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Go en Guides and Golden Field Guides!
GOLDEN GUIDES
BIRDS BUTTERFLIES AND MOTHS FISHES
FISHING FLOWERS FOSSILS GEOLOGY
INSECT PESTS INSECTS MAMMALS
MUSHROOMS POND LIFE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS
ROCKS AND MINERALS
SEASHELLS OF THE WORLD
SEASHORES SKY OBSERVER'S GUIDE
SPIDERS AND THEIR KIN
STARS TREES TROPICAL FISH
WEATHER WEEDS
GOLDEN FIELD GUIDES
BIRDS OF NORTH AMERICA
REPTILES OF NORTH AMERICA
ROCKS AND MINERALS
SEASHELLS OF NORTH AMERICA
SKY GUIDE
IBEE5LIMLBIMANEBLA
WILDFLOWERS OF NORTH AMERICA
FAMILIES OF BIRDS
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are trademrks of Western Publishing Com
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an
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, Inc.
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Revised and Updated by
CHAN DLE RS. ROBBINS
Illustrated by
JAMES GORDON IRVING
LLbM Kbbb MbW TLKK
3
Western Publishing Company, Inc.
Racine, Wisconsin
.
FOREWORD
This book pictures in full color 129 of the most familiar
American birds. Using these birds as keys, the text
describes additional related and similar species, helping
the reader to identify more than 250 birds in all.
The selection of the most common birds of America
and the assembling of concise information about them
were achieved through long, detailed study of volumi
nous data on our bird life. This might have been an
impossible task were it not for the wholehearted coop
eration and assistance of ornithologists and other natu
ralists. John Aldrich, C. A. Cottam, Allen Duvall, D. F.
Hoffmeister, A. C. Martin, Ernst Mayr, A. . Nelson, A.
Sprunt IV, R. E. Stewart, H. . Webster, and Alex Wet
more gave helpful comments and suggestions. Special
thanks are due to Chandler S. Robbins of the Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center, who compiled the basic data
for the range maps, and checked migration dates, tab
ular data, and other factual information. James Gordon
Irving has contributed his knowledge of birds as well as
his unusual artistic talent.
This Revised Edition, prepared by Chandler S. Rob
bins, includes the latest information about birds, as well
as recent changes in scientific and common names, bird
classification, and geographical distributions.
Revised Edition. !
H.S.Z.
I.N.G.
Copyri
g
ht T!, , T4 by Western Publishin
g
Company, Inc. All ri
g
hts
reserved. includin
g
ri
g
hts of reproduction and use in any form or by any means.
includin
g
the makin
g
of copies by any photo process. or by any electronic or
mechanical device, printed or written or oral, or recordin
g
for sound or visual
reproduction or for use in any knowled
g
e retrieval system or device. unless
permission in writin
g
is obtained from the copyri
g
ht proprietor. Produced in the
U.S.A. Published by Golden Press. New York, N.Y. Library of Con
g
ress Catalo
g
Card Number: -Z ISBN -!-Z4-
N UtN b K
Thi s is a fi el d book made to fi t your pocket when you
go l ooki ng for bi rds. Check each range map (exampl e
bel ow) for bi rds t hat occur i n your regi on. Concentrate
on these bi rds . Areas where bi rds l i ve i n summer are
shown in red; wi nter areas are in bl ue. Purpl e shows
areas where the bi rd i s a permanent resi dent.
Mi grati ng bi rds pass over parts of the whi te areas i n
spri ng and fal l . Check thei r "ti metabl e" as gi ven on pp.
1 32- 1 53, where you wi l l al so fi nd i nformati on on nests,
eggs, and food. Mark each bi rd you are l i kel y to see,
and when you have seen i t, record the date and pl ace.
Thumb through thi s book and become fami l i ar wi th the
bi rds. Then, when you see them, you' l l recogni ze some
at fi rst si ght. Al so use the i nformati on on pp. 1 54- 1 55
concerni ng books, museums, and pl aces to see bi rds .
The more you l ook at t hi s book, t he mor e facts you' l l
fi nd . The col or pl ates show spri ng pl umage of adul t mal e
bi rds, and usual l y femal es or young i f they are very
di fferent. The text emphasi zes si ze, fi el d marks, i mpor
tant facts, di fferences between mal es and femal es, and
rel ated bi rds t hat are si mi l ar. The bi rds have been se
l ected so that knowi ng one bi rd wi l l hel p you to know
others l i ke i t.
The bi rds i l l ustrated are among the most common and
the ones you have the best chance of seei ng. No rare
bi rds are pi ctured. I n al most every
part of the Uni ted States and south
ern Canada you can see many of
the bi rds in thi s book-pl us other
common l ocal bi rds you wi l l soon
l earn to know.
J
4
.
Most bi rds can be i denti fi ed at a gl ance by experts
because they know exactl y what to l ook for. Wi th prac
ti ce you too can become an expert.
Whereas some wi l dfl ower gui des are arranged by
col or, bi rd guides are general l y organi zed so that cl osel y
rel ated speci es-those of si mi l ar shape and behavi or
are together. Water bi rds appear fi rst, fol l owed by the
more pri mi ti ve l and bi rds; the true songbi rds are l ast.
One qui ckl y l earns to sort unknown bi rds i nto the
maj or categori es cal l ed orders, such as herons, ducks,
hawks, ki ngfi shers, woodpeckers, and perchi ng bi rds
(see pages 9- 1 1 ) . For water bi rds, note whether they
wade, swi m, or di ve; for aeri al feeders whether they
constantl y fl ap, soar, or hover. For al l bi rds, l ook cl osel y
at the si ze and shape of the bi l l (pages 1 4-15) and the
shape and l ength of the tai l . Compare the total l ength
wi th that of some fami l i ar speci es. I s i t the si ze of a
ki ngl et, a warbl er, a sparrow, an ori ol e, a robi n, a
fl i cker, or a crow? These characters wi l l hel p pl ace bi rds
i n the correct fami l y.
The next step is to determi ne the speci es by l ooki ng
for the presence or absence of wi ng bars, tai l patterns,
eye ri ngs or eye stri pes, and col or patterns on the head
and el sewhere. I s the back pl ai n or streaked? Do the
underparts have hori zontal bars or l ongi tudi nal streaks?
Eye col or i s i mportant for owl s and some vi reos .
Behavi or can al so provi de val uabl e cl ues. Does the
bi rd wal k or hop or run? Does i t wag i ts tai l ? Does i t
catch i nsects on the wi ng and eat i n fl i ght l i ke a swi ft or
swal l ow? Or does i t repeatedl y return to an exposed
perch to eat i nsect prey l i ke a fl ycatcher or waxwi ng?
Does i t cl i mb up a tree trunk l i ke a woodpecker or a
Brown Creeper, or work head-down l i ke a nuthatch?
Does i t eat berri es l i ke a thrush or an ori ol e, or probe i n
the ground for worms and grubs l i ke a robi n, bl ackbi rd,
or star l i ng? See pages 1 32- 1 53 for the pri nci pal foods
of each speci es.
EQUI PMENT The onl y essenti al equi pment for seei ng
bi rds i s a pai r of eyes . Good ears are a hel p, too. But
there are ways of i ncreasi ng your enj oyment, none of
whi ch i nvol ves much expense. Thi s book i s one, for a
gui de book is i mportant. As you acqui re experi ence, you
wi l l want more advanced books (see page 1 54) . Your
own records, i f kept systemati cal l y, are an i mportant
part of your equi pment . A pocket notebook to record
detai l ed i nformati on i s worth carryi ng. Rugged cl oth
i ng, waterproof boots, and a bottl e of mosqui to repel
l ent are par t of an experi enced bi rder's equi pment .
Fi el d gl asses or bi nocul ars ar e t he most i mportant and
most expensive i tem of equi pment . There's no denyi ng
thei r val ue i n bri ngi ng tree-top bi rds down to you . Li ke
a good camera, a good pai r of bi nocul ars i s a preci si on
tool and shoul d be sel ected wi t h care. The best gl asses
are made wi th pri sms to reduce thei r si ze. The power of
the gl ass tel l s how much cl oser i t makes a bi rd appear.
