TRNG I HC BCH KHOA TP.

H CH MINH
KHOA CNG NGH HA HC
B MN CNG NGH SINH HC









TIU LUN CNG NGH LN MEN TRUYN THNG

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T

M
M
C
C
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GVHD: C Nguyn Thu Hng
SV: Nguyn Duy Hng
Nguyn Duy Ngha
LP: HCO2BSH





Nm hc 2005 2006
Seminar cng ngh ln men truyn thng Nguyn Duy Hng
5/2006
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Mc lc
M u ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
I. Tng quan v nguyn liu tm --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
I.1 Ngun li v tnh hnh thng mi tm trn th gii ----------------------------------------- 2
I.1.1 Tm trn th gii --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
I.1.2 Ngun li tm Vit Nam------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3
I.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca tm ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
II. Mt s quy trnh sn xut tm chua truyn thng------------------------------------------- 5
II.1 Quy trnh Hu --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
II.2 Quy trnh ng Hi -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
II.3 Quy trnh Nam b ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
III. Cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra khi mui tm chua ------------------------------------------------- 7
III.1 Qu trnh ln men lactic trong mui tm chua ----------------------------------------------- 7
III.1.1 S bin ng trong qu trnh ln men lactic -------------------------------------------- 7
III.1.2 Cc nh hng ln qu trnh ln men lactic -------------------------------------------- 8
III.2 Qu trnh thy phn Protein trong mui tm chua------------------------------------------ 9
III.2.1 Qu trnh thy phn protein ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
III.2.2 Cc nh hng ln qu trnh thy phn protein---------------------------------------- 9
IV. Cc hn ch ca quy trnh ln men truyn thng v mt s ci tin ngh -------------10
IV.1 Cc hn ch ca quy trnh ln men truyn thng ------------------------------------------10
IV.2 Bin php khc phc ngh --------------------------------------------------------------------10
IV.3 Quy trnh sn xut ngh -----------------------------------------------------------------------12
V. Kt lun-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------14
VI. Ph lc v ti liu tham kho --------------------------------------------------------------------------14


















ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
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M U
Trong cc thc n c truyn ni ting ca dn tc ta, tm chua c gi tr dinh dng
cao v thm ngon c bit. Tm chua c xem l mt c sn ca Vit Nam. Thc cht
tm chua l mt sn phm ln men lactic v thy phn protein, lm t cc nguyn liu:
tm, cm np, mui n v gia v. N l mt thc n thng thy cc tnh pha Nam. T
Hu tr vo tnh no cng mui tm chua, nhng tm chua Hu l thm ngon hn c.
Tuy l mt c sn nhng t trc n nay n cha c nghin cu k v pht trin
thnh sn phm cng nghip m ch c sn xut quy m gia nh vi sn lng
khim tn. Nc ta c ngun li v tm rt ln. Tm ngoi tiu th trong nc cn c
xut khu ra nc ngoi di dng tm lnh ng. Sn lng tm tuy ln nhng thc t
lng tm c phm cht lm lnh ng chim mt t l khng qu 40% sn lng
tm ni trn. S tm cn li phi xp vo th phm, cht lng b gim i rt nhiu trong
qu trnh bo qun v chuyn ch. Lng tm khng tiu chun xut khu lnh
ng, cng nh phn phi ti c a vo cc sn phm tm ch bin, trong c
tm chua. Vi li th thi gian bo qun di, d dng cho vic lu thng v phn phi,
hng v thm ngon, sn phm tm chua nu c u t cho nghin cu v sn xut c
th tr thnh mt hng ng gi trong tng lai.
I. Tng quan v nguyn liu tm [2],[3]
I.1 Ngun li v tnh hnh thng mi tm trn th gii [2],[3]
I.1.1 Tm trn th gii
Ngun li tm phn b hu ht cc ni trn th gii. Tm phn b c bin v
sng, h. Tuy vy tm bin vn nhiu hn hn. Tm nc ngt ch chim 3-4% ton b
lng tm khai thc c.
Hin nay trn th gii bit n hng trm loi tm nhng tm c gi tr thng
phm ch khong 20 loi. Ngun li tm hu nh phn b khp th gii v c rt nhiu
chng loi nhng tr thnh hng ha c gi tr th n b hn ch bi nhiu iu kin
nh ging tm, ni sinh sng .
Tm sng tt c vng bin trn th gii. nhng vng bin su 700 800 m vn
c kh nng nh bt c tm. Thc t tm ngon khng nh bt c vng bin su
m thng l cc vng bin nng, khong 100m tr li.
Phn loi tm theo khu vc sinh sng th c th chia lm 2 loi chnh l tm hn
i v tm nhit i.
a) Tm nhit i
Do c hon cnh u i nn tm nhit i trng thnh nhanh. Ch trong vi
thng tm nhit i pht dc v sinh si ny n tt, tuy nhin vn i ng, di 1 nm.
Tm hn i th ngc li trng thnh chm, nhng vng i di ti 2 - 3 nm.
Tm c vng i cng ngn th gi tr v ngun li thc phm cng cao. Do cc
vng t xch o n gip v tuyn Nam - Bc 40
0
c ngun li tm ln v cht lng tm
kh cao
b) Tm hn i
Bin hn i nh Bc bng dng nng lng thng rt lnh, nhng vo ma
ng nhit nc bin li m hn nhit trong khng kh nn to thnh dng i lu
trong bin. y l iu kin thun li cho cc loi thy sn pht trin. Tm hn i a s
sng thnh n ven b su khong 10m. Tuy vy cng c th nh bt c tm sng
tng nc su (khong 100m nc tr li). Nhng nhn chung loi tm sng ch su
hn th gi tr thng phm li km hn
Nh vy, hu ht cc loi tm c gi tr thng phm sng ven b bin, mi
trng ni sinh sng rt a dng do chnh lch v cc iu kin:
- Chnh lch v thy triu
- Chnh lch nhit ca nc do hi lu.
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- Tnh a dng ca iu kin sng y sng, bin nh ln, nh, ct, bn.
- S sai khc v iu kin nhit , nh sng, nng oxy
Do tnh a dng ca mi trng lm cho chng loi tm tr nn a dng. Chng loi
tm tuy nhiu nhng loi dng lm thc phm th ch c gii hn bi nhng l do nu
trn. iu kin th nht l hng v tht tm phi thm ngon, iu kin th hai l vng
i phi ngn. Nhng ging loi tm tha mn c hai iu kin ny th c gi tr trn
thng trng.
I.1.2 Ngun li tm Vit Nam
Tm l i tng rt quan trng ca ngnh thy sn nc ta v n chim t l 70-
80% tng kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh. Tm c gi tr dinh dng cao, t chc c tht
rn chc, c mi v thm ngon c trng rt hp dn.
Xut pht t nhu cu nn ngh nui tm v khai thc tm nc ta ang c
y mnh. Vit Nam c khong 70 loi tm c phn b vng bin xa b, vng bin
ven b v cc thy vc trong ni a.
Cc khu vc c nhiu tm l:
- Khu vc vnh Bc B tm tp trung cc ca sng ln nh sng Hng, sng Thi
Bnh, sng Mi tng chnh l tm ro, tm bc. Tm xut hin quanh nm nhng
tp trung vo khong thng 3-5 v thng 7-10 hng nm.
- Khu vc Bnh nh, Khnh Ha, i tng khai thc ch yu l tm s, tm v, tm
bc, tm rng, tm hm
- Khu vc nam Hong Sa, ch yu l tm rng.
- Khu vc Cn Sn c tm v cc loi tm nh thuc h tm gai v h Pandalidae.
- Khu vc Ty Nam B ch yu l tm s, tm bc, tm v, tm ro.
Hin nay nhu cu v tm ngy cng cao, sn lng tm nh bt c hn v vy
ngh nui tm ang c pht trin mnh c bit l khu vc Nam trung b ko di n
ng bng sng Cu Long.

Tm s Tm th

Tm cng xanh Tm hm
Hnh I.1 Mt s loi tm c gi tr ca Vit Nam
ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
5/2006
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I.2 Thnh phn ha hc ca tm [3]


