B CNG THNG

TRNG H CNG NGHIP TP HCM

VIN CNG NGH SH TP

TIU LUN
MN CNG NGH BO QUN V CH
BIN NNG SN
TI:

TM HIU V SN XUT GIM

GVHD:

NGUYN TH HONG YN

SVTH:

L HONG BO QUN

10246361

TRN NG PHNG

10264641

MSHP:

210503303

LP:

HTP6C

MC LC
LI NI U ............................................................................................................................................... 3
1

Tng quan v gim................................................................................................................................ 4

1.1

Khi nim ...................................................................................................................................... 4

1.2

Phn loi gim............................................................................................................................... 4

1.3

Phng thc tng qut ch bin gim........................................................................................... 4

1.4

Thnh phn dinh dng trong gim .............................................................................................. 4

1.5

Chc nng ca gim...................................................................................................................... 5

1.6

Tnh hnh sn xut v gim nc ta hin nay ............................................................................ 6

1.7

Mt s cng ty sn xut gim trn th trng ............................................................................... 7

Tng quan nguyn liu.......................................................................................................................... 7

2.1

2.1.1

Ngun gc ............................................................................................................................. 7

2.1.2

Sn xut ................................................................................................................................. 8

2.1.3

Gi tr dinh dng ca go.................................................................................................... 8

2.1.4

Cu to ht go...................................................................................................................... 9

2.2

Ng ................................................................................................................................................ 9

2.2.1

Ngun gc ............................................................................................................................. 9

2.2.2

Sn xut ............................................................................................................................... 10

2.2.3

Gi tr dinh dng ............................................................................................................... 10

2.2.4

Cu to ca ng ................................................................................................................... 11

2.3

Nho.............................................................................................................................................. 11

2.3.1

Ngun gc ........................................................................................................................... 11

2.3.2

Sn xut ............................................................................................................................... 12

2.3.3

Gi tr dinh dng ............................................................................................................... 12

2.4

Go ................................................................................................................................................ 7

iu ............................................................................................................................................. 13

2.4.1

Ngun gc ........................................................................................................................... 13

2.4.2

Sn xut ............................................................................................................................... 13

2.4.3

Gi tr dinh dng ............................................................................................................... 13

2.4.4

Cu to ht iu................................................................................................................... 14

nh hng ca iu kin mi trng dinh dng ti qu trnh ln men............................................ 15

3.1

nh hng ca O2 ....................................................................................................................... 15

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 1

3.2

nh hng ca nhit .............................................................................................................. 15

3.3

nh hng ca cc ngun C,N,P v nguyn t vi lng ............................................................ 15

Quy trnh sn xut gim ...................................................................................................................... 15

4.1

4.1.1

Phng php ln men chm ................................................................................................ 17

4.1.2

Phng php ln men nhanh ............................................................................................... 19

4.1.3

Phng php ln men chm:................................................................................................ 23

4.1.4

Phng php ln men kt hp:............................................................................................ 24

4.2

Tm hiu quy trnh ...................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.1

V nguyn liu .................................................................................................................... 25

4.2.2

V chng vi sinh vt............................................................................................................ 25

4.3

C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt ................................................................................................ 30

4.3.1

C s l thuyt: bn cht ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic ................................................ 30

4.3.2

C ch ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic ............................................................................ 30

4.3.3

Lo ha................................................................................................................................ 33

4.4

Quy trnh sn xut gim .............................................................................................................. 15

Nhng bin i sinh l v sinh ha ............................................................................................. 34

4.4.1

Bin ng vi sinh vt .......................................................................................................... 34

4.4.2

Bin ng ha hc............................................................................................................... 35

Mt s dng h hng trong qu trnh ln men .................................................................................... 36

5.1

Gim b c v gim chua...................................................................................................... 36

5.2

B gim ....................................................................................................................................... 36

5.3

Rui gim .................................................................................................................................... 37

Cc ch tiu trong sn xut gim ......................................................................................................... 37

Cc cng trnh nghin cu mi ........................................................................................................... 38

9
10

7.1

Gim to Cnh st chng mp hon ho .............................................................................. 38

7.2

Thy sm..................................................................................................................................... 39

Ph lc ................................................................................................................................................ 39
8.1

Ph lc ti liu ............................................................................................................................ 39

8.2

Ph lc hnh ................................................................................................................................ 40

Nhng on video lin quan ti qu trnh sn xut gim. .................................................................. 43

Ti liu tham kho .......................................................................................................................... 44

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 2

LI NI U
Nu nh mn n l mt ngh thut th gia v chnh l mu cht lm nn ngh thut
. Gim cng c xem nh l mt loi gia v khng th thiu trong i sng hng
ngy.
T xa xa, gim l mt thnh t quan trng v thit yu, c s dng ph bin
trong cc nn m thc Chu v Chu u.
Ngoi vic s dng lm gia v, gim cn c dng nh l mt nguyn liu cho
cng ngh ln men, dng trong y hc c s dng nh mt cht st trng nh, chng
c, cha v phng mt s bnh..
c c nhng cng dng v cng hu ch trn th ta cn gim c cht lng
tt, sn xut gim c cht lng m bo th quy trnh cng ngh nh hng rt ln.
bi tiu lun ny, chng ta s tm hiu s lc v gim, cng dng, chc nng,
thnh phn ca n, ng thi s tm hiu thm v quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ra
gim, cc bin i v mt sinh ha.
Nh th no mi l mt quy trnh cng ngh sn xut gim c cht lng v bn
cht ca quy trnh l nh th no?
Sau y, nhm chng em xin c trnh by r hn qu trnh sn xut gim hin
nay cng nh nhng vn lin quan.
Vi s hng dn ca thy b mn : NGUYN TH HONG YN chng em
hon thnh tiu lun : CNG NGH SN XUT GIM.
Bi lm ca nhm s cn nhiu thiu st, mc d chng em c gng nhiu
mong c thng cm v gp chng em hiu v tin b hn trong nhng bi tiu lun,
n sau ny. Chn thnh cm n c !

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 3

Tng quan v gim

1.1 Khi nim

Gim c tn ting Anh l vinegar, c ngun gc t gim ting php gi l: ru
vang chua.
Mt s gim ni ting th gii nh: gim en Nht Bn Orihiro, gim balamic tinh
ty n t Bc , gim mch nha Anh, gim ru vang Php,
1.2 Phn loi gim
Gim n: l mt cht lng c v chua cha 3% axit axetic, c hnh thnh t s
ln men ethanol (C2H5OH)
Gim go (gim ct): ly lng thc, ng lm nguyn liu chnh, thng qua
vic vi sinh vt ln men. Thnh phn dinh dng ca n c axit axetic, ng,
axit hu c, vitamin, mui v c rt tt cho vic trao i cht trong c th.
Gim pha ch (gim ha hc):ly axit axetic tinh luyn lm nguyn liu chnh,
thm nc pha long m thnh, khng c thnh phn dinh dng khc. Nu s
dng axit axetic cng nghip lm nguyn liu i vi c th ngi s dng l
c hi.
1.3 Phng thc tng qut ch bin gim
Gim c hnh thnh t s ln men ru ethanol (C2H5OH).
Phng trnh tng qut:
C2H5OH + O2

CH3COOH + H2O + 117 Kcal

Gim l sn phm ca qu trnh ln men ru gm 3 giai on chnh:

G 1: Thy phn tinh bt thnh glucose (nu c cht l tinh bt).
G 2: ng phn glucose thnh axit pyruvic v NADH2.
G 3: Ln men ru tht s.
1.4 Thnh phn dinh dng trong gim
- Thnh phn axit amin rt phong ph: 18 loi axit amin m c th ngi khng
tng hp c, c 8 loi axit amin thc vt cung cp.
- C v ngt nn gim tr nn iu hp ng v gip c th hp th v tiu ha thc
n tt hn.
- Hm lng axit hu c cao. Trong , axit axetic l thnh phn chnh v cn c
hn 10 loi axit khc: axit lactic, axit gc xeton, axit citric, Mt s axit hu c
ny cng l kt qu ca vic phn gii v tng hp trong qu trnh trao i cht
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 4

dinh dng: protid, ng, m trong qu trnh phn ng sinh hc cng cung cp
nng lng cho c th.
Vic tng hp axit hu c lm cho v chua ca thc n cng thanh, du ngt, lu
li lu trong ming lm gim c v ti v ngon.
Trong gim c axit hu c lm cho thnh phn dinh dng trong thc n c ch
bin lm cho c th d hp th.
Trong gim c cc vitamin B1, B2, C
Mui v c trong gim v cng phong ph nh Na, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, P gip
iu ha ng v, tng mi v ca gim, tc dng cn bng mi trng axit kim
trong c th. Fe l mt thnh phn to hng cu gip vic vn chuyn oxi v to
mu cho c th.
Nguyn t vi lng Ca, Fe, Cu, P gip qu trnh sinh l chng gi yu v qu
trnh sinh trng tui dy th, l thnh phn khng th thiu trong qu trnh trao
i cht.