Through 6x (6-power) gl asses a bi rd l ooks si x ti mes as
cl ose. Gl asses of 6x t o 8x are best . Remember, the
hi gher the power, the more l i mi ted your fi el d of vi si on .
Gl asses that admi t the most l i ght are the best. Thi s
depends on t he wi dt h of the front l ens ( usual l y measured
i n mi l l i meters) . A 6 x 35 l ens admi ts twi ce as much l i ght
as a 6 x 24. The l arge 7 x 50 bi nocul ars are excel l ent for
bi rds . Those t hat adj ust by a si ngl e center focusi ng screw
are most conveni ent.
d
PR f bK
Names are tool s . Bi rd experts have dozens of techni
cal names for t he vari ous part s of bi rds . Usi ng these
terms, they can descri be a bi rd wi th great accuracy. The
begi nner does not have the experi ence to use these
terms, so onl y the essenti al techni cal terms are used i n
thi s book. When you see a bi rd you cannot i denti fy and
want hel p from an expert, try to observe the bi rd so wel l
that you can descri be i ts si ze, habi ts, and the col or and
form of the parts i l l ustrated above. Put your i nformati on
down on paper (don' t trust your memory) . By keepi ng
these few parts i n mi nd you wi l l systemati ze your obser
vati ons and record the detai l s needed to get your bi rd
i denti fi ed.
BIRD CLASSIFICATION
Birds are grouped into orders, families, and genera
according to similarities of bills, feet, and internal tnat
omy. If you know these groups, the relationship and
classification of birds will be clearer. Here is a simplified
list of the main bird groups in this book; a family tree
{pages 12-13) shows their relationships. On pages 156-
157 are listed the scientific names of all the birds illus
trated. These names and the English names used are
those adopted by the A.O. U. (American Ornithologists'
Union) Committee on Classification and Nomenclature.
LOONS: Large swi mmi ng and di vi ng bi rds;
tai ls short; l egs set far back. Four toes: J
front ones ful l y webbed. Bi l l sharply pointed,
hi gher than wi de. page 21
GREBES: Smal l er swi mmers and di vers . Tai l
lacki ng; l egs f ar back. Four toes wi t h thi n
ski n flaps ( l obes) and wi th flattened nai l s.
Bi l l sl ender, poi nted; hi gher than wi de.
page 22
HERONS and BITTERNS: Long-legged
wadi ng bi rds . In fli ght, feet extend beyond
tail but neck i s pulled i n. Bill strai ght and
sharp; skin between eye and bi l l bare. Four
toes, scarcely webbed or not webbed at al l .
Mi ddl e toenai l has comb l i ke margi n.
pages 23-2S
DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS: Swi mmi ng
bi rds wi th di st i nct tai l s . Legs centered. Bi rds
walk wel l compared to grebes and l oons.
Four toes, front J webbed. Bi l l broad and
flat, often with "teeth" along edge. Upper
bi l l endi ng in short, flat hook or "nai l . "
pages 26-33
CRANES, RAILS, and COOTS: Marsh
bi rds flyi ng wi th neck extended and feet
dangl i ng ( rai l s) ; wi ngs rounded. Four toes,
unwebbed (except for coot, whi ch has l obes) .
Middle toenai l wi thout combl i ke margi n
(see Herons). Feathered between eye and
bi l l . page 34
PLOVERS, SANDPIPERS, and SNIPES:
Long-l egged shorebi rds, mostl y smal l . Bi l l
usual l y coni cal , l ong and soft; nostri l s open
i ng through sl i ts i n bi l l . General l y 4 toes:
hi nd toe rai sed and short. Sanderli ngs and
most plovers have onl y J toes.
pages 35-39
GULLS and TERNS: Mostl y l i ght-col ored
mar i ne bi r ds . Wi n gs l ong , n arrow and
pointed. Bi l l hooked (gul l s) or pointed (terns)
with nostrils openi ng i nto slits that go through
bill. Four toes: hind toe small and not webbed.
pages 40-41
HAWKS, EAGLES, and VULTURES:
Large bi rds. Bill strongl y hooked; feet pow
erful, cl aws long and curved. Vul tures di ffer
i n havi ng a bare head with nostri ls connected
by hole through bi l l . pages 42-47
GROUSE, QUAIL, and TURKEY: Land
bi rds that scratch for food. Bi l l s short and
stout . Feet heavy, strong; hi nd toe short and
rai sed. Wings short and rounded.
pages 48-50
PIGEONS and DOVES: Smal l - headed
bi rds wi th sl ender bi l l s, grooved at base;
and wi th nostri l s openi ng through a bare
fl eshy area at base of bi l l . Legs short. Four
toes, al l on same level . Hi nd toe as long as
shortest front one. pages 51 -52
CUCKOOS: Long, sl i m bi rds wi th sli ghtl y
curved bi l l . Tai l l ong, feathers not sti ff or
poi nted; central tai l feathers l ongest. Four
toes: 2 i n front; 2 behi nd. goge53
OWLS: Bills strongly hooked. Toes with l arge
curved claws; entire leg feathered. Eyes large
and i mmovabl e i n puffy, feathered "face. "
goges54-56
SWIFTS: Smal l swal l owl i ke bi rds; bi l l small
wi th no bri stl es at base. Mouth wi de. Wi ngs
sl ender and very l ong, reachi ng beyond tai l ;
t ai l wi th 1 0 feathers . goge57
GOATSUCKERS: Bi rds wi th large heads,
small bi lls, and wi de mouths . Bi l l usually
with bri stles at base. Feet small; middle toe
long with combli ke cl aw. Feathers soft, dull
colored. pages 58-59
HUMMINGBIRDS: T i ny bi rds wi th bi l l
sl ender and needlel i ke-l onger than head.
Feet smal l , weak . Feathers on bock usual l y
shi ny green. goge60
KINGFISHERS: Head large and crested.
Bi l l long, strong, poi nted. Feet smal l ond
weak. Four toes: 2 of the 3 forward toes
joi ned for half their length. poge61
WOODPECKERS: Cl i mbi ng bi r ds . Bi l l
strong, poi nted, wi th bri stl es ot nostri l . Tai l
feathers sti ff ond poi nted. Toes : 2 i n front, 2
in back; or (rarel y) 2 in front ond 1 in back.
poges62-65
PERCHING BIRDS: T he l argest bi rd group.
Lond bi rds, mostly smol l , wi th 4 toes-oil on
the same level , never webbed. Hi nd toe as
l ong os mi ddl e front toe-on adaptation for
perchi ng. Tai l wi th 1 2 feathers.
jages 66-1 27
Vultures
Storks
cor
mo
rants
1r
o
p
l
t
b
lr
s
Plovers
Waterfowl
A FAMILY TREE OF BIRDS
The 860 speci es of bi rds in North Amer-
ica north of Mexi co are cl assi fied i nto 70
fami l i es . The maj or fami l i es and thei r ap
proxi mate rel ati onshi ps are shown here.
Fami l i es wi th the most speci es north of Mexi co
are represented by the thi ckest branches .
Petrels
and Kin
!
;
0
e
Kingmts
lf
r
l
c
e
Wrens
and Creepers
Hawks
and
Eagles
t
I
Dippers
Crows and Jays
Old World
Finches
Hummingbirds
Owls
ern Loon Heron Kngsher
PM f bK
DVTTWMb
Bi rds show unusual adaptati ons to thei r way
of l i fe. The most i mportant and obvi ous is a
coveri ng of feathers . These have devel oped from
the scal y coveri ng of repti l es. Each feather has
rows of branched barbs that hook together. On
the l ong fl i ght feathers, the barbs mesh ti ghtl y
to form a fi rm structure. Contour feathers and
an undercoat of fi ner down cover the bi rd's
body. Form and structure of feathers vary wi th
di fferent bi rds.
