngu nhin (c th phn tch v mt thng k nhng khng th
d bo chnh xc c).
Thng thng l mt chui s c lin quan n thi gian tun theo bin thin ngu
nhin thng k.
1.VN PHT HNH ca mt cng ty hay mt t pht hnh CHNG KHON c th
no , v d, do chnh ph pht hnh, c hnh thc tng hp chng c th c
nm gi hay chuyn nhng vi bt k gi tr no. 2.Mt bin s m gi tr ca n
khng c kha cnh thi gian (v d vn). Ngc li l LU LNG.
p dng i vi cu v hng tiu dng lu bn. y l mt hm cu m trong bt k
giai on no php nh mc chnh lch gia s lng thc c v mt mc hng tiu
dng lu bn "ti u" mong mun.
Vic tng gi tr danh ngha HNG TN KHO do tng gi c trong giai on c lin
quan.(Xem NATIONAL INCOME).
Mt nh trung gian mua bn chng khon v c phiu vi t cch l i l thay mt
cho khch hng, n ho hng cho cng vic .
Mt phng php tr c tc bng vic pht hnh thm cc c phiu thay cho vic tr
bng tin mt.
Mt th trng m bun bn cc chng khon ch khng phi l hi phiu hay
cc cng c ngn hn khc do chnh ph, cc a phng v CC CNG TY CNG
CNG pht hnh.
Mt th ch m qua cc C PHN v C PHIU c mua bn.
Quyn mua mt chng khon cho trc hoc bn n ti mt mc gi c c nh
trc trong mt giai on.
Xem INVENTORIES.
S dng m hnh ca HECKSCHER-OHLIN, Stolper v Samuelson chng minh
rng trn c s mt s cc gi thit hn ch, thng mi quc t nht thit lm gim
tin thu thc t i vi YU T SN XUT khan him m khng nht thit phi ch
ra hnh thi tiu dng ca n.
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economic
Nh kinh t hc ngi Anh c tng gii thng Nobel v kinh t nm 1984 v
nghin cu tin phong vo vic pht trin h thng TI KHON QUC GIA, c v
kha cnh l thuyt v ng dng ca chng. Tc phm u tay ca ng cng vi J. E.
MEADE, c phn tch kinh t v m theo trng phi KEYNES tip sc v dn
n vic xut bn cun Sch trng u tin v THU NHP QUC DN v chi ph ca
Anh quc nm 1941. ay l t ph ca mt phng php lun mi, v cc nguyn
tc c a ra vo thi gian c nh hng ln n thng l hch ton quc
gia hu ht cc nc trn th gii. Nghin cu chnh cui cng ca ng l nghiien
cu trn c s d liu thc nghim i vi vn tng trung trong D n tng
trung Cambridge. Cc n phm chnh ca ng l Thu nhp v chi tiu quc dn
(1944), o lng chi tiu v hnh vi ca ngi tiu dng Anh 1920-1938 v v
Hnh ng ca chnh ph nhm gim tng cu, v d, do thm ht CN CN THANH
TON, v chng bao lu sau c km theo hnh ng vi tc dng ngc li nhm
lm gim tc gia tng tht nghip do chnh sch th nht em li.
Mt trong cc chc nng ca gi tr khng ging nh trong h thng hng i hng,
tin t cho php ca ci hay gi tr c th tch tr c.
Mt thng l i khi c s dng trong cc th tc LA CHN TP TH, trong
cc c nhn khng n thun b phiu theo s thch thc s ca mnh m ni di s
thch ca mnh nhm la gt nhng ngi b phiu khc, hay nhm gy nh hng
i vi kt qu b phiu.
Mt hnh thc h tr ln nhau gia cc tp on cng nghip nhm t bo v khi
cc chin thut nh cng chn lc.
C 4 thc o v mc v s nghim trng ca nh cng: S cng nhn tham gia
nh cng; s cuc nh cng; s ngy cng mt i do nh cng; v t l gi lm vic
mt i trong nh cng.
Vic lao ng rt lui, gn lin vi b tc trong qu trnh THNG LNG TP TH,
v vic tho thun hp ng lao ng mi hay v vic din gii hp ng sn c. Cc
cuc nh cng c th c phn loi l: chnh thc v khng chnh thc.
Xem EXOGENEITY.
Xem stationarity.
Dng ca mt h cc PHNG TRNH NG THI, trong cc quan h nhn qu
v nh ngha gia cc BIN NI SINH c xem xt.
Theo quan im ca KEYNES, hnh thc tht nghip ny l do s cng tn ti nhng
khng khp nhau gia nhng ngi tht nghip v nhng ch VIC TRNG hin c.
L bin php phn loi v l khun kh cho phn tch kinh t cng nghip. Phng
php truyn thng l tm ra cc yu t nhn qu ni cc kha cnh ca kinh t th
trng nh S TP TRUNG v CC HNG RO CN NHP NGHNH vi cc yu
t thc hin kinh doanh -nh QUNG CO v NGHIN CU V TRIN KHAI - v
kt qu hot ng.
Xem TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES.
Mi nc c mt h thng cc loi thu khc nhau. C cu ca h thng thu ch hn
hp ny.
Khon thanh ton ca chnh ph (hay bi cc c nhn) to thnh mt khon m gia
gi m ngi tiu dng phi tr v chi ph ngi sn xut sao cho gi thp hn CHI
PH BIN.
Mc tiu dng ti thiu cn c tn ti. Khi nim ny c cc nh KINH T HC
C IN dng gii thch mc tin cng di hn.
Mt mc chi tiu cn thit duy tr mc tn ti hay mc sng "sng st".
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGES.
Mt hng ho c th c thay th cho mt hng ho khc hoc mt u vo c th
c thay th cho mt u vo khc.
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economic
Tc ng i vi cu v mt hng ho no khi c mt s thay i trong gi c ca
hng ho vi gi thit thu nhp thc t khng i. Hiu ng thay th lun lun m,
ngha l khi gi c tng th lng cu gim.
Tng cc gi tr bnh phng ca mt dy cc gi tr quan st ca mt bin s, thng
thng l cc gi tr sai lch so vi gi tr TRUNG BNH.
Chi ph khng th thu hi c khi mt hng rt khi nghnh ca mnh.
Mt tnh th trong cc c lng BNH PHNG NH NHT THNG THNG
hi t nhanh hn v gi tr tng th thc s ca chng khi kch thc mu tng ln
hn l trong trng hp nht qun.
Ch cc yu t nm ngoi tm kim sot ca mt hng "i in" trong di hn.
Xem NORMAL GOODS.
Tin c cho l c tnh cht ny nu mt thay i trong tc tng trng cung tin
khng c tc ng n tc tng trng ca SN LNG THC T trong di hn.
Tng ng vi nh ngha li nhun, s khc bit ch hon ton l ch ngha. Cc
hng trong mt nghnh to ra doanh thu to qu ton b cc chi ph c hi thng
c gi l kim c siu li nhun.
Chi tiu i vi mt hng ho hay nhm hng ho vt qu mc ti thiu hay mc
CHI TIU TN TI.
Khon thanh ton duy tr thu nhp m c lc to thnh mt phn ca h thng an
sinh x hi ca Anh quc. Cc khon thanh ton c tr cho nhng ngi khng c
vic lm ng thi khng i hc chnh quy v nhng ngi m ngun lc ti chnh
ca h t hn mt mc tnh ton v "nhu cu".