Thnh phn ha hc ca c tht gm c: Nc, protein, lipid, hydratecarbon, khong
cht, vitamin, enzyme, hormon. Nhng thnh phn c hm lng tng i nhiu l
nc, protein, lipid v khong cht. Hm lng hydratecarbon trong tm rt t v tn ti
di dng glycogen.
Thnh phn ha hc ca tm thng khc nhau ty theo ging loi. Trong cng
mt loi nhng hon cnh sinh sng khc nhau th thnh phn ha hc cng khc nhau.
Ngoi ra thnh phn ha hc ca tm cn ph thuc vo trng thi sinh l, ma v, thi
titS khc nhau v thnh phn ha hc v s bin i ca chng lm nh hng rt
ln n ma v v gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm, vic bo qun ti nguyn liu v
qu trnh ch bin.
I.2.1 Nc
C tht ca tm cha khong 70 - 80% nc hm lng ny ph thuc vo ging,
loi tm v tnh trng dinh dng ca tm. Giai on nhn i thng xy ra nhiu loi
tm trong thi gian trng, lm gim s nng lng d tr trong m c v dn n lm
tng hm lng nc trong c th tm.
Trong c v trong cc t bo, nc ng vai tr quan trng lm dung mi cho cc
cht v c v hu c, to ra mi trng cho cc hot ng sinh ha trong t bo. ng
thi nc cng tham gia vo rt nhiu cc phn ng ha hc v c nh hng ln n
cc phn ng ca protein. Trng thi ca nc trong c tht tm ph thuc nhiu vo s
tng tc gia cu trc ca nc v cc cht dinh dng khc trong t bo v c bit l
cc protein.
Nhng thay i v hm lng nc trong tht tm gy ra bi qu trnh ch bin c
nh hng mnh n tnh thm thu, gi tr dinh dng v cht lng cm quan ca tht
tm. Nhng thay i ny cng nh hng ln n thi gian bo qun c ca sn
phm.
I.2.2 Protein
C tht ca tm thng cha khong 13 - 25% protein. Hm lng ny bin thin
ty thuc vo ging, loi tm, iu kin dinh dng v loi c tht.
C th chia Protein trong m c ca tm nguyn liu thnh 3 nhm sau:
- Protein cu trc: 70 - 80% tng hm lng protein
- Protein c: (mycoalbumin, globulin, ) chim 23 - 30 % tng hm lng protein
- Protein m lin kt: im ng in ca protein tm khong pH = 4,5 - 5,5, gi
tr pH ny cc protein trung ha v in v k nc hn trng thi ion ha. iu c
ngha kh nng lin kt vi nc v kh nng ha tan thp nht. Nu pH cao hn hoc
thp hn im ng in th ha tan s tng ln.
Tm l loi thc phm kh giu cc aicd amin. Gi tr dinh dng ca tm cao l
nh cc acid amin ny. Trong thnh phn cc acid amin cha lu hunh cao hn tht
nn khi cc acid amin ny b thu phn to ra mi n thi rt kh chu.

Seminar cng ngh ln men truyn thng Nguyn Duy Hng
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I.2.3 Lipid
M c ca tm cha khong t 0,01 - 3% lipid m thnh phn ch yu l cc
phospholipid.
I.2.4 Cht khong
Tm l loi thc phm rt giu cht khong. Hm lng cht khong c trong tht
tm bin thin khong t 0,7 - 1,5% khi lng tm. Hm lng cht khong trong tht
tm c c trng theo loi v bin thin theo ma, ng thi hm lng cht khong ph
thuc rt ln vo iu kin sng ca tm.
I.2.5 H vi sinh vt v enzyme
Cc loi thu sn c h vi sinh vt t nhin kh cao do sng trong mi trng nc.
Tm c lng vi sinh vt cao nhng t hn c do c v chitosan dy bo v. Cc nhm vi
sinh vt ch yu bao gm
- Nhm vi khun hiu kh trong nc: Pseudomonas sp, Liquefacciens sp.
- Trong ni tng (u tm) tp trung cc vi khun ym kh nh: Clostridium sp,
Escherichia coli, Samonella.
Cc vi khun ny tham gia qu trnh n thi tm
u tm l ni cha c quan ni tng trong c b my tiu ho. Hai enzyme
protease nh hng n qu trnh mui tm sau ny l trypsin v pepsin.
II. Mt s quy trnh sn xut tm chua truyn thng [1],[4]
Trc y nc ta trong dn gian ch c 2 cch mui tm chua, mt Hu v mt
ng Hi. Hin nay min Nam c thm nhiu cch mui tm chua, t hnh thnh
cc phng php vi nhng quy trnh cng ngh khc nhau theo tn ca mi a phng.
II.1 Quy trnh Hu














ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
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Tm ti c mui chua vi cm np, mui n, gia v. Gia v gm t, ti, ring,
ru. S quy trnh mui tm chua nh sau

Nguyn liu: tm nc ngt, nc l, tm bin cn sng hoc cn ti. Tm c kch
thc bng ngn tay t. Tt nht l tm bao t (Penaeus sp.), tm cng (Macro brachum
hay Nipponence), tm th (Penseus semiculcatus), tm gn (Penaeus merguinsis ), tm
st (Parapenaeppsic harwichii), khng s dng tm chong (Penaeus carinatus), tm ch
(Metapenaeusengis) v v qu cng v u d b bin en. Tm b n, tm b gy u,
tm b nt, tm ma nc l khng dng mui tm.
Ra ct ru chn: tm c loi b rong ru, san h, bn, c, s, c con, mc, u
tm v c ra tht sch, t 3 - 4 ln. Sau tm c ct ru t mt tr ln v ba i
chn trc (bng ko). Tm c ra li v ro nc.
Phun ru: dng ru 40
0
ngon, phun thnh bi m ln tm (3 - 4%).
Mui tm; tm c x l trn c mui vi mui n (mui rang dng bt),
cm np gi nhuyn, ti, t, ring, mng vi.
Gi nn: Tm mui c cho vo ang, vi, nn cht, ly l ring y ln, ri gi
nn bng nan tre mng nh trong khi mui da chua. Cui cng y np tht kn. Ang, vi
trc phi c ra tht sch, phi kh trc khi mui tm.
Tm chua thnh phm: sau 18 ngy (ma nng) tm chua chn. Tm chua chn c
mu ti t nhin, v chua, mi thm c trng ca sn phm ln men lactic. V c l
tm khng b gy u, nguyn mnh, dn v khng c vt en. Gia v phi sng p,
khng st li nhng ht t, v ti. Phn nc phi c snh, c mu hng nht, khng
cn vt ht np, khng lng cn.
Tm chua ct gi ni thong mt thng c 2 tun.
Tm
La chn
Ra sch
Ct ru chn
Ra
Phun ru
Mui tm
Ln men
Gi nn
Tm
chua
Ru chn
Ru 40
o

