Ok - Do An Say Go - Bui Dung

N SY G GVHD: TS.
TRN VN VANG
Mc lc
CHNG 1: NGHIN CU TNH CHT VT L CA G
1.1 .Vai tr ca m trong g v mc ch sy g:
1.1.1 Vai tr ca m trong g:
1.1.2 Mc ch sy g:
1.2 TNH CHT CA G LIN QUAN N QU TRNH SY
1.2.1 Cu trc ca g:
1.2.2 Tnh cht ha hc ca g
1.2.3 m G
1.2.3.1 m tng i
1.2.3.2. m tuyt i
1.2.3.3. m cn bng
1.2.3.4. m bo th g
1.2.4.Tnh cht nhit l ca g:
1.2.4.1.Tnh gin n do nhit
1.2.4.2.Tnh dn nhit
* nh hng ca khi lng ring ca g
* nh hng ca m
* nh hng ca nhit
1.2.4.3.Khi lng ring ca g:
1.2.4.4.Nhit dung ring ca g:
1.3.S co rt v bin dng ca g
1.4 Cc trng thi ng sut trong qu trnh sy g
1.5. Cc nguyn nhn sinh ng sut v cc khuyt tt ca g lc sy
1.6. CC PHNG PHP SY G
1.6.1. Phng php sy i lu
1.6.1.1.Phng php sy nng
1.6.1.2.Phng php sy lnh
1.6.2. Phng php sy chn khng
1.6..3. Phng php sy bng in t trng cao tn
1.6.4. Phng php sy tip xc
1.7.CH SY V QUY TRNH SY G:
1.7.1 Ch sy g:
1.7.1.2.C s thnh lp ch sy g
1.7.1.3.Cc loi ch sy g
1.7.2.Qui trnh sy g
1.7.2.1.Cng tc chun b
1.7.2.2.Xp g
SVTH : Bi Ngc Dng - Lp : 06N2 Trang 1
N SY G GVHD: TS.TRN VN VANG
1.7.2.3.Chn v xy dng ch sy
CHNG 2: TNH TON THIT B SY
2.1 Chn phng php sy
2.1.1 Chn thit b sy
2.1.2 Gii thiu phng php sy i lu
2.1.3 Chn tc nhn sy, ch sy v quy trnh sy
2.1.4 Chn vt liu v cch sp xp vt liu trong bung sy
2.2 Tnh ton qu trnh sy l thuyt
2.2.1 Trng thi khng kh bn ngoi
2.2.2 Cc thng s trng thi khng kh trong bung sy
2.2.3 Khi lng g vo v ra trong mi giai on
2.2.4 Cc thng s trng thi mi giai on
2.3 Xc nh kch thc bung sy
CHNG 3: TNH TON NHIT QU TRNH SY
3.1 Tnh ton nhit bung sy theo l thuyt:
3.1.1 Tn tht do vt liu mang i
3.1.2 Tn tht ra mi trng
3.1.3 Nhit lng tiu hao
3.1.4 Lng nhit do tc nhn sy mang i
3.1.5 Tng lng nhit trong qu trnh sy
3.1.6 Lng nhit tiu hao trong qu trnh sy
3.2 Tnh ton qu trnh nhit thc t:
3.2.1 Xc nh cc thng s trong qu trnh sy thc t
3.2.2 Lng khng kh kh thc t
3.2.3 Lng nhit tiu hao thc t
3.2.4 Tng tn tht nhit thc t
3.3 Hiu sut nhit ca h thng sy
CHNG 4: TNH CHN CC THIT B PH TR
4.1 Tnh chn Calorife
4.2 Tnh chn qut
LI NI U
Hin nay, Vit Nam cng nh nhiu nc trn th gii cc sn phm c ch bin t
g ng mt vai tr quan trng khng ch v mt thm m m cn v li ch kinh t. Hu ht
g c khai thc t rng, trong c mt phn khng nh l g khai thc bt hp php, do
lm cho ti nguyn rng ngy cng cn kit. nng cao thc v vic khai thc g,
chng ta cn tng cng trng rng thay th v nng cao kh nng ch bin g nhm s dng
mt cch ti a lng g khai thc.
Vit Nam hin nay c nhiu doanh nghip ch bin g nhng tp trung ch yu
TP H Ch Minh, Bnh Dng v Bnh nh. Cc doanh nghip sn xut ch bin g gp
phn quan trng i vi s pht trin chung ca nghnh sn xut ch bin g xut khu ca
Vit Nam v ng gp mt phn khng nh vo ngn sch ca a phng. Tuy nhin, nhiu
doanh nghip sn xut ch bin g vn cha c nhn thc ng n v vai tr quan trng ca
vic sy g. Mt s doanh nghip c quan tm n vic sy g nhng ch yu l lm theo
kinh nghim, khng theo mt quy trnh bi bn, ng k thut. Trong , hn ch ln nht
ca cc doanh nghip l kh nng nhn bit v tnh cht ca g, t c ch sy ph
hp trnh xy ra cc khuyt tt cho g.
y l ln u tin nhn ti Thit k h thng sy g mang tnh cht o su
chuyn nghnh. Sau thi gian c giao v c s hng dn tn tnh ca Thy gio TS.
Trn Vn Vang em hon thnh xong n ny. Tuy nhin, do kin thc v ti liu tham
kho cn hn ch nn em khng th trnh khi sai st trong qu trnh thit k, v vy em rt
mong c s ch bo ca Thy. Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n Thy.

Sinh vin thc hin : Bi Ngc Dng
CHNG 1:
NGHIN CU TNH CHT VT L CA G
1.2 Vai tr ca m trong g v mc ch sy g:
1.1.1 Vai tr ca m trong g:
Qu trnh sy g l qu trnh rt nc trong g ra, tc qu trnh lm bay hi nc
trong g, qu trnh lm kh g.
Lng nc cha trong g tn ti di nhiu dng khc nhau, ch yu di hai dng:
nc t do v nc lin kt.
Nc t do l nm trong cc khoang bo, rut t bo, nm trong h thng mao qun
ca g nn cn gi l nc mao qun.
Nc lin kt l nc dnh t (nc thm) nm trong vch t bo, gia cc b
sellulose v mt phn lin kt ho hc qua cu hir gia phn t nc v phn t sellulose.
Ranh gii gia hai loi nc trn quyt nh im bo ho th g.
Theo nh bc hc Kebol nghin cu v a ra kt lun: G ch b mc khi m ca g
nm trong phm vi (22 130)%.
Trong phm vi m ca g lm bin dng cong vnh cc x, dm v ct lm gim bn
v sc chu lc ca vt liu.
Trong cc hng mc dn dng th trong gia cng v ch bin g, m gy s co rt v
bin dng hnh th sn phm gia cng nh lm bin mu, b nm, nt n v gim cht lng
thnh phm.
Qua nhiu nghin cu thc nghim cho thy bn c hc ca g tng khi m ca
g gim t (30 0).
Trong cc ngnh s dng g, yu cu v vt liu g phi kh, khng co rt, cong vnh,
c kh nng chng c nm n, trnh s mt mu cng nh chu ng c s tn cng ca
cn trng.G cng kh th dn in dn nhit cng thp, nhit tr tng ln, khi g kh d
thm, tm cc cht cn thit v chng mi mt, tng thi gian s dng g.
1.1.2 Mc ch sy g:
Sy g l qu trnh loi b nc khi g (n m yu cu) nh qu trnh bay hi
nc.Sy g c vai tr rt quan trng, gp phn lm gim khi lng g nhng li tng
cng , nng cao tnh n nh kch thc g trong qu trnh s dng, hn ch s cong
vnh, nt n ca sn phm. ng thi, sy g cn nng cao kh nng dn dnh cc thanh g
vi nhau, kh nng trang sc cho g, kh nng chng nm mc, sinh vt hi g v nng cao
tnh m thanh ca g
Mt vn cn lu trong qu trnh sy g l khu x l nhit,x l gia chng, x l
cui Chng hn, mc ch ca khu x l nhit l lm nng g trong mi trng c m
bo ha khng kh cao v nng cao kh nng thot m ca g giai on sau. Mc ch ca
khu x l gia chng l lm gim hin tng nt n b mt g c th xy ra khi m lp
mt kh qu nhanh, trong khi m bn trong cn rt cao. Khu x l cui cng l nhm loi
b s khng ng u v m g trn b mt ct ngang, loi b ng sut d c th xy ra
cc vt nt ngm v bin dng ca g sau khi sy
1.2 Tnh cht ca g lin quan n qu trnh sy:
1.2.1 Cu to g:
G cng nh nhiu vt liu m khc c cu trc xp. Khong cch gia cc phn t cu to
nn khung vt cht kh ln hn kch thc ca phn t. Khng gian gia cc phn t gi l
cc mao dn hay cc l xp. i vi cc vt liu m th cc mao dn hay l xp cha y
nc.
Cu trc khng gian ca cc mao dn hay l xp rt phc tp. Tnh cht ca n c
xc nh bi mt lot cc yu t nh xp, thm thu, dng v kch thc ca cc l
xp.
xp ca g c xc nh bng cng thc:
V
V V
V
V
k l
v

(1-1)
Trong : V, V
l
, V
k
- Th tch vt liu m, ca cc l xp v ca phn khung vt liu kh,
m
3
;
xp b mt c xc nh theo cng thc:
F
F
L
F

(1-2)
F
L
, - l tng din tch ca cc l xp trn mt ct c din tch F.
Cu to g c lin quan cht ch n tnh cht g v khuyt tt t nhin, l c s cho s nhn
bit, gia cng, ch bin v s dng g. Hiu r vn ny s s dng ng mc ch v
xc nh ch gia cng hp l, qua nng cao c hiu sut s dng g. Chng hn,
trong thin nhin c hai loi g chnh l g l rng (g cng) v g kim (g mm). Trong ,
phn tia g ca loi g l rng chim (510)% th tch cy, vi g l kim tia g ch chim
(12)% th tch cy. ng thi, chng ta cn nm c nhng khuyt tt t nhin ca g
nh: Mt g, khuyt tt hnh dng (cong, tht nhn, u bch, bng lm ), khuyt tt do cu
to (th nghing, lon th, g lch tm, g hai tm )
1.2.2. m ca g:
m c nh hng ln n tnh cht ca g. Nc nm trong g c ba dng: nc mao dn
(t do), nc hp th v nc lin kt.
1.2.2.1 m tng i:
m tng i ca g l hm lng nc cha trong g qui v mt n v khi
lng g ti v c xc nh theo cng thc sau y:

% 100 .
G
G - G
W
o
a

(1-3)
Trong G, G
o
l khi lng g ti v g kh kit, kg.
m tng i ca g bin thin t 0 n 100%.
Trong qu trnh sy do nc bay hi, khi lng g s thay i t G
1
n G
2
, tng
ng m tng i trc lc sy W
a1
v sau khi sy W
a2
. V lng g kh trc lc sy v
sau khi sy u ging nhau nn ta c mi quan h sau:

a2
a1
1
2
W 1
W 1
G
G
(1-4)
Hay:
) W 1 (
G
G
- 1 W
a1
2
1
a2

(1-5)
Trong thc t sy g ta thng xc nh c khi lng g ban u G
1
, m ban
u W
a1
v m cui qu trnh W
a2
sy cn t c, nh vy khi lng g cui qu trnh
sy s l:

a2
a1
1 2
W 1
W 1
. G G
(1-6)
Nh vy trong qu trnh sy, ta ch vic theo di khi lng g s bit c m
hin thi ca chng v bit cn dng sy lc no.
1.2.2.2 m tuyt i ca g : m tuyt i ca g l hm lng nc cha trong g
qui v mt n v khi lng g kh tuyt i (g kh kit) v c xc nh theo cng thc
sau:

