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Analitika 2 Kolokvium 1 PDF
Analitika 2 Kolokvium 1 PDF
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АНАЛИТИКА НА ЛЕКОВИ 2
ОСНОВНИ ПРИНЦИПИ НА
ХРОМАТОГРАФИЈАТА;
1 ТЕНКОСЛОЈНА ХРОМАТОГРАФИЈА
(TLC)
каде: Neff – број на ефективни подови, кој покажува колку пати аналитот се
распределува меѓу мобилната и стационарната фаза во текот на неговото
поминување низ колоната; t’r – разлика помеѓу ретенционото време на
аналитот (време потребно аналитот да помине низ колоната) и
ретенционото време на мобилната фаза (време потребно незадржаните
молекули да поминат низ празниот волумен на колоната).
По пресметката на бројот на ефективни подови, се пристапува кон
пресметка на висина на теоретски под, според следново равенство:
за компонентата А: за компонентата В:
Пареа од јод
Плочата за TLC се поставува во сад кој содржи кристали од јод. Поради
присуството на јод во садот, на површината на плочата, на местата кадешто
се наоѓаат органски соединенија, се создаваат карактеристични кафеави
дамки. Ваквото боење е реверзибилно, па доколку после лоцирањето на
одредена органска компонента е потребна и нејзина изолација, плочата се
изложува на воздух, при што јодот од површината на плочата испарува, а со
внимателно гребење на дамките кои ја содржат компонентата од интерес,
истата ефикасно се изолира. Од друга страна, доколку е потребно
зачувување на плочата, за да се спречи испарувањето на јодот, плочата
може да се покрие или пак, да се испрска со раствор на скроб со цел да се
постигне перманентна фиксација на дамките. Меѓу другото, јодот како
реагенс за визуелизација во TLC, се користи во фармакопејските тестови на
одредени масла и цетримид.
Калиум перманганат
Калиум перманганатот обезбедува метод за детекција на: шеќери, молекули
слични на шеќери и лекови кои содржат алифатични двојни врски. Истиот
може да се користи во TLC за проверка на идентитетот на одредени
антибиотици (клиндамицин, линкомицин), но и за проверка на сродни
супстанции на други антибиотици (спектиномицин).
РЕАГЕНСИ ЗА ВИЗУЕЛИЗАЦИЈА НА КОМПОНЕНТИТЕ ОД
ПЛОЧАТА ЗА TLC ПОСЛЕ НЕЈЗИНО РАЗВИВАЊЕ СО
МОБИЛНАТА ФАЗА
Нинхидрински раствор
Нинхидринскиот раствор произведува розови дамки со
примарните амини и жолти дамки со терциерните амини. Како
таков, истиот може да се употребува во фармакопејските
идентификациони тестови на одредени аминогликозидни
антибиотици, каков што е на пример, гентамицинот, во лимит
тестот за аминобутанол за етамбутол, а во комбинација со
драгендорфовиот реагенс, може да се користи при испитување
на лекови кои содржат азот.
Драгендорфов реагенс
Драгендорфовиот реагенс може да произведе портокалови
дамки со терциерните амини, па според тоа, може да се користи
за повторно прскање на плочи, кои претходно биле третирани со
нинхидрин како средство за визуелизација.
РЕАГЕНСИ ЗА ВИЗУЕЛИЗАЦИЈА НА КОМПОНЕНТИТЕ ОД
ПЛОЧАТА ЗА TLC ПОСЛЕ НЕЈЗИНО РАЗВИВАЊЕ СО
МОБИЛНАТА ФАЗА
Фрамицетин сулфат
Кога станува збор за идентификациониот тест на фрамицетин
сулфат со TLC, треба да се напомене дека како стационарна
фаза се користи силика гел, импрегниран со карбомер како
средство за врзување, како мобилна фаза се користи 10 % w/v
раствор на монокалиум фосфат, а како реагенс за визуелизација
се користи смеса од нафтален диол и сулфурна киселина.
Метилпреднизолон
При идентификација на метилпреднизолонот со помош на TLC,
во функција на стационарна фаза се јавува силика гел GF254, во
функција на мобилна фаза се јавува смеса од етер, толуен и
бутан–1–ол, заситен со вода, во меѓусебен сооднос 85:10:5, а
визуелизацијата на дамките се врши со помош на
ултравиолетова светлина на бранова должина од 254 nm, по што
плочата се прска со етанол / сулфурна киселина (20 %) и се
загрева на 120оС.
ПРИМЕНА НА ТЕНКОСЛОЈНАТА ХРОМАТОГРАФИЈА КАКО
КВАЛИТАТИВЕН ИДЕНТИФИКАЦИОНЕН ТЕСТ –
КОНКРЕТНИ ПРИМЕРИ
Апротинин
При квалитативна анализа на апротинин со помош на TLC,
силика гелот се користи како стационарна фаза, ацетатниот
пуфер се користи како мобилна фаза, а нинхидринскиот раствор
се користи како реагенс за визуелизација.
Левамисол
TLC како идентификационен тест на левамисолот вклучува
употреба на силика гел Н со флуоресцентен индикатор како
стационарна фаза, смеса од толуен, ацетон и 13,5 М амонијак во
меѓусебен сооднос 60:40:1 како мобилна фаза, а
визуелизацијата на дамките се врши со помош на
ултравиолетова светлина на бранова должина од 254 nm.
ПРИМЕНА НА ТЕНКОСЛОЈНАТА ХРОМАТОГРАФИЈА КАКО
ЛИМИТ ТЕСТ КОГА СТРУКТУРАТА НА ОНЕЧИСТУВАЊЕТО
Е ПОЗНАТА
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АНАЛИТИКА НА ЛЕКОВИ 2
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АНАЛИТИКА НА ЛЕКОВИ 2
Електродисперзија
Подвижноста на јоните од пуферот за сепарирање треба да биде
приближно иста, како и подвижноста на јоните од примерокот за анализа.