Mui, gia v
Ang vi
Seminar cng ngh ln men truyn thng Nguyn Duy Hng
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II.2 Quy trnh ng Hi
Qu trnh mui tm chua ng Hi c khc mt t so vi mui tm chua Hu,
thng ngi ta s dng thnh v mt t ng thay cm np. Tm chua c mui theo
t l nh sau: 10 chn tm, 1 chn mui rang, 1 chn thnh go t, 1 tha ng, 1 chn
gia v (ti, ring, gng), 1 chn ru nh. Trc khi gi nn, ngi ta dng l i ri ln b
mt tm. Sau 18 - 20 ngy tm chua bt u n c. Tm chua khng ti v thm
ngon nh tm chua c truyn Hu. Mu ca thnh lm cho mu ca sn phm ti i.
II.3 Quy trnh Nam b
Tm ra sch, b u (trnh hin tng b bin en) mui vi mui n, mt ong, gia
v. Sau 7 ngy cho thm mt t ng vo. Tm chua mui theo phng php ny sau 20
ngy th n c. Thnh phm ng trong cc chai x x. im c bit ca phng php
mui tm chua ny l dng cc thanh ma ch mng ci nn tm khi mui.
Qui trnh nh sau:Tm rn la con nh, ra sch ct, ht mt cht trn u v di
ui, p mui mt m (mt chn tm vi mt tha mui sng). Lc p tm, mun cho
tm dai th cho vo mt t phn chua tn nh. Ly mt t np vo sch, nu chn. Mng vi,
ti, ring, t cc th u nhau, 2 tha ru trng, 1 tha mt ong hoc 1 tha ng, 1 lt
nc mui (10 %), cc th trn chung vi tm cho u nhn vo thu, ly l ring y
ln, gi kn, bt l ra ngoi.
Phng php mui tm chua trong dn gian, ty theo a phng c nhng im
khc nhau nhng nhn chung tm c mui vi mui n (mui rang, dng bt), gia v
(ti, i, ring
III. Cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra khi mui tm chua [2], [3], [5]
Trong qu trnh mui tm chua th c 4 qu trnh sinh ha sau y din ra
- Qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun lactic
- Qu trnh chuyn ha tinh bt thnh ng ( quy trnh Hu v ng Hi)
- Qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh acid latic
- Qu trnh thy phn protein
Hai qu trnh quyt nh n cht lng sn phm l qu trnh ln men lactic (bao
gm hai qu trnh chuyn ha t tinh bt n acid lactic) v qu trnh thy phn protein.
III.1 Qu trnh ln men lactic trong mui tm chua
Qu trnh ln men lactic trong mui tm chua xy ra nhiu giai on, to ra nhiu
sn phm trung gian. Trong giai on u ca qu trnh chuyn ha, sn phm chung l
acid pyruvic. Sau acid pyruvic b kh thnh acid lactic. Song song vi qu trnh to ra
acid lactic l qu trnh ln men ru, ln men acid acetic, acid propionic v acid butyric
Theo thi gian mui tm chua, cc hp cht trn c to ra, s phi hp gia
thnh phn chnh l acid lactic cng vi ru ethylic, acid acetic to ra hng v c
trng cho sn phm. Trong mi trng acid lactic, protein ca tm b bin tnh to cho tm
c mu p.
III.1.1 S bin ng trong qu trnh ln men lactic
Bin ng lng acid lactic
Trong qu trnh mui tm chua, lng acid lactic tng ln. Hm lng acid lactic ln
hn 2% c kh nng c ch khng ch nhng vi vi sinh vt c hi m cn c ch c vi
khun lactic. Tuy nhin tm chua vi lng acid lactic ln hn 2% c kh nng bo qun
c lu.
Bin ng lng acid chung
Trong qu trnh ln men lactic khng in hnh, ngoi acid lactic th sn phm cn
kh nhiu acid hu c khc. Theo thi gian ln men, lng acid chung ny cng tng ln.
Nu mui tm chua theo phng php dng ng thay cm np s c mi v c
trng ca sn phm ln men lactic. So vi phng php mui tm chua c truyn Hu th
ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
5/2006
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phng php mui ny c tc ln men lactic nhanh hn. T l acid lactic trong acid
chung ca sn phm nhiu hn. Tuy nhin nhiu nh gi cho rng sn phm ln men t
ng km thm ngon hn t cm np. C th kt lun rng acid lactic khng nm vai
tr quyt nh n gi tr cm quan m do h sn phm ca qu trnh ln men. Ngoi ra
thnh phn ca go np cng cha nhiu hp cht mi gp phn vo hng v chung ca
sn phm.
Bin ng hm lng ru ethylic
Khi mui tm chua theo phng php c truyn Hu, ngi ta c phun vo tm
chua mt t ru vi mc ch cho lm cho sn phm thm hng v. Qu trnh ln men
lactic d hnh ngoi aicid lactic cn c ru v cc acid khc trong ru ethylic l
trung gian chuyn ho thnh cc acid khc ny . B sung thm ru lm hm lng cc
acid khc (ngoi acid lactic) trong sn phm tng ln. Khi kt thc qu trnh ln men
lng ru ethylic cn st li mt lng nh cng gp phn to mi thm cho tm chua.
Bin ng ca pH
Bin ng pH ca tm chua theo xu hng ngy cng gim.
III.1.2 Cc nh hng ln qu trnh ln men lactic
Quy trnh ln men lactic trong mui tm chua c nhiu yu t nh hng n.
Nhng yu t cng ngh l: lng mui n (c th ly t nc mm), lng cm np
hay lng ng thay cm np, lng gia v, nhit ln men
nh hng ca lng mui n
Mui n c nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca vi khun lactic v s tch ly acid
lactic trong sn phm mui chua. Hm lng mui n khong 6% lm gim i n 30%
s hot ng ca vi khun lactic. Tuy vy mui n c tc ng tch cc l km hm cc vi
khun gy thi. S dng nc mm thay mui n mui tm chua l mt gii php v
nc mm l mt dch giu acid amin v c chc nng n nh v. Tuy nhin n s lm