% 100 .
G
G - G
W
o
o
(1-7)
Trong thc t ngi ta hay dng khi nim ny ni v m ca g. V l thuyt
gi tr m tuyt i c th nm t 0 n + tu thuc vo lng nc trong g.
Tng t vi m tng i, ta c mi quan h gia lng g trc v sau khi sy
v m tuyt i nh sau:

1
2
1
2
W 1
W 1
G
G
+
+
(1-8)
Quan h gia m tng i v tuyt i nh sau:

a
a
W - 1
W
W
v
1 W
W
W
a
+
(1-9)
Ta c th xc nh lng hi nc thot khi g trong mt n v thi gian nht nh:
a2
a2 a1
1
a1
a2 a1
2 2 1
W 1
W - W
. G
W 1
W - W
. G G G G

(1-10)
hoc xc nh theo m tuyt i:
1
2 1
1
2
2 1
2
W 1
W - W
. G
W 1
W - W
. G G
+
+

(1-11)
Nu sy kh kit hon ton th G = G
a
tc bng lng hi nc cha trong g
Bng 2.1
W
a
, (-) 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 0,3 0,2 0,1 0,0
G
a
, kg 400 233 150 100 66,7 42,9 25 11,1 0
G
o
, kg 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
G, kg
- 167 83 50 33,3 23,8 17,9 13,9 11,1
T bng trn ta thy trong giai on u khi m W
a
cn ln khi gim m 10%
lng hi nc thot ra rt ln, nhng cui qu trnh khi m thp, gim m W
a
cng
cng mt lng 10% th lng m thot ra rt b.
1.2.2.3 m cn bng W
cb
[%] : Nu ta t hai mu g trong mt mi trng
khng kh c m no . Mt mu g c m ban u kh ln v mu kia c m
kh nh, xp x 0%. Ngi ta nhn thy, m ca mu g t c xu hng gim dn v
m ca mu g kh tng dn. m ca hai mu ny c xu hng tim cn dn n mt gi
tr no gi l m cn bng W
cb
. Thc t cho thy m ca hai mu g rt kh t gi
tr cn bng m thng chnh lch nhau t 13% xung quanh gi tr .
Nh vy khi t trong mi trng khng kh th mu g t s kh dn ( m gim)
s thay i m theo ng cong lm kh, qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh lm kh hay kh
hp th. Ngc li mu g kh s m t dn ( m tng) theo ng cong ht m, qu
trnh ny gi l qu trnh ht m hay hp th.
W, %
, h
30
10
0
Wcb W
Quatrnh lam kh cua g
Quatrnh hut m cua g
Hnh 2-1: Qu trnh cn bng m ca g
Theo G.K. Phylonchenko m cn ca vt liu m c xc nh bng:
,%
b
100
.
b
B
n / 1
n / 1
cb
,
_
,
_
(2-12)
Trong B, b v n l cc hng s thc nghim v cho bng di y:
Bng 2-1 : Cc gi tr thc nghim B, b v n
Vt liu B b N
Len d 205 0,75 2
T tm 730 1 3
Bng 45 1 2
G 81 1 2
Thuc l 273 1 2
i vi cc loi ht, G.A. Egorov xut cng thc xc nh m cn bng hp ph nh
sau:
2 / 1
2 1 cbh
100
100
ln . K . 435 , 0 K

,
_

+ (2-13)
Trong K
1
v K
2
l cc hng s thc nghim v c xc nh tu thuc vo khong ca
cb
.
Nu
cbh
= 08% v 0 < <10% th K
1
= 0 v K
2
=29,5
Nu
cbh
= 815,5% v 10 < <80% th K
1
= 2,7 v K
2
=19,5
Nu
cbh
> 15,5% v 80 < <100% th K
1
= 4,5 v K
2
=30,5
Cc cng thc thc nghim trn y c tnh cht tham kho, chng c sai lch kh
ln so vi thc t.
1.2.2.4 m bo th g W
bhtg
[%]:
G m t ngoi khng kh, nc trong g bc hi ra ngoi. Khi nc t do thot ht,
nc thm cn bo ha trong g (vch t bo), im gi l im bo ha th g v m
tng ng gi l m bo ha th g, k hiu : W
bhtg
. Ngc li khi g kh ht nc, khi
nc thm trong vch t bo v nc t do bt u xut hin th im gi l im bo ha
th g.
1.2.4.Tnh cht nhit l ca g:
1.2.4.1.Tnh gin n do nhit
Cng nh nhng vt liu rn khc, g cng c hin tng gin n v nhit, khi nhit
tng g s gin n v di tng ln. Qui lut thay i di ca g c xc nh theo
biu thc:
) t . 1 .( l l
o
+
(1-14)
Trong : l, l
o
l di ca thanh g nhit t
o
Cv 0
o
C, m.
l h s gin n di, 1/K.
H s gin n di l i lng cho bit khi nhit tng ln 1
o
C th mt n v chiu
di ca g s tng ln bao nhiu.
dt
dl
.
l
1
o

, 1/K. (1-15)
i vi g c mt c th cn tnh n khi nhit tng. Do g l loi vt liu xp,
khi nhit tng, nu m ca g di m bo ho th g , kt hp vi hin tng bay
hi nc, g s kh i, co rt li rt mnh. S co rt v b kh s ln hn rt nhiu so vi gin
n v nhit, kt qu g b co rt li. V vy v ma h, mc d nhit tng nhng do b mt
nc nn thc t g s co li. Ngc li v ma ng g s gin n ra.
1.2.4.2.Tnh dn nhit
G l loi vt liu xp nn c tnh cht dn nhit kh km, c th ni g l mt cht
cch nhit. Ngi ta ng dng tnh cht ny ca g lm vt liu cch nhit trong rt nhiu
trng hp trong k thut v i sng.
Tnh cht dn nhit ca g:
- Khng c tnh ng hng, tc ph thuc vo hng truyn nhit, m ch yu l
hng song song hay vung gc th g. Chng hn theo chiu dc th g h s dn nhit ln
hn theo chiu ngang ca n.
- Ph thuc vo m ca g.
- Ph thuc vo tng loi g: khi lng ring v cu to.
* nh hng ca khi lng ring ca g
G c khi lng ring ln s t xp hn nn c h s dn nhit ln hn v ngc li.
Nu i su vo bn cht qu trnh dn nhit l qu trnh truyn ng nng ca cc phn t bn
trong ni b vt cht th khi mt cc phn t cng dy c th qu trnh truyn ng nng
cng d thc hin.
Bng thc nghim F. Kollmann a ra c cng thc xc nh mi quan h gia
h s dn nhit ca g vo khi lng ring ca n nh sau:
022 , 0 . 178 , 0 +
(1-16)
Cng thc (2-12) ng cho tt c cc loi g c m khong 12% v nhit 27
o
C.
Theo chiu hng ca cc th g h s dn nhit cng khc nhau. Qua nghin cu ca
F.F. Wangaard, trn b mt ct ca th g th theo chiu hng knh h s dn nhit ln hn
chiu tip tuyn khong 510% i vi g c l rng, cn g l kim th s chnh lch khng
ng k. Cn theo chiu dc th g h s dn nhit ln gp i theo chiu ngang ca th g.
* nh hng ca m
Khi m ca g tng th h s dn nhit ca n tng ln, g dn nhit cng tt.
m tng cng n gn m bo ho th g th h s dn nhit cng tin gn n gi tr h s
dn nhit ca nc, khi t im bo ho thi g h s dn nhit xp x ca nc.
Trong phm vi m ca g di im bo ho ca th g, theo F. Kollmann c tng
m ca g ln 1% th h s dn nhit ca g tng ln khong 0,71,8%, trung bnh l 1,25%.
Trong phm vi m t 0% n m bo ho th g v nhit xp x 27
o
C mi quan
h ca h s dn nhit ph thuc c biu th theo cng thc:
[ ] ) W - W .( 0125 , 0 1 .
2 1 1

(1-17)
* nh hng ca nhit
Do g l vt liu xp c cc khong rng bn trong, khi nhit tng ln hi nc bc
hi v chim y cc khong rng ny thay cho khng kh. Do hi nc c h s dn nhit
ln hn khng kh nhiu nn h s dn nhit ca g ni chung tng. Mt khc do s i lu
ca hi nc trong cc khong rng tng ln khi nhit tng nn h s dn nhit cng tng.
Mi lin h gia h s dn nhit v nhit c th hiu qua cng thc:
1
]
1

100
t t
) . 98 , 0 1 , 1 ( 1 .
2 1
1 2
o
(1-18)
o
- Khi lng ring ca g kh kit, kg/m
3
.
Cng thc trn c s dng trong phm vi nhit -50
o
C 100
o
C. Khi cho t
1
= 0
o
C v
t
2
= t ta c:
1
]
1
+
100
t
) . 98 , 0 1 , 1 ( 1 .
o
0
(1-19)
1.2.4.3.Khi lng ring ca g:
l khi lng vch t bo g trn mt n v th tch vch t bo g tng ng. Khi lng
ring ca tt c cc loi g gn bng nhau, khong
1,54g/cm
3
.
i vi mi loi g thng nh nhau v gi tr trung bnh ca n l 1,54 g/cm
3
1.2.4.4.Nhit dung ring ca g:
- Nhit dung ring ca g l lng nhit cn thit tnh bng kJ lm nng 1 kg g tng ln
1
o
C .
- G c nhit dung ring kh ln , do mun lm nng g phi cung cp cho n mt lng
nhit kh ln . Nhit dung ring ca g ph thuc rt nhiu vo m ca g cng nh ph
thuc vo nhit .
- Nhit dung ring ca g c th xc nh theo cng thc sau (theo ti liu 2 , trang 21) :
,
_
+
+ +
100
116 , 0 6 , 26
19 , 4 C
, kJ/kg.K . Vi : m tng i ca g .
Ngoi ra theo H.M Kupullop, nhit dung ring ca g:
i vi g t:
C = 0,28.
2 , 0
100
1 .
1
]
1
,
_
+
t
W ,[Kcal/kg.]
Vi : W : m ca g
t : Nhit ca g
i vi g kh:
C = 0,28. 09 , 0
100
1 .
2 , 0
+
1
]
1
,
_
+
t
W ,[Kcal/kg.]
Trn c s thc nghim: Durlop (M) a ra cng thc tnh nhit dung ring C nh sau:
C = 0,266 + 0,0016.t , ,[Kcal/kg.]
Trong khong nhit : t = (0 100)
0
C nhit dung ring trung bnh ca g:
C
tb
=
( )dt t
+
100
0
. 0016 , 0 266 , 0
100
1
, ,[Kcal/kg.]
Theo Durlop, khi khi lng g thay i t (0,23 1,1)kg/cm
3
th nhit dung ring C khng
ph thuc vo . S ph thuc ca nhit dung ring C vo W
g
c xc nh:

w
w
C
+
+
1
324 , 0
, ,[Kcal/kg.]
Ngoi ra g cn c nhng tnh cht khc nh: Tnh dn nhit (t nhit, tnh cht truyn
nhit, ta nhit, gin n do nhit), tnh cht dn in, tnh cht truyn m, kh nng chng li
sc xuyn qua ca sng in t, mu sc, mi v v tnh phn quang.
1.3.S co rt v bin dng ca g
G c cu to theo th v l mi trng khng ng hng nn s co rt ca g theo
cc hng l khng ging nhau. c bit hin tng co rt theo phng hng knh v tip
tuyn ca cc th g khc nhau rt nhiu, mc khc bit ph thuc vo tng loi g. T l
co rt theo phng tip tuyn v hng tm l (1,52,2) ln.
Hnh 1-2: Bin dng cc loi vn v cc v tr khc nhau trn tit din ngang
a- Kch thc vn xuyn tm khi g kh
b- Bin dng tng hp c rt vn trong thc t
c- Bin dng v tr khc nhau trn tit din ngang
S chnh lch s nh hng rt nhiu n tnh cht v ng sut bn trong g trong qu trnh
sy. iu ny s to nn nhng vn nan gii khi sy g, tu thuc vo cu to ca tng
tm g c th m c th lm cho tm g b bin dng khi sy.
1.4 Cc trng thi ng sut trong qu trnh sy g
Cc s di y nu ln bn trng thi in hnh ca g trong c qu trnh sy.
S hnh 1-4A biu th s phn b s phn b m ca g theo b dy thanh g
(tit din ngang).
Hnh 1-4B, nu dng phng php ca ph hoi mi lin h gia cc lp trong v
ngoi ca g th trong cc giai on sy khc nhau kch thc tng i ca c lp s thay
i khc nhau.
Hnh 1-4C biu th s phn b ca ng sut theo mt ct ngang ca thanh g.
Hnh 1-4D biu th hnh dng ca hai na mu g c ca ra trong lc ang cn ng
sut.
Hnh 1-4E biu th s thay i hnh dng ca hai na mu g sau khi c sy li
v lm cn bng m tr li.
Hnh 1-4: S thay i m - ng sut bn trong v bin dng g khi sy
Trng thi I: L trng thi ca g trc hoc ngay khi mi bt u sy. Lc m
ca g trn ton b b dy ca tm g v trn b mt ca g u cao hn im bo ho th g
(W > W
BHTG
). Hin tng co rt lc ny cha xy ra, trong g cha sn sinh ra ng sut bn
trong, mu g mi ca ra hoc mt thi gian cho m ca g tr li ng u, hnh dng
ca n vn khng c g thay i.
Trng thi II: y l thi k sy u, m ca g lp g lp g b mt thp hn
im bo ho th g v bt u co rt, trong lc cc lp g bn trong vn cha c hin
tng co rt v m ca lp g bn trong cn cao hn im bo ho th g. Cc lp g
ngoi b cng ra, cn cc lp bn trong th nn li. khi ca mu g ra, s pht sinh hin tng
cong hnh cung, lm ca n hng ra pha ngoi (hnh 2-4IID). Sau nu em 2 na mu
g y sy kh, th cong ca n s i chiu ngc li vi chiu ban u nh hnh 2-4IIE.
Trongt trng hp ny nu khng ch trong khi sy, cc ng lc bn trong tip tc tng ln
v trn b mt ngoi ca thanh g y s xut hin nt n. khc phc nhc im (khuyt
tt) c th xy ra , c th p dng phng php x l m gim bt tc bay hi ca
lp ngoi mt, gim bt mc co rt ca n v do gim bt c mc sinh sn ng
lc bn trong g v hn ch c nt n ngoi mt g.
Trng thi II: y l thi k sy u, m ca g lp g lp g b mt thp hn
im bo ho th g v bt u co rt, trong lc cc lp g bn trong vn cha c hin
tng co rt v m ca lp g bn trong cn cao hn im bo ho th g. Cc lp g
ngoi b cng ra, cn cc lp bn trong th nn li. khi ca mu g ra, s pht sinh hin tng
cong hnh cung, lm ca n hng ra pha ngoi (hnh 1-4IID). Sau nu em 2 na mu
g y sy kh, th cong ca n s i chiu ngc li vi chiu ban u nh hnh 1-4IIE.
Trongt trng hp ny nu khng ch trong khi sy, cc ng lc bn trong tip tc tng ln
v trn b mt ngoi ca thanh g y s xut hin nt n. khc phc nhc im (khuyt
tt) c th xy ra , c th p dng phng php x l m gim bt tc bay hi ca
lp ngoi mt, gim bt mc co rt ca n v do gim bt c mc sinh sn ng
lc bn trong g v hn ch c nt n ngoi mt g.
Trng thi IV: y l giai on cui cng ca qu trnh sy, m ca g tng i
ng u trn ton b tm g. Nhng do nhng lp g bn trong co rt v tip tc co rt tip,
trong lc nhng lp g bn ngoi ngng co rt- lp ngoi t lu gi nguyn kch
thc theo sc cng c. Lp bn trong th vn tip tc gim kch thc, qu kch thc ca
lp ngoi v hnh thnh nn ng sut ngc li ng sut ca thi k u v by gi nhng
lp g bn trong li b cng, cn lp g bn ngoi li b nn li. nu em ct mu g em lm
2 na, s thy chiu cong hnh cung ca 2 na ny, tri vi chiu cong ca thi k u. ng
lc ny tip tc tng ln n khi m ca g bn trong v bn ngoi ng u mi thi v
lc ny qu trnh sy kt thc (hnh 1-4IVD v 1-4IVE).
Trong giai on sy ny nu iu chnh ch sy khng hp l s sinh ra ng sut ln
lm nt n bn trong tm g. Nu khng sinh ra nt n th ng sut cn li trong g sau khi
sy xong cng c th tr thnh nguyn nhn sinh ra cong vnh ca g trong qu trnh s dng
gia cng ch bin g. V th vic x l iu ho ng lc mt thi gian sau khi kt thc qu
trnh sy l cn thit (x l cui cng).
T nhng hin tng trn c th s b rt ra nhng kt lun sau:
1). Khi p dng phng php sy g bng hi t, hi nc, s chnh lch v m
ca nhng lp bn trong v lp g ngoi mt l khng th trnh khi, do vic xut hin
ng sut bn trong ca g sy theo cc phng php sy l tt nhin.
2). gim bt ng sut bn trong, thi k u ca qu trnh sy cn phi lm gim
bt cng bay hi mt ngoi ca g, tc l trong thi k u cn phi dng khng kh m
c m cao sy.
3). loi tr bt ng sut bn trong ca g trong thi k th 2, tu theo tnh hnh cn
thit, tu theo tng loi g, c th x l bng khng kh c m cao lm cho b mt ca
g m li v mm bt i, to cho n c iu kin co rt b sung v qua gim bt ng
sut bn trong.
y l nhng hin tng do s chnh lch m, dn n co rt khng ng u v
gy nn ng sut bn trong, l nguyn nhn gay nn cc khuyt tt ca g sn sinh ra trong
qu trnh sy.
Ngoi ra do cu to khng ng nht ca g gy nn s chnh lch v co rt theo cc
chiu hng khc nhau ca g, c bit l s chnh lch v co rt gia chiu tip tuyn v
xuyn tm, gy nn cc hin tng nt n cong vnh trong qu trnh sy
1.5. Cc nguyn nhn sinh ng sut v cc khuyt tt ca g sy
1.5.1 Cc nguyn nhn sn sinh ng sut
C nhiu nguyn nhn sn sinh ng sut bn trong g trong qu trnh sy. Sau y l
cc nguyn nhn chnh.
1). Tc kh khng ng u ca cc lp g trong qu trnh sy l nguyn nhn ch
yu gy ra ng sut bn trong g trong qu trnh sy. Khi sy, lp bn ngoi tip xc trc tip
v u tin vi tc nhn sy nn kh nhanh xung di im bo ho th g, lp ngoi s co
rt li, trong khi lp bn trong vn cha b co rt. S co rt ca lp bn ngoi s b cc lp
bn trong hn ch dn n hnh thnh ng sut gy nn nt n b mt.
2). Cc lp g phn b theo chiu su c tc kh nhanh chm khc nhau v s t
n nhng mc co rt khc nhau kh r rt. Gi tr co rt cui cng khng nhng ph
thuc vo m cui cng ca g m cn ph thuc vo qu trnh din bin m ca n
(tc lp g no kh t t, chm s c gi tr co rt ln). Nguyn nhn ny s dn n hin
tng nt n gia lng vn trong giai on sy cui cng.
3) Do s sinh trng khng ng u ca cy g khi cn sng dn n hnh thnh ng
sut sn c trong g.
4). S co rt khng ng u theo cc chiu ca cc th g cng l nguyn nhn sn sinh
ra ng sut bn trong g cng nh dn n cc khuyt tt ca nguyn liu sy.
5). Do thay nhit i t ngt khi gia nhit, thng gi hoc do m ca khi l cn
nng l nguyn nhn gy ra nt n b mt hoc hai u vn. Ngoi ra s dng nhit cao
sy cc loi g cng cng gy ra hin tng tng t.
1.6. CC PHNG PHP SY G
1.6.1. Phng php sy i lu
Phng php sy i lu l phng php sy m vt liu sy truyn m cho mi
trng tc nhn sy (thng l khng kh hoc khi nng) khi chuyn ng i lu ngang qua
b mt vt liu sy. Trn hnh 2-5 l s h thng sy i lu theo phng php sy nng,
Khng kh c qut cp dn n b caloriphe gia nhit lm gim m (tng t), sau
c a vo bung sy trao i m vi vt liu sy. K
Go, Io, do
G1, I 1, d1
G2, I 2, d2
Tac nhn sy
vao
Tac nhn sy
ra
Vt liu sy ra
Vt liu sy vao
m1, W1
m2, W2
QUAT
CALORIFER
THIT BSY
Hnh 2-5: H thng sy i lu
1.6.1.1.Phng php sy nng
Phng php sy nng l phng php s dng nhit nng thc hin qu trnh sy.
Trong phng php ny nhit nng c s dng gia nhit cho vt liu sy v tc nhn
sy.
i vi tc nhn sy khi gia nhit m ca n gim, nn t = t - t
tng, kh nng
thot hi m t b mt vt liu sy vo tc nhn sy cng c tng theo.
i vi vt liu sy, do c t nng nn mt hi trong cc mao qun ca vt liu
sy tng v do phn p sut trn b mt ca n tng, hi m s thot ra mi trng sy
c nhanh chng hn.
Nh vy nh gia nhit nn chnh phn p sut gia vt liu sy v tc nhn sy tng
ln, ng thi kh nng thot hi nc t b mt ca vt liu sy tng.
* Sy bng khng kh nng
y l phng php ph bin v thng dng nht. G c sy bng khng kh nng
c gia nhit t cc b trao i nhit hi khng kh t trong cc hm l. Hi nc c
cung cp t h thng l hi.
Khng kh nng c thi qua cc lp g xp trn cc xe gng. G c gia nhit, bc
hi nc vo trong khng kh v kh dn.
* Sy bng khi nng
V c bn qu trnh sy ging nh sy bng khng kh nng. Nguyn l lm vic ca
h thng nh sau: nhin liu c t chy to ra sn phm chy, nhit u ra c th iu
chnh bng cch ho trn thm khng kh. Sau sn phm chy c a trc tip vo hm
l sy g.
Nhc im ca phng php sy ny l tc nhn sy c th lm nh hng n cht
lng ca g nh g b m khi, c mi vv
* Sy bng hi qu nhit
Hi qu nhit c s dng sy g trc tip. y l phng php c p dng
ngy cng nhiu trong k thut v c coi l mt trong nhng gii php nng cao nng lc
sy v nng cao hiu qu kinh t. So vi sy trong mi trng khng kh nng th s dng hi
qu nhit s gim thi gian sy ng k. Phng php ny ph hp vi g l kim v g tp l
rng. Nhit sy thng ln hn 100
o
C.
1.6.1.2.Phng php sy lnh
Sy lnh l phng php sy trc tip bng khng kh c nhit thp xp x nhit
mi trng, nhng c m thp. khng kh c m thp trc ht ngi ta cho n i
qua thit b trao i nhit c nhit thp, hi nc trong khng kh s ngng t li trn b
mt cc dn lnh, dung m d gim ng k. Sau ngi ta cho khng kh i qua dn nng
nng nhit ln xp x nhit mi trng, khi n c m kh nh m bo cho
vic sy g.
Sau cho khng kh chuyn ng qua b mt cc lp g, hi nc s khuych tn vo
khng kh v g s c sy kh.
1.6.2. Phng php sy chn khng
Sy chn khng c t lu v c s dng sy nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau, k
c g. i vi cc loi g kh chm v kh sy, sy chn khng c th gim thi gian sy g
v nng cao cht lng g sy.
1.6..3. Phng php sy bng in t trng cao tn
Sy g trong t trng in xoay chiu c tn s cao c gi l sy cao tn. Trong
phng php sy cao tn, g t l mi cht in mi nm gia hai tm bn cc. Cc tm bn
cc ng vai tr chuyn ti sng in t cao tn. Tn s y nm trong khong 3 n
50MHz.
1.6.4. Phng php sy tip xc
Trong h thng sy tip xc vt liu sy c gia nhit bng cch tip xc trc tip vi
cc b mt nng hoc vi cht lng nng.
Nh vy phng php sy tip xc ngi ta to ra chnh lch phn p sut gia
khng kh v b mt vt liu sy bng cch gia nhit vt liu sy. Tuy nhin khng kh trong
mi trng cng c gia nhit mt phn nn m tng i gim lm tng kh nng
bay hi nc khi b mt vt liu sy.
1.7.CH SY V QUY TRNH SY G:
1.7.1 Ch sy g:
Khi nim
Ch sy g l tp cc thng s nhit vt l ca mi trng sy trong sut thi gian
sy, thng thng ch da trn hai thng s l nhit t v m . S thay i ca cc
thng s ny trong thi gian lm vic c nh hng n cht lng g v hiu qu sy rt
nhiu. Chn ch thch hp cho tng loi g s c cc sn phm cht lng cao, gim thi
gian sy v chi ph vn hnh.
Ch sy qui nh nhng gi tr nhit , m ca mi trng sy v qui nh tun
t tin hnh iu tit qu trnh sy. Hay ni cch khc ch sy l nhng bng biu v nhit
v m ca mi trng sy trong cc giai on ca qu trnh sy.
Trong k thut sy g iu khin qu trnh sy l iu tit trng thi ca mi trng
sy thng qua hai thng s chnh l nhit v m c thc hin nh h thng gia nhit,
h thng thot m v h thng phun m l sy.
Mt ch sy c c trng bi hai thng s c lp, v vy ngi ta c th chn
mt cp hai thng s bt k c trng cho cc ch sy.
C loi ch sy ly 2 thng s nhit t v chnh nhit khng kh vi nhit
nhit k t t = t - t
. Tuy nhin cng c ch chn 2 thng s nhit v m cn