Доколку подвижноста на јоните од примерокот за анализа е поголема во
споредба со подвижноста на јоните од пуферот за сепарирање, доаѓа до
појава на фронтален пик. Ваквата појава се должи на фактот што јоните
пред зоната на примерокот имаат тенденција да дифундираат во пуферот
за сепарирање, каде истите се под влијание на поголемо електрично поле,
односно се забрзуваат надвор од зоната на примерокот. Овој ефект може
да се минимизира доколку концентрацијата на пуферот за сепарирање е
многу поголема во споредба со концентрацијата на примерокот за анализа.
Доколку подвижноста на јоните од примерокот за анализа е помала во
споредба со подвижноста на јоните од пуферот за сепарирање, доаѓа до
појава на опашка на пикот. Ваквата појава се должи на фактот што јоните
позади зоната на примерокот имаат тенденција да дифундираат во пуферот
за сепарирање, каде истите се под влијание на помало електрично поле,
односно заостануваат зад зоната на примерокот. Овој ефект може да се
минимизира доколку концентрацијата на пуферот за сепарирање е многу
помала во споредба со концентрацијата на примерокот за анализа.
ПРИМЕНА НА КАПИЛАРНАТА ЕЛЕКТРОФОРЕЗА СО
ВИСОКИ ПЕРФОРМАНСИ
ПРЕДНОСТИ НЕДОСТАТОЦИ
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АНАЛИТИКА НА ЛЕКОВИ 2
ФАРМАЦЕВТСКИ АНАЛИЗИ НА
5 ЦВРСТИ ДОЗИРАНИ ФОРМИ
Вежба бр.1
- ТАБЛЕТИ –
1. Вовед
Таблетите се цврсти, еднодозни препарати кои содржат една или повеќе активни
супстанции. Тие се добиваат со компресија на воедначен волумен на честички или со
друга производствена техника. Таблетите се наменети за орална администрација,
некои се за џвакање, некои се раствораат или се диспергираат во вода пред употреба.
- Необложени таблети
- Обложени таблети
- Ефеверсцентни таблети
- Растворливи таблети
- Дисперзибилни таблети
- Гастро – резистентни таблети
- Таблети со модифицирано ослободување
- Таблети за орална употреба
• Сублингвални
• Букални
• Мукоадхезивни
• За џвакање
• Пастили (за шмучкање)
✓ Содржина
✓ Униформност на маса (2.9.5)
✓ Униформност на содржина (2.9.6) Според Европска
✓ Униформност на дозирани единици (2.9.40) Фармакопеја и
✓ Растворливост (2.9.3) насоките на ICH
Специфични испитувања водичи
✓ Распадливост (2.9.1)
✓ Содржина на вода
✓ Микробиолошка чистота
✓ Цврстина/фријабилност
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3. Монографија на Парацетамол таблети, BP 2011
3.1 Содржина на Британска Фарамакопеја
Vol 3 Formulated
preparation
Paracetamol Tablets
ACTION AND USE
Analgesic; antipyretic.
DEFINITION
Paracetamol Tablets contain Paracetamol.
With the exception of the requirements for shape, the tablets comply with the requirements
stated under Tablets and with the following requirements.
IDENTIFICATION
Extract a quantity of the powdered tablets containing 0.5 g of Paracetamol with 20 ml of
acetone, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness and dry at 105°. The residue complies with the
following tests.
A. The infrared absorption spectrum, Appendix II A, is concordant with the reference spectrum
of paracetamol (RS 258).
B. Boil 0.1 g with 1 ml of hydrochloric acid for 3 minutes, add 10 ml of water and cool; no
precipitate is produced. Add 0.05 ml of 0.0167M potassium dichromate; a violet colour is
produced slowly which does not turn red.
Related substances
Carry out the method for liquid chromatography, Appendix III D, using the following solutions.
Prepare the solutions immediately before use and protect from light. For solution (1) disperse
a quantity of powdered tablets containing 0.2 g of Paracetamol in 8 ml of the mobile phase
with the aid of ultrasound, add sufficient mobile phase to produce 10 ml, mix well and filter.
For solution (2) dilute 1 volume of solution (1) to 20 volumes with mobile phase and dilute 1
volume of this solution to 20 volumes with mobile phase. Solution (3) contains 0.002% w/v
each of 4-aminophenol and paracetamol BPCRS in the mobile phase. Solution (4) contains
0.00002% w/v of 4'- chloroacetanilide in the mobile phase.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using (a) a stainless steel column packed
with octylsilyl silica gel for chromatography (5 μm) (Zorbax Rx C8 is suitable), (b) as the mobile
phase with a flow rate of 1.5 ml per minute, at a temperature of 35°C, a mixture of 250 volumes
of methanol containing 1.15 g of a 40% v/v solution of tetrabutylammonium hydroxide with 375
volumes of 0.05M disodium hydrogen orthophosphate and 375 volumes of 0.05M sodium
dihydrogen orthophosphate and (c) a detection wavelength of 245 nm.
The test is not valid unless, in the chromatogram obtained with solution (3), the resolution
factor between the two principal peaks is at least 4.0.
Inject solution (1) and allow the chromatography to proceed for 12 times the retention time of
the principal peak. In the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) the area of any peak
corresponding to 4-aminophenol is not greater than the area of the co - chloroacetanilide is
not greater than the area of the principal peak in solution (4) (10 ppm) and no other impurity
is greater than the area of the principal peak obtained with solution (2) (0.25%).
ASSAY
Weigh and powder 20 tablets. Add a quantity of the powder containing 0.15 g of Paracetamol
to 50 ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide, dilute with 100 ml of water , shake for 5 minutes and add
sufficient water to produce 200 ml. Mix, filter and dilute 10 ml of the filtrate to 100 ml with
water. Add 10 ml of the resulting solution to 10 ml of 0.1M sodium hydroxide, dilute to 100 ml
with water and measure the absorbance of the resulting solution at the maximum at 257 nm,
Appendix II B. Calculate the content of C8H9NO2 taking 715 as the value of A (1%, 1 cm) at
the maximum at 257 nm.