1.5 Chc nng ca gim

- Tiu tr bnh tt:
Gim cha nhiu axit hu c gip thay th ng, thc y axit lactic v axit acetic
tn tr trong c bp s phn gii v tiu tr cc thnh phn gy mt mi cho c th.
-

iu ha mi trng trong c th:

Gim l thc phm c tnh kim sinh l, qua s trao i cht trong c th sn sinh
phn ng tnh kim. Dm c th trung ha lng ln thc n c tnh axit: tht, c,
trng, t duy tr, cn bng axit kim trong c th
-

Qu trnh tiu ha v hp th d dng:

Cc cht trong gim cng nh axit amin c th kch thch trung khu thn kinh no
ngi c thc, tng cng chc nng tiu ha ca d dy. ng thi gim cn c
kh nng ha tan cc cht dinh dng mui v c phosphat, Fe, Ca phng chng s
ph hoi ca vitamin C.
-

Chng lo ha:

c ch trong c th hnh thnh loi m oxi ha c tc dng tr hon c th b lo ha.

-

Dit khun, khng c:

Gim c tnh dit khun mnh, c ch kh nng ca vi trng. V d: vi trng que bnh
thng hn, vi trng qua i trng,
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 5

Phng tr cao huyt p v s cng ng mch:

C tc dng tan huyt lm cho mch mu chy bnh thng, n nh huyt p.

-

Tng cng chc nng bi tit ca thn, phng nga si thn trong c th:

Nc tiu ca con ngi thng mang tnh axit lm mui trong nc tiu kt tinh
thnh si. Gim c th bin nc tiu thnh kim tnh, c th phng chng si ng
thi lm ha tan si thn trong axit.
-

Tr bnh gan mn tnh:

Cc bnh nh: x gan, vim gan, lng axit d dy gim thiu, chua t i, khng
dit tr hiu qu cc vi khun t khoang ming vo trong d dy. Gim c tnh nng
st khun nn c th lm thuyn gim.
-

Tr bnh bo ph:

Gim cha amoni axit thc y m chuyn ha trong c th ngi thnh nng lng
tiu hao ca c th, thc y thun li lm cho vic trao i cht ca cht dinh dng
nh protid, ng, do gip gim bo ph tt.
-

Dit k sinh trng nh giun a, giun kim.

Khng ung th
Lm p da
Gii ru:

Axit trong gim c th hp th axit acetic cn trong c th ngi, gim c tnh cn

vi h thn kinh, gii ru.
-

Lm du c hng khi b au, rt c.

Gim au khp.
Tt cho d dy,

1.6 Tnh hnh sn xut v gim nc ta hin nay

Vit Nam l nc nng nghip c kh hu nhit i nn c nhiu loi rau qu c
trng, giu cht dinh dng, thm ngon: sapoche, da, chui, u , Vic ch bin
gim lun gn lin vi hot ng bo qun v ch bin rau qu v phn ln lp v, qu b
loi, cc sn phm b i khi x l rau qu vn c th c s dng ln men gim.
Gim nui nc ta hin nay ch c sn xut qui m h gia nh, gi thnh kh
cao so vi gim ha hc, cht dinh dng li thp, gim li b c v chua khng cao.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 6

1.7 Mt s cng ty sn xut gim trn th trng

Cng ty CP XNK A Tun Khang chuyn sn xut cc sn phm gia v nh: nc
mm, gim n tinh luyn, nc p tht, gim hoa qu, tng, dm n, Trn 11 nm
pht trin v nh hnh thng hiu, cng ty c khch hng bit n vi hn 25 dng
sn phm v gia v. i tng chnh l gia nh, nh hng, qun n, Sn phm ca
cng ty c mt hu ht cc siu th ti TP HCM v cc tnh ln cn.
Cng ty ha cht cng ngh Vit Hoa chuyn sn xut gim cng nghip
(CH3COOH). Sn phm c sn xut ti Hn Quc, tinh khit t 99%. Website
cng ty: http://hoachatvnn.com/
Cng ty TNHH Nh Nc Mt Thnh Vin Thc Phm H Ni. Vi truyn thng
nhiu nm trong ngnh sn xut thc phm, thng qua cng ngh, k thut tin tin kt
hp b quyt dn gian, cc sn phm ca cng ty lun m bo c hng v truyn
thng v tinh ty m thc lu i ca con ngi Vit Nam. Mt trong nhng sn phm
ni ting l gim go. Hin nay, ngoi vic ng dng thit b ci tin trong qu trnh sn
xut, ton b qui trnh sn xut ang c qun l theo tiu chun HACCP do t chc
RWTUV ca c cp chng nhn. [1]

Tng quan nguyn liu:

S dng hu ht cc loi nguyn liu c ngun gc nng nghip gm tinh bt, ng.
Da vo nguyn liu ln men gim ngi ta chia ra 2 nhm nguyn liu chnh:
-

Nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt: Go, ng, la m, i mch,

Nguyn liu cha ng: Mt ong, nho, to, iu,

2.1 Go:
Go l mt sn phm lng thc thu t cy la. Ht go thng c mu trng, nu
hoc thm, nhiu dinh dng. Ht go chnh ca nhn l thc sau khi xay tch b
v tru. Ht go sau khi xay gi l go lt, nu tip tc xt tch cm gi l go xt hay
go trng. Go l lng thc ph bin mt na dn s th gii. [2]
2.1.1 Ngun gc:
Cy la hin nay c ngi dn gieo trng l kt qu x l trong phng th
nghim, lai to t nhin cng nh nhn to.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 7

2.1.2 Sn xut:
Go l sn phm t cy la v nm trong mt qu trnh sn xut nng nghip,
thng bao gm nhng khu chnh sau: lm t, chn thc ging, gieo ht, m m, cy,
chm bn (bn phn, nc), gt v xay xt.
Vit Nam c 2 vng trng la chnh l ng bng sng Hng pha Bc v ng
bng sng Cu Long min nam. Hng nm sn xut ca c nc t 33 34 triu tn
thc, trong ch s dng khong 8 triu tn cho xut khu. Cn li tiu th trong nc
v b sung d tr quc gia.
min Bc: c 2 v la chnh: v chim v v ma
min Nam: 3 v mt nm: v ng xun (sn lng v cht lng cao nht), v h thu
v v ba. Do l hng nm ng bng sng Cu Long nhng nm gn y nh hng
n sn xut, ngi dn n nh kim li t vic nui thy sn, trng cy n qu v vy
cho nn chnh quyn khuyn co nng dn gim v chuyn i mt phn t trng la v
ba.
B Nng Nghip v Pht Trin Nng Thn l b ch qun, qun l vic sn xut
la go Vit Nam.[2]
2.1.3 Gi tr dinh dng ca go
Gi tr dinh dng 100g (3,5oz)
Nng lng
Cacbohydrat
ng
Cht x thc phm

365 kcal
79g
0,12g
1,3g

Cht bo

0,66g

Protein

7,13g

Nc

11,62g

Vitamin B1

0,070 mg (5%)