Mt hnh thc kim sot hot ng cho vay v nhn tin gica cc ngn hng v mt
s cng ty ti chnh ln hn c ngn hng Anh p dng 1973 nh mt b sung ln
cho h thng kim sot tn dng p dng nm 1971 nhng b bi b nm 1980.
th th hin quan h gia cung mt hng ho v gi ca n.
Cung gi hay cung n lc thng c coi l ng ngha. Quy c ny c l khi n
lc trong cng vic c kim sot trong cng ngh. Trong thc t u vo thi gian
bng nhau c th c gi tr nng sut rt khc nhau.
Mc d tc tng trng ca CUNG TIN c coi l yu t quyt nh trc tip
chnh ca LM PHT.
S lao ng cung cp cho nn kinh t ch yu c quyt nh bi s lng dn
tui lm vic.
Mt trng phi t duy nhn mnh rng yu t quyt nh chnh i vi tc tng
trng sn phm quc dn c trong ngn hn v di hn l vic phn b v s dng
hiu qu lao ng v vn trong nn kinh t.
Bt k n v kinh t no m ti sn nhiu hn n v do vy sn sng cho vay, cp tn
dng hay mua cc cng c ti chnh.
C.MC p dng THUYT GI TR LAO NG i vi lao ng vi ngha l gi tr
ca ton b lc lng lao ng bng s lng gi lm vic cn sn xut ra s
hng ho duy tr s nguyn vn ca lc lng lao ng.
Trong cuc tranh ci xung quanh CUC TRANH LUN V T BN, khi nim v
hm sn xut m ch c mt s thay th no gia vn v lao ng trong di hn
c a vo vi mc ch cho php s dng cc hm cu dn sut cho cc lc
lng sn xut trong nghin cu kinh t lng.
Mt phng php thng k nhm tm ra QUY M NH NHT HIU QU CA HNG
HAY NH MY, c da trn nim tin rng trong th trng cnh tranh nhng hng,
nh my no sng st tt nht trn th trng l nhng hng, nh my co chi ph nh
nht.
Vic ti a ho li ch rng ca pht trin kinh t km theo vic duy tr dch v v cht
lng ca ti nguyn thin nhin trong di hn .
Mt phng php tng tnh chuyn hon c pht trin trong nhng nm 1960 bng
vic hon i cc ng tin .
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economic
Nh kinh t hc Mcxt ngi M, l ngi ng sng lp tp ch Monthly Review.
ng c bit n nhiu nht do cng vic din gii v trnh by Thuyt kinh t ca
C.Mc theo cch cho php so snh vi Thuyt kinh t hc hin i. ng l lun rng
v bn cht c Mc v Keynes u phn tch s xut hin ca tht nghip theo cng
mt cch. Tc phm: T bn c quyn: Bi lun v trt t v kinh t x hi M(1966-
) vit cng vi Paul Baran gii thch li thuyt kinh t ca Mc di nh sng ca cc
din bin trong kinh t Th Gii th k XX. Baran v Sweezy thay th quy lut v t l
thng d kinh t so vi tng sn phm ngy cng tng cho quy lut c ca Mc v t
l li nhun ngy cng gim.
Cn gi l c lng vi y thng tin. Mt c lng dng c lng ton
b cc tham s trong mt h phng trnh ng thi cng mt lc, v c tnh n s
tng quan gia cc s d ca cc phng trnh khc nhau.
L bn sa i vo nm 1947 ca LUT QUAN H LAO NG QUC GIA (cn gi
l lut Wagner), c a ra nhm hn ch quyn lc ca cng on.
Thu nhp c th s dng; thu nhp th tr thu v ng gp bo him x hi.
Xem ROSTOW MODEL.
Vc mt cng ty "Tn cng" mua hn 51% c phiu c quyn b phiu mt cng
ty khc .
N lc ca mt c nhn, mt nhm ngi, hay mt cng ty nhm mua c phiu
c quyn b phiu mt cng ty khc.
Cc ti sn vt cht nh nh my, my mc, c th c phn bit vi ti sn v hnh
nh gi tr ca mt bng pht minh hay ting tm ca mt cng ty.
H thng m chng khon vin vng c th mua c t c quan mi gii chnh ph
mua trn s giao dch chng khon London.
Cn gi l mc tiu chnh sch. L mt lot cc mc tiu nh lng ca chnh sch
kinh t phi t c bng vic la chn cc gi tr ca CNG C CHNH SCH.
Thu nh vo mt hng ho nhp khu mt quc gia.
Vic thay i a im sn xut mt hng ho t mt ni c gi thnh thp ti mt ni
c gi thnh cao mt nc khc- ni m khng th bn mt hng ny c do thu
quan cao.
Hnh thi ton b ca cc mc thu quan.
Qu trnh mc c qua im cn bng t c trn th trng Walras.
Tng thu nhp tr i cc khon tr cp v cc khon cng tc ph .
Cc khon thanh ton m chnh ph bt buc cc c nhn v cng ty phi np nhm
huy ng ngun thu tr cho cc chi ph v hng ho cng cng v dch v, v
kim sot lng chi ph ca khu vc t nhn trong nn kinh t.
Xem TAXABLE INCOME.
Xem AVERAGE RATE OF TAX.
y l khon ghi c trc tip i vi mt loi thu: khon thu phi tr c gim i
bng khon ghi c.
Mt chng trnh DUY TR THU NHP, trong mi ngi c bo m mt khon
thu nhp ti thiu trong khi thu nhp trn mc s b nh thu.
THU THU NHP c th lm cho ngi ta lm vic t hn. S tn ti ca n lm cho
gii tr hp dn hn v n khng chu thu. iu ny c gi l HIU NG THAY
TH ca thu.
Cm thut ng dng ch cc khon khu tr m c dng gim ngha v np
thu - ni chung l ngha v np thu thu nhp.
Lm pht ny lin quan n quan tm ca cng nhn trong vic duy tr mc tng tin
cng thc t sau thu v l mt trong cc yu t b cho l lm thay i trong tin
cng km nhy bn vi cc iu kin ca chiu k kinh doanh.
Page 289
economic
HIn tng m trong nhng ngi phi chu thu c th chuyn gnh nng mt
phn hay ton b cho nhng ngi khc.
Doanh thu c c t mt loi thu.
(Cng cn goi l phn phi Student). Mt PHN PHI XC SUT thng c dng
trong KIM NH GI THIT i vi cc mu nh v trong PHNG SAI ca bin
s lin quan phi c c lng t d liu thu c.
Mt yu t trung tm trong TNG TRNG KINH T cho php sn xut ra mc sn
lng cao hn so vi s lng u vo lao ng v vn khng i.
Qu trnh kt hp cng nghip nng cn nhiu vn vi cc phng php cn nhiu
lao ng ni khc s dng lao ng tha.
Mt cch gi khc ca ngoi ng. Tnh t "cng ngh" c a vo phn bit cc
hiu ng nh vy vi TNH KINH PH THUC BN NGOI.
Hu ht cc l thuyt pht trin kinh t nhn mnh s cn thit ca tin b k thut, v
thng s gia tng trong tc tin b k thut c khi i hi s tng tc.
Tht nghip xy ra do p dng thit b tit kim lao ng khi nn kinh t tng trng.
Mt kha cnh then cht ca chin lc pht trin l vic la chn k thut. cc
nc ang pht trin, mc sn c ca cc yu t thng ngc li ch vn th
khan him v t cn lao ng th tha, r.
Trong phn tch u vo - u ra, mt ma trn (thng c k hiu l An) m phn
t th ij (ngha l phn t hng i v ct j) cho bit gi tr ca sn lng nghnh i
c s dng nh mt u vo ngay lp tc trong vic sn xut ra mt n v u ra
ca ngnh j ca nn kinh t.