STORAGE
Paracetamol Tablets should be protected from light.
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4. Спецификација за квалитет
Аналитички Гранични
Параметар
Метод вредности
1. Изглед Визуелно
2. Идентификација А,В,С
90-105,0% од
3. Содржина Спектрофотометриски
декларираната содржина
Дисолуција на цврсти
Да не е помалку од
4. Растворливост ФДФ (таблети и капсули),
Q+5%
BP 2011, Appendix XII B1
4-aminophenol
5. Онечистувања
4'- chloroacetanilide
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5. Сертификат за квалитет на готовиот фармацевтски производ
Гранични
Барање за квалитет Резултати
вредности
1. Изглед
2. Идентификација
3. Содржина
4. Растворливост
5. Онечистувања
Заклучок:
Датум: Изработил:
Одобрил:
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* Ph.Eur 8.0, Општа монографија на фармацевтски дозирани форми, Таблети
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AНАЛИТИКА НА ЛЕКОВИ 2 1
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Вежба бр. 2
Општи насоки:
• обезбедува корисни информации за користење на BP
• објаснува дека производот треба да биде во согласност со
монографијата, кога се тестира
• објаснува кои делови од монографиите се задолжителни и кои се
советодавни
• објаснува дека може да се користат алтернативни тестови на оние кои
се опишани во монографијата
Онаму каде што зборот / фразата е во italics, значи дека е поврзано со друг дел од
BP. Во овој случај, содржината за апсолутен етанол во Appendix I A. Употребениот
реагенс треба да биде во согласност со критериумите наведени во додатокот.
Монографиите кои за прв пат се објавени во BP 2008 година или покасно, треба да
бидат во согласност со Appendix XII. Растворливоста и Q граничните вредност ќе
бидат дадени во монографијата.
General notices бараат да, освен ако не е поинаку пропишано, Содржина и Тестовите
да се изведуваат на температура помеѓу 15 до 25 ° C. Амбиенталната температура
треба да биде во просек од 15 до 25 ° C.
Ако во делот лимит е напишано како 'the sum of the area of any secondary peaks', тогаш
збирот треба да ги вклучува сите сродни онечистувања кои се детектирани над
границата земена во обзир. Ако во делот лимит е напишано како „the sum of the areas
of any other secondary peaks“, тогаш сумата не треба вклучува никакви сродни
онечистувања кои имаат специфични граници што се применуваат за нив. Во овој
случај, ако има пик што одговара на онечистување С во примерокот, тој не треба да
биде вклучен во збирот на било кои „други секундарни пикови“.
*Преземено од https://www.pharmacopoeia.com/how-to-use-the-bp
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2. Монографија на Диазепам обложени таблети, BP 2011
Diazepam Tablets
DEFINITION
Diazepam Tablets contain Diazepam.
The tablets comply with the requirements stated under Tablets and with the following requirements .
IDENTIFICATION
A. The light absorption , Appendix II B, in the range 230 to 350 nm of the final solution obtained
in the Assay exhibits two maxima, at 242 nm and 284 nm.
B. Carry out the method for thin-layer chromatography, Appendix III A, using the following
solutions in methanol.
(1) Shake a quantity of the powdered tablets with sufficientsolvent to produce a solution
containing 0.50% w/v of Diazepam, allow to settle and decant the supernatant liquid.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
(a) Use as the coating silica gel G.
(b) Use the mobile phase as described below.
(c) Apply 2 μL of each solution.
(d) Develop the plate to 15 cm.
(e) After removal of the plate, spray it with a 10% v/v solution of sulfuric acid in absolute
ethanol, heat at 105° for 10 minutes and examine under ultraviolet light (365 nm).
MOBILE PHASE
CONFIRMATION
The principal spot in the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) corresponds to that in the
chromatogram obtained with solution (2).
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TESTS
Related substances and decomposition products
Carry out the procedure in subdued light. Carry out the method for thin-layer chromatography,
Appendix III A, using the following solutions in ethanol (96%).
CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
MOBILE PHASE
Equal volumes of ethyl acetate and hexane.
LIMITS
Any secondary spot in the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) is not more intense than
the spot in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2).
Dissolution
Comply with the requirements for Monographs of the British Pharmacopoeia in the dissolution
test for tablets and capsules, Appendix XII B1.
TEST CONDITIONS
(a) Use Apparatus 1, rotating the basket at 100 revolutions per minute.
(b) Use 900 ml of 0.1M hydrochloric acid, at a temperature of 37º, as the medium.
PROCEDURE
(1) After 45min withdraw a sample of the medium and measure the absorbance of a layer of
suitable thickness of the filtered sample, suitably diluted with 0.1M hydrochloric acid if
necessary, at the maximum at 286 nm, Appendix II B, using 0.1M hydrochloric acid in the
reference cell.
DETERMINATION OF CONTENT
Calculate the total content of diazepam, C16H13ClN2O, in the medium taking 488 as the value
of A(1%, 1 cm) at the maximum at 286 nm.
Uniformity of content
Tablets containing less than 2 mg and/or less than 2% w/w of Diazepam comply with the
requirement stated under Tablets using the following method of analysis. To one tablet add 1
mL of water, allow the tablet to disintegrate and stand for 15 minutes. Add 80 mL of a 0.5%
w/v solution of sulfuric acid in methanol, shake for 15 minutes, add sufficient of the methanolic
sulfuric acid to produce 100 mL and filter. Measure the absorbance of the filtrate at the
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maximum at 284 nm, Appendix II B. Calculate the content of C16H13ClN2O taking 450 as the
value of A(1%, 1 cm) at the maximum at 284 nm.