Vitamin B2

0,049 mg (3%)

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 8

Vitamin B3

1,6 mg (11%)

Vitamin B5

1,014 mg (20%)

Vitamin B6

0,164 mg (13%)

Vitamin B9

8 g (2%)

Canxi

28 mg (3%)

St

0,80 mg (6%)

Magie

25 mg (7%)

Mangan

1,088 mg (54%)

Phospho

115 mg (16%)

Kali

115 mg (2%)

Km

1,09 mg (11%)

2.1.4 Cu to ht go
- Ni nh:
c bao bc bi lp v cm, mu sc lp v cm ty theo ging la. Ni nh l
phn d tr dinh dng nui phi v khi ny mm th cung cp cht dinh dng
cho phi pht trin thnh cy la non.
-

Phi:

pha cui ca ht thc, khi ny mm th phi pht trin thnh mm v r li bt

u mt chu k mi ca cy la.
2.2 Ng
2.2.1 Ngun gc
Ng l mt loi cy lng thc c thun canh ti khu vc Trung M v sau
lan ta ra khp Chu M v lan ta ra phn cn li ca th gii vo cui th k 15, u th
k 16.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 9

2.2.2 Sn xut
Trc y sn xut ng Vit Nam cn nh l v phn tn, ch yu l t cung t
cp theo nhu cu ca nng dn. T gia nhng nm 1980, hp tc vi trung tm ci to
Ng v La M Quc t (CIMMYT), nhiu ging ng ci tin c a vo trng trt
tng nng sut ln 1,5 tn/ha.
Ngnh sn xut ng nc ta hin nay c bc i nhy vt t nhng nm 1990
n nay, do vic to cc ging ng lai v m rng din tch trng ng lai trong sn xut,
kt hp p dng cc bin php k thut canh tc theo nhu cu ging mi.
T nm 2006, nng sut v sn lng ng ca Vit Nam nhy vt cao nht. Tc
tng trng din tch, nng sut v sn lng ng cao hn nhiu ln so vi th gii,
li nhun trng ng lai cao hn hn cc loi cy trng khc. Nm 2008, tng sn lng
ng thu c trn 4.531.200 tn. Nm 2009, tng sn lng ln ti trn 5.031.000 tn,
cao nht t trc ti nay. Cc ging ng lai ca Vit Nam cng xut bn ra cc nc
trn th gii. [3]
2.2.3 Gi tr dinh dng
Gi tr dinh dng 100g (3,5oz)
Nng lng

86 kcal

Cacbohydrat

19 g

ng

3,2 g

Cht x thc phm

2,7 g

Cht bo

1,2 g

Protein

3,2 g

Vitamin A

10 g (1%)

Vitamin B1

0,2 mg (15%)

Vitamin B3

1,7 mg (11%)

Vitamin B9

46 g (12%)

Vitamin C

7 mg (12%)

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 10

St

0,5 mg (4%)

Magie

37 mg (10%)

Kali

270 mg (6%)

2.2.4 Cu to ca ng
Ng gm: cung, l bao, ru, li, v ht ng
-

Cung l b phn ni ng vi thn. Cung gm nhiu t rt ngn, mi t c mt

l bao (l bi) bao xung quanh ng.
L bao: bo v cho ng trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin
Ru ng: l vi hoa vn di. Trn ru c nhiu lng t v tit ra nha lm cho ht
phn hoa dnh vo d u.
Li ng: l trc nh cc hoa ci, nhim v ch yu l chuyn cc cht dinh dng
t cy vo ht, c cu to t cc cht x v mt phn nh cc cht dinh dng.

i vi ng ti: l bao v ru chim 20%, li chim 20%, v ht chim 60% khi

lng ton ng.
i vi ng kh: ht chim 78% v li chim 22% khi lng ton ng.
Ht ng c cu to bi 5 phn chnh: my ht, v ht, lp biu b, ni nh v phi
ht
-

My ht: l phn li ra ngoi cui ht. My ht l b phn nh ht vo li bp.

V ht: l lp mng mng bao quanh ht bo v ht.
Lp biu b:nm di lp v ht. Khi lng v v lp biu b chim 5 11%
khi lng ton ht.
Ni nh: chim 75 83% khi lng ht v cha y tinh bt, c phn bit
thnh 2 min: min sng v min bt.
Phi ht: nm phn u nh ca ht, di lp biu b, cha tt c cc t bo pht
trin ca cy ng, ng vai tr quan trng nht trong s xut hin v pht trin ca
cc qu trnh sng. Phi chim 10 15% khi lng ht.

2.3 Nho
2.3.1 Ngun gc
Nho gc cc min n i kh u , cng c cc ging nho khc gc M
nhng cha trng vi quy m sn xut ti Vit Nam.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 11

 Vit Nam, u u cng thy cy nho. T rt lu ngi dn H Ni trng dn

nho quanh nh lm cnh v ly bng rm. Tri nh, chm b, v chua, gi tr thc
phm thp. Ch khu vc min Nam mi c nho trng kinh doanh, cht lng tuy
cha bng nho B o Nha, California nhng khng thua cc tri cy khc.
Nho c trng nhiu nht vng Phan Rang v ni c nhng iu kin thun
tin nht. [4]
2.3.2 Sn xut
Ninh Thun l qu hng ca nho, din tch trng nho ca tnh khong 2500 ha
vi nhiu loi ging nho mi cho nng sut, cht lng cao, sn lng hng nm n nh
t 60 65 ngn tn.
Ging nho ch yu Ninh Thun l ging NH01-48. Kt qu trong sn xut cho
thy, tim nng nng sut v hiu qu kinh t ca ging nho ny l kh cao. Tuy nhin,
do cha c quan tm u t khoa hc k thut nn cy nho cha c iu kin pht trin
ng vi kh nng ca n.
nho Ninh Thun c th cnh tranh vi cc loi nho nhp khu v hng ti sn
xut nho an ton cung cp cho nhu cu trong nc cng nh sn xut th cn phi c
nhng bin php quy hoch vng sn xut nho cht lng cao, tp trung, u t nng
cao trnh cho cn b k thut v cho ngi sn xut. [5]
2.3.3 Gi tr dinh dng
Gi tr dinh dng 100g
Protein

0.5 g

Canxi

9 mg

St

0,6 mg

Vitamin B1

0,1 mg

Vitamin C
PolyPhenol

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

4 mg
Hm lng ln

Page 12

2.4 iu
2.4.1 Ngun gc
iu l mt loi cy cng nghip di ngy thuc h o ln ht. Cy ny c ngun
gc t ng bc Brasil. Ngy nay n c trng khp cc khu vc kh hu nhit i
ly nhn ht ch bin lm thc phm.
2.4.2 Sn xut
Nm 2011, c nc ch bin c hn 800 ngn tn ht iu nguyn liu, trong
ht iu th trong nc ch cung cp c gn mt na, phn cn li phi nhp khu t
mt s quc gia ng Nam v Chu Phi. Nhng nm gn y, kh khn lin tip n
vi ngnh sn xut ht iu khin cc doanh nghip ch bin xut khu ht iu chu
nhiu p lc.
Theo bo co ca B Nng nghip pht trin nng thn, 10 thng u nm 2012,
lng nhn iu xut khu ca Vit Nam t 181 ngn tn, t kim ngch 1.224 t USD,
tng 25,8% v lng v 2,1% v gi tr so vi cng k nm 2011. Hin ti, Vit Nam vn
ang gi u bng v xut khu nhn iu trn th gii. [6]
2.4.3 Gi tr dinh dng
Hm lng cht khong c trong nhn iu
Cht khong
Natri
Kali
Canxi
Magie
St
ng
Km
Mangan
Photpho
Lu hunh
Clo

Nhn bc v la
48
5421
248
2536
60
22
38
18
8400
1600
0

Nhn cha bc v la
50
65,5
268
2650
64
25
42
19
6900
11600
0

Hm lng cc axit amin

Arginine
Histidin
Lysine
Tyrosine
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