bng W
cb
. Ngoi ra ngi ta cng c th da vo dc sy
cb
W
W
U
. Tt c ba i lng t,
W
cb
v U u gin tip phn nh m khng kh . Nh vy ta c th c cc cp thng s
c trng cho ch sy sau: t v ; t v t; t v W
cb
; t v U
1.7.2.C s thnh lp ch sy g
Qu trnh sy l qu trnh rt m t trong g ra sao cho g c c mt trng thi m
ng u trong ton b thanh g, t yu cu v m mong mun trong s dng, bo m
cht lng ca g sy theo tng yu cu ca tng hng cht lng g sy, rt ngn c thi
gian sy n mc thp nht v qu trnh sy kinh t nht l mt vic lm rt phc tp.
Trn c s phn tch v ng sut v bin dng xy ra trong cc giai on ca qu trnh
sy, tm hiu r v bn cht ca cc qu trnh dn m, thot m trong g v yu cu v cht
lng ca nguyn liu sy, c th i n nhng kt lun sau y lm c s thnh lp cc
ch sy g:
- Trc khi sy cn lm nng g. Thng thng g trc khi sy u c lm nng ln
n nhit bng hoc cao hn nhit khi bt u sy mt t, nhm mc ch to iu kin
cho m bn trong g di chuyn t bn trong ra ngoi mt g v bay hi nhanh hn.
- Trong giai on u ca qu trnh sy, khng cho php lm gim m ca lp b mt
g mt cch qu nhanh v t ngt, bi v mc chnh lch m ca g W = W
trong
-W
mt
m qu ln g s rt d b nt b mt, iu ny rt d xy ra khi m ca g ln hn
im bo ho th g.
- m ca mi trng sy cng v cui qu trnh sy cng gim dn v n lc kt thc
qu trnh sy c th gim xung 30%, l m tng i ca mi trng sy cn thit lm
cho nguyn liu sy kh xung n m s dng cn thit b nht: 6- 10%.
- Nhit ca mi trng sy c th tng dn t khi bt u sy cho n lc kt thc sy.
iu y l ph hp v cn thit tng tc sy cc giai on sy v sau, v khi m
ca g xung di im bo ho th g, th tc sy s gim dn. Mt khc nhit lc
u nh v sau ln dn l cn thit gim bt mc bay hi ca lp g b mt trong giai
on u ca qu trnh sy v tng tc sy giai on sau ca qu trnh sy, nht i vi cc
loi g d sy bay hi nhanh.
1.7.3.Cc loi ch sy g
C nhiu c s phn loi ch sy g.
a) Theo nhit
- Ch sy gia tc : Nhit sy cao hn nhit sy nh mc 10 15
0
C.
- Ch sy nhit cao: Ch sy ny ch yu dng cho l sy hi qu nhit vi
nhit cao hn 100
0
C v nhit nhit k t gi c nh t