tng gi thnh sn phm v gim mi v c trng ca sn phm.
Vi hm lng mui n s dng khc nhau th lng acid chung to ra trong tm
chua khc nhau. Vi hm lng mui n khong 4% th lng acid chung to ra trong
tm chua ln nht, hm lng mui n cng thp th lng acid chung to ra do qu trnh
ln men lactic cng nhiu. Tuy nhin nu hm lng mui n t 2% tr xung, cc vi
khun gy thi pht trin mnh lm tm chua b hng.
Trong dn gian khi mui tm chua, hm lng mui n s dng thng rt cao, t
10 -15%. Hm lng mui n cao c ch s hot ng ca cc vi khun lactic lm tc
ln men chm, kt qu tm chua lu chn. Thng thng, nu mui tm chua vi lng
mui n nh trn th n ngy th 18 mi bt u n c.
nh hng ca hm lng ng
ng l yu t c tnh cht quyt nh n qu trnh ln men lactic. Phi c mt
ca ng, vi khun lactic mi thc hin c qu trnh ln men. Lng ng nhiu
hay t nh hng n s tch ly acid lactic trong sn phm.
Khi lng ng tng th tc ln men lactic tng, nhng khi hm lng ng
ln hn 20% so vi khi lng tm th tc ln men lactic gim dn xung. Vi lng
ng 14 - 17%, m bo to ra mt lng acid chung va phi, lm cho tm chua c v
chua ngt (do lng ng d) thch hp.
Khi mui tm chua theo phng php c truyn Hu, ngi ta s dng cm np
(20% so khi lng tm) ln men lactic. So vi ng cm np ln men lactic vi tc
chm hn nhng mi v ngon hn.
nh hng ca gia v
Khi mui tm chua, ngi ta dng gia v gm: ti, t, ring, ch yu l ti (80% khi
lng gia v), sau l t (15%). Lng gia v nhiu hoc t ph thuc vo ngi tiu
Seminar cng ngh ln men truyn thng Nguyn Duy Hng
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dng, thng l 10% so vi khi lng tm. Cc gia v nh ti, ring c kh nng c ch
hot ng ca cc vi khun gy thi to iu kin cho vi khun lactic pht trin.
Trong qu trnh mui tm chua, gia v thng b bin mu, ti b xm, ring b en,
ch c t , mng vi khng b i mu. Gia v khng nh hng n s to ra acid
chung. ti, ring t b bin mu c th cho vo tm chua khi n c (10 ngy sau
khi mui tm). t, mng vi cho vo cng vi tm khi mui.
nh hng ca nhit
Nhit c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh ln men lactic v cht lng sn
phm. Ma nng tm chua chng chn, ma ma rt lu chn v tm chua mui trong ma
nng c cht lng cao hn, mu sc ti v mi v thm ngon.
Nhit mui tm chua cng cao th qu trnh mui tm chua cng nhanh, lng
acid chung tch ly cng nhiu. Nhng nhit cao, mt s vi khun gy thi li c kh
nng pht trin mnh lm h hng sn phm. Ngoi ra qu trnh ln men butyric xy ra
mnh trong iu kin ym kh v nhit 30 - 40
0
C do hn ch tm chua ln men
butyric nn mui tm chua nhit di 30
0
C tuy khong nhit ny, tc ln
men lactic khng nhanh nh 35
0
C.
nh hng ca ging vi khun lactic s dng trong mui tm chua
Tm chua ch bin theo phng php c truyn Hu, c ln men lactic t nhin,
cc vi khun lactic c tr nguyn liu thc vt t khng kh bay vo thc hin qu trnh
ln men lactic. y l mt qu trnh ln men tp. Do tm chua mui ni ny c mi v
thm ngon hn khc ni khc.
S dng cc ging vi khun lactic ng kh ca Hungary thm vo trong qu
trnh mui tm chua, lm cho tm chua c mu t nhin, mi thm ngon c trng,
lng acid to ra nhiu hn.
III.2 Qu trnh thy phn Proterin trong mui tm chua
III.2.1 Qu trnh thy phn protein
Khi mui tm chua, tm c nguyn c u s dng protein ni tng ca
tm. Khc vi chp v mm tm, tm sau khi mui vn cn nguyn con, trong khi chp
v mm tm yu cu phi nhuyn ra. Qu trnh thu phn protein din ra do s hot ng
ca protease do cc vi sinh vt t nhin c trong tm to ra v c sn trong ni tng ca
tm. y l mt dng ca qu trnh n thi thng gp thy sn. Qu trnh ny v bn
cht l khng c li cho sn phm v n to ra cc hp cht amin c mi kh chu. Tuy
nhin cc hp cht ny nu tn ti mt hm lng nh li to nn hng v c trng
cho sn phm, nht l khi phi hp vi cc acid bay hi. V vy vn cn gii quyt ca
qu trnh mui tm chua chnh l vic khng ch kim sot qu trnh thy phn protein
ny.
Cng vi qu trnh thy phn protein l qu trnh bin tnh ca protein di tc ng
ca ca pH thp do acid lactic gy ra to cho tm c mu p. Trong v tm c cha
asthaxanthin mu xanh tm. Khi tm ti th asthaxanthin lin kt cht ch vi protein, Khi
c tc nhn gy bin tnh hay phn hy (nhit , pH, s thi ra) protein ca tm th
asthaxanthin tch ri khi protein v d dng b oxy ha thnh asthaxin c mu gch.
Ngoi pH acid th nhit cao cng l nguyn nhn gy bin tnh. nhit trn 40
o
C th
qu trnh bin tnh ny xy ra. V vy qu trnh mui tm chua nu tin hnh nhit
cao th tm c mu p.
III.2.2 Cc nh hng ln qu trnh thy phn protein
nh hng ca lng mui n ln qu trnh thy phn protein trong mui tm chua
Mui n c nh hng rt ln n hot ng ca qu trnh thy phn protein tm
cng nh s to ra cc hp cht amin trong sn phm tm chua. Mui n c tc dng tch
cc l km hm hot ng ca cc vi khun gy thi cng nh gim hot tnh ca
protease do chng sinh ra.
ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