ASSAY
Weigh and powder 20 tablets. To a quantity of the powder containing 10 mg of Diazepam add
5 mL of water, mix and allow to stand for 15 minutes. Add 70 mL of a 0.5% w/v solution of
sulfuric acid in methanol, shake for 15 minutes, add sufficient of the methanolic sulfuric acid
to produce 100 mL and filter. Dilute 10 mL of the filtrate to 50 mL with the same solvent and
measure the absorbance of the resulting solution at the maximum at 284 nm, Appendix II B.
Calculate the content of C16H13ClN2O taking 450 as the value of A(1%, 1 cm) at the maximum
at 284 nm.
STORAGE
Diazepam Tablets should be protected from light.
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3. Спецификација за квалитет
Аналитички Гранични
Параметар
Метод вредности
Жолто, портокалови, со мазна
1. Изглед Визуелно површина, филм обложени
таблети
А – исто како определување на
А – спектрофотометриски
2. Идентификација параметар содржина
В – тенкослојна хроматографија
В – по пропис
92-107,5% од
3. Содржина Спектрофотометриски
декларираната содржина
Дисолуција на цврсти ФДФ S1 ниво
4. Растворливост (таблети и капсули), (Да не е помалку од
BP 2011, Appendix XII B1 Q+5%)
По монографија,
5. Онечистувања
BP 2011
Метод на воедначеност на Индивидуална содржина да е
Воедначеност на
6. содржина помеѓу 85 - 115 % од просечната
содржина
BP 2011, Appendix XII C3 содржина
Тест за дезинтеграција на
Да нема остаток за време од
7. *Распадливост таблети и капсули,
max. 60 min
BP 2011, Appendix XII А1
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4. Сертификат за квалитет на готовиот фармацевтски производ
Барање за Гранични
Резултати
квалитет вредности
Жолто, портокалови, со мазна
1. Изглед површина, филм обложени
таблети
А – исто како определување на
2. Идентификација параметар содржина
В – по пропис
92-107,5% од
3. Содржина
декларираната содржина
S1 ниво
4. Растворливост (Да не е помалку од
Q+5%)
5. Онечистувања
Индивидуална содржина да е
Воедначеност на
6. помеѓу 85 - 115 % од
содржина
просечната содржина
Да нема остаток за време од
7. *Распадливост
max. 60 min
Заклучок:
Датум: Изработил:
Одобрил:
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за воедначеност на содржина, еднодозни
препарати - Таблети
3. Uniformity of Content
The test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations is based on the assay of the
individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of single-dose units to determine
whether the individual contents are within limits set with reference to the average content of
the sample. The test is not required for multivitamin and trace-element preparations and in
other justified and authorised circumstances.
Method Using a suitable analytical method, determine the individual contents of active
substance(s) of 10 dosage units taken at random.
Apply the criteria of test A, test B or test C as specified in the monograph for the dosage form
in question.
TEST A
Tablets, powders for parenteral administration, ophthalmic inserts, suspensions for
injection
The preparation complies with the test if each individual content is between 85 per cent and
115 per cent of the average content. The preparation fails to comply with the test if more than
one individual content is outside these limits or if one individual content is outside the limits of
75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content.
If one individual content is outside the limits of 85 per cent to 115 per cent but within the limits
of 75 per cent to 125 per cent, determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage units
taken at random. The preparation complies with the test if not more than one of the individual
contents of the 30 units is outside 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the average content and none
1s outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content.
Appendix II B, V-A170
Determination of absorbance
The absorbance (A) of a solution is defined as the logarithm to base 10 of the reciprocal of
the transmittance (T) for monochromatic radiation:
1 𝐼0
A = log10 ( ) = log10 ( )
𝑇 𝐼
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T = I/l0
I0 = intensity of incident monochromatic radiation
I = intensity of transmitted monochromatic radiation
In the absence of other physico-chemical factors, the absorbance (A) is proportional to the
path length (b) through which the radiation passes and to the concentration (c) of the
substance in solution in accordance with the equation:
A = εcb
Unless otherwise prescribed, measure the absorbance at the prescribed wavelength using a
path length of 1 cm. Unless otherwise prescribed, the measurements are carried out with
reference to the same solvent or the same mixture of solvents. The absorbance of the solvent
measured against air and at the prescribed wavelength shall not exceed 0.4 and is preferably
less than 0.2. Plot the absorption spectrum with absorbance or function of absorbance as
ordinate against wavelength or function of wavelength as abscissa.
Where a monograph gives a single value for the position of an absorption maximum, it is
understood that the value obtained may differ by not more than ± 2 nm.
Apparatus Spectrophotometers suitable for measuring in the ultraviolet and visible range of
the spectrum consist of an optical system capable of producing monochromatic radiation in
the range of 200-800 nm and a device suitable for measuring the absorbance.
Control of wavelengths Verify the wavelength scale using the absorption maxima of holmium
perchlorate solution R, the line of a hydrogen or deuterium discharge lamp or the lines of a
mercury vapour arc shown in Table 2.2.25.-1.
The permitted tolerance is ± 1 nm for the ultraviolet range and ± 3 nm for the visible range.
Suitable certified reference materials may also be used.
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Control of absorbance Check the absorbance using suitable filters or a solution of potassium
dichromate R at the wavelengths indicated in Table 2.2.25.-2, which gives for each wavelength
the exact values and the permitted limits of the specific absorbance. The table is based on a
tolerance for the absorbance of ± 0.01.
For the control of absorbance, use solution of potassium dichromate R that has been
previously dried to constant mass at 130 °C. For the control of absorbance at 235 nm, 257
nm, 313 nm and 350nm, dissolve 57,0-63,0 mg of potassium dichromate R in 0.005 M
sulphuric acid and dilute to 1000.0 ml with the same acid. For the control of absorbance at
430 nm, dissolve 57,0-63,0 mg of potassium dichromate R in 0.005 M and dilute to 100.0 ml
with the same acid. Suitable certified reference materials may also be used.
Limit of stray light Stray light may be detected at given wavelength with suitable filters or
solution: for example, the absorbance of a 12g/L solution of potassium chloride R in a 1 cm
cell increases steeply between 220 nm and 200 nm and is greater than 2.0 at 198 nm when
compared with water as compensation liquid. Suitable certified reference materials may also
be used.