=100
0
C.
- Ch sy nhit thp : Nhit sy trong khong t 50
0
60
0
C.
b) Theo thi gian
y qu trnh thay i cc thng s ca ch sy theo cc cp thi gian nht nh,
hoc thay i tng i lin tc theo thi gian t u n cui qu trnh sy. Ch sy ny
nn s dng cc c s c qui nh sy tng i n nh, loi nguyn liu t bin ng
v c nhiu kinh nghim v sy g.
Ch sy ny thnh lp trn c s phn tch v cu to v tnh cht ca tng loi g,
da vo kch thc ca vn v yu cu cht lng g sy, qua tm ra nhit sy vi dc
sy thch hp, xc nh thi gian sy ri tng hp xy dng biu hoc thnh lp bng qui
trnh sy.
Thi gian sy g thng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
= 5.A
1
.A
2
.A
3
.A
4
.A
5
.A
6
, ngy
Trong :
5 - thi gian sy chun (sy g thng kch thc 50x150x1000mm t m
60% n 12% vi tc tc nhn 12 m/s theo yu cu cht lng sy loi 2)
A
1
, A
2
, A
3
, A
4
, A
5
, A
6
ln lt l cc h s xt ti nh hng ca chng loi g,
kch thc g sy, m, cht lng sy ca g, tc tc nhn sy khc so vi ch sy
g chun.
c) Theo cp m
Trong ch sy na y phn bi t theo ca c nho m lo s y kha c nhau : lo s y b ng hi
n c, hi t ki u chu ky , ki u lin tu c. Trong ba ng sau y la m t s ch s y du ng cho lo
hi n c ki u chu ky v i s tu n hoa n t nhin ho c c ng b c cu a ta c nhn s y. Ch s y
chia theo 6 c p m v i th i gian s y ti nh theo nga y chi nh la hi u ch s y. S hi u ch
s y c cho n trong ca c ba ng, bi u phu thu c va o chu ng loa i, m, ch t l ng cu a g .
1.7.2.Qui trnh sy g
1.7.2.1.Cng tc chun b
Trc khi xp g vo sy, cn b k thut cn kim tra tnh trng cc thit b l sy:
qut gi, h thng gia nhit (calorifer), h thng iu tit m l sy, bng cch vn hnh ng,
m v chy th.
V sinh sch s bn trong l. D nh b tr v xp g trong l theo qui cch g s
c sy nhm m bo tun hon gi thun li nht, tng din tip xc vi g nhiu nht.
1.7.2.2.Xp g
Xp g ng qui trnh v k thut xp ng g v tt nht nn xp tng ng, xp sn trn xe
gong trc khi a vo l sy.
-Mt ng g nn xp cng mt loi vn (g), chiu di v m u xp x nhau.
-Nu phi xp ng g theo nhiu kiu khc nhau thi phi chn nhng ng g ging
nhau v a vo sy.
-Chun b kp thi mu g o m trong g, nn chn thanh g c m ln nht
trong ng g v xp pha di .
-G trn xe c xp theo ng,theo tng lp, gia cc lp c cc thanh k vi tit
din khong 30x30, chiu di thanh k bng b rng ng g hoc bng b rng ng g,
c ly gia cc thanh k tu thuc qui cch g sy nhng khong 200400mm. B rng mi
ng g xp x 11001.200mm.Thanh k c t ngang l sy cn g c xp dc l. Vi
cch xp g nh th dng khng kh nng s lun chuyn mt cch kh thun li qua khe h
gia hai lp g do thanh k to nn.
Hnh 2-5: Cch xp g trong hm sy
1.7.2.3.Chn v xy dng ch sy
1.7.2.4.Vn hnh sy g
Vn hnh sy g c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
1) Kim tra k thut
Trc khi ng ca l sy cn b k thut cn kim tra tnh trng thit b l sy nh
h thng van, qut, thit b o lng iu khin, bm nc, h thng ng ng ..vv
2) Khi ng l sy
Sau khi kim tra k h thng thit b tin hnh ng ca hm sy khi ng l
a vo hot ng. Vic khi ng tin hnh theo tun t sau:
- ng cu dao in.
- Bt cng tc cho qut hm sy lm vic.
- M van hi chnh cung cp hi cho h thng dn gia nhit (calorifer) ng thi m
van x nc ca cc dn hi i vo cc dn thun li. Khi thy hi vo cc dn th ng
van x nc li.
- M van phun m cho hm sy.
- Tip tc iu chnh van cp hi chnh vo cc dn sao cho p lc hi khong 1at
trong qu trnh phun m.
3) iu tit qu trnh sy
Qu trnh sy din ra theo cc giai on sau:
- Giai on lm nng
Nhim v ca giai on ny l lm nng dn g a nhit g t nhit ban u
xp x nhit mi trng ln n nhit khong 5060
o
C trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh. Tc gia nhit khong 1cm chiu dy g cho mt gi . Giai on ny ch gia nhit m
khng lm kh g nn cn phi c mt mi trng c m rt cao. Do cn phun m mt
cch lin tc vi p sut hi p=0,51 at.
- Giai on hp g
Giai on ny ch c thc hin i vi mt s loi g kh sy nh: g ti, g c
hm lng m ban u ban u kh cao, g sy kch thc ln (thay th cho khu luc g
nh mt s ni vn lm).
Yu ca ca giai on ny l tip tc duy tr m ca mi trng sy trng thi
gn bo ho trong mt thi gian thch hp tu theo kch thc ca g. lm c vic ny
ta s phun m nh k: 4 ting phun m nh k 2 ting Phun m nh k (4), 6 ting phun
m 2 ting Phun m nh k (6) v 10 ting phun m 2 ting Phun m nh k (10).
- Giai on sy 1: Giai on thot m t do (w > 30%)(Giai on sy ng tc):
Giai on ny ko di trong mt thi gian cho g sy kh gn n im bo ho
th g. thi gian di hay ngn, ph thuc vo m ban u(Wa), loi g v kch thc vn
(theo quy trnh sy).
th sy (t) khng c qu ln. Mc d
y l giai on m thot ra nhiu, c cng thot m ln, nhng thng xy ra
trng hp chai cng b mt g cn tr s thot m v sau, ko di thi gian sy ; hoc
b mt g b nt.
Trong thi gian ny cn duy tr nhit sy n nh, bng nhit sy ban u v
hm khng cho lp g b mt kh qu nhanh, m bo qu trnh di chuyn m t bn
trong ra mt ngoi g mt cch lin tc v mc ti a ph hp vi tng loi g sy. Theo
kinh nghim, trong giai on ny cn phi ng cc ca thot kh v tng t = 710oC (i
vi g d sy) v t = 57oC (i vi g kh sy).
- Giai on x l gia chng
X l gia chng thng c thc hin i vi cc loi g kh sy (d sinh khuyt
tt, g c qui cch ln . .). tin hnh giai on ny ta phi phun m lin tc trong sut thi
gian x l gia chng, ph thuc vo qui cch g ( 2 gi/1cm chiu dy g)
- Giai on sy 2 (Giai on sy cui cng hay giai on sy gim tc):
Giai on ny biu th qu trnh sy m m ca g sy gim xung di im
bo ho th g . giai on ny qu trnh thot m s kh khn. Do vy trong qu trnh sy
bc sang giai on sy II s tng dn nhit sy v ng thi m dn ca thot m tng
dn t ca mi trng sy (gim m mi trng sy), nhm h tr cho qu trnh lm kh
g giai on cui.
Giai on cui thot m lin kt (w<20%), cn tng dn th sy thot m v
rt ngn thi gian sy.
- Ngoi ra, cn lu trong qu trnh sy hn ch thay i thng s TNS t
ngt, nh : khi chuyn trng thi ch sy, m ca ln hm sy, khi kt thc m sy,
vv...
- Giai on x l cui v lm v ngui
i vi cc loi g d sy, vn mng ta c th khng cn tin hnh x l cui, cn ni
chung i vi g kh sy, g c kch thc ln, g c nhu cu cht lng cao, hoc cn s
dung gia cng ngay vv th cn phi tin hnh giai on x l cui trc khi lm ngui g.
Mc ch ca giai on ny l lm cn bng m v trit tiu ng sut trong g, n nh
kch thc g trong qu trnh gia cng.
tin hnh giai on cui cn phi ng cc ca thot m, phun m lin tc trong
sut thi gian x l cui v c th ngng cung cp nhit gim nhanh t. Thi gian x l
cui ly khong 2 gi/1cm b dy g. Ch x l cui ph thuc vo qui cch vn v yu
cu v m cui cng sau khi sy, vi nhit x l cui bng nhit sy giai on
cui hoc thp hn 5
o
C, t duy tr mc t=510
o
C (ng vi m W=812%)
i vi b iu khin th qu trnh sy c chia lm 5 giai on
+ giai an 1 (hm nng)
+ giai on 2 (hm nng vo tm li)
+ giai on 3 ( sy)
+ giai on 4 (iu ha)
+ giai on 5 ( lm mt)
Ta c s quy trnh sy G nh sau:
CHNG 2:
TNH TON THIT B SY
Chun b
G sy
Chn v xy dng
Ch sy c th
iu chnh cc thng
s trng thi TNS
iu chnh cc
thng s trng
thi TNS
X l cui cng v
kt thc
2.1 Chn phng php sy
2.1.1 Gii thiu phng php sy i lu
Go, Io, do
G1, I 1, d1
G2, I 2, d2
Tac nhn sy
vao
Tac nhn sy
ra
Vt liu sy ra
Vt liu sy vao
m1, W1
m2, W2
QUAT
CALORIFER
THIT BSY
Hnh 2-5: H thng sy i lu
Phng php ny, vt liu nhn nhit bng i lu t mt dch th nng m thng
thng l khng kh nng hoc khi nng. Do tc nhn sy c t nng nn m tng
i gim, dn n phn p sut hi nc p
am
trong tc nhn sy gim. Mt khc, do nhit
ca vt liu sy tng nn mt hi trong cc mao qun tng v phn p sut hi nc p
ab
trn b mt vt liu tng.
Khi sy i lu, vt liu sy t trong dng khng kh nng hoc khi nng. Qu trnh
truyn nhit thc hin t b mt vo trong vt sy. Nhit b mt ln hn nhit bn
trong vt sy. Nh vy nh t nng hoc c tc nhn sy (TNS) ln vt liu sy (VLS) hoc
ch t nng VLS m hiu s gia phn p sut hi nc trn b mt vt p
ab
v phn p sut
hi nc trong TNS p
am
tng dn n qu trnh dch chuyn m t trong lng VLS ra b mt
v i vo mi trng c TNS vn chuyn ra xa b mt VLS.
2.1.2Chn thit b sy
Vic chn thit b sy tin hnh theo hai giai on sau:
Chn s b phng php sy: Nh phn tch trn, g c sy theo hai phng
php chnh l sy t nhin v sy cng bc. y ta chn phng php sy cng bc vi
tc nhn sy l khi nng.
Cc thit b sy g: Hin nay g thng c sy trong cc thit b sy nh: Sy bung,
sy hm hay l sy
Thit b sy bung:
Thit b sy bung lm vic theo chu k.
Vt liu a vo bung sy theo tng m.
m v nhit thay i theo thi gian sy
Ch sy khng n nh.
Vt liu c sy trn khay, treo trn gi hoc trn bng ti.
Thit b sy hm:
Thit b sy hm lm vic lin tc
Vt liu c cht trn khay trn xe gong hoc trn bng ti v c a vo
mt u hm v ly ra u kia.
Thng s ca vt liu sy v mi cht sy thay i theo chiu di ca hm.
Ch lm vic n nh.M
Da vo c im ca thit b sy v vt liu sy: G c sy theo tng m. c
xp trn cc gi v c cht y khng gian bung sy tn dng hiu qu s dng
nhit cng nh khng gian thit b nn y ta chn thit b sy l thit b sy
bung
2.1.3 Chn tc nhn sy v ch sy
2.1.3.1 Chn tc nhn sy:
Cng vi vic cung cp nhit cho VLS thot m ng thi phi ti m thot ra ngoi
bung sy. Cc tc nhn sy thng l cc cht kh nh: khi nng. khng kh nng. hi qu
nhit. Ngoi ra cn s dung mt s cht lng nh mt s loi du...
+ Chn tc nhn sy l khng kh nng
u im: C sn trong t nhin
Khng gy c hi , khng lm bn sn phm sy .
D iu chnh nhit , m
Nhc im: Phi c calorife
Hiu sut nhit thp
2.1.3.2 Chn ch sy:
Ch sy l tp hp tt c cc thng s c thay i trong qu trnh sy nhm m
bo cht lng g sy v thi gian sy. Cc thng s ny gm c nhit . m. tc tc
nhn sy (thng khng i).
* thnh lp ch sy th da vo cc c s sau:
- Trc khi sy cn lm nng g trc nhm mc ch rt ngn thi gian sy. Thng
g trc khi sy cn c lm nng ln n nhit bng hoc cao hn nhit khi sy mt
t. nhm to iu kin cho m trong g di chuyn t bn trong ra bn ngoi mt g v bay hi
nhanh hn.
- Giai on thot m t do ( w>30% ). th sy (t) khng c qu ln. Mc d y l
giai on m thot ra nhiu. c cng thot m ln nhng thng xy ra trng hp chai
cng b mt g cn tr s thot m v sau. ko di thi gian sy hoc b nt.
- Giai on g c m nm trong khong m bo ha th g (W
bhtg
= 25 30%)
g thng hay b cng vnh. bin dng. V vy giai on ny ngi vn hnh phi ch gim
th sy bng cch tng cng phun m b sung iu ha m trong g sy.
- Giai on cui thot m lin kt ( w< 20%) cn tng dn th sy rt ngn thi gian
sy.
- Khi m ca g gim xung di im bo ho th g. tc sy gim dn.
Cc loi ch sy: Trong phm vi n s dng phn loi ch sy nh sau:
-Ch sy gia tc: Nhit sy cao hn nhit sy nh mc 20 25
0
C.
-Ch sy nhit cao: Ch sy ny ch yu dng cho l sy hi qu nhit vi nhit
cao hn 200
0
C v nhit nhit k t gi c nh t
tt
=200
0
C.
-Ch sy nhit thp: Nhit sy trong khong t 50
0
60
0
C.
mt s nc ng u s dng ch yu ch sy sp xp theo thi gian . Cn ch sy
c ch dn din bin ca ng sut trong nguyn liu l loi ch sy mi hin nay. tuy
nhin cn nhiu tr ngi v k thut kim tra nn cha c s dng rng ri.
2.1.4 Chn vt liu sy v cch sp xp g trong bung sy
2.1.4.1 Chn vt liu sy:
n mn hc ny em chn vt liu sy l g trm hay cn gi l g keo lai vi cc
thng s nh sau:
Chiu dy ca g = 25mm
m ca g trc khi sy : 60%
m ca g sau khi sy : 12%
c im ca g keo lai:
G keo l loi g kh sy, g sau khi s y chu yu c s dung san xut hang m c xut
khu hoc dng trong cng nghip sn xut giy.
G keo thuc nhm g sy 3.
-Sc chu nn dc th (kg/cm2): thuc nhm g c sc bn chu nn dc c xp vo loi
trung bnh (550-750 kg/cm2). Trong , Trm l di (606 kg/cm2) c sc chu nn dc cao
hn trm ta (554 kg/cm2) cng l c chn l 9,38%.
-Khi lng ring ca g keo: = 800 kg/m
3

ng vi m ca g keo = 12%
2.1.4.2 Yu cu i vi vic xp g:
Thng thng g c xp trn cc xe gng rt thun li cho vic a vo v ra hm
sy, g c xp bn ngoi v a vo l sy.
G trn xe c xp theo ng theo tng lp, gia cc lp c cc thanh k vi tit
din khong 25x25, chiu di thanh k bng b rng ng g hoc bng b rng ng g,
c ly gia cc thanh k tu thuc qui cch g sy nhng khong 200400mm. B rng mi
ng g l x 1.500mm. Thanh k c t ngang l sy cn g c xp dc l. Vi cch
xp g nh th dng khng kh nng s lun chuyn mt cch kh thun li qua khe h gia
hai lp g do thanh k to nn.
Hnh 2-5: Cch xp g trong hm sy
Khi xp g cn khc phc c nhng hn ch sau:
- Chng loi cng nh kch thc g cha ng nht, c bit l chiu dy cc
thanh g nhiu khi kh chnh lch. iu ny gy bt li trong qu trnh iu chnh ch
sy v thng ko di thi gian sy khng cn thit.
- m ca g trc khi sy cha c kim tra v khng ng u. V vy,
ngi cng nhn vn hnh rt kh chn ch sy bt u t u, c bit l vi cc
hm sy t ng.
- Khe h trn tit din tc nhn sy i qua khng ng u, c nhng khong
trng qu ln. y l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn dn n g sy kh khng u v
tiu tn NL v ch khi sy.

