1

(observation)

(hypothesis)
(experiment)

(data)
- (quanlitative)
- (quantitative)

http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/course_info/2302111/2302111.asp

(theory)

(law)

(fact)





1.2


(Macroscopic world)

4Fe + 3O2

2Fe2O3

(Microscopic world)


1.

2. (substance)

(

)
http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/course_info/2302111/2302111.asp

1.3

1.1
( , 2545, 5 http://www.ec.gc.ca)

 ?
(physical change)

1.6
http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/course_info/2302111/2302111.asp

 (physical change)

 (chemical change)

(H2) (O2)
(H2O)

1.6
http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/course_info/2302111/2302111.asp

(s, l, g)

( O2)


(extensive property)-

(intensive property)-



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1.6

 ( )

( )

 (mixture)
(
)
1. (homogenous mixture)

, ,

2. (heterogeneous mixture)


, ,
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1.4

(Solution)

18


(homogeneous mixture)
2
-
(Solvent)
-
(Solute)
5 g + 100 cm3 ( )
19




( + )
(+ )

( + )

20

 (Solution)
-

CO2 () ,
( )
-


40 ml + 60 cm3
21

1.3 : 24 K 18 K 14 K

 1.1

I2

= Cu+Au

H2

Pure Substances,



2

-


IA: (alkali metals)
IIA : (alkaline earth metals)
VIA: chalcogens
VIIA: (halogens)
O: (noble gases)


(Metal) K, Na, Mg, Ca, Al, Fe,
Cu, Mn
(Non-metal) H, C, P, S, N, O, F,
Cl, I
(Methalloid) B, Si, Ge, As,
Sb, Te, At

http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/course_info/2302111/2302111.asp

 (Metals)

Hg


Hg
IA IIA

 (Non-metal)

3 Cl2
Br2 I2

 (Metalloid)

(semiconductor)

 2



H: 11.19% + O: 88.81%

 (Solution)
- < 10-7cm
-
-

 (Suspension)
- > 10-4 cm
-

 (Colloid)

10-7 10-4 cm

1.4

(Tyndall effect)

10-7 10-4 cm
(Brownion movement)

(Ultramicroscope)
www.yorktown.k12.in.us/.../clucas/bintroductionand%20labsafety_files/Chemistry%20-%20Matter%20Unit.ppt

 ( )

-

-

-

 ( )




+
+ CH3COOH +
+

1.)
2.)
-

(-COO Na+)

C R

> 10-4 cm


10-7 10-4 cm

< 10-7 cm

: = 10-4 cm
= 10-7 cm

1.

- :

- :

- :

1.5 () ()

2.
2.1 :

2.2
2,3
2.4 Eg. rock candy

Crystals: http://crystals.llnl.gov

2.2 (Distillation)

1.6 ()

()

(www.chem.wits.ac.za/chem160-180-181/Ch1-%20Notes.ppt www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/Chem_Tutor/substances.pdf)

http://linux.kr.ac.th/ebook2/narumon/02.html

 ( , Soxhlet)

1.7
(www.chempage.de/lexi/soxhlet.htm userpage.chemie.fu-berlin.de/.../soxhlet.html )

 (chromatography) :

(stationary phase)
(mobile phase) (eluent)


Rf
Rf (Retardation factor) =

www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/Chem_Tutor/substances.pdf

1.

2.

3. -


4.

(mobile phase)
(stationary phase)

5.

carrier gas

1.8
(www.biotage.com/graphics/1882.jpg, www.uni-regensburg.de/.../Keusch/D-CC-e.htm,
www.quadrexcorp.com/new/images/ColumnCloseup.jpg, 166.111.30.161:8000/.../pictures/column.jpg)

2
mm
1 cm
25 mL

(1)

(2)
(4)
(3)
2 cm

 Rf
Rf(a)
=
Rf(b)
=
Rf(c)
=

a
d
b
d
c
d

Rf

d
c
b
a

(5)

 SI
1.3 SI
Base Quantity
Name of Unit
Symbol
Length
meter
m
Mass
kilogram
kg
Time
second
s
Current
ampere
A
Temperature
kelvin
K
Amount of substance
mole
mol
Luminous intensity
candela
cd