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Nhn chung lng mui n cng cao th tc thy phn protein cng chm li. Tuy
nhin nh ni trn, iu ny cng lm chm qu trnh ln men lactic.
nh hng ca qu trnh ln men lactic ln qu trnh thy phn protein trong mui
tm chua
ng di tc dng ca vi khun lactic chuyn ng thnh acid lactic v cc acid
hu c khc. Cc acid ny to ra mi trng pH thp (4 4.5). Mi trng pH ny c nh
hng n qu trnh thy phn protein. Mt mt n to ra mt mi trng thch hp cho
cc enzyme protease aicd thy phn protein. Cc protease ny c sn trong tm (trypsin,
pepsin) hay do cc vi khun tng hp nn. Mt khc n li c ch hu ht hot ng ca
cc vi khun gy thi v cng hn ch lun vic tng hp protease ca cc vi khun ny.
Nh vy tc ng ny c hai mt.
Vi khun lactic cng c kh nng tng hp protease. Protease ca vi khun lactic
cng tham gia thy phn protein trong qu trnh mui tm chua nhng protease ny c
hm lng t v hot tnh khng cao.
Trong qu trnh mui tm chua, acid lactic to ra lm pH mi trng gim xung,
cc protease trong ni tng ca tm nh trypsin hay pepsin cng vi cc protease acid
tnh ca cc vi khun gy thi s c iu kin hot ng.
Acid lactic to ra trong qu trnh mui tm chua c kh nng c ch cc hot ng
ca vi khun gy thi cng nh kh nng tng hp ca cc protease ca chng. Nh vy
ch c protease ca tm ng vai tr chnh trong qu trnh thu phn protein. Nhng
protease ca tm li gim hot tnh mnh trong mi trng c nng mui cao, trong khi
protease vi khun li c kh nng hot ng trong mi trng c nng mui cao mnh
hn protease ca tm. V vy qu trnh chn ca tm thng phi ko di.
IV. Cc hn ch ca quy trnh ln men truyn thng v mt s ci
tin ngh [1],[2],[3]
IV.1 Cc hn ch ca quy trnh ln men truyn thng
Quy trnh ln men truyn thng thng gp phi mt s vn kh khn sau
- Tm b bin en do phn ng mu ca melanin.
- Gia v cng b bin mu c bit l ti v ring (mu vng chuyn sang mu nu
en), t t b bin mu.
- S dng hm lng mui qu cao (khong 30% khi lng tm). Lng mui cao
tm khng b thi trong qu trnh ln men lactic. Nhng nhc im vi lng mui
trn s c ch hot ng ca protease v ca vi khun lactic lm cho thi gian mui tm
chua ko di n 18 - 20 ngy, mt khc lm gim mi v c trng cho sn phm nht l
v chua ca acid lactic..
- S dng cm np, thnh ln men lactic tri qua 2 giai on: cm np (hay thnh)
chuyn thnh ng, ng chuyn thnh acid lactic. Nh vy thi gian ln men lactic s
ko di. Mt khc cm np kh trn u vi tm ln men lactic c u nhng
thng lm sn phm c, khng p. Vi thnh thi gian ln men lactic phi ko di,
ngoi ra thnh lm cho sn phm c mu nu ti. Ngoi ra khi ln men bng thnh th gia v
b bin mu mnh nht. Cc gia v nh ti, t, ring c mu xm en.
- Vic mui tm chua hon ton ph thuc vo thi tit, thin nhn nn khng ch
ng, ma nng tm chua chng chn, ma rt tm chua lu chn.
IV.2 Bin php khc phc ngh
IV.2.1 Chng hin tng bin en ca tm
Tm sau khi nh bt ln khi nc, tip xc lu vi khng kh b bin en. Hin
tng ny xy ra c khi mui tm chua. C tc gi cho rng s bin en ca tm l do
thyrosin ca tm b xy ha di tc ng ca thyrosinase to thnh cht mu ti gi l
melanin, cc melanin ny tch t li to thnh nhng vng en. Mt s tc gi khc cho
Seminar cng ngh ln men truyn thng Nguyn Duy Hng
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rng melanin l do phenylalanin b xy ha to thnh. V vy chng hin tng bin
en c th b u ca tm trc khi mui chua. Nh vy s mt i mt trong hai ngun
protease ca tm thy phn protein. phn ng to melanin khng xy ra c th s
dng cc cht chng oxy ha nh acid ascorbic, aicd citric hay cht c ch tyrosinase
nh sulfit hay natri sunfit, hoc to iu kin tm khng tip xc vi khng kh. Bin
php n gin v c hiu qu nht l cho tm ngp trong nc mui hoc nc mm.
Mt iu ghi nhn l khi mui tm chua vi mui n v cm np hoc mui n vi
ng th tm chua b bin en rt nhiu. Tuy nhin nu s dng nc mm thay mui n
mui tm chua th hin tng bin en hu nhkhng xy ra.
IV.2.2 Chng bin i mu ca gia v
Trong qu trnh mui tm chua, mt s gia v b bin i mu nh ti, ring, gng
lm cho cht lng ca tm chua b gim i. Do khi mui tm chua khng nn cho ti,
ring vo ngay t u m sau khi tm chua n c mi cho vo. t, mng vi cho
vo cng vi tm khi mui m bo qu trnh ln men lactic ca tm chua.
IV.2.3 Rt ngn thi gian mui tm chua
rt ngn thi gian mui tm chua, s dng cc bin php tng nhanh qu trnh
ln men lactic v thy phn protein.
Dng ng thay cm np rt ngn thi gian ln men. Nu mun s dng cm
np th c th b sung thm amylse tng cng qu trnh thu phn tinh bt thnh
ng.
S dng cc ging vi khun lactic c nng sut cao.
S dng ch phm trypsin, bromelin, papain rt ngn thi gian thy phn protein
(5% so khi lng tm). Tt nht l s dng ch phm protease vi khun v hot ng
c trong iu kin nng mui cao.
IV.2.4 Gim lng mui s dng
Gim lng mui s dng v b sung mt s ph gia c ch vi sinh vt nh acid
ascorbic hay acid citric hn ch vi khun gy thi.
Tin hnh ra bt mui trc khi cy ging vi khun lacitc

















ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
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IV.3 Quy trnh sn xut ngh










Tm
La chn
Ra sch
Ct ru chn
Ra
p mui
Ra mui
ro
Ln men
Vo hp
Tm
chua
Lc bt cn
B bt mt s
thnh phn
Rt dch
Ru chn
30
o
C , 10 ngy
Cn
Mui 15 20 %
Ging vi khun
lactic
Gia v
Dch rt
Nc mui
Rau trn
n km
Seminar cng ngh ln men truyn thng Nguyn Duy Hng
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Thuyt minh quy trnh
o Nguyn liu
Tm nc ngt, nc l, tm bin cn ti. V ngoi mu t nhin, nh sng u
dnh cht vo thn, khng b v gch, mt cng trn, bng en. Tht chc, c mu trng
hay trng nht, n hi, kh tch ri khi v, mi tanh t nhin, khng c mi ha cht
bo qun.
o Ra sch
Ttm c ra sch di vi nc chy. Nht sch cc tp cht, rong bin, tm
n, u tm. C th ra tm my ra thi kh v cho tm chy trn bng ti chuyn
ng vi vn tc 0,1 m/s.
o Ct ru chn, ra
Tm c ct sch ru t mt tr ln v 3 i chn trc bng ko. Tm c ra
li tht sch v ro 10 pht.
o p mui
Tm x l c hc, c ngm nc mui 15 20 % trong 12 gi. Vt ra ra
sch bng nc v ro.
o Ln men
S dng ging Strep. cremoris, Strep. lactis cy trn lactose ln men dch ng
30
0
C trong 6 gi. Cho dch ng ln men vo tm gi nn vi t l 5% so khi
lng tm.
Gia v s dng bao gm: t, ti, ring pha trong nc sch c nng mui khong
5 7 %. Mui s dng l mui n hay ly t nc mm. B sung thm ch phm
protease vi khun hay trypsin, bromelin t da, papain t u .
Thi gian ln men 10 ngy 30
0
C. Tm c cho vo ang hoc thng thp khng
r ln men. Kt thc qu trnh ln men pH dch ln men t 3,8 4, tm chua c mu
ti, thm ngon c mi c trng ca sn phm ln men lactic.
Lc bt cn v b bt mt s thnh phn nguyn liu khng t chun
Dch ln men s c c do mt s m c ca tm cng nh m thc vt ca gia
v b tch ri khi nguyn liu. ng thi sinh khi ca vi khun lactic cng lm c dung
dch. Lc s b gip loi b bt thnh phn gy c, lm dung dch trong, gi tr cm quan
tng.
Mt s thnh phn nguyn liu b bin mu nh tm b bin en, ti, gng b ho
nu, cc ht t cng cn c loi b.
o Vo hp, rt dch
Dch ln men sau khi lc s b c cho vo bnh thu tinh v rt dch b sung
Thnh phn ca dch rt bao gm: ng, mui hay nc mm, acid lactic hay acid
acetic gia v nh ti, t, ring, cht to st (tinh bt bin tnh hay pectin), phm mu ()
thc phm v cc ho cht bo qun. T l cc cht trong dch rt cng nh t l dch rt :
dch ln men trong bnh tu thuc vo thnh phn dch ln men v khu v ngi tiu
dng.
Cui cng mt s loi rau trn c b sung vo lm a dng sn phm. Cc
loi rau thng dng l bn bn, ng sen