Theo ngha rng nht l s trao i gia cc nc v kin thc s tn ti v vn hnh
ca cc loi my mc v trong nhiu trng hp l s trao i ca bn thnh my
mc.
Lp hc qun l v k nng hoch nh v k thut m sn xut cng nghip hin i
i hi.
Cc nhn vin b gii ch sa thi nhng bit rng h c th tr li cng vic ca mnh
vo lc no trong tng lai gn.
Khon cho vay ngn hng trong mt s nm c nh, thng l ba n nm nm hoc
lu hn, vi mc li xut c nh, v thng c tr gp thnh cc phn nh tri di
trong sut mt thi k.
Quan h gia gi hng xut khu v gi hng nhp khu.
C cu hay quan h gia cc li sut, hay ni mt cch cht ch hn tng li tc lc
o hn, trn cc chng khon c k hn khc nhau.
Mc li xut m mt thi c dng trong vic thm nh U T T BN bi cc
ngnh cng nghip quc hu ho Anh, s dng k thut chit khu lung tin. Tiu
tri ny tr nn lc hu trong mt s nm. Do vy, ngi ta chuyn s ch
sang cc phng php khc xem xt chi ph vn trong cc quyt nh u t, v
chnh ph yu cu cc ngnh cng nghip quc hu ho c c li tc trc
thu l 5% (8% k t nm 1989) i vi tt c cc khon u t mi (ch khng phi
l i vi cc d n n l).
Mt thng k c tnh cho kim nh gi thit.
Tc ng m gii ch phi nghip on tr tin cng nghip on, hay xp s nh vy,
hng ngn chn vic thnh lp nghip on ca nhn vin mnh.
Xem NASH SOLUTIONS
(3SLS hay Th SLS). Mt gi tr ca h cc c lng theo phng php bnh phng
nh nht p dng i vi vic c lng cc thng s ca h phng trnh ng thi,
m trong cc h s nhiu c th tng quan vi cc phng trnh.
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economic
im m bn ngoi s c thay i trong hnh vi ca tc nhn kinh t, v d nh
mt ngng i vi k vng gi c, c ngha l k vng s khng lin tc c thay
i di nh sng ca cc bng chng tch t, nhng s c thay i trong cc
khong thi gian khi tc thay i gi vt qu mt im no .
Mt k thut dng trong hoch nh vt cht tm ra quy m mong mun ca cng
ng v vic cung cp cc dch v cng cng.
S tng mc thu m mt cng ng c cho sn l sn sng tr do c khng
hong hay khn cp quc gia.
Trong kinh t hc khu vc, dn s ti thiu c th to mt th trng cho mt hng
ho hay dch v. Khi dn s ca mt khu vc (nh mt th trn) di mc ngng,
cu i hng ho s thp n mc m vic cung cp hng ho s khng kh thi
v mt kinh t.
Von Thunen - nh kinh t hc nng nghip ngi c a ra m hnh l thuyt da
trn kinh nghim canh tc nhm tm ra v tr ti u i vi mt loi cy trng no ,
c bit v khong cch t trung tm c nhu cu i n. ng a ra thuyt TIN
THU T tng t vi thuyt ca Ricardo, v thuyt phn phi da trn nng sut
bin. Vic ng dng nng sutbin vo tin cng v vn, s dng cc o hm v
lgich cn bin nhm tm ra cc nghim cn bng cho cc bin s kinh t, v tuyn
b ca ng v quy lut T L BIN THIN cho php ng ta c bit n nh nh
sng lp ra phn tch bin. A.MARSHALL ca ngi ng gp ln ca ng.
Mt phn tch vic cung cp HNG HO CNG CNG lp lun rng nu mt s dch
v cng cng no c chnh quyn a phng cung cp th cc c nhn c th
th hin s thch ca mnh v cc dch v ny v c c mt kt hp ca dch v
cng ngh v thu tng ng vi s thch ca h bng vic di chuyn gia cc a
phng.
Mt bin php ca chnh sch tin t khi m cung cp tn dng b hn ch v li sut
mc cao.
M hnh thi gian gii tr truyn thng v cung gi gi nh rng ton b thi gian
c phn b hoc lm vic kim tin hoc cho gii tr.
Khon tin gi mt ngn hng m ch c th c rt ra sau khi c thng bo trc.
Cc c nhn c mc s thch theo thi gian dng nh gi cc n v tiu dng hay
thu nhp hin ti cao hn cc n v trong tng lai.
Mt chui cc gi tr quan stm mt bin nhn cc thi im khc nhau (thng l
trong cc giai on k tip nhau).
Xem VARIABLE PARAMETER MODELS.
Nh kinh t hc H LAN cng vi R.FRISCH c trao gii Nobel kinh t nm 1969
v nghin cu tin phong trong kinh t lng. Nghin cu u tay c ni n nhiu
nht l nghin cu v bin ng chu k M, m trong ng c gng ch ra theo
cch nh lng tm quan trng ca cc yu t khc nhau trong ch k kinh doanh
M. Mt tc phm c nh hng khc ca Tinbergen l L thuyt v chnh sch kinh
t nh mc tiu chnh sch. ng c ng gp quan trng vo khi nim GI
"BNG".
Nh kinh t hc ngi M, gio s kinh t ti i hc Yale; c trao gii Nobel kinh
t v nghin cu trong "L thuyt v th trng ti chnh v quan h ca n vi quyt
nh tiu dng v u t; sn xut, vic lm v gi c". Nghin cu c ngha nht
ca ng l v la chn danh mc u t, trong ng nhn mnh s nh i gia
ri ro v li tc trong mt lot cc ti sn, bao gm c tin, c th c coi l ti thit
lp li s tn trng tri thc ca t tng Keynes v s a thch thnh khon. Hu ht
cc nghin cu ca ng c trnh by trong cc tp tr hay cc b su tp ch
khng c trnh by trong cc cun sch v mt ch n l.
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economic
M hnh kinh t ni ting nht v di c trong nc cc nc ang pht trin. Tc gi
l Miche Todaro - nh kinh t hc ngi M tng lm vic Chu Phi. M hnh
ny gii thch hin tng di c t nng thn ra thnh th cao hu ht cc nc ang
pht trin l hp l xt t quan im kinh t. im quan trng l c mc chnh lc ln
gia thu nhp khu vc cng nghip hin i v thu nhp nng thn.Thng
thng, thu nhp khu cng nghip trn mc cn bng th trng v mt s l do.
Cu tr li di hn cho cc vn l to ra cc chnh sch c thnh th v nng
thn gim mc chnh lch trong thu nhp thc t gia hai khu vc.
Mi loi tin no m gi tr ca n vi t cch lm phng tin thanh ton da vo
cc quy nh ca php lut, v d, mt ng tin php nh, hay da vo s chp nhn
truyn thng, v gi tr ca n khng c quan h g vi gi tr vt lm ra tin.
Vng m phn thng mi a phng, t chc di s bo tr ca HIP NH
CHUNG V THU QUAN V MU DCH (GATT) din ra Tokyo t 1973-1979.
Vng m phn Tokyo gii quyt cc vn cn tr thng mi thu quan v phi
thu quan.
Tng chi ph sn xut ra mt sn lng xc nh.
Tng cc li ch bng tin m ngi cng nhn nhn c t vic lm ca mnh.
Tng thu t vic bn mt hay nhiu sn phm ca mt hng hay mt nghnh.
