Pht m ting c

Vietsciences- T n

18/01/2006

Chng trnh c ng
I) Pht m ting c
Mu t ting c c 30 ch ci, trong 26 l nhng ch ci La tinh thng
dng. Ngoi ra cn c cc bin m (Umlaute) , , ca cc nguyn m tng
ng v ch (Eszett hay min Nam cn gi l "scharfes s" - s mnh).
Thc ra, l mt dng vit v s dng c bit ca hai ch s-z i i trong mt
s trng hp nht nh c qui nh trong chnh t c, cng ging nh
nhng ch ni (Ligatur/ligature) xut x t ting La tinh nh , trong ting
Php ("e trong o" nh trong "cur", "e trong a" nh trong "Ltitia") v cc th
ting khc.
Hnh dng ca xut x t nhng kiu ch xa ca c nh kiu ch Fraktur
thng dng in sch cho n khong 1941

hay kiu ch Stterlin (do Ludwig Stterlin, 1865-1917, thit k)

l kiu ch vit c dy v s dng trong khong thi gian 1915-1941. Bn c

th nhn ra pht sinh t cch vit ni ch s (vit kiu s-di, cn kiu s-cong
dng cho s cui mt t) vi ch z vit thng. ng ra, trong cc kiu ch
xa ny cn c cc ch ni khc nh c-h, c-k hay t-z nhng ngy nay ch cn
dng s-z tc cn tn ti.
Ch

ASCII-Code ANSI-Code HTML-Code

Alt-225

Alt-0223

ß ß

Alt-132

Alt-0228

ä ä

Alt-148

Alt-0246

ö ö

Alt-129

Alt-0252

ü ü

Alt-142

Alt-0196

Ä Ä

Alt-153

Alt-0214

Ö Ö

Alt-154

Alt-0220

Ü Ü

Theo bng trn bn c th dng cc ch ci ny trn my tnh v trong cc

trang Web nu khng c sn bn phm c (v khi tra cu ti liu
qua www.google.comchng hn, bn phi vit ng chnh t cc t cn tm).
y cng nn ch l khng phi l ch ci Hy lp beta ( vi Unicode
β)
Ngoi ra, k t thng 3 nm 2004 tr i, tn min Internet (domain name)
cng chnh thc a vo s dng cc ch Umlaute (bn cnh cc ch quc
t khc, duy th vn cn phi thay bng s i): chng hn
nh www.sddeutsche.de (mt nht bo ln ca c), nhng ch c Firefox v
Netscape l c h tr sn, cn Internet Explorer th phi ch bn sau (hay phi

t thm plugin).

2) Cc nguyn tc pht m
Sau y chng ta lm quen vi cch pht m ting c. So vi ting Anh chng
hn th ting c vit sao c vy (v ngc li) tng t nh ch Quc ng
ca ngi Vit. Vi nguyn tc , khi ni hay c ngi ta khng b bt c vn
hay ch no - k c m -e hay nhng ph m -t, -d, -s v.v. cui t m ngi
Php chng hn thch "nut". Tuy nhin nhng t mi du nhp t mt ngn ng
khc vo ting c thng vn gi cch pht m nguyn thy ca chng.
(Bm vo du

sau mi t nghe.)

III) Nguyn m n (Vokale)

Ni chung, nguyn m ting c pht m di v ngn ty theo cc ph m hay
nguyn m theo sau n:

nu ch c mt ph m theo sau, nguyn m thng c pht m di

(Rad
, Los
)
nu c h theo sau, nguyn m c pht m di; khi h coi nh thuc
v nguyn m i trc v s khng c vai tr ph m nn khng t pht
m (fahren

, ihnen

khi mt nguyn m i i, n thng pht m di (Meer

ie pht m di (Spiel
, vier
)
nguyn m (khc e) ng mt mnh cui t thng pht m di

(Sofa
, Auto
, Party
)
nguyn m ng trc nhm ph m ck thng pht m ngn

(picken
, Klick
)
ni chung, nu c hai hay nhiu ph m theo sau, nguyn m thng

, Saat

c pht m ngn (Kamm

, Wetter
)
tuy nhin, mt khi t gc mang nguyn m pht m di th cc t xut
pht t cng vn pht m nguyn m di, mc d c th c nhiu
ph m theo sau (haben

gehabt

Bng sau ch cch pht m cc nguyn m vi mt vi t tiu biu lm th d:

m/ch

so snh vi cc th
ting khc

a di

car (Engl.)
chng ta (Vit)

a ngn

langage (Php)

di

jamais (Php)

ngn

aider (Php)
fresh (Anh)

e di

b bi (Vit)
manger (Php)

e ngn

lettuce (Anh)

th d ting c

Rad
fahren
Saat
lachen
Kamm
Kse
hnlich
hrter
lcheln
Feder
lesen
Meer
Wetter
gelb
Igel

i, y di

eel (Anh)
chi li (Vit)

Spiel
ihnen
Party

i ngn

o di

o ngn

inner (Anh)
swimming (Anh)

bureau (Php)
c gio (Vit)
hot (Anh)

innen
schwimmen
Klick
Sofa
Auto
Los
Gott

voyage (Php)

Topf
lsen

di

gn ging: beurre (Php)

ngn

gn ging: heureux
(Php)

Brse

u di

ru em (Vit)
cool (Anh)
loup (Php)

Schule

u ngn

mousse (Php)

, y di

tu (Php)
revue (Php)

bse

gnnen

Krug
Luft
Bus
Gte
lgen
typisch
schtten

, y ngn

lune (Php)

lften
Rhythmus

m [] ca brother (Anh)
e cui t

bse
Gte

C vi im bn chc nhn thy trong bng trn:

y khi trc hay gia mt t c pht m nh (ngn hay di), nhng

khi cui t pht m nh i (cc t ny thng c ngun gc t ting
Anh)
nguyn m ting c nu pht m di thng di v r hn trong ting
Vit hay ting Php
nguyn m hay e khi pht m ngn th kh ging nhau cho nn hi kh
phn bit

IV) Nguyn m kp (Diphthonge)

Ting c ch c 4 nguyn m kp nh trong bng sau:

m/ch
ai
ay
ei
ay

so snh vi cc th
ting khc
hoa mai (Vit)
fly (Anh)

th d ting c

Laie