ti tm chua Nguyn Duy Ngha
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V. Kt lun
Tm chua l mt sn phm ln men truyn thng c trng ca Vit Nam. Nu
chng ta bit vn dng sn phm ny tr thnh mt mt hng c gi tr th c th mang li
nhiu li ch. C mt s vn tn ti cn gii quyt
- Phi tm ra cc phng php bo qun, chng li s h hng ca tm mt
cch hiu qu.
- Kim sot qu trnh ln men lactic cng nh qu trnh thy phn protein
to ra sn phm c cht lng ng u, s phi hp gia cc hng v tt nht.
- iu chnh li hng v (nht l phn gia v s dng) sao cho ph hp vi a
s ngi tiu dng (cn phi tin hnh kho st th trng).
VI. Ph lc v ti liu tham kho

Hnh VI. Sn phm tm chua

Ti liu tham kho
[1] Nguyn c Lng Cng ngh vi sinh Tp 3 Thc phm ln men truyn
thng, Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia Tp.HCM, 2006, Trang 83 112
[2] Nguyn Xun Thnh Gio trnh Vi sinh vt hc cng nghip Nh xut bn
gio dc, 2004, Trang 203 206.
[3] Nguyn Ngc Tun, L Thanh Hin Ch bin bo qun Tht v Sa, Nh xut
bn Nng nghip, 2004, trang 42, 43.
[4] Nguyn Th Cm Tuyt Mn n Vit Nam, Nh xut bn ph n, 2001, trang
134.
[5] Lehninger A principles of biochemistry - 4
th
edition Freeman puslishing,
2004, page 480 601.