Vic trao i hng ho gia cc c nhn hay cc nhm hoc trc tip thng qua
HNG I HNG, hoc gin tip qua mt phng tin thanh ton nh tin.
Trn th trng chit khu Lodon, mt hi phiu pht hnh ti tro mt giao dch
thng mi thc s nh trang tri cho giai on vn ti hng, v m vn cha
c mt ngn hng chp nhn , khi c gi l HI PHIU NGN HNG.
Vic thay th trong thng mi quc t ngun sn xut c chi ph cao hn bng
ngun chi ph thp hn do thay i trong thu quan, hay hn ngch hay cc hng ro
thng mi khc trn c s a l, nh to lp mt lin minh thu quan.
Tn dng do mt nh bun hay nh sn xut cung cp cho khch hng ca mnh qua
cc iu khon bn hng cho php thanh ton vo mt thi gian no sau khi
thc s giao hng ho.
Cng cn gi l chu k kinh doanh hay chu k kinh t. S bin ng trong mc
hot ng kinh t (thng th hin di dng thu nhp quc dn) to thnh mt hnh
thi u n, vi vic m rng hot ng theo mt qu trnh thu hp, sau l tip tc
m rng.
Mu thun gia cc mc tiu chnh sch vi kt qu l mt mc tiu ch c th t
c vi vic hy sinh mt mc tiu khc.
Xem AGRICULTURAL SECTOR, DUALISM, THEORY OF, INFORMAL SECTOR,
LEWIS-FEI-RANIS MODEL.
Tn phin bn ca Newcomb v Fisher v THUYT NH LNG TIN.
Xem MONEY, THE DEMAND FOR.
Cc chi ph khng phi gi pht sinh trong khi trao i hng ho v dch v.
Mt ng c i hi c tin phc v mc ch giao dch, ngha l thanh ton v
nhn thanh ton, s dng tin vi chc nng ca n l phng tin trao i.
Xem Transactions demand for money, Transactions balances, Money, the demand for.
Xem INCOME VELOCITY OF CIRCULATION.
Xem TRANSLOG PRODUCTION FUNCTION.
Page 292
economic
Mt n v tin t k ton do Lin X a ra nm 1963 cho vic thanh ton s d
thng mi gia cc nc trong hi ng tng tr kinh t.
Chi ph lin quan n vic vn chuyn hng ho t a im ny n a im khc
bao gm cc chi ph trc tip ca vic di chuyn m thay i vi khong cch di
chuyn (v do vy c th gi l "chi ph khong cch"), v ton b chi ph xp hng,
d hng, x l v qun l mi u ca hn trnh.
Mt chng t m qua quyn s hu CHNG KHON c chuyn giao theo
ngha php l t ngi bn sang ngi mua.
Xem ECONOMIC RENT.
Thu nhp khng th coi l thanh ton cho dch v hn ti v do vy khng to thnh
mt phn ca thu nhp quc dn.
Cng ngh l mt yu t chnh trong vic thc y TNG TRNG KINH T. Vic
chuyn giao cng ngh khng thch hp c th lm mo m hnh thi pht trin, dn
ti vic sn xut cc sn phm khng thch hp.
Khon thanh ton (thng do chnh ph) cho mt c nhn m khng to thnh mt
phn ca vic trao i hng ho v dch v.
H thng n nh gi cho cc giao dch gia cc cng ty con ca mt cng ty a quc
gia, trong gi khng ph thuc vo yu t th trng.
Thut ng trong kinh t hc quc t v vic liu mt nc, phi bi thng cho mt
nc khc, v d tin sa cha, phi gnh nng qu mc hay th cp, ngha l gnh
nng hn tc thanh ton, m thc hin vic chuyn giao bng vic kim c
khon thng d trn thanh ton quc t.
Xem PRODUCTION FRONTIER.
Bi ton trong kinh t hc C.Mc nhm tm ra mt b gi duy nht t cc gi tr, ngha
l u vo lao ng.
Xem AXIOMS OF PREFERENCE.
S tng hay gim khng d tnh trong tiu dng.
Thu nhp khng d tnh. Khon thu hay l bt thng.
Hm sn xut tru tng dng l-ga-rt.L dng tng qut ca hm sn xut COBB-
DOUGLAS.
Cc a im m ti vn ti thay i t loi ny sang loi khc.
Mt b trong chnh ph Anh kim sot chnh sch kinh t v chi tiu cng cng.
Mt b trong chnh ph M qun l hu ht vic thu ngn sch, sn xut tin kim loi
v tin giy v thi hnh mt s lut l.
Mt phng tin vay ngn hn ca chnh ph Anh c a vo nm 1877 v vo
thi gian l m hnh theo hi phiu thng mi. m cng c cng c tng ng.
Tn phiu b ti chnh M do b ti chnh pht hnh c thi hn ba, su, chn v mi
hai thng. Cc chng khon ny l s u t khng c ri ro, nhng vn c ri ro trn
th trng th cp trc khi o hn, bi v gi bin ng vi thay i trong li xut th
trng.
y l chng khon khng bun bn ngn hn (6 thng) c chnh ph Anh p dng
nm 1940 vi t cch l cng c ti chnh thi chin, v bn ra gi tr hng tun
nh cho ngn hng. Loi chng khon ny gim dn v b loi b vo nm 1953.
T nm 1942-51, H THNG D TR LIN BANG M nng gi tri phiu chnh
ph M nhm to thun li cho vic vay mn ca chnh ph lin bang. Nm 1952 D
tr lin bang v B ti chnh k mt "tho thun" - gii phng D tr lin bang khi
trch nhim mua tri phiu.
Xem CURRENCY NOTE.
Mt quan im ca b ti chnh Anh vo u th k XX cho rng chi tiu b sung ca
chnh ph s c cn bng bi vic suy gim trong t nhn.
Xem EUROPEAN COMMUNITY.
Page 293
economic
Cn gi l xu hng theo thi gian. 1)Thnh phn di hn, c s trong d liu
CHUI THI GIAN, thng c tnh th hin hng vn ng di hn ca mt
bin s. 2)Mt s o mc trung bnh ca mt i lng kinh t ti mt thi im no
.
Cc hm c nh ngha bi cc tnh cht trong mt tam gic vung bao gm sin,
cosin v tang.
Mt kim nghim gi thuyt ca th trng lao ng NH NGUYN rng c ch quyt
nh tin cng khc nhau gia khu vc "th nht" v "th hai" ca th trng lao ng,
khu vc th nht tr cho VN NHN LC, khu vc th hai tr cho nhng ngi va
khng c kinh nghim v khng c hc vn.
Vi t cch l mt thut ng ca lut hc, thut ng ny p dng cho cc tho thun
c php lut quy nh khc nhau m theo ti sn thuc v mt c nhn hay
nhm ngi c t trong tay nhng ngi u thcm, tu thuc vo lo trt, c th
thc s qun l chng v li ch ca nhng ngi ch s hu ti sn .
Mt thng k tun theo phn phi T. Thng k t thng c dng trong kim nh
gi thit xc nh MC NGHA THNG K ca cc tham s trong cc m hnh
kinh t lng, v c tnh bng t s gia gi tr tham s c tnh v sai s chun
ca n.
im trong chu k kinh doanh khi TRNG THI M RNG ca chu k c thay th
bng trng thi thu hp hoc ngc li. im nh v im y c goi l cc bc
ngot.
Xem TOTAL REVENUE.
i khi c goi l thu theo t. y l loi hnh ban u ca thu doanh thu. Ngi
ta nhn thy nhc im ca thu ny v trong nhng nm gn y nhiu nc
i sang loi thu khng c nhc im ny.