Spectral slit-width (for quantitative analysis) To avoid errors due to spectral slit-width,
when using an instrument on which the slit-width is variable at the selected wavelength, the
slit-width must be small compared with the half-width of the absorption band but it must be as
large as possible to obtain a high value of I0. Therefore, a slit-width is chosen such that further
reduction does not result in a change in absorbance reading
Cells The tolerance on the path length of the cells used is ± 0.005 cm. When filled with the
same solvent, the cells intended to contain the solution to be examined and the compensation
liquid must have the same transmittance.
If this is not the case, an appropriate correction must be applied.
The cells must be cleaned and handled with care.
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Вежба бр. 3
- КАПСУЛИ –
Дефиниција
Капсули претставуваат цврсти препарати со тврди или меки обвивки со различни форми
и големини, кои вообичаено содржат единечна доза на активна супстанција/и. Наменети
се за орална администрација.
− Тврди капсули
− Меки капсули
− Гастро-резистентни
− Капсули со модифицирано ослободување на активната супстанција
− Cachets
Производство
Чување
Се чуваат на температура која не надминува 30°С.
Означување
На етикетата е наведено името на било кој додаден антимикробен конзерванс.
Цврсти капсули
Дефиниција
Цврстите капсули имаат обвивка која се состои од два цилиндрични дела кои се
составуваат, секој од нив има еден заоблен крај за затворање и еден крај за отворање.
Производство
Активната супстанција/и која најчесто е во цврста форма (прашок или гранули) се полни
во едниот дел - капсулно тело, кој потоа се затвора со вториот дел - капсулна капа.
Сигурноста на затворањето може да се зајакне со соодветни средства.
ТЕСТОВИ
Распадливост (Ph.Eur 2.9.1)
Цврстите капсули треба да одговараат на тестот. Се користи вода R како течен медиум.
Кога е пропишано, како течни медиуми може да се користат 0,1 M hydrochloric acid или
artificial gastric juice R. Ако капсулите плотнуваат на површината, може да се користат и
дискови. Работи со апаратот за време од 30 мин, освен ако не е поинаку пропишано.
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2. Општа монографија за КАПСУЛИ, според BP
Распадливост
Одговараат на тестот за распадливост на таблети и капсули, Appendix XII A1, освен
ако не е поинаку пропишано во индивидуалната монографија.
За Цврсти или Меки капсули за кои во барањата на индивидуалната монографија е
наведен тест за растворливост, барањата за распадливост не мора да бидат изведени.
Воедначеност на содржина
Деталите за аналитичкиот метод кои се применуваат за да се определи содржината на
активната супстанција се обично наведени во монографијата. Ако не е поинаку
пропишано во монографијата, границите се дадени во тест В за воедначеност на
содржина, Appendix XII С3.
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3. Монографија на Цефаклор капсули, BP 2016
Cefaclor Capsules
DEFINITION
Cefaclor Capsules contain Cefaclor.
The capsules comply with the requirements stated under Capsules and with the following
requirements.
Content of anhydrous cefaclor, C15H14CIN304S
95.0 to 105.0% of the stated amount.
IDENTIFICATION
A. Shake a quantity of the contents of the capsules containing the equivalent of 0.3 g of
anhydrous cefaclor with 100 mL of water, filter and dilute 1 mL of the filtrate to 100 mL with
water. The light absorption, Appendix II B, in the range 190 nm to 310 nm, of the final solution
exhibits a maximum only at 264 nm.
B. In the Assay, the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) shows a peak with the same
retention time as the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2).
TESTS
Dissolution
Comply with the requirements for Monographs of the British Pharmacopoeia in the dissolution
test for tablets and capsules, Appendix XII B1.
TEST CONDITIONS
(a) Use Apparatus 2, rotating the paddle at 50 revolutions. Per minute.
(b) Use 900 mL of water, at a temperature of 37º, as the medium.
PROCEDURE
(1) After 45 minutes withdraw a 10 mL sample of the medium, filter and dilute the filtered
solution, if necessary, with sufficient water to produce a solution expected to contain
the equivalent of about 0.025% w/v of anhydrous cefaclor. Measure the absorbance of
filtered sample at the maximum at 264 nm, Appendix II B, using water in the reference
cell.
(2) Measure the absorbance of a 0.025 % w/v solution of cefaclor BPCRS in water using
water in the reference cell.
DETERMINATION OF CONTENT
Calculate the total content of anhydrous cefaclor, C15H14CIN304S, in the medium from
the absorbances obtained and using the declared content of C15H14CIN304S in cefaclor
BPCRS.
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Related substances
Carry out the method for liquid chromatography, Appendix III D, using the following solutions
in a 0.27% w/v solution of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate which has been adjusted to pH
2.5, if necessary, with orthophosphoric acid (solution A). The solutions should be freshly
prepared.
(1) Shake a quantity of the contents of the capsules containing the equivalent of 0.5 g of
anhydrous cefaclor with 200 mL of solution A, add sufficient of solution A to produce 250 mL
and filter.
(3) 0.0025% w/v of cefaclor BPCRS and 0.005% w/v of delta-3-cefaclor BPCRS.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
(a) Use a stainless steel column (25 cm x 4.6 mm) packed with end-capped octadecylsilyl
silica gel for chromatography (5 um) (Spherisorb ODS-2 is suitable).
(b) Use gradient elution and the mobile phase described below.
(c) Use a flow rate of 1 mL per minute.
(d) Use an ambient column temperature.
(e) Use a detection wavelength of 220 nm.
(f) Inject 20 wL of each solution.
MOBILE PHASE
Mobile phase A A 0.78% w/v solution of sodium dihydrogen orthophosphate adjusted to
pH 4.0 with ortophosphoric acid.
Mobile phase B Mix 450 volumes acetonitrile with 550 volumes of mobile phase A.