I nternal adaptati ons of bi rds i ncl ude ai r sacs
and l i ght, hol l ow bones; a very rapi d heart;
temperature several degrees hi gher than ours,
and other structures favori ng a very active ex
i stence. The ani mal food of bi rds i ncl udes i n
sects, worms, mol l usks, fi sh, and smal l mam
mal s . Pl ant foods i ncl ude seeds , buds, l eaves ,
and frui ts . Bi l l s have obvi ous adaptati ons re
l ated to di et. Above are four bi rds, each from
a di fferent fami l y, wi th si mi l ar bi l l s adapted for
eati ng fi s h.
vone
orbsond
borbuesenorged
kobn-
gerchng
Fheosonf
-wokng
Shrike
Of fbbI
grasping
Woodpecker
-climbing
Yellowlegs
-wading
Cardinal
Wood Thrush Crossbill Yellowthroat
Above are five bi rds al l bel ongi ng to the
same order, perchi ng bi rds. Each of these spe
ci es has devel oped a very di fferent type of bi l l
sui ted for eati ng parti cul ar foods . These are
di vergent devel opments from a common fami l y
ancestor. Thi s type of devel opment i s al so
common .
Other adaptati ons are shown i n the l egs and
feet of bi rds . The bi rd's three or four toes have
been modi fi ed for cl i mbi ng, scratchi ng, grasp
i ng and teari ng, and swi mmi ng . Long toes di s
tri bute the wei ght of bi rds that wal k on mud
and sand . Extra featheri ng protects the feet of
ptarmi gans and arcti c owl s . The l ong legs of
waders, the webbed feet of swi mmers, and other
adaptati ons i ndi cate speci al i zed uses of var
i ous ki nds.
Most i nteresti ng of al l adaptati ons are those
of behavi or. Many speci es have devel oped di s
ti nct patterns of l i vi ng. Careful observati ons
wi l l di scl ose the "personal i ties" of di fferent bi rds
and thei r soci al adaptati ons .
Body
feather
with
after
shaft
b
NtUK
LVt
Everyone st ar t s watc hi ng
bi rds wi th the same i deas i n
mi nd: t o l earn thei r names, to
LBW 5' 00BKB
i denti fy as many as possi bl e,
0?BB @ 5 0
and to see what ki nd of "rec-
ords" hi s watchi ng wi l l yi el d. Some peopl e are content
doi ng these thi ngs and never venture beyond thi s stage.
Others fi nd many more ways to broaden thei r knowl
edge. Ti me, pl ace, and experi ence wi l l determi ne how
far you want to go. Here are some suggesti ons:
ATTRACTING BI RDS BY FEEDI NG
Bi rds were here l ong before peopl e fed
them-and they wi l l conti nue to feed
and care for themsel ves. But i f severe
col d or i ce cuts off the food suppl y of
wi nter bi rds, cooperati ve effor ts are
someti mes essenti al to save them. If
you want to attract bi rds to your yard
or wi ndow, then feedi ng them wi l l hel p.
Pl ace feed on a pl atform or wi ndow
shel f to retard spoi l i ng and to provi de
some protecti on from predators . Fi nd
out how to bui l d feedi ng stati ons. Set
them near shrubbery to gi ve the bi rds
shel ter. Pl ace l umps of suet i n wi re
contai ners for creepers, chi ckadees,
nuthatches, and woodpeckers. Smal l
grai n (sunfl ower seeds , hemp, mi l l et,
and canary seed) wi l l attract seed
eaters. At a wi ndow stati on you can
watch bi rds feed.
Siskins and other
finches enjoy sunflower and thistle seeds
ATTRACTI NG BI RDS BY WATE R
I NG Bi rds need dri nki ng and bathi ng
water j ust as much as they need food.
A wateri ng pl ace wi l l attract bi rds dur
i ng warm months when wi l d food i s
avai l abl e. Bi rds l i ke movi ng, shal l ow
water. A dri ppi ng hose or a tri ckl e of
water runni ng i nto a one-i nch pan wi th
gravel on the bottom i s excel l ent. An
ol d bucket wi th a tri angul ar pi ece of
cl oth pul l ed through a dr i p hol e and
hung over an ol d baki ng pan wi l l do as
wel l as any el aborate cement pool .
ATTRACTI NG BI RDS WITH COV ER
AND SHELTER Bi rds need cover for
protecti on agai nst wi nd, col d, and
enemi es. The best ki nd of cover for
bi rds is shrubs and vi nes that provi de
food as wel l as a pl ace to hi de. Pl ant
that look attracti ve to us are not nec
essari l y attractive to bi .ds . Nati ve
pl ants that retai n thei r frui t i n wi nter
are best . Nesti ng boxes are sel dom
sati sfactory unl ess they are bui l t wi th
a speci fi c bi rd i n mi nd. A box for a
wren must be very di fferent from one
for a flicker. Get compl ete i nstructi ons .
Drip-bucket
provides water
Martin box
Wren house
WeeH 88L Ns-em
d
Bui l d a box that can be easi l y cl eaned and used year
after year. Don' t pl ace boxes too cl ose; three or four
nesti ng boxes t o an acre are usual l y enough. Most bi rds
set up thei r own "terri tory" and wi l l keep other bi rds out.
CREATING A LOCAL REFUGE A group of peopl e may
fi nd a way to create a l ocal bi rd refuge to hel p bi rds
care for themsel ves . Most communi ti es have swamp or
wastel and whi ch can easi l y be devel oped i nto a bi rd
refuge. Parks, gol f courses, and cemeteri es have been
successful . Ampl e water suppl y i s needed . Smal l dams
across a brook wi l l create shal l ow ponds that attract
many bi rds. Swamp pl ants and grasses shoul d be en
couraged as seed producers . Evergreens may be pl anted
for shel ter.
BIRD PHOTOGRAPHY Hunti ng wi th a gun i s gi vi ng
way to hunti ng wi th a camera. Onl y a few speci es of
game bi rds may be shot, but you may photograph any
bi rd. Bi rd photography offers thri l l s and hard wor k. I t
call s for pati ence and ski l l , but one fi ne shot makes i t al l
worthwhi l e. Use a camera wi th a focal pl ane shutter and
a fast l ens. A fl ash bul b i s usual l y necessary for cl ose
photos even in dayl i ght, because many bi rds prefer to
feed i n the shade.
Steller's Jay (11 ln.), only crested lay of the western conifers
BI RD BANDI NG Thi n al umi num bands are put
around bi rds' l egs to hel p i n sci enti fi c studi es .
From the 43 mi l l i on bi rds banded we have l earned
much about mi grati ons, fl yways, l i fe spans, pop
ul ati on changes, and annual returns to the same
nesti ng or wi nteri ng areas .
Cooperati on of thousands of amateurs has
greatl y assi sted sci enti fi c study of bi rds . I f you fi nd
a banded bi rd si ck or dead (except a pi geon), l ook
for a seri al number, l i ke " 1 240-24401 " or "509-
30091 . " An address ei ther outsi de or i nsi de the
band may read "A vi se Bi rd Band Wri te Wash DC
USA". Wri te the number on a postcard, stati ng
I
when, where, how, and by whom the bi rd was
found. Send the card to the Bird Banding Labore-
d and neck.
"
"
Smaller Redhead (14V2 H. )has gray
(14 in.) with its long down-curved bill
and the Marbled Godwit(l6 in.)with
its up-curved bill.
...
Jd
SPOTTED SANDPI PER (6V. i n . ) Thi s is our onl y sand
pi per wi th a strongl y spotted breast. I n many i nl and
l ocal i ti es thi s i s the most common shorebi rd and the onl y
breedi ng sandpi per. The spots are present onl y i n the
breedi ng season, but the teeteri ng wal k and the narrow
wing beats and l ow fl i ght are
di sti ncti ve. The Sol i tary Sandpi per
(7 i n. ) , seen duri ng mi grati on,
has a whi te eye ri ng, and barred
whi te feathers on the si des of the
tai l .
LEAST SANDPI PER Best known an d smal l est of the
smal l sandpi pers, thi s bi rd prefers mud fl ats and sal t
marshes. Note i t s smal l si ze (43/4 i n. ) , ri ch brown back,
breast band, yel l owi sh l egs, and sl ender, strai ght bi l l .