Mt loi nh trong thuyt tng trng lin quan n s gn gi ca cc ng
tng trng ti u vi tng trng cn bng vi tc cao nht.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Mt mo hnh dng trong thuyt tng trng, trong s khc bit c bn gia hng
tiu dng v hng t liu sn xut c cng nhn, vi mt khu vc c quan tm
n mi mt trong hai hng ho ny.
Mt phng php kinh t lng c lng cc tham s dng c cu ca h
phng trnh ng thi, trong trnh s thin lch ca phng trnh ng thi.
Mt iu kin bn hng i hi ngi mua mt sn phm no phi mua thm mt
sn phm khc, thng l b sung cho sn phm u tin.
Cc loi sai s c th phm trong kim nh gi thit.
Mt cng ty m mi quyt nh u do mt ban iu hnh ban ra.
Mt th tc la chn tp th m i hi rng trc khi mt chnh sch c chp
nhn, n phi c mi thnh vin ca cng ng b tc ng bi quyt nh ny
thng qua.
L phn lm pht c tht m con ngi khng d kin; trong thc t tr i lm pht k
vng.
Xem BALANCED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, GROWTH PATH.
Xem BEST LINEAR UNBIASED ESTIMATOR.
Xem PAID-UP CAPITAL.
L mt tnh hung m trong kh nng xut hin ca mt s kin s khng c
bit, c ngha l khng c phn phi xc sut gn vi kt cc.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
Page 294
economic
Trong mt ch t gi hi oi linh hot khi cc nh u t bng quan vi ri ro v
khng t bo v h khi nhng ri ro ca t gi trong TH TRNG K HN, yu cu
rng gi giao ngay trong tng lai ca mt ng ting khc vi gi giao ngay hin ti
bng mt lng va ng lm i trong vi mc chnh lch li sut gia hai quc
gia.
Xem UNITED NATIONS CONFE-RENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT.
Xem Dated securities
Mt cm thut ng dng ch cc nc ang pht trin; nhng hin nay gi y
ngi ta t dng cm thut ng ny m dng cc thut ng khc t mang tnh mit th
hn.
Xem DEVELOPING COUNTRIES.
L hnh nh phn chiu ca nhng cng nhn qu dng. Cng nhn phim dng l
ngi coi gi tr ca thu nhp cao hn gi tr ca ngh ngi hn so vi cc cng nhn
bnh thng.
Theo gi thit th trng lao ng Nh nguyn, th trng lao ng cp hai bao gm
nhiu cng nhn, nhng ngi c tay ngh gip h c th hon thnh cng vic trong
th trng cp mt, hoc l nhng ngi c th c o to thnh cng nhn c tay
ngh cao vi chi ph thp hn so vi mc trung bnh.
c xem nh khng c nhn dng. Xem IDENTIFICATION PROBLEM.
Trong mt h thng t gi hi oi c nh, mt ng tin c sc mua ngang gi to ra
thng d cn cn thanh ton dai dng.
L ngi ng chu s ri ro hoc mt phn ri ro v i li c nhn mt khon
gi l ph bo him.
L mt t l li nhun c gi li khng phn chia cho cc c ng di dng c tc
cng nh khng dng tr cc khon thu.
L cc ngun thu ngoi tin lng, tin cng thng l cc ngun li nhun hoc tin
li hoc tin cho thu.
L nhng ngi lao ng khng c vic lm, bao gm c nhng ngi ang trong giai
on tm vic lm mi hoc nhng ngi khng th tm c vic lm vi ng
lng thc t hin hnh.
Khon thanh ton cho mt c nhn tht nghip.
nh trung tm ca Keynes trong cun L thuyt tng qut rng ngay c khi tin
cng v gi c hon ton linh hot nh c gi nh trong thuyt c in, nn kinh t
vn khng lun lun tr v im y vic lm.
Anh, l t l ngi trong lc lng lao ng khng c vic lm v tch cc tm kim
vic lm.
Ni mt cch chnh xc theo quan im ca C.Mc, l s trao i sn phm ca
cc nn kinh t pht trin vi gi cao hn gi tr lao ng ca chng.
Mt k thut thm nh d n cc nc ang pht trin v l mt phin bn ca
phng php LITTLE-MIRRLEES.
Gim hng tn kho do mc bn hng tng ln khng d tnh trc hay do gim st
trong sn xut.
Tng hng tn kho do cc n t hng d tnh khng thnh hin thc.
T l lc lng lao ng tham gia cng on thay i mnh gia nhng cc nghnh
v gia cc nc do khc bit trong chi ph v li ch ca vic tham gia cng on.
Sc mnh ca cng on i vi th trng l mt hm ca co gin ca cu pht
sinh i vi lao ng cng on.
Chnh lch ny o mc m cc cng on tng tin lng ca thnh vin so
vi lao ng khng tham gia cng on tng ng.
Xu hng ca cc cng on tham gia i tng lng, ngha l tm trng thch hnh
ng tranh u.
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economic
Mt tho thun theo ngi cng nhn phi tham gia cng on trong mt thi k
nh sau khi bt u lm vic.
Ni chung c dng trong thuyt cn bng tng qut ch s tn ti ca mt b gi
cn bng th trng c nht.
Php kim nh xc nh xem liu mt chui thi gian l tnh ti v chnh lch hay
khng.
Mt c quan c bit c hi ng bo an Lin hp quc thnh lp nm 1966
thc y tng trng kinh t cc nc ang pht trin bng vic b sung cc ngun
h tr vn hin c vi cc khon cho vay v vin tr; ch yu ti tr cc d n
pht trin nng thn quy m nh m khng th c c ngun ti chnh no khc do
khng c ti sn th chp hay khng c uy tn tn dng i vi bn vay.
Hi ngh c triu tp ln u tin vo nm 1964, hin nay l mt b phn vnh cu
ca i hi ng bo an v sau hp vo nm 1968. 1972, 1976, 1979, 1983 v
1987. Tt c cc thnh vin ca lin hp quc hay ca cc c quan chuyn mn ca
h l thnh vin ca hi ngh v n c mt ban chp hnh v mt ban th k vnh
vin.
Nm 1966, chng trnh H tr ti chnh m rng ca Lin hp quc v qu c bit
ca Lin hp quc c sp nhp to nn chng trnh pht trin ca lin hp quc,
c quan c bit ca Lin hp quc chu trch nhim qun l v iu phi cc d n
pht trin v h tr k thut c cung cp di s bo tr hay lin lc vi h thng
cc c quan pht trin ca Lin hp quc.
c thnh lp vo nm 1966, l mt c quan c bit ca Lin hp quc sau ngh
quyt ca hi ng bo an, t chc ny cung cp h tr k thut nhm thc y cng
nghip ho cc nc ang pht trin.
Xem Money.
Xem CUSTOMS, EXCISE AND PROTECTIVE DUTIES.
Mt cm thut ng dng Anh ch mt th ch, ging nh mt c quyn u t,
m to iu kin cho cc nh u t phn tn ri ro bng vic mua c phn trong mt
danh mc chng khon.
Do s giao dch chng khon London (l c quan qun l) thnh lp nm 1980, USM
l mt th trng t t chc hn so vi s giao dch chng khon.
Xem FINANCIAL CAPITAL.
T l lm pht m khng i km theo vi mt t l gia tng tng t trong cung tin.
Mt nhnh ca kinh t hc p dng cc cng c nh t duy vo phn tch hot ng
kinh t v cc vn kinh t thnh th.