10,3
1,8
3,3
3,2
Page 13

Phenylalanine
Cystin
Methionine
Threonine
Valin

4,4
1
1,3
2,8
4,5

Cc cht bo: nhn iu cc cht bo chim khong 47% trong s ny trn 80% cc
cht bo cha bo ha. Cc cht bo cha bo ha khng to cholesterol, c tc ng
iu ha v gim lng cholesterol trong mu trnh cc bnh tim mch.
Axit bo:h tr iu chnh s cn bng cc cht bo bo ha v cholesterol trong cc t
bo EFAs. EFAs c ch trong vic hnh thnh cc mng v chnh sa cc m. Thiu
EFAs dn n bn tiu ng, hen ph qun ri lon thn v vim khp.
Cc cht ng: Hydrat Cacbon chim khong 20% nhn iu, trong ng ha tan
chim 1% to ra mi, v d chu hp dn ca nhn iu m khng b bo ph.
Thnh phn x: l thnh phn c li, gim cholesterol t thc phm n vo, cha to
bn, chng ung th, vim rut tha.
Vitamin: giu vitamin B, c bit l B1, kch thch n ngon ming v h thng thn kinh.
Nhn iu cng giu vitamin E chng suy nhc, thiu mu.
Cht khong: giu cht khong: Calcium, Selenuin, Magnesium, km, phospho, Cu v
Fe di dng hu c c tc dng bo v sc khe v thn kinh cho con ngi.
Nng lng: cung cp 6 kcal/1kg thc phm. [7]
2.4.4 Cu to ht iu
Ht iu hnh qu thn, khi cn ti c mu xanh, khi kh chuyn mu nu hi
xm. Ht c chiu di trung bnh 2,5 3,5cm, rng 2cm, dy 1 1,5cm, trng lng 5
6g.
V cu to, ht iu gm v v nhn. Lp ngoi ca v tng i dy v xp, c
cha mt cht du, trong t nhin l cht bo v ht chng li s ph hoi ca cn trng.
Lp trong cng ca v th mng hn v rt cng
Nhn do 2 l mm to thnh, c bao bc bi mt lp v la mu nu hi .
Nhn l b phn n c, cha khong 40% lipid v 20% protid (theo trng lng), l b
phn rt giu cht dinh dng. Theo trng lng ca ht iu th v chim 45 50%, du

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 14

v 18 23%, v la 2 5%, cn li l nhn chim 20 25%. Mt tn ht iu trung bnh

cho 220kg nhn v 80 200kg du v ty theo phng php trch ly du.

nh hng ca iu kin mi trng dinh dng ti qu trnh ln men

3.1 nh hng ca O2
Lng oxy cn thit ln gp i lng oxy l thuyt, cng thong kh nng sut ln
men cng cao. phng php nui cy chm do b mt tip xc gia t bo v khng
kh b hn ch bi s bao ph dch ln men ca mng vng gim v dy lp dung dch.
V vy, m qu trnh ln men ko di 3- 5 tun, nng gim thu c 3- 7% axit axetic.
Phng php tun hon to din tip xc ln, qu trnh ln men gim 5- 7 ngy, phng
php ln men chm thi gian ln men 72- 96h , nng gim t 7- 14% [10]
3.2 nh hng ca nhit
Acetobacter thuc nhm vi khun a m, nhit thch hp 25 320C. Nhit
thp hoc cao qu cng gy nh hng n qu trnh ln men gim, nhit thp qu
trnh ln men din ra chm, nhit cao qu gy c ch n qu trnh sinh sn t bo vi
khun, hiu sut gim do s bay hi ca etylic v acetic. [10]
3.3 nh hng ca cc ngun C,N,P v nguyn t vi lng
qu trnh oxi ha xy ra nhanh trong dch ln men cnb sung 1 s mui khong nh
(NH4)2SO4, KH2PO4, CaHPO4, FeCl3 ty theo nhu cu tng loi m ta b sung liu
lng thch hp.
Ngoi ra trong mi trng dinh dng cn b sung vitamin, cht kch thch sinh trng
nh peptone, cao nm men,... trong mi trng dinh dng cn b sung sake, mui u
nnh, axit lactic, glycerine.

Quy trnh sn xut gim

4.1 Quy trnh sn xut gim

S cng ngh tng qut sn xut ra gim:

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 15

Nguyn liu
(go, nho,
ng)

Ru trng

ng

Trn u

Nc

Ln men

Ging vi
sinh vt

Sn phm

Bo qun

Lo ha

ng chai

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 16

Da trn nhng phng php ln men khc nhau m ta c cc quy trnh cng ngh
sn xut khc nhau, c th l:
Bn cht ca qu trnh ln men l ln men hiu kh, v th phi to iu kin ti
a vi khun tip xc c vi oxy v cn.
gii quyt tt vn ny c 4 phng php khc nhau:

Phng php ln men chm.

Phng php ln men nhanh.

Phng php ln men chm.

Phng php kt hp.

4.1.1 Phng php ln men chm

Nc p nho

Acid acetic

Thng g

Acetobacter
Orleaneuse

Ln men

Sn phm

Phng php ny c ngi Php thc hin t rt lu v c coi nh l

phng php truyn thng ca ngi Php.
Nguyn liu ca phng php ny l nho, ging vi khun axit acetic c s dng
cho qu trnh sn xut l Acetobacter orleaneuse.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 17

 Thuyt minh quy trnh

Tin hnh ln men ngi ta thng cho 1/5 axit acetic vo thng ln men c
dung tch 250- 300 lt, tit tc cho nc p nho sao cho ton b khi lng t 2/3 th
tch thng ln men.
S d ngi ta cho axit axetic trc to iu kin cho vi khun pht trin, mt
khc ngn nga cc vi khun khc pht trin, khng b nhim.
Tin hnh quy trnh ln men nhit thng. Sau mt thi gian, trn b mt s
to thnh vng cha nhiu axit axetic. V th m qu trnh oxy ha xy ra chm v kt
thc sau vi tun.
Khi kim tra ru cn li 0.3-0.5% s ly gim ra, cho dch dinh dng mi vo.
Nu lu, cht lng gim b gim nhanh do qu trnh oxy ha gim xy ra tip tc.
Gim thu uc thng c lng axit 5-6%. Mun lu phi em thanh trng Pasteur.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 18

4.1.2 Phng php ln men nhanh

Acid Acetic

Lp phi bo

Nc v trng

Dng mi trng i t trn xung

Ging vi khun acetic

Thi kh t di ln

Oxi ha ru

CH3COOH

y thit b ln men

Thu hi sn phm

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 19

Phng php ny do ngi c thc hin theo quy m cng nghip.

Thit b ln men l mt thng g cao 2,5-6m, c ng knh 1,2-3m. T l
ng knh y so vi chiu cao khong l thch hp nht.
Trong thng c cht y phoi bo hay li bp. Phoi bo hay li bp c xem
nh cht mang, gi vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ln men, nh m vi sinh vt khng i
theo vo sn phm cui cng.
Ngoi ra, y thit b, ngi ta cho lp mt h thng phn phi, khng kh a
t di ln. Mi trng c a vo t trn xung.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 20