The Semi pal mated ( 5 i n . ) and Western (51/4 i n . ) Sand
pi pers, often found wi th the least, have grayer backs,
stouter bi l l s, and bl ack l egs; the
-.
The sout heast ern Chuc k-wi l l ' s
wi dow ( 1 1 i n . ) has buff on the throat
and under the tai l . The smal l west
ern Common Poor-wi l l ( 7 i n . ) has
onl y tiny square whi te patches at
the corners of the tai l .
Z
d
COMMON YELLOWTHROAT (4V. i n . ) Thi s is a
warbl er of marshes and moi st waysi de shrubbery. The
bl ack mask and yel l ow throat mark the mal e. The femal e
has the yel l ow throat but no mask. I ts whi ti sh bel l y and
absence of wi ng bars ai d i denti fi
cati on. The Kentucky Warbl er (4V2
i n. ) of southeastern woodl ands has
a l arge yel l ow eye ri ng, bl ack crown
and si deburns, and enti rel y yel l ow
underparts.
OVENBI RD Thi s i s another ground- l ovi ng warbl er
often seen wal ki ng i n the l eaves, i ts tai l bobbi ng. The
Ovenbi rd (5 i n . ) resembl es a smal l thrush: pl ai n ol i ve
brown above wi th a streaked breast. The orange crown
wi th bl ack borders and a narrow
eye ri ng make i denti fi cati on posi
tive. I ts "teacher, teacher, teacher"
song i s easy to remember. Watch
for i t i n eastern deci duous forests .
Young l ack the orange crown.
NORTHERN WATERTHRUSH These pl ump warbl ers
stay near the ground i n swamps and brooks . The North
ern Waterthrush (5 i n . ) has a di sti nct yel l owi sh cast to
the heavi l y streaked underparts, and usual l y a buffy eye
l i ne. The more southern loui si ana
Waterthrush (5V. i n . ) is whi ter be
l ow, except for the buffy l ower
fl anks; i ts throat i s unstreaked, the
eye l i ne whi te and broader. Both
speci es teeter l i ke sandpi pers .
round on smo s-
onorneorshoreofoke
orpond.
I n shoow wofer. foof-
ngomongrushes nokes
ondponds.
Hghup nfreeorcffneor
wofer.
I n frees, buf neor wofer,
occos ono yonground.
I nfreesorshrubs,- Z ff.
up.
ff. d omefer mound n
morshes or wef grossy
meodows.
Ondrygroundneorwofer,
offen onsmo s ond.
On ground omong h
R
h
gross or reeds, usuo y
neorwofer.
Usuoyonroundngmss
or brush. omefmes for
fromwofer.
Upfo0 ff.omvegmund,
no hoe nfreeorsfump.
\
Mo n y fsh, crobs, some
nsecfs ond mor ne o -
goe.
rof sh, crusfoceons,
smo1f sh,ond nsecfs.
Mo n y fsh, o so crusfo-
ceons,frogs,ondmce.
Mo n y fsh, oquofc n-
secfsondcrusfoceons.
I nsecfs, esreco y gross-
hoppers, rogs, sp ders.
A sofcks.
5fems,seeds,ondroofsof
oquofcp onfs.
Fondweeds, grosses,
seeds of wheof, borey,
sedges.
Fondweeds, w d rce
ond ofher seeds, oquofc
nsecfs.
5ome osMo ord.
W d r ce, /ondweeds,
ocorns,see s, ond frufs,
some nsecfs.
J4
Pog
e Nome Migration
W
Arrive Depart 5ze(in.) No.
3 Norfhern Fnfo NT M-5epf Wk M-Apr Z.Z X 1 . - Z
5fL L-5epf Ir L-Apr 5 m orfoMo ord.
5f b-5epf Wk L-Apr
Fermonenfkesdenf
3Z Convosbock DC b-Nov Wkb-Apr Z. X . - 0
NTM-Ocf Wk M-Apr Ove groyordu green.
5fL L-Ocf WkL-Apr
5f M-Ocf WkL-Apr
33 Common DC M-Nov Wkb-Apr Z. X . 7 - 7
Mergonser b M-Ocf WkL-Apr Foebuff, unmorked.
5fL M-Nov WkM-Apr
Fermonenfkesdenf
34 AmerconCoof DC M-Ocf Wkb-Moy . VX . 3 8- Z
NT b-Ocf Ir L-Nov Lghf buff, specked wfh
5fL M-feb 5k M-Nov dorkbrownorbock.
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
3 K ldeer NT b-Mor 5k b-Nov . X . 4
b L-Mor 5k L-Ocf uff or dorker, heovy
5fL L-feb 5k L-Nov spoffedormoffed.
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
3 Common 5n pe DC M-5epf Ir b-Moy .X . Z 4
5fL L-feb Ir L-Nov Fo e o ve f o brown,
5f
b-5epf Wkb-Moy
Fermonenfkesdenf
dorkerspofsondspecks.
37 Lesser DC b-Apr Ir M-Ocf . X . 3-
Tel owegs NT b-Apr Ir b-Ocf uffl wfh bod bofches
5fL b-Apr Ir b-Ocf of c ocoofe ond bock-
5f b-Aug Ir b-Moy sh.
38 5poffed DC M-Apr 5k L-5epf . 3 X 0.V 4
5ondp per b b-Moy 5k M-5epf Wh fe fo creom, heovy
5fL M-Apr >k b-Ocf morked wfh dork brown
L-Apr 5k M-Ocf ond bock.
3V Leosf5ondpper DC L-Apr Ir L-5epf . Z . 0 3-4
5fL b-Apr Ir L-Ocf Fo e brown or groy,
5f b-Juy Wk M-Moy momedwfh bmwn, groy,
b-Moy Ir L-5epf orbock.
40 HerrngOu DC M-5epf Wk M-Moy Z.V X . V 3-4
NT L-Aug WkL-Moy Vorobe. Wh f shfo groy
5fL M-Ocf WkL-Apr orbmwn,bmwnspofsond
5f L-Ocf Wk M-Apr bofches.
moferols
5frow, gross, rushes,
ned wfh down.
keeds, nedwfh
down.
Leoves, grosses, moss,
nedwfhdown.
Heops of reeds,
rushes, ond coorse
gross.
5ghfdepresson
ned w f h
eb es,
grosses,or
ebrs.
5ghfde
resson
nedw f
g
gross.
5
hfdepssonwfh
ff
eorno n ng.
5 ghfde
resson
nedwf
g
grosses.
5 ghf depress on,
spor ngy ned w fh
gross.
5eoweeds, morsh
ponfs, ch ps, feofh-
ers, she s. 5ome-
fmesnonesf.
Nm
Locofon
On dry ground n f he
open.
On ground n reeds or
rushes,neorwofer.
On ground, beneofh
bushes ond befween
bouden,or noho e no
free.
On ground neor wofer,
somefmes hof ooof.
A hoow n
round, n
posfuresorhe
ds.
Ongroundoronsghfe -
evofonnmeodows,open
monhes,orbogs.
On
uofcponfs,
some mo
uscs, ond
oquofc nsecfs.
fsh, croyfsh, frogs, oc-
cosonooquofc nsecfs.
Duckweeds ond ofher
oquofc p onfs. Mo uscs,
crusfoceons, ond oquofc
nsecfs.
Mo n y nsecfsondeorfh-
worms, smol l crusfo-
ceons.
l nsecfs, crusfoceons,
worms, seeds of swomp
ondoquofc ponfs.
5mo fsh,sno s,worms,
crusfoceons, ond some
nsecfs.
Mo n y nsecfs, worms,
spden, ond smo crus-
foceons.
Aquofc nsecfs, worms,
ond smo crusfoceons.
5mohsh,mo uscs,crus-
foceons, nsecfs, gor-
boge,b ueberres.
d0
Foge Nome Mleration
onds.
Onground,rockedge,or
ho
[
ow og n sec uded
poces, neor wofer or n
woods.
I n frees: -0 ff. up or
on rocks. Ospreys nesf
o ongcoosfs.