Tit kim chi ph ny sinh khi cc hot ng kinh t c tp trung cc khu vc
th.
Gi tr thu dch v vn, hay gi m mt hng phi tr cho vic s dng dung lng
vn m n s hu hay xem xt mua.
Mt s phn bit, m lm ch tho lun t thi AISTOTLE n C.Mc, gia
tho dng c c t hng ha v gi c ca n.
Cc ng miu t bng cc no chi ph trung bnh ca mt hng hay mt nghnh
thay i vi mc sn lng.
c hiu rng ri trong kinh t hc nh l ng ngha vi "phc li", PHC LI
KINH T ,s tho mn v i khi l hnh phc.
Mt hm cho rng tho dng ca mt c nhn ph thuc vo hng ho v s
lng hng ho m ngi tiu.
Thut g chnh tr v trit hc miu t cc thuyt ca BENTHAM v cc cng s ca
ng, nhng ngi ly nguyn tc hnh phc ln nht ca s ng nht lm tiu tr
nh gi hnh ng.
Nhu cu ca gii ch cn thu thm lao ng.
Mt ch s v cu lao ng ti mc tin cng hin hnh.
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economic
Lm pht c cho php tn ti v chnh ph cho php cung tin m rng vi cc tc
nh lm pht.
Xem GROWTH - VALUATION FUNCTION.
T s gia th gi c phn ca hng, V, vi gi tr s sch ti sn ca n, K.
Mt trong cc chc nng ca tin l vai tr tiu chun gi tr. Ngha l n to mt h
thng n v k ton m qua gi c c biu hin v cc khon tr chm nh n
c xc nh.
Ga tr ni ti ca mt hng ho.
Gi tr sn lng ca mt hng tr i gi tr u vo n mua t cc hng khc.
V mt khi nm y l loi thu da trn gi tr gia tng trong mt quc gia.
Mt nhn nh m ni chung c th c tm tt l "X l tt (hay xu)". Cm thut ng
ch quan gy nhiu nhm ln trong kinh t hc.
Xem MARGINAL REVENUE PRODUCT.
Trong hc thuyt ca C.Mc, vn kh bin m ch phn vn, i din bi sc lao
ng, m lm thay i gi tr trong qu trnh sn xut.
Chi ph bin i vi mc sn lng, v d chi ph lao ng.
y l dng tng qut ca CO GIN KHNG I CA HM SN XUT THAY
TH cho php co gin ca thay th bin i vi t s yu t u vo.
Chi ph thu mn cng nhn thay i t l thun hay hn t l thun vi s gi lm
vic.
Cc m hnh kinh t lng, trong cc thng s v dn s cn c c lng,
c gi nh l bin s, khng ging nh trong phn tch hi quy m trong cc
thng s c coi l c nh.
Mt s o c s dng ph bin o mc m mt bin s ngu nhin (hoc
mt thng k) phn tn xung quanh gi tr ttrung bnh ca n.
Ma trn phng sai v cc hip phng sai. ca mt dy cc bin s ngu nhin
cng phn phi, phng sai to nn ng cho, trong khi hip phng sai l cc
ct v cc dng lin quan.
Xem VARIANCE, ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE, SUM OF SQUARES.
Veblen, Thorstein B. l nh kinh t hc v x hi hc ngi M, Gio s kinh t ti
trng i hc Chicago t 1892. L nh sng lp ra KINH T HC TH CH, ng rt
ph phn khi nim khoi lc v nguyn t trong kinh t hc TN C IN. tng
ca ng v khoa hc kinh t l s tm hiu v pht trin cc th ch kinh t. i vi
Veblen, th ch kinh t khng hn g thi v o c m chng tm lc. Nhiu
thut ng ca Veblen m ng dng ch giai cp gii tr trong thi k ng sng
tr thnh ting Anh thng dng ngy nay. Khng ging quan im ca Marx v mu
thun gia giai cp T sn v V sn, Veblen tm thy mu thun gia "cc vic lm
tin ti" v "cc vic lm cng nghp", tc l lm ra tin v lm ra hng ho. i vi
Veblen, mu thun l gia cc nh doanh nghip, nhng ngi kim sot ti chnh
ca cng nghip v quan tm n li nhun, v cc k s v lc lng lao ng, l
nhng ngi quan tm n hiu qu c th v th cht. Mu thun gia hai nhm
ngi ny ny sinh t mong munca gii k s v lao ng mun i mi, v do vy
lin tc ph hu gi tr t bn m gii doanh nhn s hu.
Hin tng trong khi gi c ca mt hng ho gim i th mt s ngi tiu dng
cho rng hng ho gim cht lng v khng mua n na.
Mt dy s hay phn t mt chiu c th t m c th vit ngang (vct dng) hay
dc (vc t ct).
Mt trong nhng k thut d bo s dng rng ri nht trong kinh t hc. Nh vi hu
ht cc phng php chui thi gian n thun khc, n c cho l trung lp i vi
bt k mt thuyt kinh t c th no.
Trong cc trung tm bun bn ngoi hi ln, hu ht mi giao dch c thc hin vi
mt s ng tin ch cht, nhng ngi nm gi cc loi tin khc chuyn i chng
sang mt hay vi loi ng tin ch cht ny thc hin giao dch thng mi ca
mnh.
Page 297
economic
Xem RAWLSIAN JUSTICE.
Xem CLASSICAL DICHOTOMY.
Tc m ti mt s tin no lu thng thng trong nn kinh t - ngha l s ln
trung bnh mt n v tin t trao tay trong mt thi k xc nh.
Xem RISK CAPITAL.
S cng bng hay khng cng bng trong vic i x vi cc cs nhn trong cc tnh
hung khc nhau.
Mt tnh hung trong hot ng ca mt hng m rng ra hn mt giai on lin
tc trong mt qu trnh chuyn ho nguyn liu thnh sn phm cui cng.
Vic sp nhp hai hng sn xut cc sn phm thuc v nhiu giai on khc nhau
ca cng mt qu trnh sn xut.
Gi thit cho rng trong di hn, khng c s nh i gia t l thay i mc tin
cng v mc tht nghip nh ng Phillips ban u gi .
Xem Variable elasticity of substitution production function.
Cm thut ng ny thng ch quan im v cc nc ang pht trin cho rng mt
nn kinh t tn ti s ng yn, bi v tng sn lng thp ti mc hu nh khng
c d tr.
Mt cng ty l i tng ca mt u thu thu mua.
M hnh tng trng kinh t cho php vn v tin b k thut km theo n gim i
theo thi gian.
Xem Vicious circles.
Chnh sch thu nhp c xu hng da nhiu vo k thut cng khai v khin trch.
Phn ca ti khon vng lai ca mt bo co v cn cn thanh ton cho bit quan h
gia ga tr hng ho vt cht xut khu v hng ho vt cht nhp khu.
Mt php tip cn i vi phn tch vic cung cp Hng ho cng cng nhm thit lp
cc iu kin m qua cc hng ho ny c th cung cp trn c s tho thun
hon ton nht tr - ngha l khng c cng p.
Mt gii hn do chnh cc nh xut khu mt nc t a ra i vi hng xut
khu ngn chn hnh ng bo h chnh thc ca mt nc nhp khu.
Phn Tht nghip ny sinh t qu trnh tm vic v tht nghip tm thi v tr hnh.
Theo tn t ca J. von Neumann (1903-57) v O.Morgenstern (1902-77), y l cch
tip cn i vi thuyt cu m c cho l ng khi p dng cc tnh hung ri ro.