1.4

10,100 g
1.35 m
50 mL
16.5 cm
104 m

=
=
=
=
=

kg
cm
L
mm
nm

 (mass)

SI kilogram (kg)
1 kg = 1000 g = 1 x

3
10

http://www.chemistry.sc.chula.ac.th/course_info/2302111/2302111.asp

1.7

 (weight)

weight = mass x g

g ~ 0.17
g

1 kg
1 kg
0.17 kg

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1.7

 (volume) SI (cubic meter, m3)

1 cm3 = (1 x 10-2 m)3 = 1 x 10-6 m3

1 dm3 = (1 x 10-1 m)3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
1 L = 1000 mL = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3
1 mL = 1 cm3

1.7

 (Density)
3
SI kg/m
1 g/cm3 = 1 g/mL = 1000 kg/m3
mass
volume

density =

d=

m
V

21.5 g/cm3
4.49 cm3 ?
d=
m=dxV

m
V

= 21.5 g/cm3 x 4.49 cm3 = 96.5 g

1.7

: ,
K=

oC

+ 273.15

273 K = 0 oC
373 K = 100 oC

oF

9 x oC + 32
5

oF

oC

32 = 0
212 oF = 100 oC
1.7

oF

172.9
oF = 9 x oC + 32
5
oF

32 =

9 x oC
5

5 x (oF 32) = oC
9

o
5
= 9 x ( F 32)
oC = 5 x (172.9 32) = 78.3
9
oC

1.7

 (Scientific Notation)
: A x 10n ; 1 A < 10 , n =
125,817 = 1.25817 x 105
0.000592 = 5.92 x 10-4
: n

(4.31 x 104) + (3.9 x 103) = (4.31 x 104) + (0.39 x 104) = 4.70 x 104

n n

(4.0 x 10-5) + (7.0 x 103) = (4.0 x 7.0) (10-5+3) = 28 x 10-2 = 2.8 x 10-1

 (significant figures)
0

3.7

3.75

 (significant figures)

- (Certainty)
-
(Uncertainty)

1
30.78 g (8)

30.77 30.79


= 93,000,000
1

9,300 x 104 93.00

6.02 x 1023



(6.02 1) x 1023

 significant figures

0
0 0

Ex.
2.085, 2.08500, 0.02085, 0.020850

25,000 ml.
200 kg

1 A 10 x 10b
2.5x104

2.50 x 104

2 x 102

48,600 min

____

25,005,000 g

____


A. 3 ?
1) 0.4760
2) 0.00476

3) 4760

B. O

1) 0.00307 2) 25.300

3) 2.050 x 103

C. 534,675 3
1) 535

2) 535,000

3) 5.35 x 105

 significant figures
1.1 (Rounding off)

1.
5

1
8.57
2.
5


2.23

3. 5
0 5
- ( 0)
5

7.25 7.2 6.4050 6.40
- 5

1
86.75 86.8 0.4350 0.44

 significant figures
4.
5 5

5
1
7.251 7.3
6.4057
6.41

 significant figures
1.2 (Addition and Subtraction)


31.2 +

0.625 + 1.23 0.000850
3.0 24 +
2. 235.05 + 19.6 +2.1
0.3 1
2. 235.05 + 19.6 +2.1
34.5 34 = 36.5
256.8, 40.7

 significant figures
1.3 (Multiplication and
Division)


21.1 x 0.029 x 83.2
291 x 272
0.086

= 50.91008 51
5
=
920.372

9.2
x
10
A. 4.311 0.07
=
B.

2.54 X 0.0028
0.0105 X 0.060
(1.235 - 1.02) X 15.239
1.12

=
=

 (Factor-Label Method)
1. (unit factor)
2.
3.

mL 1.63 L
1 L = 1000 mL
1000
mL
1.63 L x
=
1630
mL
1L
(unit factor)

2
1L
L
1.63 L x 1000 mL = 0.001630 mL

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1.9


. 2.46
100 1

100 =
1
=
1
1
100
2.46 :

2.46 x 100 =246