I nfreefopsorc ffs,30-V0
ff. '' n foresfed or
woo ed reg ons, neor
sfreoms,okes,oroceon.
Usuo y n frees: p nes
referred, Z- ff. up.
ore yonground.
I nfo frees, Z0-80ff. up,
nforesforeosor nsmo
groves.
I n covfy offree, c ffem-
bonkmenf, 7-80 ff. up,
offen n forms or or-
chords.
On ground n bushy pos-
fures, mooronds, gross,
ondgro nf eds.
Ongmund,ofboseoffe
n wooded up onds or
densefhckef,underogs.
On ground n
J
ross fon-
ges, open fe s, hedge-
rows.
\
Fm
feeds o mosf who y on
smo f sh, buf oso some
nsecfs.
Corr on.
A mosfenf re yfsh.
Mosf yf sh,somerodenfs
ondo fewb rds.
Mo n y w d b rds ond
poufry, some mommos,
ofher verfebrofes ond
nsecfs.
Mo n y rodenfs, some
repfesondpoufry.
Lorgey nsecfs, some ro-
denfs, zords, ond smo
b rds.
Corn,wheof,bor ey, w d
frufs,ond nsecfs.
Leoves, buds, ond frufs
of foresf p onf s. Occo-
s ono nsecfs.
Corn ond 9ro n. kog-
weed, e:e ezo, ocorns,
ondwee seeds.
Jd
Foge Nome Migrofion tggs
Arrve Deporf 5ze(in.) No.
kockDove Fermonenfkesdenf . X . Z-3
fhroughouffsronge Whfe,unmorked.
Z Mourn ngDove DC Fermonenfkesdenf . X 0. Z
NT M-Mor 5k M-Nov Whfe, unmorked.
b L-Mor 5k L-Ocf
5f L-Mor 5k M-Nov
3 Telow-b ed DC b-Moy 5k L-5epf . Z X 0.V Z-4
Cuckoo NT b-Moy 5k L-5epf Lghf b ush green, un-
5fL L-Apr 5k L-5epf morked, occos ono y
5f L-Moy 5k L-5epf moffed.
4 Common Fermonenf kesdenf . X . Z -
om-Ow excepfofnorfhern Whfe,unmorked.
edgeoffsronge
Oreof Homed Fermonenfkesdenf Z.3 X . V Z-3
Ow fhroughouf fsronge koughwhfe,unmorked.
bosfernond Fermonenfkes denfs . 4 X . 3 3-
Wesfern fhroughouffhe rronge Whfe, unmorked.
5creech-Ows
7 Ch mney5wff DC M-Apr 5k b-Ocf 0. 8 X 0. 4-
L-Apr 5k b-5epf Whfe,unmorked.
5fL b-Apr 5k b-Ocf
8 Wh p-poor-w ll DC L-Apr 5k M-5epf . Z X0. 8 Z
b-Moy 5k M-5epf Creomywh f e, spoffed
5fL M-Apr 5k M-Ocf wfhbrown.
9 Common DC b-Moy 5k L-5epf . Z X0. V Z
Nghfhowk M-Moy 5k M-5epf Du wh fe, spoffed wfh
5fL L-Apr 5k b-Ocf groyondbrown.
b-June 5k L-5epf
0 kuby-fhmofed DC L-Apr 5k L-5epf 0. X 0. 4 Z
Humm ngb rd NT M-Moy 5k M-5epf Whfe, unmorked.
5fL L-Apr 5k b-Ocf
moferols
5fcks,sfrow, ond
debrs.
5fems, sfrows, some-
tmeseovesond
moss.
5fcks, roofefs,
sfrows, pne needes,
chens.
5omefmesrubbshor
debrs. Usuoy no
nesf.
5omefmes uses od
howk nesfs, some-
fmesnone.
No nesf, or uses ony
ovo ob emofer o .
Coorsefwgs,he dfo-
gefher by so vo of
rd.
No nesf consfrucfon.
Uses s ghf depres-
s on neoves.
None. gs o d on
boresuroce.
Fonf-down,bfsof -
chen oufs de, bound
by fhreods of sovo
ondspderweb.
Nests
Locofon
u d ng [ 30 ff . ond
h gher] , on she fered
eovesoredge.
I nfrees[p nes preferred}
Z-4 ff. obove ground, n
upond, somefmes nwef
owonds.
I n frees or fh ckefs, 3-Z0
ff. up. Frefers morgnsof
woods,orchords,orfhck-
efs.
Iree cov f es, sfeep es,
borns. 5omefmes under-
ground nburrowsorhoes
nembonkmenfs.
I n orgefrees[preferob y
p nes} 0-V0 ff. up.
5omef mes nfreehoow
orevenonground.
Ho ow of free [-0 ff.
up] , cronny, nook of
bu d ng.
Usuo yneortopofch m-
neysor rorey nbornsor
sheds, somefmes nsde
wes.
On ground, usuo y n
bruswood mor ns,on
we-ro ned on.
Onmund,rock, oronof
roos of bu d ng, n open
feds, posfures, or cfy
ofs.
Foced or "sodded" on
bronch of free3-0 ff.
oboveground.
J
Corn, oofs, weed seeds,
formg eon ngs.
Wheof, corn, gross, ond
weedseeds.
I nsecfs, mosfy coforp -
ors, nc ud ng ho ryspe-
ces.
Mce, rofs, gophers, ond
somebrds.
kobb fs, squ rre s, rofs,
w db rdsondpoufry.
kodenfs, smo b rds,
frogs,fsh,ond nsecfs.
f es, mosqu foes, ond
ofhersmo nsecfs,
coughf n ghf.
Mofhs, y ng onfs, ond
ofher nsecfs coughf n
ghf.
5m orfoWh p-poor-w .
Necf or of owers ond
smo nsecfs.
\ 4
Foge Nome mgrofon tggs
Arrve 0eporf 5ze[n.) No.
efedKnghsher DC Fermonenfkesdenf . 3 X .0 -8
b b-At 5k L-Ocf Oossywhfe, unmorked.
5fL L-fe 5k L-Nov
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
Z ked-heoded DC Fermonenf kesdenf . 0 . 0 4-
Woodpecker NT b-Moy Ir L-5epf
5fL Fermonenfkesdenf
Whfe, unmorked.
3 Norfhern DC Fermonenfkesdenf . X 0. V -V
f cker NT M-Mor 5k L-Ocf Oossywhfe,unmorked.
b M-Apr 5k M-Ocf
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
4 Te ow-be ed DC L-5epf Wk b-Moy 0. V X 0. 7 -7
5opsucker b M-Apr Ir L-Ocf Oossywhfe,unmorked.
5fL b-Mor Ir M-Nov
5f b-Ocf WkL-Apr
Downy Fermonenfkesdenf 0. 8X 0. 4-
Woodpecker fhroughouffsronge Wh fe, unmorked.
bosfernKngbrd DC L-_r 5k M-5epf . 0X 0. 7 3-4
NT b- oy 5k b-5epf Creomy wh f e, spoffed
5fL L-Apr 5k L-5epf wfh brown.
M-Moy 5k M-5epf
7 OreofCresfed DC b-Moy 5k M-5epf 0. V X 0. 7 3-
fycofcher b M-Moy 5k b-5epf Creomy, sfreoked w f h
5f L L-Apr 5k M-5epf brown.
8 bosfernFhoebe DC M-Mor 5k L-Ocf 0. 8 X 0. 4-
NT M-Mor 5k M-Ocf Whfe, occosonoy spof-
5fL M-Mor 5k L-Ocf fed wfh brown.
V Leosffycofcher DC b-Moy Ir L-5epf 0. X 0. 3-4
b b-Moy 5k b-5epf Wh fe, unmorked.
5fL b-Moy Ir b-Ocf
70 Homed Lork Fermonenfkesdenf 0. 8 X 0. 3-
nfheUnfed5fofes Du whfe, specked wfh
brownorpurpe.
moferols
Nesf ned wfh fsh-
bonesondscoes,
eoves,gross.
Agourd-shopedhoe,
poddedwfhch ps.
Hoe, podded w f h
chps.