Mt thng k kim nh c tnh tm s hin din ca s TNG QUAN CHUI
CA CC SAI S trong phn tch hi quy.
Ngi mun ti a ho phiu bu chnh tr cho mnh.
Xem LOGROLLING.
Cc ch s hu c phiu thng ca mt cng ty thng c quyn b phiu dy d
ti cc cuc hp cng ty.
Mt phng php cung cp dch v v hng ho ca chnh ph, trong c nhn
c cho tin ch mua hng ho v dch v nh trc.
Cc loi tem phiu l mt phng php phn phi li bng hin vt.
Xem JOB COMPETITION THEORY.
Mt tp hp cc mc lng mt s th trng lao ng ni b.
Tho thun chnh thc hoc khng chnh thc gia mt bn l ngi s dng lao
ng vi mt bn l ngi i din lao ng v s gi lm vic, khi lng cng vic
v tin lng.
Cc mc Chnh lc lng trung bnh tr cho cc lao ng c phn chia theo
nghnh hoc a im lm vic hoc theo mu da ho a im ca h.
Cm thut ng dng m t tnh trng trong cc cng nhn c nng sut lao
ng nh nhau c tr cc mc lng khc nhau.
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economic
Vic tng mc lng hiu lc tng n v u vo lao ng theo tho thun nm
ngoi s kim sot ca cc th tc v nh mc lng.
Theo hc thuyt kinh t hc c in, mt qu dng thanh ton tin lng. Ti bt
k mt thi im no, qu ny cng vi cung lao ng cho trc s xc nh mc
lng trung bnh.
S tng ca lng danh ngha theo thi gian.
Tnh th trong vic tr lng cho mt hoc mt s ngi trong mt khu vc c th
c coi l mc tham kho cho mi yu cu lng sau ny.
Khi nim cho rng s tng lng s dn ti s tng gi do chi ph sn xut tng v
li gy nh hng n tin lng bi v cng nhn mun duy tr sc mua ca ng
tin.
Mt biu hin ca lm pht do chi ph y, coi nguyn nhn ca qu trnh lm pht l
do p lc ca nghip on vi th trng lao ng.
Mc lng m mt c nhn c nhn do c sung cp mt s gi lao ng ti
thiu quy nh trong hp ng lng.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Gi thuyt cho rng tn ti nhng mi lin kt cht ch gia cc mc tin lng thanh
ton cho cc nhm m phn trong nn kinh t, kt qa l vic thanh ton lng tun
theo nhng hnh thi nht nh mi nm.
Cc c quan php quy tng t nh cc hi ng lng qun l iu hnh v iu
kin lao ng trong ngnh nng nghip.
Cc c quan php quy c chnh ph giao nhim v xut v lng v s gi lao
ng trong mt s ngnh nc Anh.
Xem INCOMES POLICY.
Xem IRON LAW OF WAGE.
Cc th hng tin lng ca cc nhm cng nhn phn theo nghnh, a im lm
vic theo nhm ngh nghip hoc chng tc.
L thuyt tn c in ngy nay l mt m hnh khoa hc ch yu trong phn tch xc
nh lng. Tuy nhin, u th ca l thuyt tn c in v lao ng tuyt nhin
khng lin tc v t n b l thuyt tn c in i trc.
Xem Leap-frogging.
Mt gi thuyt, nh kinh t hc c Adolph Wagner do xy dng vo cui th k XIX,
ni rng s pht trin ca nn kinh t cng nghip ho s i i vi vic tng phn chi
tiu cng cng trong tng sn phm quc dn.
Mt ph h Mahattan, Newyork chy qua trung tm khu ti chnh ca thnh ph. S
giao dch chng khon Newyork nm trn ph Wall v thnh thong tn ph c
dng nh mt t ng ngha cho th trng nay.
Sinh ra ti Paris, vo nm 1970 ng l gio s ch nhim u tin b mn Kinh t ti
chnh i hc Lausanne Thu S. Cng hin u tin l vic ng c lp xy dng
phng php tip cn tho dng bin vo l lun gi tr nm 1973, mt thnh tu
c Jevons d on trc. Cng hin th hai v em li s ni ting hn l vic
pht trin l thuyt v vic cn bng tng th, trong mi loi th trng trong nn
kinh t u c xem xt v trong mi gi c hng ho, cc nhn t v u ra ca
mi hng ho v cung cp nhn t c quyt nh ng thi. Tm li, ng xy
dng mt m hnh tin phong vi nhng cng c ton hc nguyn thu. Cournot, mt
nh ton hc gii hn v l mt trong nhng ngi c nh hng ti ng n trnh
vn ny v rt kh. Mc d m hnh ny v cc c tnh ca n vn tip tc c
cht lc, gt gia, ngi ta vn cha nm c khi nim cung ca n.
Hnh thi chung ca nh lut Walras l cho n th trng, nu n-1 th trng t trng
thi cn bng th trng cn li cng phi t trng thi cn bng bi v khng th c
s d tha rng cung hay cu cho hng ho (k c tin t).
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Vic cc cng ty xc nh ra nhng nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng cn tim tng v vic
bin n thnh mong mun tiu dng c thc bng vic tip th mnh m cc sn
phm c ch to nhm p ng nhng nhu cu tim n ca ngi tiu dng.
Vic mua mt tho thun trong to ngi s hu bn tho thun c hi mua vn
c phn.
Tc tng trng ca thu nhp quc dn duy tr c s cn bng gia tit kim t
nh v u t t nh theo thi gian, bng cch pht trin tng ca Keynes v
thu nhp cn bng sang trng thi si ng.
Xem NATURAL RATE OF UNEMPLOYMENT.
Mt th sn phm khng th trnh khi ca hot ng kinh t.
Tm ng tin ca ngn hng Trung ng Anh cho chnh ph p ng nhu cu chi
tiu ca cc b, ngnh trong ngn hn.
Xem STATIONARITY.
Bt k ci g c gi tr th trng v c th i ly tin hoc hng ho u c th coi l
ca ci.
S gia tng trong tng chi tiu do mc gi c hoc li xut gim xung. Ngi ta cho
rng, bt c mt s gim xung ca tng cu s c o ngc li do cc tc ng
gy ra khi mc gi c hoc li sut gim xung.
Thu nh vo gi tr ca ci rng. N thng nh vo nhng thi k u n -
thng l mt nm trn nhng ti sn rng ca cc c nhn, mc d mt s nc
nh Nauy thu ny cng c do cng ty tr.
Xem DEPRECIATION.
Xem LOCATION THEORY.
Bnh qun trong mi hng c nhn vi mt h s trc khi tnh ton v tn cc
h s ny l mt n v.
Mt phin bn ca bnh phng thng thng nh nht trong mi bin s c
nhn vi mt h s no , c th l mt hm ca mt trong nhng bin s trong
phng trnh.
Xem WEIGHTED AVERAGE.
Cm thut ng chung ch kha cnh chun tc ca kinh t hc. Nhng gi nh c
bn ca kinh t phc li l cc nh gi ch quan m bt k mt nh kinh t hc no
cng c th chp nhn hoc bc b.
i vi mt c nhn, l mi quan h gia tnh trng kho mnh, hnh phc. Phc li
hoc tho dng v nhng yu t gp phn to nn nhng iu .
Thng c hiu l mt quc gia c chnh ph ng mt vai tr tch cc trong vic
ch trng pht trin phc li x hi.