 Thuyt minh quy trnh

u tin, ngi ta dng axit axetic c nng 3-5% chy qua lp phi
bo hay ly bp va c mc ch thanh trng va c tc dng axit ha vt liu cht
mang vi sinh vt ging d thch nghi trong qu trnh ln men.
Sau , dng nc v trng ra qua v np ging vi khun axetic vo.Vi
khun axetic s bm v phoi bo hay ly bp. Tip ngi ta cho dng mi trng
t trn xung qua h thng phn phi nh mt vi hoa sen trong bung tm. Mi
trng s c phn phi u khp vt liu phoi bo hay ly bp. Cng lc, ngi ta
thi kh t di ln.
Mi trng c a t trn xung, chy qua lp cht mang c cha cc
t bo vi khun. Cn s thm thu vo t bo vi khun, khng kh c a t di
y thit b ln trn, thm thu vo trong t bo vi khun.
Vi khun tin hnh qu trnh oxy ha ru thnh CH3COOH s thm thu
qua mng t bo ra ngoi v theo dung dch xung y thit b ln men. Ngi ta thu
nhn t y thit b ln men.
Quy trnh ln men c thc hin nhit 24-37oC. Thi gian ln men
ko di 8-10 ngy. Trong trng hp dch ln men cui cng cha lng axit axetic
thp, ngi ta tin hnh ti ln men bng cch bm chng ngc li t trn xung.
- Phng trnh oxi ha ru thnh axit acetic trong t bo:
CH2H5OH + O2 CH3COOH + H2O + 117 Kcal
Phn ng xy ra trong t bo vi khun, mun phn ng xy ra, CH2H5OHvO2
phi c thm thu trong t bo. Khi cc enzim c trong t bo ca vi khun tham
gia oxi ha ru thnh CH3COOH . CH3COOH c to thnh s thot khi t bo v
tan trong dch mi trng.
Qu trnh oxy ha ru thnh axit acetic c biu din theo s sau:

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 21

Ru
C2H5OH

CH3COOH

CH3COOH

O2

Mi trng

T bo vi khun

Ngoi ra cn c nhng phng php ln men nhanh khc:

Phng php nhng:
Ngi ta thit k thng ln men hnh tr, bn trong lp nhiu gi cha y cht mang
(mt ca, ly bp, than ci hay cc vt liu cellulose c kh nng gi vi sinh vt trn
). Cc gi ny c th nng ln hoc h xung c.
Ngi ta chun b mi trng v mi trng vo thng ln men.Vi sinh vt s
c lm bm dnh vo cc vt liu ng trong gi.
Gi cha vt liu c vi sinh vt s c nhng xung dung dch ln men ri li nhc
chng ln khi dung dch.
Khi chic gi cha cht mang c vi sinh vt thm y mi trng v c nhc ln
khng kh, qu trnh oxy ha ru c xy ra.
Thao tc ny c lp i lp li nhiu ln s c tc dng oxy ha ht lng cn c
trong dung dch.
Phng php hnh trng quay:
Ngi ta thit k thit b ln men c hnh tr nm ngang bn trong mt thng cha
dung dch ln men h np.
Thit b hnh tr ny c bc mt lp vt liu c kh nng thm nc v c kh
nng gi vi sinh vt. Mt na thit b ny nm trong lng dung dch ln men, mt
na nm trn dung dch ln men v c tip xc vi khng kh.
Khi vn hnh, mt na thit b lun lun c tip xc vi khng kh.
Ngi ta thit k h thng quay ny vi vn tc rt chm thi gian cho qu trnh
oxy ha cn thnh axit axetic.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 22

4.1.3 Phng php ln men chm:

Dch ln men

Thng g

Thi kh

Ln men +
dch huyn
ph

Qu trnh
Oxi ha

Sn phm

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

Ngi ta thit k h thng ln men axetic c gi l acetator.

Ngi ta cho dung dch ln men vo thit b v tin hnh thi kh rt mnh.
Khi trong dung dch ln men s to ra th huyn ph v dung dch ln men.
Hai th ny lun lun c trn ln nhau v nh vy, qu trnh oxy ha xy ra rt
mnh lit.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 23

4.1.4 Phng php ln men kt hp:

Acid Acetic

Lp phi bo

Nc v trng

Ging vi
khun acetic

Oxi ha ru

CH3COOH

Thit b ng dch
ln men

Thi kh

Ln men +
dch huyn
ph

Qu trnh
Oxi ha

Sn phm

Thuyt minh quy trnh:

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 24

Ngi ta thit k h thng ln men bao gm ba phn:

Phn trn l lp m hay lp cht mang cha vi sinh vt ( ging phng php
nhanh).
Lp gia ch l mt thng cha dung dch sau khi ln men phn trn chy
xung.
Di cng l h thng thi kh mnh, kh s c thi qua phn dung dch ny ri
chuyn ngc ln phn trn(ging thit b ln men chm).
4.2 Tm hiu quy trnh
4.2.1 V nguyn liu
Ng
Tiu chun nguyn liu:
Ng cn p ng mt s cht lng nht nh bao gm: thnh phn ha hc, ti,
m, nhim bnh, tp cht v mc nhim trng.
Thnh phn ha hc c c trng bi ging v cc iu kin canh tc.
ti c c trng bi mu sc, mi v. Ng khng sy qu nhit, khng c
bt c mi l no, khng c du hiu b ngm nc, c bit l ch phi ht.
m ht ti a l 13.5%.
Tp cht < 3%, ht bi nhim bnh < 2%.
Khng nhim mt, khng chy, khng c mi nha, mc v kht.
Nho
Bn cht qu trnh ln men gim nho l s chuyn ha ng thnh ru. V vy,
hm lng ng trong nho nh hng ln n cht lng ca gim.
Nho la chn lm gim cn s dng loi nho ti, khng dp nt, c hm
lng ng cao, chn ti. S dng loi nho trng.
4.2.2 V chng vi sinh vt
a. Tc nhn vi sinh vt
Vi khun Acetobacter l tc nhn chnh ca qu trnh ln men acetic nn cn c gi
l vi khun acetic. y l nhng vi khun ph bin trong t nhin, c trn b mt l, qu,
hoa, to acid acetic t ru etylic.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 25

b. c im hnh thi
Vi khun actic l vi khun gram m, khng sinh bo t.
V hnh dng t bo :
Vi khun acid acetic l trc khun hnh que ti elip, kch thc t bo 0.6-0.8
mm/ 1-3 mm.
Cc t bo ng tch ring r, 1 s xp 2 t bo, 1 s khc xp thnh chui di.
Mt s loi c bit c t bo hnh cu, c loi hnh ch. Ty iu kin pH mi
trng, nhit nui 1 s loi c th c dng hnh bn nguyt.
Mi trng pht trin:
Nhiu loi vi khun acetic khi pht trin trn mi trng thiu thc n hay mi
trng nui cy lu (mi trng gi) d sinh ra hnh thi c bit (t bo phnh
to hay ko di ra) c th phn nhnh.
Vi khun acetic c kh nng to bo t v mng nhy, mt s c kh nng di
ng nh tin mao, mt s khng c kh nng ny.
Trn mi trng c, chng pht trin thnh nhng khun lc trn, u n,
ng knh trung bnh 3 nm.
Trn mi trng lng vi khun actic ch pht trin trn mi trng to thnh
nhng lp mng dy mng khc nhau. Mt s loi to thnh mng dy nh sa
(0.5mm), nhn v trn, khi lc chng chm xung y bnh v thay vo 1 lp
mng mng mi li tip tc pht trin. Dung dch di mng bao gi cng trong
sut. Khi nui cy mng ngi ta thy c si cellulose ging nh trong si bng.
Loi 2 c mng mng nh giy celophan, 1 s khc trn b mt ca mng khng
nhn m nhn nheo, 1 s na to mng mng d v bm trn thnh bnh v dung
dch nui khng trong.
c. c im sinh trng
Vi khun acetic pht trin tt trn mi trng nc bia, cc mi trng c cha
cao nm men, glucose, ru etylic hay manitol.
Pht trin tt trong iu kin hiu kh bt buc, nhit 25-30oC, pH 5,4 - 5,8.
Tnh cht c trng ca vi khun acetic l kh nng oxy ha ru etylic thnh
acid acetic pH 4.5.
Ngoi ra cn thc hin qu trnh oxy ha acid acetic oxy ha lactate, chuyn
glucose thnh gluconate, oxy ha khng hon ton cc hp cht hu c khc (cc
loi ng v dn xut ca chng) to thnh cc hp cht ketone, hay cc acid
hu c tng ng.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 26