Hoe, nedwfhch ps.
Oourd-shoped exco-
vofon: - 0 n. deep.
koofefs, mss, fwne,
ho r,woo1. Lnedwfh
fnegross,moss.
Iwgs, ross, eoves,
moss, eofhers, ond
usuo yo cosf-off
snokesk n.
Ofmud,coveredwfh
moss ond deod
eoves, ned w f h
ross roofefs, moss,
eofhers.
Orosses, bork fbers,
ned w f h feofhers
ond ofher soff mofe-
ros.
Depress on, oose y
fed w fh gross, f-
bers,feofhers.
Nesfs
Locofon
Af endof burrow n bonk
orbuff.Usuoynofmore
fhon 0 ff. up. Usuo y
neorwofer.
bxcovof ons n frees,
posfs, poes:-80 ff. up.
Covfy 0-Z4 n. deep n
frees, snogs, poes: n. -
0ff. up.
Covf ndeodorvefree
8-40 f. up, n woods or
orchords.
I ndeod mb -0 ff. up,
woodonds,orchords.
Onhorzonfomboffe,
bushes,eoves,fencems,
brdges: Z-0 ff.up.
Cov fy n deod mb or
posf . 5omef mesbu d-
ngs,3-70 ff.up.
I n she f er of undercuf
bonks, f ree roofs, cu -
ver f s, eoves, or ns de
fombudngs, -20ffup.
fork of free or uprghf
fwgs: Z-0 ff. up. Usu-
o yo ongwoodmorgns.
On round, n cu f vofed
fes,sonddunes,orbor-
ren s onds, n cover of
gross ond moss.
\ 4 \
Fm
Mo n yfsh, some crusfo-
ceonsondfrogs.
eefes, onfs, ofher n-
secfs. Acorns, ofher w d
frufsondseeds.
Anfs, beefes, ond ofher
nsecfs. Wd frufs ond
seeds.
Anfs, beefes, ofher n-
secfsondfhe reggs.Wood
ond sop,w dfrufs.
Anfs ond borng nsecfs,
spden,snos. 5omefrufs
ondseeds.
ees,onfs, grosshoppen,
beefes, efc. Aso some
wdfrufs.
Mofhs, grosshoppers,
!i:n
r;
I
secfs. Oc-
f y ng nsecfs: beef es,
es, mof hs, efc. 5ome
w dfruf,fewseeds.
5mo nsecfs: es, mos-
qu foes, mofhs,beefes.
Mxed def of nsecfs ond
[nwnfer} seedsofweeds
ond grosses.
4Z
Foge Nome mgrofon
W
Arrve 0eporf 5ze[n. ) No.
7 FurpeMorfn DC L-Mor 5k b-5epf .0X 0. 7 4-
NT M-Apr Ir L-Aug Whfe,unmorked.
5fL L-Mor 5k M-5epf
7Z Iree5woow DC L-Mor Ir M-Ocf 0. 7 X 0. 4-7
M-Apr 5k M-5epf Whfe, unmorked.
5fL M-Mor 5k L-Ocf
5f b-Mor 5k L-Ocf
73 orn 5woow NT b-Apr 5k L-5epf 0. 8X 0. 3-
5fL b-Apr 5k L-Ocf Wh f e, spoffed w fh
5f L-Mor 5k M-Ocf brown.
M-Apr 5k M-5epf
74 ock-b ed Fermonenfkesdenf . 3X 0.V 4-8
Mogpe fhroughouffsronge Oroysh, heovy morked
wfhbrown.
7 AmerconCrow Fermonenfkesdenf . X . Z 3-
excepfnConodo Vorobe. Foegreenshor
b u s h, toffed or
bofched wf brown.
7 ueJoy Fermonenfkesdenf . X 0.V 4-
fhroughouffsronge Oreenshfoove,spoffed
buf rregu or nwnfer wfh brown.
nf henorfh
77 Whfe-breosfed Fermonenf kesdenf 0. 8 X 0. -8
Nufhofch fhroughouf fsronge Wh fe, rore y p nk sh,
specked orspoffed wfh
brown.
78 ock-copped Fermonenfkesdenf 0. X 0. -8
Chckodee fhroughouffsronge Whfe,fneyspoffedwfh
brown.
7V IuffedIfmouse Fermonenfkesdenf 0. 7 X 0. -8
fhroughouffsronge Whfe fo buff, specked
wfhgroysh brown.
80 rown Creeper DC b-Ocf WkL-Apr 0.X 0. -8
NT L-5epf Wk b-Moy Wh f e, speck ed w f h
5f L L-5epf Wk L-Apr brown.
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
moferols
Leoves, gross, sfrow,
fwgs.
Oross, n ngof
feofhers.
Mud renforcedw fh
ponfmofer o . L ned
wfhfeofhers.
Lorgenesfofsfcks
onmud, n ngof
roofefsorhorseho r.
Iwgs ond sfcks,
nedwfhroof efs,
vnes,gross.
Iwgsondroofefs,
nedwfhgross,
feofhers.
Oross, onf fbers,
fwgs, ho r, ond
feofhers.
Moss, ho r, feofhers,
gross, ned w fh
ponfdown.
Leoves, moss, bork,
nedwfhfeofhers.
Iwgs, ponffbers,
somefmes ned wfh
spderweb,feofhers,
orho r.
Nesf8
locofon
I n covfes of frees, hoes
n c ffs: 3-30 ff. h gh.
freuenf uses mu -
ceed b rdhouses.
Ho ows ond covfes n
frees, woodpecker hoes,
crevces nbu d ngs,oso
b rdhouses, Z-0 ff. up.
Common y nborns, ouf-
bu d ngs, porches, -Z0
ff. up. Nesfodheresfoon
upr ghfsurfoce.
I nbushesondfrees:8-30
ff. up.
I n frees [preferoby pne
woods},heghf 0-70ff.
I n o forkoffree: -0 ff.
up. Frefersevergreenfor-
esfs.ufoffen nsuburbs,
forms,ondv oges.
A cov f or deserfed
woodpecerhoe: -0 ff.
up. Mof ure frees pre-
ferred.
Covfy nroffed sfump or
mb, or deserfed wood-
peckerhoe, -0 ff. up.
Deserfed woodpeckers'
hoes or sfumps: Z-8 ff.
up.
I n frees, beh nd or be-
fweenoosebork:- ff.
up. Us uo y n deep
woods.
4J
fm
fyng nsecfs: es, bees,
beefes, y ng onf s,
mofhs.
f es, mofhs, bees, bee-
fes ond ofher y ng n-
secfs. Uses boyberres os
o w nferfood.
bnf re y y ng nsecfs:
es, bees,onfs, beefes.
Orosshoppers, ofher n-
secfs, corr on, s mo
mommo s, w d ond cu -
fvofedfrufs.
Corn ond ofher gro ns,
weed seeds, wd frufs,
grosshoppers ond ofher
nsecfs.
Acorns, beechnufs, corn
ondofhergro n. 5ome n-
secfs, eggs, ond young
b rds.
eefes, onfs, ofher n-
secfsondfhe reggs. Aso
seeds n w nfer. Frefers
sunowerseeds.
I nsecfs ond fher eggs,
weedondfreeseeds,wd
frufs.
Anfs, bugs, ondofher n-
secfs, some seeds ond
frufs.
Mo n y nsecfs: beef es,
bugs, coferp ors, onfs,
nsecfeggs.