Hnh 3.6 ng g .
H1: Cc thanh k c xp ng H2: Cc thanh k xp khng ng.
2.1.5 Chn thi gian sy:
Tham kho bi bo co nghin cu khoa hc v sy g ca thy Trn Vn Vang :
NGHIN C U TINH HINH SY G CAC N VI CH BIN G MIN TRUNG -TP CH KHOA HC
V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 1(36).2010
Thi gian sy v t l ph phm G keo v g Bch n nh sau:
Stt Kiu hm sy
Thi gian sy(ngy) T l ph phm(%)
Chiu dy(mm) Chiu dy(mm)
20 25 30 40 20 25 30 40
1 Hm sy gia nhit bng khi 17 20 22 25 4 5 8 8
2 Hm sy gia nhit hi nc 16 19 21 23 4 4 5 7
Cn c vo thng s G sy:
Chiu dy ca g = 25mm
m ca g trc khi sy : 60%
m ca g sau khi sy : 12%
Chn thi gian sy l 10 ngy (tc l 240 gi)
Giai on 1 : 1 ngy (tc l 24 gi)
Giai on 2 :3,5 ngy (tc l 84 gi)
Giai on 3 : 5,5 ngy (tc l 132 gi)
2.2 Tnh ton qu trnh sy l thuyt:
2.2.1 Trng thi khng kh bn ngoi:
Thng s ngoi tri c xc nh da vo iu kin kh hu ngoi tri ti ni lp t cng
trnh, cng nh m bo cho h thng hot ng tt trong sut qu trnh sn xut. Trong
n mn hc ny em chn v tr lp t cng trnh l ti Qung Tr.
Thng s kh hu ti Qung Tr nh sau:
Nhit trung bnh thng lnh nht: t
tb
= 17,3
0
C
Nhit thp tuyt i: t
mint
= 9,3
0
C
m trung bnh nm:
tbnm
= 81,8%
m ban u ca g sy W
a
= 60% .
m ca g sau khi sy W
c
= 12%
T cc thng s trng thi khng kh ngoi tri ta c th xc nh c trng thi khng kh
trc khi vo bung sy:
t
0
= t
mintt
= 0,4.t
tb
+ 0,6.t
mint
Trong :
t
tb
= 17,3
0
C : nhit trung bnh thng lnh nht.
t
mint
= 9,3
0
C : nhit tuyt i.
t
0
= t
mintt
= 0,4.17,3 + 0,6.9,3 = 12,5
0
C
m ca khng kh tnh ton nhit bung sy:

0
=
tbnm
= 81,8%
T cp thng s (t
0
;
0
) ta tra th I-d c cc thng s sau:
I
0
= 25,15 kJ/kg kkk
d
0
= 7,5 g/kg kkk
2.2.2 Cc thng s trng thi VLS trong bung sy:
Qu trnh sy trong bung sy s din ra theo ba giai on khc nhau, da vo m ca g
mi qu trnh ta chn cc thng s nhit ph hp:
Ch s y ca g keo (G nhm III) theo chiu dy g keo phi = 25 mm, theo ti liu 1 ta
chia thnh 3 cp:
Bng 3.1 Cp ch sy ca g keo
Giai on m u vo m u ra
Nhit KK
u vo
Nhit KK
u ra
Giai on 1
60%
35% 55 27
Giai on 2
35%
20% 60 30
Giai on3
20%
12% 75 35
2.2.3 Khi lng g vo v ra trong mi giai on:
Khi lng g vo v ra mi giai on c xc nh da vo khi lng ban u ca
g v m vo v ra, ta c:
Khi lng g ra khi thit b sy:
G
2
= .V
2
= 800.20 =1600 = 1,6.10
4
,[kg/m]
Khi lng ca g cc giai on trc :

i
i
i i
G G
+
+
100
100
.
1
1 ,[kg/m]
T ta c kt qu nh sau:
Giai on 3:
20 100
12 100
. 10 . 6 , 1
4
3
G
= 22.10
3
kg
Giai on 2:
35 100
20 100
. 10 . 22
3
2
G
= 27076,92 kg
Giai on 1:
60 100
35 100
. 92 , 27076
1
G
= 44.10
3
kg
Lng m bc hi sau mi giai on
W = G
i
G
i+1
[kg]
Ta c kt qu nh sau:
Giai on 1: W
1
= 44.10
3
27076,92 = 16923,08 kg =
24
08 , 16923
= 705,128 kg/h
Giai on 2: W
2
= 27076,92 - 22.10
3
= 5076,92 kg =
84
92 , 5076
= 60,44 kg/h
Giai on 3: W
3
= 22.10
3
1,6.10
4
= 2.10
3
kg =
132
2000
= 15,152 kg/h
2.2.4 Cc thng s trng thi mi giai on ca TNS:
2.2.4.1 Trng thi khng kh trc khi vo bung:
Trng thi khng kh ban u c chn theo thng s khng kh ngoi tri, ly trng
thi khc nghit nht v ta c:
t
0
= 12,5
0
C d
0
= 7,5.10
-3
kg/kg kkk
0
= 81,8% I
0
= 25,15 kJ/kg kk
2.2.4.2 cha m v m tng i:
Da vo cc thng s v m ban u, nhit dung ring dn xut ta c th xc nh
theo phng php i s, hoc da vo nhit v entanpy ta c th xc nh c:
Phng php i s c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
cha m: Theo trang 130 TL1
d
2
= d
1
+
2
2 1 0
. 842 , 1 2500
) ).( (
t
t t d C
dx
+
,[kg m/kg kkk]

Trong :
t
1 ;
t
2
Nhit TNS u vo v ra
d
1
= d
0
m ban u
C
dx
Nhit dung ring dn xut
B = 750/745 mmH
d
i
cha m
Theo TL1 ta c:
C
dx
(d
0
) = 1,004 +1,842.d
0
= 1,004 + 1,842.0,0075 = 1,0178[kJ/kg.K]
m tng i:
i
=
) 621 , 0 .(
.
i hs
i
d p
d B
+
%
p
hs
p sut bo ha: P
hs
= exp
'
2
5 , 235
42 , 4026
12
t
, [bar]
I = 1,004.t
1
+d
0
.(2500 + 1,842.t
1
) , kJ/kg kkk
Tng giai on ta c cc gi tr nhit cng nh p sut khc nhau, t cc thng s nhit
vo v ra ta chn ta xc nh c cc gi tr l cc im nt trn th I-d trong qu
trnh sy v c xy dng theo bng kt qu sau:
Giai on
Entanpy I
[kJ/kgkk]
cha m KK ra
d [kgm/kg kkk]
p sut bo
ha p
hs
[bar]
m
tng i
[%]
Giai on 1
74,73
0,01869 0,03548 85,325
Giai on 2
79,82
0,01945 0,0422 73,357
Giai on 3
95,086
0,02338 0,05585 66,345
th I-d biu din qu trnh sy:
d0=d1 d20
t0
t2
t1
I [kJ/kg kk]
d [kg am/kgkk]
100 %
0
I
=
c
o
n
s
t
2.2.4.3 Lng khng kh l thuyt:
Lng khng kh kh l thuyt cn lm bay hi 1kg m trong mi giai on. c xc
nh da vo cha m trong mi giai on v lng m bay hi ta c th tnh theo cng
thc sau:
l

=
0 2
1
d d
, [kg kkk/kg m]
L = l.W , [kg kkk/h]
T ta c bng kt qu sau:
2.3 Xc nh kch thc bung sy:
Kch thc bung sy phi m bo c nng sut theo yu cu l 20 m
3
/m ng thi
phi m bo lng khng kh lu thng trong phng mt cch ng u v xp d vn
chuyn d dng.
Cc s liu v thanh g sy, ng g sy v hm sy thc nghim theo bng di:
Tn cc i lng Cng thc tnh Kt qu n v
Kch thc thanh g:
Chiu di a 1,5 m
Chiu rng b 100 mm
Chiu dy 25 mm
Kch thc bung sy:
Chiu cao H 3,5 m
Chiu rng R 4 m
Chiu di L 5,5 m
Kch thc ng g:
Chiu cao ng g h 3,1 m
Chiu di ng g l 1,5 m
Chiu rng ng g r
3
m
Th tch ng g V
ng
= h.l.r 13,95 m
3
H s in y 0,4
S ng g trong hm m 3

Giai on Lng KK kh/KK m
Lng KK cn trong mi giai
on
Giai on 1
89,339
62995,28
Giai on 2
83,684
5057,891
Giai on 3
62,99
954,418

HNH NH BUNG SY THC T
CHNG 3
TNH TON NHIT QU TRNH SY
3.1 Tnh ton nhit bung sy theo l thuyt:
S nguyn l h thng sy v th I-d.
S nguyn l:
th I-d:
p
=
f
(
d
)
d
I
o
1
2
2'
M
I

=

c
o
n
s
t
M'
d0
t0
tM
t2
t1
d1=dM
d2 d2'
3.1.1 Tn tht do vt liu mang i:
Kh hi lu
khng kh
G0 t0
G
h
t2 Gh
G0
t2
Qut
calorife
Bung sy
Tn tht do g mang i cng d dng tnh c da vo nng sut sy v nhit dung ring.
Q
m
= G
i
.C
m
.(t
iR
t
iV
) , [kJ/h]
Trong :
G
i
Nng sut sy
t
iR
; t
iV
Nhit trung bnh vo v ra ca TNS.
Do giai on 1 nhit TNS nh bng nhit mi trng nn giai on 1 ta ly nh hn
nhit trung bnh TNS t (4 5)
0
C, nh vy ta c:
Giai on 1:t
1V
= t
0
= 12,5
0
C
t
1R
=
36 5
2
27 55