 Nhu cu dinh dng ca vi khun acetic i vi ngun C, N v cht sinh trng

cng rt a dng. Vi khun acetic s dng ng, etylic v cc acid hu c lm
ngun C, mui amon lm ngun N.
Trong qu trnh pht trin vi khun acetic c nhu cu i vi 1 s acid amin
nhvalin, alanin, prolin, isolosine.
Mt s cht kch thch sinh trng nh acid nicotine, acid amin, folic v biotin
c vai tr quan trng trong sinh trng ca vi khun acetic.
Mt s vi khun acetic c kh nng tng hp polysaccharide phn t ln nh
cellulose, tinh bt, dextran v ngi ta ng dng kh nng ny trong sn xut
cng nghip. Mt s loi tng hp c nhng si cellulose ging nh bng A.
xylimum, acetigenum, viizingianum.
d. Phn loi
Nm 1950 Frateur chnh thc a ra kha phn loi mi da trn tiu chun:
Kh nng to catalase
Kh nng tng hp cc keto t cc ru bc cao nh glycerol,manitol, sorbitol
Kh nng oxy ha acetate thnh CO2 v H2O
Kh nng oxy ha glucose thnh acid gluconic
Kh nng s dng mui amon lm ngun nit v s dng ru etylic lm ngun
cacbon.
To sc t nu
Tng hp cellulose
Trn c s ny, Frateur chia vi khun acetid lm 4 nhm:
Tn nhm
Subosydans

Mezoxydans

Oxydans
Peroxydans

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Vi khun i din

c im
Khng c kh nng oxy
Acetobacter Subosydaz,
ha acid acetic thnh CO2
Acetobacter Melanogennum
v H2O
Acetobacter Acetic,
C y cc c im
Acetobacter Xylinum,
trn.
Acetobacter Mezoxydan
Acetobacter Ascendans,
Khng c kh nng to cc
Acetobacter Ransens,
hp cht Keto
Acetobacter Lovaniens
Acetobacter Peroxydans,
Khng cha catalase,
Acetobacter Paradoxum
khng oxy ha glucose

Page 27

e. Mt s vi khun s dng trong ln men gim

qu trnh ln men gim t hiu qu cao, la chn nhng chng vi khun tha
iu kin:

Phi oxy ho etylic tt nht.

To gim c nng acid acetic cao, chu c cn v acid cao.
Cc tnh cht ban u c gi nguyn trong sut qu trnh ln men.
Cc iu kin phn lp, nui cy, bo qun ging n gin khng tn km nhiu
ph hp vi iu kin Vit Nam.

Ngi ta thng s dng nhng ging sau:

Acetobacter acetid:
Trc khun ngn c dng hnh que kch thc0,4-0,8 v 1-1,2 mm, khng di
ng thng xp thnh chui di.
Gram m, mu vng vi thuc nhum iod. Chng to thnh khun lc to, sng
trn gelatin vi dch ln men cha 10% ng saccharose, to thnh mng dy nhn,
khng c nng ln theo thnh bnh, c kh nng pht trin trn mi trng c nng
ru kh cao (11%), c kh nng tch ly 6% acid acetic. Nhit thch hp pht trin
34oC. Nu nhit cao qu 43oC s gy ra hin tng co t bo v to thnh hnh qu l,
thng pht trin trn bia.
Acetobacter Xylinum:
Trc khun dng hnh que 2mm, ng ring r hay xp thnh chui khng di ng.
Cc t bo c bao bc bi cht nhy, to vng nhn kh dy, bt mu xanh vi
thuc nhum iod v H2SO4 (phn ng ca hemicellulose) v vng c cha
hemicellulose, c th oxy ha ru to 4.5% acid acetic trong mi trng, ngoi ra
chng cn c kh nng oxy ha tip acid acetic thnh CO2 v H2O.
Acetobacter pasteurianum:
Trc khun ngn, hnh thi gn ging A. aceti, nhng khi ta nhum chng viiot,
t bo s cho mu xanh.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 28

Kh nng chu nng cn ca chng thp hn ca A.aceti. Trong iu kin mi

trng pht trin thun li, chng c kh nng to c 5-6% axit axetic.
Acetobacter orleaneuse:
Hnh thi vi khun ny ging hai vi khun trn nhng li c kch thc nh hn
nhiu. c bit hai u ca t bo thng nh li. Nhiu trng hp ngi ta ln ln vi
khun ny vi vi khun k kh Clostridium.
Trong dch nc cy, chng thng to ra mt vng rt mng trn b mt.
Vng vi khun thng rt chc, khi nhum vi iot, t bo s chuyn sang mu
vng. Vi khun ny chu ng c lng cn n12%V, v trong iu kin ln men
thch hp, chng c th to ra c 9,5% axit axetic.
Acetobacter Schiitzenbachii:
Vi khun ny thuc vi khun hnh que, nhng kch thc ca chng di hn cc
ging trnh by trn. Chng khng to bo t, khng c kh nng chuyn ng v
thuc vi khun gram(-).
Khi pht trin mi trng lng, chng to ra lp mng dy nhng khng chc.
cc nc trn th gii, ngi ta thng s dng chng sn xut gim theo
phng php chm.
Trong iu kin mi trng thun li, chng c kh nng to c 11-12% axit
axetic.
Acetobacter curvum:
V c bn vi khun ny ging A. Schiitzenbachii . Trong mi trng ln men
thun li, vi khun ny c th to ra c 10-11% axit axetic. Vi khun A. curvum to
vng rt chc trn b mt mi trng. Nhit ln men ti u ca vi khun ny l 3537oC.
Acetobacter suboxydans:
Vi khun A.suboxydans c s dng nhiu trong cng ngh sn xut vitamin C.
Chng c kh nng chu ng c nng cn rt cao. Nu trong mi trng, ta cho
thm mt lng nh cc cht dinh dng cn thit, v d nh glucose, vi khun ny c

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 29

th chuyn ha hon ton cn thnh axit axetic. Lng axit axetic to c t qu trnh
ln men c th ln n 13%.
Nhit thch hp cho vi khun ny tin hnh ln men l 28-30oC. Thi gian ln
men xy ra rt nhanh, ch cn 48h, lng axit axetic c th t c n 13%.
Trong qu trnh ln men cn phi thng kh lin tc v vi khun ny cn lng oxy rt
nhiu cho qu trnh chuyn ha cn thnh axit axetic v cho qu trnh pht trin.

4.3 C ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt

4.3.1 C s l thuyt: bn cht ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic
Mi qu trnh mun hot ng c i hi phi c nng lng.Qu trnh ln men
l qu trnh oxy ha kh sinh hc thu nng lng v cc hp cht trung gian cho t
bo sinh vt .Nhng t bo sng ch s dng nng lng di dng ha nng tng tr
trong mch Cacbon v c phng ra do s chuyn electron t mc nng lng ny
sang mc nng lng khc .
Cc phn ng sinh ha xy ra tong qu trnh ln men l nhng phn ng chuyn
hidro.Nhng s chuyn hidro cng tng ng vi s chuyn electron.Cc enzim xc
tc qu trnh tch nguyn t hidro khi c cht gi l enzim dehidrogenaza.
Trong qu trnh ln men gim ru etylic c oxyhoa1 thnh acid acetic . y
s chuyn hidro c thc hin nh s xut hin ca NADP (Nicotinamit adenin
dinucleotit photphat dng oxy ha ).Hidro c NADP nhn (tr thnh NADPH2) c
chuyn qua chui h hp thu nng lng .Song c cht khng b phn gii hon ton
nn c gi l qu trnh oxy ha khng hon ton.
4.3.2 C ch ca qu trnh ln men axit acetic
a. Qu trnh chuyn i ng thnh etanol
C s sinh ha ca ln men etanol
S ln men etanol l mt qu trnh sinh ha phc tp, c s tham gia cu nm
men Saccharomyces, tri qua hng lot cc phn ng phc tp vi s tham gia ca nhiu
men xc tc khc nhau.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 30

Phng trnh tng qut ca s ln men etanol:

C6H12O6

2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2 + 27Kcal

Sn phm
Sn phm chnh l etanol: kh CO2, sn phm ph l glyxerin,axit sucxinic mt s
aldehyt, ru cao phn tQa trnh ln men etanol nu i t nguyn liu l glucozo ln
men pH 4-5 s qua cc giai on chnh sau:

Do xc tc ca glucokinaza
C6H12O6 CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)4CHO + ADP

Di tc dng ca enzyme ng phn glucophosphate izomeraza:

CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)4CHO CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)3COCH2OH

Di tc dng ca phosphofructokinaza:
CH2O(H2PO3)(CHOH)3COCH2OH+ATP
CH2O(H2PO3)CO(CHOH)3CH2OH(H3PO4) + ADP

c xc tc bi aldolaza
CH2O(H2PO3)CO(CHOH)3CH2OH(H3PO4) CH2O(H2PO3)COCH2OH
+H2O((H2PO3)CHOCHO

Di tc dng ca enzyme triphosphate izomeraza:

CH2O(H2PO3)COCH2OH CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCHO

Nh xc tc ca enzyme triphosphatedehydronaza coenzyme ca n l NAD

2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCHO + 2H3PO4 + 2NAD
2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOO~H3PO3 + 2NAD.H2

Vi s tham gia ca phosphoglyceratkinaza

2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOO~H3PO3 + 2ADP

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOOH + 2ATP

Di tc dng ca enzyme acide 2-phosphoglyceromutaza

2CH2O(H2PO3)CHOHCOOH

2CH2OHCHO(H2PO3)COOH

Di tc dng ca enolaza
2CH2OHCHO(H2PO3)COOH 2CH2CO(H2PO3)COOH + 2H2O

Do enzyme pyrovatkinaza
2CH2=CO~(H2PO3)COOH + 2ADP 2CH3CO-COH + 2ATP.

Ti y, acide pyrovic b decarrboxyl to thnh aldehyt acetic

2CH3CO-COOH 2CO2 + 2CH3CHO

Giai on cui cng ca ln men ru l aldehyt acetic b kh bi NAD.H2

2CH3CHO + 2NAD.H2 2CH3CH2OH + 2NAD
b. Qu trnh chuyn ha thnh axit acetic

Nm 1802, Louis Pasteur l ngi u tin khm ph ra c ch qu trnh ln men acetic,

l qu trnh oxy ha hiu kh ethanol thnh axit acetic nh vi khun:

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Phng trnh tng qut:

CH3CH2OH + O2 CH3COOH + H20 + 117kcal
Thc cht qu trnh oxy ha ny tri qua cc giai on sau:
chuyn ha thnh acid acetic ru v oxy phi thm nhp vo t bo vi
khun, y nh c enzim ca vi khun xc tc ru c chuyn ha thnh acid acetic
theo mt qu trnh sau:
2CH3CH2OH + O2 2CH3CHO + 2H2O
ethanol
CH3CHO + H2O

acetaldehyde
CH3CH(OH)2

Hydrat ca acetakdehyd
CH3CH(OH)2 + O2 CH3COOH +H20
Acid acetic
c. Cc sn phm khc ca qu trnh ln men ngoi axit acetic
Ngoi vic oxy ha ethanol thnh acid acetic th vi khun Acetic cn c kh nng
oxy ha nhiu cht khc nhau nh:

Propanol

Lactic acid

Glyceryl

D-sorbitol

D-ribit

D-manit

D-glucose

Acid D-gluconic
Acid lactic

acis propionic
acetonin
dihydroxyaceton
L-sorbose
L-ribuloso
D-fructose
acid-gluconic
D-5-keto-gluconic
acid pyruvic

Mc d vi khun oxy ha c nhiu cht nhng ni chung ch c polyol cha

mt nhm ru bc hai gia mt nhm ru bc 1 nm ru bc 2 khc v tr cis mi
c oxy ha.
4.3.3 Lo ha
a. Khi nim

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Lo ha l thi gian m gim hnh thnh, hon thin bn trong thng ln men, cc
thay i thi gian ph thuc vo ha cht, tnh cht vt l v cm quan.
b. Bin i xy ra trong qu trnh lo ha
Mu ca gim :
Dao ng t mu vng nu en trong qu trnh lo ha do s tch t ca cc
hp cht, ch yu l melanoidins, t cc phn ng xc tc ca cc emzim khng nh
ng xung cp, tnh axit v phn ng Maillard l phn ng ha nu trong iu kin c
protein, ng v nc.
nht:
Cc tnh cht chy ca gim c xc nh bi lc hp dn c th v v s lng
trng lng phn t cao melanoidins, mt lp khng ng nht ca biopolymers hnh
thnh v tch ly trong qu trnh lo ha.
4.4 Nhng bin i sinh l v sinh ha
4.4.1 Bin ng vi sinh vt
Hin tng gim c v gim chua
Trong qu trnh oxyhoa ru thnh gim i khi xy ra hin tng oxy ha su sc
ti acid acetic ,CO2v H2O. Nguyn nhn l do gim b nhim khun A.Xilinum,
A.Acetic hoc nm men thuc h Candida mycoderma cc loi ging ny d oxyhoa
acid acetic.
Chng pht trin trong gim to mng nhy trn b mt lm cho gim thnh phm c
cn nhy.
Hin tng ln gim
Trong thng ln men v gim thnh phm thng thy mt loi giun trn nh, di t
1-2mm gi l ln gim Angillula acetic.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Ln gim sinh trng v pht trin trong iu kin nghim

ngt,pht trin mnh nng acid 6%,v nng trn 9% th
chng b c ch, nhng khng hon ton ngng sinh sn, nng
acid >12% th chng s cht.
Ln gim sng ch yu nh acid acetic, nhng chng cng c
th n mt phn ru, acid acetic cc cht Nit v cc cht khong
ha tan.
Chng khng nh hng n hiu sut ln men v sc khe con ngi, nhng vi s
lng ln th chng lm v mng gim, lm c gim thnh phm.
4.4.2 Bin ng ha hc
Do mt s tc ng nh:
Nhit :
Ty theo tng loi m nhit ti u cho qu trnh oxy ha. Nhng trong sn xut
ngi ta thng dng nhng vi sinh vt thch ng cho qu trnh oxy ha l 30-400C.
Nng ru:
Ty tng loi vi khun m chng c kh nng tn ti nhng nng ru khc
nhau.Thng thng ngi ta s dng nng ru t 11-13%.
Nu trong mi trng khng c ru th vi khun tip tc oxy ha acid acetic thu
nng lng dng cho s sng.V th y l mt qu trnh c hi.Trong sn xut ngi ta
thng gi li ru trong mi trng l t 0,3-0.5%.
Nng axit acetic:
Acid acetic sinh ra gy nh hng c ch sinh l ca vi khun acetic.
Nu nng ca acid acetic t 8% s c ch hot ng ca vi khun v nu nng
acid acetic t 12-14% s c ch ton b vi khun.
thong kh:
Oxy l mt yu t quan trng cho qu trnh ln men gim. Qu trnh oxy ha ch
xy ra khi trong mi trng vi khun c tip xc vi khng kh.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Cng c thong kh kh nng oxy ha cng tt.Tnh trung bnh c oxy ha 1

kg ru khan cn 2,3m khng kh.
Trong iu kin ym kh th vi khun axetic s s dng cht dinh dng m khng to
a.axetic.
Trong mi trng dinh dng, ngoi ru ra cn c cc cht v c, gluxit v cc
hp cht hu c cha nit d hp th. Khi s dng mt hectolit ru cn 25g
supepphosphat, 25g sunphat amon, 0,9g K2CO3 v 500g glucose hoc tinh bt c thy
phn.
Trong mi trng dinh dng:
Ngoi ru ra cn c cc cht v c, gluxit v cc hp ch hu c cha Nito d hp
th.
Khi s dng mt hectolit ru cn supephotpho, 25g sunphat amon 0,9g K2CO3 v
500g glucose hoc tinh bt c thy phn.