\ 44
Nome
8 HouseWren
8Z kuby-crowned
Kngef
83 Uoden-crowned
K ng ef
84 ue-gro
Onofcofc er
8 bosfern ueb rd
8 WoodIhrush
87 HermfIhrush
88 Amercon kobn
8V OroyCofb rd
V0 Norfhem
Nock ngb rd
Migration
Arrive Depart
DC M-Apr 5k M-Ocf
NT L-Apr 5k b-Ocf
5fL M-Apr 5k M-Ocf
5f b-Mor 5k L-Ocf
NT b-Apr Ir L-Ocf
M-Apr Ir M-Ocf
5fL b-Ocf Ir L-A&r
M-Apr 5k M- cf
DC b-Ocf
NT L-5epf
Wk M-Apr
Wk M-Apr
5fL L-5epf Wk L-Apr
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
DC M-Apr 5k M-5epf
5k b-5epf NT L-Apr
5fL L-Mor 5k L-5epf
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
DC Fermonenfkesdenf
NT M-Mor 5k M-Nov
5fL L-feb 5k L-Nov
Fermonenfkesdenf
DC L-Apr 5k M-Ocf
NT b-Moy 5k b-Ocf
M-Moy 5k M-5epf
5fL L-Apr 5k b-Ocf
DC M-Ocf Wk b-Moy
NT b-Apr 5k M-Nov
M-Apr 5k b-Nov
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
DC Fermonenfkesdenf
NT b-Mor 5k M-Nov
5fL Fermonenfkesdenf
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
DC L-Apr 5k L-Ocf
NT b-Moy 5k b-Ocf
5fL L-Apr 5k M-Ocf
DC Fermonenfkesdenf
5fL Fermonenfkesdenf
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
E
gg
Size (in.) No.
0. 7 X 0. - 0
Du wh fe, densey spof-
fed wfh brown.
0. X 0. 4 4-V
Whfe fo creom. 5 m or
fo Ooden-crowned K ng-
ef.
0. X 0. 4 - 0
Whfe f o creom, spoffed
wfh poe brown.
0. X 0. 4-
Wh f e or b u s h wh fe,
speckedwfhbrown.
0. V X 0. 7 4-
Foe bue, rore y
unmorked.
wh fe,
. X0. 8 3-
r ghf jreen shb ue, un-
morke .
0. V X 0. 7 3-4
Oreen sh b ue, un-
morked.
. Z X0. 8 3-
Oreen sh
spoffed.
b ue, rore y
0. V X 0. 7 4-
Deep green sh b ue or
b u shgreen, unmorked.
.0X0. 8 3-
Oreen shfob ue, spoffed
brown, mosfy of orge
end.
moferols
Iwgs, sfems, gmsses,
ned wfh feofhers,
ho r.
Fonf down, covered
by mosses ond -
chens. ound w f h
ponffbers.
Oreen mosses, ned
wfh fne nner bork,
b ock roof efs, ond
feofhers.
Iendr s, f ne bork,
ond grosses. f r m y
woven ond covered
w fhchens.
Orosses, mofefs, hor,
ond some feofhers.
Leoves, roofefs, f ne
fws. frmy woven,
wf nner wo of
mud.
Moss,grosses,eoves.
L ned w f h roof efs
ondp neneedes.
Mud wo ond bof-
fom, renforced wfh
gross, fwne, fwgs.
Lnedwfhgross.
Iwgs ond eoves.
Lnedwfhbork
shreds, roofefs.
u ky nesf of coorse
fw gs, weed sfems,
shreds,sfr ng,rogs.
Ne8M
locofon
A covfy n hoow free:
-0 ff. up. Wood onds,
formyords, ond n cfes.
rd boxes common y
used.
I nconfen, offen sodded
ono mb; -0 ff. up.
I nconferousfrees,
j
orfy
susendedfromfwtgs:4-
0 f.up.
Ono bronchor nocrofch
nfree neorwofer, 0-70
ff. up.
I n ho ow frees, deserfed
woodpeckerho es, ond
brdhouses, 3-30 ff. up.
Usuo y n sop ngs n
woods, 3-40 ff.up.
Onorneorground np ne
orhemockwoods.
I n free crofch or omong
bronches, -70 ff. up. I n
woodsoropencounfry.On
bu dngs, nrurooreos.
I n shrubbery, fh ckef, -
0 ff. ond rorey Z ff.
up. Frefers dense ow-
onds.
I nshrubs,fhckefs,vnes,
neorhouses, - ff. up,
roreyh gher.
43
food
5mo nsecfs: bugs, bee-
fes,coferp ors,efc.
Anfs, ponf ce, sco e n-
secfs, ond nsecf eg
s.
Occos ono use of wt d
frufs.
I nsecfs: es, beef es,
p onfce, nsecfeggs.
Mo n y smo nsecfs:
beefes,es,coferp ors,
mofhs.
Monr nsecfs, nc ud ng
beefes, weev s, ond
grosshopers. Aso ho y,
dogwood, ond ofherw d
frufs.
eef es, onf s, coferp -
ors, ond ofher nsecfs.
5omewdfrufsondweed
seeds.
food s m or fo Wood
Thrush.
Oordenond fe d nsecfs,
worms, c u f vofed ond
w dfrufs.5omeseeds.
food s m or fo Mock ng-
b rd.
eef es, grosshoppers,
ond ofher nsecfs, some
wdfmf nseongrope
ond ho ypreferred.
4b
"
Nome
V rownIhrosher
VZ CedorWoxwng
V3 Log!erheod
5hr e
V4 buroeon
5for ng
V Te owWorber
V ock-ond-wh fe
Worber
V ock-fhroofed
ue Worber
V8 Common
Te owfhroof
V8 Ovenb rd
V8 Norfhern
Woferfhrush
Migration
Arrve Deporf
DC b-Apr 5k M-Ocf
NT L-Apr 5k M-Ocf
L-Apr 5k M-5epf
5fL M-Mor 5k M-Nov
DC b-5epf Wkb-June
NT M-Moy 5k M-Nov
5fL L-5epf WkM-June
Fermonenf kesdenf
NT b-Aug Ir L-Ocf
M-Mor Ir L-Ocf
5fL Fermonenfkesdenf
5f Fermonenfkesdenf
Fermonenfkesdenf
fhroughouffsronge,
excef nexfreme
Norl
DC L-Apr 5k M-5epf
NT b-Moy 5k L-Aug
5fL L-Apr 5k M-5epf
5f M-Apr 5k L-5epf
DC M-Apr 5k b-Ocf
NT L-Apr 5k M-5epf
5fL M-Apr 5k L-5epf
DC b-Moy Ir b-Ocf
NT b-Moy Ir L-5epf
M-Moy Ir M-5epf
5fL b-Moy Ir M-5epf
DC L-Apr 5k M-Ocf
NT b-Moy 5k M-Ocf
5fL b-Apr 5k b-Ocf
5f Fermonenf kesdenf
DC L-Apr 5k b-Ocf
NT b-Moy 5k M-5epf
5fL L-Apr 5k b-Ocf
DC L-Apr Ir L-5epf
M-Moy Ir b-5epf
5fL L-Apr Ir L-5epf
En
Size (in.) No.
. . b 3-
Oroyshorgreenshwhfe,
f h c k y spoffed w f h
brown.
0. V X 0. 3-
Oroy sh b ue, speck ed
brownorbock,mosfyof
orgeend.
. 0X0. 8 3-
Du wh fe, spoffed ond
b ofched w f h ghf
brown.
. Z X0. V 4-
Wh f sh or poe bue, un-
morked.
0. 7 X 0. 4-
Foe b u sh whfe, brown
spofs form ng
orgerend.
r ng of
0. 7 X 0. 4-
Oreen sh wh fe fo buff,
spoffed ondbofchedwfh
brown.
0. 7 X 0. 3-
Creomy wh fe, specked
wfh brown ond Ioven-
der,mosfyof orgerend.
0. 7 X 0. 3-
Creomy whfe, specked
wfh brown ond bock,
chey of orgeend.
0. 8 X 0. 4-
Wh f e, spoffed w f h
br own, espec o y
orgerend.
of
0. 8 X 0. 4-
Wh fefo creom
J
, spoffed
wfh brown on groy.
moferols
uky nesf of coone
fw gs, weed sfo ks,
eoves. L ned w f h
roofefs,gross.
uky nesf of bork,
eoves, grosses, roof-
efs, moss, ondsome-
fmesmud.
5frps of bork, smo
fwgs, ond veefobe
f bers, ne w fh
grosses.
Lorge, poor y bu f
nesf of grosses ond
fwgs.
fne rosses ond f-
bers, ned wfh p onf
down, f ne gross,
someho r.