+
0
C
Giai on 2:t
2V
= t
1R
= 36
0
C
t
2R
=
45
2
60 30
+
0
C
Giai on 3: t
3V
= t
2R
= 45
0
C
t
3R
=
55
2
75 35
+
0
C
C
m
Nhit dung ring ca vt liu m.
Theo cng thc thc nghim ta c th xc nh c nhit dung ring ca vt liu m (VLA)
bng cng thc:
C
m
= 4,19.
'
+
+ +
100
116 , 0 6 , 26
, [kJ/kg.K]
Trong :
- m tng i ca VLA. Theo tng giai on sy ta c cc gi tr ca khc nhau t
ta c th tnh C
m
qua cc giai on sy:
Giai on 1: C
m
= 4,19.
'
+
+ +
35 , 0 100
35 , 0 116 , 0 6 , 26
= 1,13 kJ/kg.K
Giai on 2: C
m
= 4,19.
'
+
+ +
2 , 0 100
2 , 0 116 , 0 6 , 26
= 1,126 kJ/kg.K
Giai on 3: C
m
= 4,19.
'
+
+ +
12 , 0 100
12 , 0 116 , 0 6 , 26
= 1,123 kJ/kg.K
Ta xc nh c lng nhit do VLA mang theo tng giai on:
Giai on 1:
Q
1
= 44.10
3
.1,13.(36 - 12,5) = 1168420 [kJ/h]
q
SP1
=
032 , 1657
128 , 705
1168420
1
1

W
Q
kJ/kgm
Giai on 2:
Q
2
= 27076,92.1,126.(45 - 36) = 274397,5 [kJ/h]
q
SP2
=
998 , 4539
44 , 60
5 , 274397
2
2

W
Q
kJ/kgm.
Giai on 3:
Q
3
= 22.10
3
.1,123.(55 - 45) = 247060 [kJ/h]
q
SP3
=
96 , 16305
152 , 15
247060
3
3

W
Q
kJ/kgm.
Tng lng nhit do g mang i:
Q
SP
=
3
1 i
i
Q
= 1168420 + 274397,5 + 247060 = 1459123,46 [kJ/h]
3.1.2 Tn tht ra mi trng qua kt cu bao che:
3.1.2.1 Tn tht qua hai tng bn:
Nhit truyn qua tng bung sy do chnh lch nhit trong bung sy v nhit
mi trng, tn tht ny c chia lm 3 thnh phn:
Nhit tn tht qua tng l:
Q
1
= 3,6.q
t
.F
t
, [kJ/h]
Trong :
Din tch tng: F
t
= 2.H.L=2. = 2.3,5.5,5 =35,2 m
2
Mt nhit trao i nhit i lu gia TNS v mt trong ca tng
q
1
= 1,715.(t
f1
t
w1
)
1,333

Mt dng nhit do truyn nhit qua tng bung sy:
q
2
=
) .(
2 1 w w
t t
Mt nhit trao i nhit i lu gia TNS v mt trong ca tng
q
3
= 1,715.(t
w2
t
f2
)
1,333

Trong :
Nhit khng kh ngoi bung sy: t
f2
= t
0
= 12,5
0
C
Nhit trong bung sy t
f1
c ly l nhit trung bnh ca tng giai on:
Giai on 1: t
f1
=
41
2
27 55
+
0
C
Giai on 2: t
f2
=
45
2
60 30
+
0
C
Giai on 3: t
f3
=
55
2
75 35
+
0
C
S dng phng php lp vi gi s nhit mt ngoi tng bung sy cao hn nhit
khng kh bn ngoi 5
0
C khi khng kh chy ri.
Giai on 1: t
w1
= 32,26
0
C ; t
w2
= 21,24
0
C
Giai on 2: t
w1
= 35,18
0
C ; t
w2
= 22,31
0
C
Giai on 3: t
w1
= 42,57
0
C ; t
w2
= 24,95
0
C
Do ta suy ra:
Giai on 1: q
11
= q
21
= q
31
= 30,856 W/m
2

Giai on 2: q
11
= q
21
= q
31
= 36,036 W/m
2

Giai on 3: q
11
= q
21
= q
31
= 49,336 W/m
2

Giai on 1: Q
t1
= 3,6.q
t1
.F
t
= 3,6.30,856. 35,2 = 8.10
3
[kJ/h]
Giai on 2: Q
t2
= 3,6.q
t2
.F
t
= 3,6.36,036. 35,2 = 9,35.10
3
[kJ/h]
Giai on 3: Q
t3
= 3,6.q
t3
.F
t
= 3,6.49,336. 35,2 = 12,8.10
3
[kJ/h]
Vy tn tht qua tng l l:
Q
t
=
3
3
1
10 . 15 , 30 8 , 12 35 , 9 8 + +
i
ti
Q
[kJ/h]
3.1.2.2 Tn tht qua nn:
Tn tht qua nn: Gi s bung sy ca chng ta xy cch tng nh 1m.Tra theo bng 7.1
trang 142 TL1.
Giai on 1: q
n1
= 35,675 W/m
2
Giai on 2: q
n2
= 38,375 W/m
2
Giai on 3: q
n3
= 45,125 W/m
2

Vy tn tht qua nn l:
Giai on 1: Q
n1
= 3,6.F
n
.q
n1
= 3,6.22.35,675 = 3,352.10
3
kJ/h
Giai on 2: Q
n2
= 3,6.F
n
.q
n2
= 3,6. 22.38,375 = 3,606.10
3
kJ/h
Giai on 3: Q
n3
= 3,6.F
n
.q
n3
= 3,6. 22.45,125 = 3,24.10
3
kJ/h
Hay
Q
n
= 3,6.26,1.(35,675 + 38,375 + 45,125) = 11,2.10
3
[kJ/h]
Tng tn tht qua kt cu bao che l:
Giai on 1: q
BC1
=
099 , 16 10 .
128 , 705
352 , 3 8
3
1
1 1
+
W
Q Q
n t
kJ/kgm
Giai on 2: q
BC2
=
363 , 214 10 .
44 , 60
606 , 3 35 , 9
3
2
2 2
+
W
Q Q
n t
kJ/kgm
Giai on 3: q
BC3
=
64 , 1058 10 .
152 , 15
24 , 3 8 , 12
3
3
3 3
+
W
Q Q
n t
kJ/kgm
Q
BC
= Q
t
+ Q
n
= (30,15 + 11,2).10
3
= 41,35.10
3
[kJ/h]
3.1.3 Nhit lng tiu hao:
Lng nhit cn thit cung cp lng m trong g gim xung mt lng nht nh
sau mi giai on. Lng nhit tiu hao c th xc nh trn c s khi lng khng kh kh
v entanpy ca khng kh sau tng giai on v c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
th
= L
i
.(I
i1
I
0
) , [kJ/h]
Giai on 1: Q
th1
= 62995,28.(74,73 25,15) = 3123305,98[kJ/h]
Giai on 2: Q
th2
= 5057,891.(79,82 25,15) = 276514,891 [kJ/h]
Giai on 3: Q
th3
= 954,418.(95,086 25,15) = 66748,196 [kJ/h]
Tng lng nhit tiu hao trong qu trnh sy l:
Q
th
= Q
th1
+ Q
th2
+ Q
th3

Q
th
= 3123305,98 + 276514,891 + 66748,196 = 3466569,068 [kJ/h]
3.1.4 Lng nhit do tc nhn sy mang i:
Do khi c thi ra mi trng nhit ca TNS lun ln hn nhit khng kh trong
mi trng, do n gy ra tn tht v c xc nh theo cng thc:
Q
TNS
= L
i
.C
pk
.(t
1
t
0
) , [kJ/h]
Trong :
L
i
Lng khng kh kh cn cp trong 1 gi ng h trong tng giai on.
C
pk
Nhit dung ring ca khng kh. C
pk
= 1,004 kJ/kg.K
t
1
Nhit khng kh ra khi bung sy
t
0
Nhit khng kh mi trng
Giai on 1: Q
TNS1
= 62995,28.1,004.(27 12,5) = 917085,286 [kJ/h]
Giai on 2: Q
TNS2
= 5057,891.1,004.(30 12,5) = 88867,142 [kJ/h]
Giai on 3: Q
TNS3
= 954,418.1,004.(35 12,5) = 21560,309 [kJ/h]
Tng lng nhit do TNS mang i l:
Q
TNS
= Q
TNS1
+ Q
TNS2
+Q
TNS3

Q
TNS
= 917085,286 + 88867,142 + 21560,309 = 1027512,736 [kJ/h]
3.1.5 Tng lng nhit trong qu trnh sy:
Q = Q
SP
+ Q
BC
+ Q
th
+ Q
TNS
Q = 1459123,46 + 41350 + 3466569,068 + 1027512,736 = 5994555,264 [kJ/h]
3.1.6 Lng nhit tiu hao trong qu trnh sy:
Q
= Q.h , [kJ]
Q
*
= 5994555,264.240 = 1438693263,414 [kJ]
3.2 TNH TON QU TRNH SY THC:
Trong thc t h thng sy ta phi tnh n mt lng nhit b sung cho cc tn tht qua
kt cu bao che.
Do xc nh cc thng s trong sy thc t chng ta t ra gi tr .
Trong :
= C
a
.t
iV
q
SP
q
BC

C
a
= 4,18 kJ/kg.K
t
iV
Nhit trung bnh trong bung sy theo tng giai on.
Giai on 1: = 4,18.12,5 - 1657,032 16,099 = - 1620,881
Giai on 2: = 4,18.36 - 4539,998 214,363 = - 4603,881
Giai on 3: = 4,18.45 - 16305,96 1058,64 = - 17176,5
3.2.1 Xc nh cc thng s trong qu trnh sy thc t:
Xc nh cha m:
d
i
= d
0
+
( )

i
dx
i
t t
d C
1 2
0
). (
[kgm/kgkkk]
Trong :
i = 2500 + 1,842.t
i
[kJ/kg kkm]
d
0
m ban u ca khng kh
C
d0
Nhit dung ring ca khng kh ng vi m d
0
C
dx
(d
0
) = C
pk
+ C
pa
.d
0
= 1,004 + 1,842.0,0075 = 1,0178 kJ/kg.K
t
1,
t
2
Nhit khng kh vo v ra khi bung sy
Giai on 1: i
1
= 2500 + 1,842.27 = 2549,734 [kJ/kg kkm]
Giai on 2: i
2
= 2500 + 1,842.30 = 2555,26 [kJ/kg kkm]
Giai on 3: i
3
= 2500 + 1,842.35 = 2564,47 [kJ/kg kkm]

Entanpy: I
i
= 1,004.t
i
+ d
i
.i
i

Trong :
I
i
Entanpy giai on i [kJ/kgkk]
d
i
m giai on i
Vi C
pa
= 1,842 kJ/kg.K
m tng i
i
=
( )
i bi
i
d p
d
B
+ 622 , 0 .
.
, %
Giai on
cha m d
[kgm/kgkkk]
Entanpy I
[kJ/kgkk]
m tng i
%
Giai on 1 0,01433
63,654
63,06
Giai on 2 0,01177
60,183
43,7
Giai on 3 0,00956
59,662
26,93
3.2.2 Lng khng kh kh thc t:
Lng khng kh kh cn bc hi 1kg m c xc nh theo cng thc:
l
i
=
0
1
d d
i