Mt s dng h hng trong qu trnh ln men

5.1 Gim b c v gim chua

Trong sn xut gim thng xy ra hai qu trnh oxy ha:
Qu trnh oxy ha C2H5OH thnh CH3COOH l qu trnh c li cho sn xut.
Qu trnh oxy ha CH3COOH thnh CO2 v H2O l qu trnh c hi cho sn
xut.Nguyn nhn xy ra qu trnh ny l do nm men Mycoderma, A.xilinum, A.Aceti
gy ra hin tng gim c v to cn.
5.2 B gim
Trong sn xut gim thng thy 2 loi b gim:
-

Loi to , mu trng c kch thc 0.8-1.5mm.

Loi nh , mu nu c kch thc 0,3-0,4 mm.

B gim lm thay i cht lng gim. Nhiu khi b gim xut hin vi mt lng
rt ln v n ln gim.
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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5.3 Rui gim

Rui gim thng c mu nu , c kch thc t 2,5-3mm.
Rui gim thng pht trin phn trn,phn di ca thit b ln men.Chng lm
gin acid acetic, sinh ra nhng u trng n vi khun lactic v thng l vt trung gian
ly nhim cc vi sinh vt gy hi gim.
Chng pht trin mnh khi c s oxy ha mnh.
Chng ng ha ru v acid acetic v cc vi khun.

Cc ch tiu trong sn xut gim

Phi c chng ct v ng gi trong iu kin v sinh ti u.
Cc nguyn liu th dng trong sn xut phi c ngun gc t nng nghip.
Cc cht th rn c th ho tan, bao gm c ng v mui khng thp hn 1.3
gr trn mi 1000ml 1% axit acetic i vi gim nho v 2 gr mi 1000ml 1% axit
acetic i vi gim hoa qu v gim to.
Tng lng axit khng thp hn 60gr mt lt (c tnh nh axit axetic) i vi
gim nho v 50gr mt lt (c tnh nh axit axetic) i vi cc loi gim khc.
Cht sunfua ioxin dng bo qun khng vt qu 70mg/kg.
Cht chng xi ho khng qu 400mg/kg.
Mu nu nht (EI50A) c th c thm vo ph hp vi iu kin sn xut tt
hay khng, c th thm vi lng ln nht 1g/1kg, mu nu c sn xut t
ammonia c th thm vo gim mch nha vi lng ti a 1g/1kg.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Cc kim loi gy nhim khng c ln hn s lng cho php sau y:

Thch tn(AS)

1mg/kg

Ch

10mg/kg

ng v km

10mg/kg

St

10mg/kg

Khng c bt k cht ph gia no bt ngun t vi sinh vt gy hi.

Khng c giun gim hoc s lng ph thm cc cht cn, khng c nhng lng
cn do vi sinh vt gy ra.
Lng axit acetic khng t hn 5%.
Khng c mu nhn to tr mu nu thng thng (A-150) c thm vo tu
theo iu kin sn xut tt .
Khng c v ngt nhn to.

Cc cng trnh nghin cu mi

7.1 Gim to Cnh st chng mp hon ho

Gim to ni ting l cht gip gim mp t nhin, nhanh chng m khng gy
phn ng ph, ng thi ngn chn hon ton khng cho cc t bo m hnh thnh.
Theo cc nghin cu mi nht, gim to c cng dng thn k gip gim mp v
bi tr cht c hi ra khi c th. Gim to c th kch thch t bo m t nhin tit
ra v c phn gii nh cc phn ng sinh ha, sau c bi tit ra khi c th.
Chng nhng vy gim to cn ngn chn hon ton khng cho cc t bo m hnh
thnh. y l l do m gim to cn c gi l cnh st chng mp trong c th.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Ngoi ra, gim to cn mang li cc li ch vi c th: tng cng chc nng tiu
ha, gim cholesterol c hi cho c th, tng cng chc nng ca h tim mch, duy tr
huyt p mc bnh thng, duy tr lng ng trong mu mc bnh thng, ngn
nga s sinh sn ca cc t bo ung th. [8]
7.2 Thy sm
DS. L Kim Phng, ging vin H Y Dc Tp HCM, cho bit thy sm l mt
loi ci gim pht trin di dng mt vng nhy dy v dai, mu trng. Loi gim ny
sinh si nhanh trong mi trng nc ch (tr) pha ng.
y l sn phm ln men cha khong 0,5 1% cn, axit acetic, axit gluconic,
axit glycuronic, axit L-lactic, axit cacbonic, axit caprilic, axit citric, axit oxalic, axit
usnic, vitamin nhm B, vitamin C, axit folic, amino axit v mt s hp cht c tc dng
khng sinh, st trng v gii c. Ngoi ra, thy sm cn cha mt lng nh cafein v
n c ln men t cc loi tr nh tr xanh, tr en, tr long,...
Theo DS. L Kim Phng, li ch t thy sm rt nhiu: gip nam n ci thin kh
nng sinh dc v ci thin ln gia, gia tng th lc, ci thin v gic, gii c c th.
Thuyn gim cc bnh mn tnh nh: vim khp, thp khp, d ng, ri lon tiu ha,
huyt p cao,...
D nhiu li ch, nhng DS. L Kim Phng khuyn khng nn ung nhiu thy
sm v lng axit acetic trong n l kh cao. c bit, ph n c thai l khng nn dng
v c n 1% lng cn, khng nn ung trong thi gian cho con b v c th gy au
bng cho tr s sinh. Do sn phm cha qu nhiu axit acetic, v vy khi s dng trong
thi gian di c th dn n au khp, chng mt v vim xoang. [9]

Ph lc

8.1 Ph lc ti liu
[1]: http://www.thucphamhanoi.com.vn/aspx/TinTucVN.aspx?Nhom=3&ID=246
[2]: http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%E1%BA%A1o#Ngu.E1.BB.93n_g.E1.BB.91c
[3]: http://vaas.vn/kienthuc/cayngo/sanxuatngoovietnam.php
[4]:http://baovecaytrong.com/kythuatcaytrongchitiet.php?Id=250&caytrongkythuat=c%C
3%A2y%20nho
[5]:http://www.rauhoaquavietnam.vn/default.aspx?ID=46&LangID=1&tabID=5&NewsI
D=1484
Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 39

[6]: http://www.baodongnai.com.vn/kinhte/201211/Kho-bao-lanh-tin-dung-cho-nganhche-bien-dieu-2197596/
[7]:http://www.minhlamcashew.com/Home/?i=home/documentshow.ascx&t=web_news
&f=document&id=289&apply=kienthuchatdieu
[8]: http://www.baomoi.com/Dam-tao--Canh-sat-chong-map-hoan-hao/138/8966278.epi
[9]: http://cand.com.vn/vi-vn/cstc/2011/7/153269.cand
8.2 Ph lc hnh
Ph lc 1: Vi khun Acetobacter

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Ph lc 2: Vi khun Acetobacter aceti

Ph lc 3: Vi khun Acetobacter Xylinum

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

Page 41

Ph lc 4: Rui gim

Ph lc 5: Thy sm

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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Ph lc 6: Gim to

Nhng on video lin quan ti qu trnh sn xut gim.

a. Make balsamic vinegar: quy trnh lm gim balsamic:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKkc_VwBcrw
b. How to make vinegar at home: gim tri cy:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3iJhxU-8l0 .
c. Rozendal vinegar
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URmglP8Csww

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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d. Lirah Vinegar making feature

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74PZJhtdCpQ
e. Coconut Vinegar: Gim da.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4DX4PPPJkLg&NR=1&feature=endscreen

10 Ti liu tham kho

1/ Kiu Hu Anh, Gio trnh vi sinh vt cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v k thut, 1999.
2/ Nguyn Hu Phc, Cc phng php ln men thc phm truyn thng Vit Nam v
cc nc trong vng, NXB Nng nghip, 1998.
3/ L Bch Thn v cc tc gi, Trng v gim kh nng tr bnh k diu, NXB Thanh
Nin, 2000.
4/ L Ngc T, L Vn Ch, ng Th Thu, Nguyn Th Thnh, Bi c Li, Lu Dun,
Gio trnh ha sinh cng nghip, NXB Khoa hc v k thut H Ni, 2002.

Tm hiu v sn xut gim

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