Equlibrate the column with mixture of 5 volumes od mobile phase B and 95 volumes of mobile
phase A for at least 15 minutes. Inject the solutions and carry out the following gradient elution.
SYSTEM SUITABILITY
The test is not valid unless, in the chromatogram obtained with solution (3), the resolution
factor between the peaks due to cefaclor and delta-3-cefaclor is at least 2.0. If necessary,
adjust the proportion of acetonitrile in the mobile phase.
LIMITS
In the chromatogram obtained with solution (1): the area of any secondary peak 1s not greater
than half the area of the principal peak in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2) (0.5%);
the sum of the areas of any such peaks is not greater than twice the area of the principal peak
in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2) (2%).
Disregard any peak with an area less than 0.1 times the area of the principal peak in the
chromatogram obtained with solution (2) (0.1%).
ASSAY
Carry out the method for liquid chromatography, Appendix III D, using the following solutions.
(1) Shake a quantity of the powdered, mixed contents of 20 capsules containing the equivalent
of 75 mg of anhydrous cefaclor with the mobile phase, add sufficient mobile phase
to produce 250 mL and filter.
(2) 0.03% w/v of cefaclor BPCRS in the mobile phase.
(3) 0.03% w/v of each of cefaclor BPCRS and delta-3-cefaclor BPCRS in the mobile phase.
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CHROMATOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS
(a) Use a stainless steel column (25 cm x 4.6 mm) packed with end-capped octadecylsilyl
silica gel for chromatography (5 um) (Beckman Ultrasphere ODS and Supelcosil LC-18-DB
are suitable).
(b) Use isocratic elution and the mobile phase described below.
(c) Use a flow rate of 1.5 mL per minute.
(d) Use an ambient column temperature.
(e) Use a detection wavelength of 265 nm.
(f) Inject 20 uL of each solution.
MOBILE PHASE
SYSTEM SUITABILITY
The Assay is not valid unless, in the chromatogram obtained with solution (3), the resolution
factor between the peaks due to cefaclor and delta-3-cefaclor is at least 2.5 and the symmetry
factor of the peak due to cefaclor is at most 1.5.
DETERMINATION OF CONTENT
Calculate the content of C15H14CIN304S in the capsules from the chromatograms obtained and
using the declared content of C15H14CIN304S in cefaclor BPCRS.
STORAGE
Cefaclor Capsules should be stored at a temperature not exceeding 30°.
LABELLING
The quantity of active ingredient is stated in terms of the equivalent amount of anhydrous
cefaclor.
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4. Спецификација за квалитет
Аналитички Гранични
Параметар
Метод вредности
Бело-сини тврди, желатинозни
1. Изглед Визуелно капсули, исполнети со кремасто -
жолт прашок
А – по пропис
А – спектрофотометриски
2. Идентификација В – споредба на ретенциони
В – течна хроматографија
времиња на пиковите
95-105,0% од
3. Содржина Течна хроматографија
декларираната содржина
Дисолуција на цврсти ФДФ S1 ниво
4. Растворливост (таблети и капсули), (Да не е помалку од
BP 2016, Appendix XII B1 Q+5%)
По метод на воедначеност на
Воедначеност на L1 (n=10): AV < 15
6. маса
дозирани единици L2 (n=30): AV < 25
BP 2016, Appendix XII C4
Тест за распадливост на таблети
Да нема остаток за време од
7. *Распадливост и капсули,
max. 60 min
BP 2016, Appendix XII А1
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5. Сертификат за квалитет на готовиот фармацевтски производ
Барање за Гранични
Резултати
квалитет вредности
Бело-сини тврди, желатинозни
1. Изглед капсули, исполнети со кремасто
- жолт прашок
А – по пропис
2. Идентификација В – споредба на ретенциони
времиња на пиковите
95-105,0% од
3. Содржина
декларираната содржина
S1 ниво
4. Растворливост (Да не е помалку од
Q+5%)
По пропис во
5. Онечистувања
монографија
Датум: Изработил:
Одобрил:
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за воедначеност на маса и воедначеност на
содржина, еднодозни препарати - капсули
Weigh individually 20 units taken at random or, for single-dose preparations presented in
individual containers, the contents of 20 units, and determine the average mass. Not more
than 2 of the individual masses deviate from the average mass by more than the percentage
deviation shown in Table 2.9.5.-1 and none deviates by more than twice that percentage.
For capsules and powders for parenteral administration, proceed as described below.
CAPSULES
Weigh an intact capsule. Open the capsule without losing any part of the shell and remove the
contents as completely as possible. For soft shell capsules, wash the shell with a suitable
solvent and allow to stand until the odour of the solvent is no longer perceptible. Weigh the
shell. The mass of the contents is the difference between the weighings. Repeat the procedure
with another 19 capsules.
The test for uniformity of content of single-dose preparations is based on the assay of the
individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of single-dose units to determine
whether the individual contents are within limits set with reference to the average content of
the sample. The test is not required for multivitamin and trace-element preparations and in
other justified and authorised circumstances.
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Method Using a suitable analytical method, determine the individual contents of active
substance(s) of 10 dosage units taken at random.
Apply the criteria of test A, test B or test C as specified in the monograph for the dosage form
in question.
TEST B
If 2 or 3 individual contents are outside the limits of 85 per cent to 115 per cent but within the
limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent, determine the individual contents of another 20 dosage
units taken at random. The preparation complies with the test if not more than 3 individual
contents of the 30 units are outside the limits of 85 per cent to 115 per cent of the average
content and none is outside the limits of 75 per cent to 125 per cent of the average content.
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Вежба бр. 4
ПАРЕНТЕРАЛНИ ПРЕПАРАТИ
- ИНФУЗИИ –
Дефиниција
Стерилни препарати наменети за апликација со инјектирање, инфузија или
имплантација во телото на човекот или животните.
Тестови
Контаминација од честички: суб-видливи честички (2.9.19).