, [kgkkk/kg m]
Trong :
d
0
- m khng kh ban u
d
i
m khng kh giai on i.
Lng khng kh thc t s dng trong mi giai on:
L
i
= l
i
.W [kg kkk]
Trong :
W- Lng m bay hi trong mi giai on , %
Giai on Lng KK cn bay
hi 1kg m
Lng KK kh cp
trong mi giai on
Giai on 1 146,343
103190,848
Giai on 2 234,461
14170,829
Giai on 3 484,886
7346,993
3.2.3 Lng nhit tn tht theo thc t:
3.2.3.1 Lng nhit do TNS mang i:
Q
TNS
= L
i
.C
pk
.(t
2
t
0
) , [kJ/kg]
Trong :
L
i
Lng khng kh kh cn cp theo thc t trong 1 gi trong tng giai on
C
pk
Nhit dung ring ca khng kh , C
pk
= 1,004 kJ/kg.K
Ta tnh c lng nhit do TNS mang ra ngoi:
Giai on 1: Q
1
= 103190,848.1,004.(27 - 12,5) = 1502252,371 kJ/h
q
1
=
468 , 2130
128 , 705
371 , 1502252
[kJ/kgm]
Giai on 2: Q
2
= 14170,829.1,004.(30 12,5) = 248981,473 kJ/h
q
2
=
482 , 4119
44 , 60
473 , 248981
[kJ/kgm]
Giai on 3: Q
3
= 7346,993.1,004.(35 12,5) = 165968,566 kJ/h
q
3
=
575 , 10953
152 , 15
566 , 165968
[kJ/kgm]
Tng lng nhit tn tht do TNS ra mi trng l:
Q
TNS
=
3
1 i
i
Q
= 1502252,371 + 248981,473 + 165968,566 = 1917202,41 [kJ/h]
3.2.3.3 Lng nhit tn tht qua kt cu bao che:
Do ch ph thuc vo nhit khng kh bn trong v bn ngoi phng, khng ph
thuc vo cc c tnh khc nn khi thay i cc gi tr th tn tht qua kt cu bao che khng
i so vi thc t.
Tng tn tht qua kt cu bao che l:
Giai on 1: Q
BC1
= 8 + 3,352 = 11,352 kJ/h
q
BC1
=
099 , 16 10 .
128 , 705
352 , 3 8
3
1
1 1
+
W
Q Q
n t
kJ/kgm
Giai on 2: Q
BC2
= 9,35 + 3,606 = 12,956 kJ/h
q
BC2
=
363 , 214 10 .
44 , 60
606 , 3 35 , 9
3
2
2 2
+
W
Q Q
n t
kJ/kgm
Giai on 3: Q
BC3
= 12,8 + 3,24 = 16,04 kJ/h
q
BC3
=
64 , 1058 10 .
152 , 15
24 , 3 8 , 12
3
3
3 3
+
W
Q Q
n t
kJ/kgm
Q
BC
= Q
t
+ Q
n
= (30,15 + 11,2).10
3
= 41,35.10
3
[kJ/h]
2.2.3.4 Tn tht do sn phm sy mang i:
Giai on 1:
Q
1
= 1168420 [kJ/h]
q
SP1
=
032 , 1657
1
1
W
Q
kJ/kgm
Giai on 2:
Q
2
= 274397,5 [kJ/h]
q
SP2
=
998 , 4539
2
2
W
Q
kJ/kgm.
Giai on 3:
Q
3
= 247060 [kJ/h]
q
SP3
=
96 , 16305
3
3
W
Q
kJ/kgm.
Tng lng nhit do g mang i:
Q
SP
=
3
1 i
i
Q
= 1168420 + 274397,5 + 247060 = 1459123,46 [kJ/h]
3.2.3.5 Lng nhit tiu hao thc t:
Theo thc t ta c cc thng s entanpy thc t v lng khng kh cp theo tng giai
on ta c nhit lng tiu th theo thc t c xc nh:
q = l.(I
i1
- I
0
) [kJ/kgm]
Q
th
= L
i
.(I
i1
I
0
) [kJ/h]
Giai on 1:
Q
th1
= 146,343.(74,73 25,15) = 7255,707 [kJ/kgm]
Q
th1
= 103190,848.(74,73 25,15) = 5116202,263 kJ/h
Giai on 2:
Q
th2
= 234,461.(79,82 25,15) = 12817,989 [kJ/kgm]
Q
th2
= 14170,829.(79,82 25,15) = 774719,244 kJ/h
Giai on 3:
Q
th3
= 484,886.(95,086 25,15) = 33910,988 [kJ/kgm]
Q
th3
= 7346,993.(95,086 25,15) = 513819,286 kJ/h
Tng lng nhit tiu hao trong qu trnh sy:
Q
th
=
3
1 i
thi
Q
= 5116202,263 + 774719,244 + 513819,286 = 6404740,792 [kJ/h]

3.2.3.6 Tng lng nhit tn tht trong qu trnh sy thc t:
q = q
BC
+ q
SP
+ q
TNS
+ q
th
[kJ/kgm]
Q
TT
= Q
TNS
+ Q
th
+ Q
SP
+Q
BC
[kJ/h]
Giai on 1:
q
1
= 16,099 + 1657,032 + 2130,468 + 7255,707 = 11059,306 [kJ/kgm]
Q
1
= W
1
.q
1
= 705,128. 11059,306 = 7798226,321 kJ/h
Giai on 2:
q
2
= 214,363 + 4539,998 + 4119,482 + 12817,989 = 21691,832 [kJ/kgm]
Q
2
= W
2
.q
2
= 60,44. 21691,832 = 1311054,326 kJ/h
Giai on 3:
q
3
= 1058,64 + 16305,96 + 10953,575 + 33910,988 = 62229,163 [kJ/kgm]
Q
3
= W
3
.q
3
= 15,152. 62229,163 = 942896,278 kJ/h
Hoc Q
TT
=
3
1 i
i
Q
= 7798226,321 + 1311054,326 + 942896,278 = 10052176,925 [kJ/h]
Lng nhit cn cung cp trong 1 m sy:
Q
*
TT
= Q
TT
.h [kJ]
Q
*
TT
= 10052176,925.240 = 2412522462 [kJ]
3.3 Hiu sut nhit ca h thng sy:
Lng nhit cung cp ca HTS ch s dng mt phn bay hi m, ngoi ra lng nhit cn
c cc tn tht nh qua kt cu bao che, do vt liu sy mang ra ngoi, do TNS mang i. Ta
c th xc nh hiu sut theo cng thc:
=
100 .
TT
hi
Q
Q
%
Trong :
Q
hi
Nhit lng c ch
Q
hi
= Q
th
= 6404740,792 [kJ/h]
Q
TT
Tng lng nhit cn tiu tn cho qu trnh sy thc t
Q
TT
= 10052176,925 [kJ/h]
Vy =
71 , 63 100 .
925 , 10052176
792 , 6404740
%
CHNG 4 :TNH CHN CC THIT B PH TR
Giai on 1: Q
1
= 7798226,321 kJ/h
Giai on 2: Q
2
= 1311054,326 kJ/h
Giai on 3: Q
3
= 942896,278 kJ/h
Sau khi tnh ton tn tht nhit qua cc giai on, ta thy tn tht nhit giai on 1 Q
1
l ln
nht. Do ta tnh thit bi ph theo Q
1
.
4.1 Tnh chn qut :
Tnh theo giai on c lng khng kh cn thit ln nht : giai on 1
S tnh ton kh ng :
Tr lc ca h thng bao gm : tr lc ca calorife , tr lc ma st ca cc knh dn kh 2, 4,
46 cc tr lc cc b ti cc tit din tng ng trn hnh v .
Tr lc trong cc xe g c xc nh theo cng thc
2
2

td
d
L
p
; N/m
2
Trong
- l h s tr lc ma st = 0.05W/mK.
L - l chiu di bung sy
d
td
l ng knh tng ng ca khe thng gi gia cc tm g
, l tc v khi lng ring ca kh trong bung sy .
Cc tr lc cc b tnh theo cng thc :
2
2

c
p
; N/m
2
y cc h s tr lc cc b c xc nh theo ti liu [4 ]
Ta c tng tr lc ca h thng l 340 N/m
2
iu kin nhit kh t
M
v
M
.Chuyn v
iu kin tiu chun k thut ta c :
530
77 . 0
2 , 1
340 p p
tc
tc
; N/m
2
Nh vy ta chn qut theo iu kin :
Lu lng :
134012
77 . 0
103190,848

K
L
V
m
3
/h. = 37,2 m
3
/s
Tc lu thng ca khng kh :
72 , 3
10
2 , 37

td
F
V
m/s
p sut :p = 530 N/m
2
= 53mm H
2
O
Ta chn 5 qut ly tm loi 4-70N
0
10 c th c tuyn :
Thng s qut : Vn tc gc = 65rad/s
Tc ca bnh gung = 34m/s
Hiu sut qut
q
= 0,75
4.2 Tnh ton calorife :
Tnh theo cng sut nhit cc i
4.2.1Cng sut nhit ca calorife :
463
85 . 0
55 . 393

cal
cal
Qcd
Q
; kW
cal
hiu sut nhit ca calorife ;
4.2.2 Xc nh b mt trao i nhit ca calorife :

cd
cd
tb
cd
q
Q
t k
Q
F
.
; m
2
q
c
mt dng nhit cc i l mt dng nhit ln nht trong 3 giai on
tm q
c
ta s dng phng php lp vi cc thng s sau :
ng thp c thng s : d2/d1 = 51/49,5 mm( chn theo tiu chun )
d
tb
= 50,25mm
= 1.5mm
= 50W/mK
Nhit khi trong ng : t
f1
= 400
0
C
Nhit trung bnh khng kh ngoi ng : t
f2
=
) (
2
1
1
t t
M
+
0
C
t
M
nhit khng kh ha trn
t
1
nhit khng kh vo bung sy .
Tng chiu di ca ng trao i nhit ca calorife
tb
cal
d
F
l
.
; m
TI LIU THAM KHO
1 PGS.TSKH Trn Vn Ph :Tnh ton v thit k h thng sy ,NXB KHKT
2 Hong Vn Chc :K thut sy NXB KHKT
3 Hong Vn Chc: Thit k thit b h thng sy NXB KHKT
4. TS TRN VN VANG: NGHIN CU TI NH HI NH S Y G CA C N VI
CH BIN G MI N TRUNG- TP CH KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC
NNG - S 1(36).2010
5. TS TRN VN VANG: NGHIN C U TH C NGHI M S Y G - TP CH
KHOA HC V CNG NGH, I HC NNG - S 2(37).2010
6. BO CO:Tng cng k nng v ci tin cng ngh cho cc xng x quy m nh
vng nng thn Vit nam.
MS4: Sy g Vit Nam
By : Gerry Harris, Peter Vinden, Philip Blackwell and Pham Duc Chien

Ok - Do An Say Go - Bui Dung

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Ok - Do An Say Go - Bui Dung

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N SY G GVHD: TS.

. Tuy nhin cng c ch chn 2 thng s nhit v m cn

,[kg m/kg kkk]

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