Mt thuc tnh ca hm sn xut v tho dng. N i hi sn xut ( tho dng)
bng 0 nu mt trong nhng u vo (hng ho) bng 0 v n cng i hi sn phm
bin ( tho dng lun lun dng nhng gim dn khi nhng lng ca mt yu t
sn xut (hng ho) cho no tng dn.
Mt m hnh gm 76 phng trnh v nn kinh t M pht trin t m hnh KLEIN-
GOLDBERGER (K-G) nhng c 4 im khc bit: 1)M hnh ny s dng d liu tnh
ton trn c s qu, M hn K-G tnh trn c s nm. 2)m hnh ny c thit k ch
yu c dng d on hnh vi kinh t c th l thu nhp quc dn v mc vic
lm. 3)M hnh ny c phn tn ti mt mc ln hn nhiu v c mt khu vc
tin t pht trin hn nhiu. 4)Hm sn xut c thit lp da trn cc hm kiu
COBB-DOUGLAS.
Mt bin php m mt s cc cng on s dng dnh c s nhng b ca
ngi s dng lao ng bng cch e do s bi cng trong khi cc cng ty ch th
cnh tranh khc vn tip tc hot ng, v sau khi ng ta nhng b s c gng
p buc s dng ngi lao ng th hai a ra nhng iu khon iu kin tng t
hoc thm ch tt hn v vic lm nu khng s i mt vi mt cuc bi cng khc.
Ngi lao ng v ngi s dng lao ng khng tham gia vo lao ng chn tay v
nhng ngi thc hin nhng cng vic mang chc nng lnh o.
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economic
M t s bin thin hon ton mang tnh ngu nhin v khng c cc phn t mang
tnh h thng no.
K hoch ca M cho Qu n nh quc t c xut ti hi ngh ti chnh v tin
t Lin hp quc t chc ti Bretton Woods, New Hampshire nm 1944.
Giai on trung gian trong qu trnh phn phi sn phm
Cc giao dch quy m ln ca cc khon tin gi ch yu tp trung vo nhm cc th
trng vn c lin quan mt thit vi nhau v pht trin mnh t gia nhng nm
60 - cc th trng lin ngn hng, chnh quyn a phng, chng ch tin gi v
ng tin Chu u.
Mt nh kinh t hc ngi Thu in. Wicksell hc ton v trit hc, l ch nhim b
mn kinh t trng i hc Lund nm 1904. Tc phm ca ng gii thch, tng hp
v pht trin thuyt tn c in v sn xut v phn phi. ng bn lun v li tc
ca vn v mi quan h ca n vi li sut. Ngc li vi hc thuyt ng thi, ng
ch ra rng trong cn bng, trng gi tr ca sn phm x hi bin ca vn thp hn
li xut. iu ny c th ng do tng hiu ng ca ln b sung ring bit vo Dung
lng vn c th lm tng gi tr ca tng dung lng vn v do lm gim gi tr
ca phn tng thm. iu ny c gi l hiu ng Wicksell. Wicksell gii thch s
tn ti ca li sut cao trong nhng giai on lm pht bng vic phn tch cc yu t
quyt nh cung tin ti nhiu th ch tin t khc nhau. Qu tnh lu tch lm pht c
nhiu im chung vi chnh lch lm pht ca Keynes. Thc t, G.Myrdal v Lindahl ,
k tc thuyt ca ng pht trin s khc bit gia u t k hoch v u t thc
tin c ngm th hin trong s phn bit ca Wicksell gia thi hn u t v tit
kim.
Cc hiu ng ca Wicksell ch ra rng ngc li vi thuyt hiu sut bin ca vn, li
sut thc t trong nn kinh t c th khc vi tng sn phm bin ca vn.
L mt nh kinh t hc, mt chnh tr gia v mt thnh vin ca trng phi O. ng
hon thin hn hc thuyt THO DNG BIN do Menger khi xng nhng
ng gp chnh ca ng nm trong hc thuyt "quy gi tr" hoc "gn gi tr".Wieser
cng l ngi u tin nhn thy rng logic chung ca hnh vi kinh t nhm ti a
ho li ch, ti thiu ho chi ph v ch ti t sut bin sinh ra thuyt kinh t X
hi ch ngha.
L cuc bi cng do cc nhm thnh vin cng on a phng t chc, v mt hnh
thc khng c s cho php chnh thc ca ban lnh o cng on v tri vi nhng
nguyn tc nh.
Vic nh gi ca mt c nhn i vi mt hng ho hoc mt dch v bng tin.
U ban n gi hot ng ca cc th ch ti chnh c ni cc cng ng thnh lp
nm 1977, di s ch o ca Hun tc Harold Wilson, cu th tng nhm xem
xt vai tr v chc nng ca cc th ch ti chnh Anh v vic cung ng vn cho
Cng nghip v thng mi, xut nhng thay i cn thit gim st cc th ch
ny.
Mt khon thu nhp thm khng lng trc c.
Mt khon suy gim khng lng trc c ca thu nhp.
Mt thng l Anh b xo b nm 1946, m theo cc ngn hng thanh ton b
tr London ly tin vay t nhng th trng chit khu vo nhng ngy m h phi
"lm p" bo co ti chnh tun (hoc thng t sau nhng nm 1939) nhm mc ch
th hin trng thi tin mt cao hn h s bnh qun m chng thc gi.
Cng c th c bit n nh l cc s d r. Bt k mt khon thu nhp no, khng
c i tip trong vng lun chuyn thu nhp v do khng c dng chi ph
cho nhng hng ho v dch v hin ang sn xut.
Thng thng l th thu nh vo c tc v tin li do mt cng ty tr ra nc
ngoi.
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economic
Vic xy dng v chn lc ra khi nim v Cnh tranh c th th thc hin c hnh
thnh trn quan im rng m hnh tru tng v cnh tranh hon ho l mt tng
khng thc tin v khng th a ra mt cn c hot ng cho chnh sch cnh tranh.
L mt doanh nghip trong ngi lao ng nm gi c phn.
Xem INDUSTRIAL DEMOCRACY.
Thng l nhng khon ca ti sn ngn hn do ngun vn di hn to nn.
c tnh bng cch chia n ngn hn ch ti sn ngn hn.
L nhng ngi c kh nng v sn sng lao ng k c nhng ngi c vic lm v
nhng ngi b coi l tht nghip.
Phn sn phm vn cha c hon thanh ti thi im cui k k ton.
L vic p dng n gin l thuyt v hnh vi tiu dng cho vn phn b thi gian.
L vc duy tr t l c vic lm bng cch ct gim gi lao ng ca mi cng nhn.
L mt dng bn nh cng, dn n sn xut suy gim ch cha n mc chm dt
hon ton.
Xem International Bank For Reconstruction And Development.
Xem DEPRECIATION.
L mt tnh hung, trong tng chi ph ca mt hng khng th gim n mc ti
thiu v sn lng thc t t cc u vo xc nh nh hn mc kh thi ln nht.
Hiu qu trong cc c hi thu li nhun trn th trng c khai thc.
T l thu hng nm i vi mt chng khon c tnh bng t l % so vi th gi hin
ti.
Mc khc bit gia li tc trung bnh i vi c phn v t l thu hi tng ng i
vi cc chng khon di hn c li sut c nh.
Xem
Mt phng php c thit k c bit cho c lng nht qun cc thng s ca
phng trnh tr phn phi sau khi bin i KOYCH m c tnh n thc t l bin i
c th a vo tng quan chui ca thnh phn nhiu.
Xem VALUE-ADDED TAX.
Xem NORMAL DISTRIBUTION.
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