За препарати за човечка употреба, растворите за инфузија или растворите за инјекции
треба да одговараат со тестот.
Во случај на препарати за субкутана или интрамускуларна инјекција, соодветни се
пошироки граници.
Радиофармацевтските препарати се ослободени од овие барања. Препарати за кои на
етикетата се наведува дека за производот што треба да се користи финален филтер,
се ослободени од овие барања, под услов да се докаже дека филтерот одговара на
барањата што е во согласност со тестот.
За препаратите за ветеринарна употреба, кога се доставуваат во пакувања со
номинална содржина повеќе од 100 ml и кога содржината е еквивалентна на доза на
повеќе од 1,4 ml на килограм телесна маса, растворот за инфузија или растворот за
инјекција мора да одговара на тестот за контаминација со честички: суб-видливи
честички.
Стерилност (2.6.1). Парентералните препарати одговараат на тестот за стерилност.
Чување
Да се чуваат во стерилни, херметички затворени садови и садови кои го штитат
производот од расипување.
Означување
Сигнатурата содржи:
− Име и концентрацијата на кој било кој додаден антимикробен конзерванс,
− Каде што е применливо, растворот треба да се користи треба да се користи
заедно со финалниот филтер,
− Каде што е применливо, препаратот е ослободен од бактериски ендотоксини или
дека е апироген.
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Инфузии
Дефиниција
Инфузии се стерилни, водени раствори или емулзии со вода како континуирана фаза.
Најчесто се приготвуваат изотонични со крвта. Главно се наменети за администрирање
во голем волумен. Инфузиите не содржат никаков додаден антимикробен конзерванс.
Производство
Тестови
ДЕФИНИЦИЈА
Производство
Методите на стерилизација што можат да се користат во производството на
парентералните препарати се опишани во Appendix XVIII.
Чување
Системите за затворање кои се користат како контејнери за масните парентерални
препарати треба да бидат изработени од материјали резистентни на масла.
ИНФУЗИИ
Означување
Сигнатурата наведува дека инјекцијата не треба да се користи доколку се присутни
видливи честички.
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3. Монографија на Глукоза инфузионен раствор, BP 2016
Glucose Infusion
Glucose Injection
Glucose Intravenous Infusion
DEFINITION
CHARACTERISTICS
A colourless solution. Solutions containing the equivalent of 200 g per litre or more of glucose,
C6H12O6, may be not more than faintly yellow in colour.
IDENTIFICATION
TESTS
Acidity
pH, 3.5 to 6.5, Appendix V L, when determined on a solution diluted, if necessary, with water
for injections, to contain not more than the equivalent of 5% w/v of glucose, C6H12O6, and to
which 0.30 mL of a saturated solution of potassium chloride has been added for each 100 ml
of solution.
Bacterial endotoxins
The endotoxin limit concentration is 0.25 IU per mL, Appendix XIV C. Dilute infusions
containing more than 5% w/v (50 g per litre) of Glucose with water BET to contain 5% w/v.
ASSAY
To a volume containing the equivalent of 2 g to 5 g of glucose, C6H12O6 add 0.2 mL of 5M
ammonia and sufficient water to produce 100 mL. Mix well, allow to stand for 30 minutes and
determine the optical rotation in a 2-dm tube, Appendix V F. The observed rotation in degrees
multiplied by 0.9477 represents the weight in g of glucose, C6H12O6 in the volume taken for
assay.
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LABELLING
The strength is stated as the equivalent number of grams of glucose, C6H12O6 per litre.
Аналитички Гранични
Параметар
Метод вредности
Бистар, безбоен или слабо жолт
1. Изглед Визуелно
воден раствор за инфузија
А – формирање на црвен
А – квалитативно
2. Идентификација перципитат
В – по пропис за содржина
В – р-рот да е декстрогирен
Оптичка ротација 95-105,0% од
3. Содржина
Appendix V F, BP 2016 декларираната содржина
Киселост
4. Appendix V L, BP 2016 рН 3,5 – 6,5
(Ацидитет)
5-
Спектрофотометриски,
5. Hydroxymethylfurfural Ab < 0,25
Appendix II B, BP 2016
и сродни супстанции
Бактериски
6. Appendix XIV C, BP 2016 0.25 IU per mL
ендотоксини
Барање за Гранични
Резултати
квалитет вредности
Бистар, безбоен или слабо
1. Изглед
жолт воден раствор за инфузија
А – формирање на црвен
2. Идентификација перципитат
В – р-рот да е декстрогирен
95-105,0% од
3. Содржина
декларираната содржина
Киселост
4. рН 3,5 – 6,5
(Ацидитет)
5-Hydroxymethylfurfural
5. Ab < 0,25
и сродни супстанции
Бактериски
6. 0.25 IU per mL
ендотоксини
*Екстрактибилен V да не е помал
8.
волумен од номиналниот V
Според метод 1. Просечниот
број на честички да не
надминува 25 за еден
милилитар еднакви или
поголеми од 10 μm и да не
надминува повеќе од 3
честички за милилитар еднакви
*Контаминација со или поголеми од 25 μm.
9.
честички Според метод 2. Просечниот
број на присутни честички да не
надминува 12 за еден
милилитар еднакви или
поголеми од 10 μm и да не
надминува
2 за еден милилитар еднакви
или поголеми од 25 μm.
Заклучок:
Датум: Изработил:
Одобрил:
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за воедначеност на дозирани единици
To ensure the consistency of ddosage units, each unit in a batch should have an active substance
content within a narrow range around the label claim. Dosage units are defined as dosage forms
containing single dose or a part or a dose of an active substance in each dosage unit. Unless otherwise
stated, the uniformity of dosage units specification is not intended to apply to suspensions, emulsions
or gels in single-dose containers intended for cutaneous administration.
The test for content uniformity is not required for multivitamin and trace-element preparations.
The term ‘uniformity of dosage unit’ is defined as the degree of uniformity in the amount of the active
substance among dosage units. Therefore, the requirements of this chapter apply to each active
substance being comprised in dosage units containing one or more active substances, unless otherwise
specified elsewere in this Pharmacopoeia.