5fr ps of f ne bork,
grosses, ned w fh
roofefsorho n.
ork, f ne grosses,
p ne needes. L n ng
of bockroofefs.
ork, coorse grosses,
deod eoves. L ned
wfh fne gross fen-
drs.
u ky, covered nesf.
bnfronce of one sde.
Of eoves, coorse
grosses,ondroofefs.
Moss, ned wfh fen-
drsondf neroofefs.
Locofon
I n bushes, vnes, brush,
ond owfrees,0- Z ff. up.
Offen n fruf ond shode
frees,-0 ff. up.
I n fhorn hedges or ow
frees, -0 ff. up.
I n hoow offreeor crev-
ce of bu d ng, 3-40 ff.
up. Usesb rd boxes.
In shrubs ond frees, 3-8
ff.up. korey40ff. feds
ondorchords,neorwofer.
On ground, of bose of
frees, ogs, orrocks.
I n heovy undergrowfh of
dense woods, - 0ff. up.
On or neor ground. Usu-
o y n Uumpof gross, n
mosf ocof on.
Oneof-coveredgmundn
openwoods.
On ground n o mossy
bonk or under roofs of
foenfree.
4
eef es, grosshoppers,
coferp on,efc.Asosome
ocorns ond w dfru f.
Wdondcufvofedfmfs:
gropes, dogwood, how-
fhorn, cherres, some n-
secfs.
l nsecfs, grosshopers,
beefes, some smo ro-
denfsondbrds.
eef es, grosshoppers,
ond ofher nsecfs, w d
ond cu f vofedfru fsond
gro n.
Coferpon, weevs, ond
ofhersmo nsecfs.5 ghf
omounfofp onffood.
F onf ce, coferp ors,
beefes, scoe ond ofhe
nsecfs.
Mo n y nsecfs: coferp -
on, smo beefes, p onf
ce,efc.
I nsecfs: conkerworms,
weev s, eofhoppers,
coferp ors, efc.
eef es, grosshoppers,
ondofherround nsecfs.
Wormsonspden.
I nsecfs: beef es, bugs,
coferp on, eofhoppen,
ondspders.
| 4
Foge Nome mgrofon tggs
Arrve Deporf 5ze [n.) No.
00 Te ow-rumped DC L-5epf Wk M-Moy 0.7 X0. 4-
Worber NT L-5epf Wk b-Moy Wh f e, speck ed w f h
5f LM-5epf Wk M-Moy brown,offen fomngrng
5f L-5epf WkL-Apr oforgerend.
00 Amercon DC L-Apr 5k b-Ocf 0. 7 X 0. 4-
kedsfotf b-Moy 5k M-5epf u shwhfe,brownspofs
5fL M-Apr 5k L-5epf occosonoy rngng o@e
end.
00 W son's DC b-Moy Ir L-5epf 0. 7 X 0. 4-
Worber NT M-Moy Ir M-5epf Whfe or p nk sh, brown
5fL b-Moy Ir M-5epf spofs form ng r ng of
5f L-Mor 5k L-5epf orgerend.
0Z ked-eyedV reo DC b-Moy 5k b-Ocf 0. V X 0. 3-4
M-Moy 5k M-5epf Whfe, sporse specked
5fL M-Apr 5k b-Ocf wfhbrownor ock.
b-Moy 5k L-5epf
03 5corefIonoger DC L-Apr 5k b-Ocf 0. V X 0. 7 3-4
M-Moy 5k M-5epf Foe rreensh or b u sh,
5fL L-Apr 5k b-Ocf speck ed brown of orger
end.
04 Norfhem Fermonenfkesdenf 1 .0 X 0. 7 3-4
Cord no Fo e b u sh wh fe, f ne
spoffed w f h redd s
brown.
0 kose-breosfed DC b-Moy Ir b-Ocf 0. V X 0. 7 4-
Orosbeok NT M-Moy 5k M-5epf Foe bue, spoffed wfh
5fL L-Apr 5k b-Ocf brown.
0 lndgounf ng DC L-Apr 5k b-Ocf 0. 7 X 0. 3-4
M-Moy 5k M-5epf Fo e b u s h wh fe, un-
5f L L-Apr 5k L-Ocf morked.
07 kufous-sded NT M-Apr 5k b-Ocf . 0X0. 7 4-
Iowhee L-Apr 5k b-Ocf Whfe or r nk sh, brown
5fL b-Mor 5k L-Nov specksof orgeend.
08 rown Iowhee Fermonenfkesdenf . 0X0. 7 3-4
Vorobe, b u sh morked
wfh purpeond bock.
moferols
Fonf fben, n ng of
grosses.
om, eofsfoks, ponf
down. frmy woven
ond ned wfh roof-
efs.
oofgrossondmoss
wropped n eoves.
Lned w fh f ne roof-
efs.
5frps of bork, poper,
p onf down. f r m y
ondsmoofhywoven.
Lned wfh bork ond
fendrs.
fnefwgsondweeds.
Lned wfh vne fen-
drsondsfems.
ws,roofefs, sfrps
of ork. Lned wfh
grossesondroofefs.
Loose nesf of f ne
f w gs, weeds, roof-
efs.
Urosses, bfs of deod
eoves, bork, ned
w fhne gross, roof-
efs, ho n.
Deod eovesondbork,
ned w fh hne
grosses.
Urosses, weeds, ond
fw gs L ned w f h
roofefs.
Nesfs
Locofon
Conferousfrees n heovy
woods, -40 ff.up.
Usuo y nfhecrofch of o
sop ng 3-30 ff. obove
groun, rore yh gher.
Ongroundomongbushes
nswompy ond.
5uspendedfrom o forked
bronch,3-7 ff. up.
Onhorzonfo mb, offen
neorfsend, 0-70ff.up.
I n fhck bushes or vnes,
Z- 0 ff. up. korey up fo
30 ff.
I n frees or bushes, -Z0
ff. up.
I n crofch of bush or so-
n, - 0 ff. up. kore
y
osghosZ0 ff.
Usuo
|
onground,some-
fmes t n bushes or sop-
ngs,0- 0ff. up.
On ground or n ow
bushes. Less fhon 0 ff.
up.
4
food
Mo n common nsecfs,
buffoesosonvy,bo
/
-
berry, on ofher frufs tn
w nfer.
5mo nsecfs: es, bee-
fes, mofhs, eofhoppers,
efc.
5mo nsecfs, s m or fo
ofher worb ers. Mokes
s ghfuseofp onffood.
Cofeon, mofhs, bugs,
beefes, ond ofher n-
secfs, smo omounf of
w dfruf.
Mo n y nsecfs:onfs,bee-
fes, mofhs, coferp ors.
Dogwood, bockbeny, ond
ofherw dfrufs.
Urode, ho y, bockberry,
w seeds ond o good
mony k ndsof nsecfs.
I nsecfs, nc ud ng bee-
f es, cofe' ors, onf s,
bees. W frufs when
ovo ob e.
D ef m xed: coferp on
ond ofher nsecfs, some
wd frufs,weed seeds.
W d fru f s ond weed
eds.Insecfs,worms,ond
spden.
Oofs ond borey, weed
seeds, coferp ors ond
ofher nsecfs.
Foge Nome g|
Bl uebi rds, *85, 1 44- Whi te-wi nged, 52 Yel l ow-bel l i ed, 69
C
1 45 Dowi tcher, 36 F l yways, * 1 28- * 1 29
Z
Eurasi an Tree, 1 1 0
cheeked, 87 Yel l owthroat ,
Fi el d, 1 1 0- * 1 1 1 ,
Hermi t, *87, 1 1 4, Common
1 50- 1 5 1
1 44- 1 45 Waterthrushes, 98-
M
Fox, 1 1 4- * 1 1 5, Swai nson's, 87 * 99, 1 46- 1 47
<
L 1 50- 1 5 1 Vari ed, 88, * 1 30 Waxwi ng, Bohemi an,
U
Gol den-crowned, Wood, *86, 87, 92
L
Z
1 1 2 1 44- 1 45 Cedar, * 92, 1 46-
.
~-
24~
p
LbN Ulb`