The uniformity of dosage units can be demonstrated by either of 2 methods: content uniformity or mass
variation (see ‘Table 2.9.40.-1).
The test for content uniformity of preparations presented in dosage units is based on the assay of the
individual contents of active substance(s) of a number of dosage units to determine whether the
individual contents are within the. limits set. The content uniformity method may be applied all cases.
The test for mass variation is applicable for the following dosage forms:
(2) solids (including powders, granules and sterile solids) that are packaged in single-dose containers
and contain no added active or inactive substances;
(3) solids (including sterile solids) that are packaged in single-dose containers, with or without added
active or inactive substances, that have been prepared from true solutions and freeze-dried in the final
containers and are labelled to indicate this method of preparation;
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(4) hard capsules, uncoated tablets, or film-coated tablets, containing 25 mg or more of an active
substance comprising 25 per cent or more, by mass, of the dosage unit or, in the case of hard capsules,
the capsule contents, except that uniformity of other active substances present in lesser proportions is
demonstrated by meeting content uniformity requirements.
The test for content uniformity is required for all dosage forms not meeting the above conditions for the
mass variation test. Alternatively, products that do not meet the 25 mg/25 per cent threshold limit may
be tested for uniformity of dosage units by mass variation instead of the content uniformity test on the
following condition: the concentration Relative Standard Deviation (RSD) of the active substance in the
final dosage units is not more than 2 per cent, based on process validation data and development data,
and if there has been regulatory approval of such a change. The concentration RSD is the RSD of the
concentration per dosage unit (m/m or m/V), where concentration per dosage unit equals the assay
result per dosage unit divided by the individual dosage unit mass. See the RSD formula in Table 2.9.40.-
2.
CONTENT UNIFORMITY
Select not fewer than 30 units,and proceed as follows for the dosage form designated. Where different
procedures are used for assay of the preparation and for the content uniformity test, it may be necessary
to establish a correction factor to be applied to the results of the latter.
Solid dosage forms Assay 10 units individually using an appropriate analytical method. Calculate the
acceptance value (see Table 2.9.40-2).
Liquid or semi-solid dosage forms Assay 10 units individually using an appropriate analytical method.
Carry out the assay on the amount of well-mixed material that is removed from an individual container
in conditions of normal use. Express the results as delivered dose. Calculate the acceptance value (see
Table 2.9.40-2).
I M-Ẍ I + ks
MASS VARIATION
Carry out an assay for the active substance(s) on a representative sample of the batch using an
appropriate analytical method. This value is result A, expressed as percentage of label claim (see
Calculation of Acceptance Value). Assume that the concentration (mass of active substance per mass
of dosage unit) is uniform. Select not fewer than 30 dosage units, and proceed as follows for the
dosage form designated.
Uncoated or film-coated tablets Accurately weigh 10 tablets individually. Calculate the active
substance content, expressed as percentage of label claim, of each tablet from the mass of the
individual tablets and the result of the assay. Calculate the acceptance value.
Hard capsules Accurately weigh 10 capsules individually, taking care to preserve the identity of each
capsule. Remove the contents of each capsule by suitable means. Accurately weigh the emptied shells
individually, and calculate for each capsule the net mass of its contents by subtracting the mass of the
shell from the respective gross mass. Calculate the active substance content in each capsule from the
mass of product removed from the individual capsules and the result of the assay. Calculate the
acceptance value.
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Soft capsules Accurately weigh 10 intact capsules individually to obtain their gross masses, taking
care to preserve the identity of each capsule. Then cut open the capsules by means of a suitable clean,
dry cutting instrument such as scissors or a sharp open blade, and remove the contents by washing
with a suitable solvent. Allow the occluded solvent to evaporate from the shells at room temperature
over a period of about 30 min, taking precautions to avoid uptake or loss of moisture. Weigh the
individual shells, and calculate the net contents. Calculate the active substance content in each capsule
from the mass of product removed from the individual capsules and the result of the assay. Calculate
the acceptance value.
Solid dosage forms other than tablets and capsules Proceed as directed for hard capsules, treating
each unit as described therein. Calculate the acceptance value.
Liquid or semi-solid dosage forms Accurately weigh the amount of liquid or semi-solid that is removed
from each of 10 individual containers in conditions of normal use. If necessary, compute the equivalent
volume after determining the density. Calculate the active substance content in each container from the
mass of product removed from the individual containers and the result of the assay. Calculate the
acceptance value.
Calculations of Acceptance Value Calculate the acceptance value (AV) as shown in content uniformity,
except that the individual contents of the units are replaced with the individual estimated contents
defined below.
X1, x2,…… , xn = individual estimated contents of the dosage units tested, where
𝐴
Xi = wi ∙
𝑊
A = content of active substance (percentage of label claim) obtained using an appropriate analytical
method (assay);
CRITERIA
Solid, semi-solid and liquid dosage forms The requirements for dosage uniformity are met if the
acceptance value of the first 10 dosage units is less than or equal to L1 per cent. If the acceptance
value is greater than L1 per cent, test the next 20 dosage units and calculate the acceptance value.
The requirements are met if the final acceptance value of the 30 dosage units is less than or equal to
L1 per cent and no individual content of the dosage unit is less than (1 —L2 x 0.01)M or more than (1
+ L2 x 0.01)M in calculation of acceptance value under content uniformity or under mass variation.
Unless otherwise specified, L1 is 15.0 and L2 is 25.0.
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за екстрактибилен волумен на
парентерални препарати
Suspensions and emulsions are shaken before withdrawal of the contents and before the determination
of the density. Oily and viscous preparations may be warmed according to the instructions on the label,
if necessary, and thoroughly shaken immediately before removing the contents.
The contents are then cooled to 20-25 °C before measuring the volume.
SINGLE-DOSE CONTAINERS
Select 1 container if the nominal volume is 10 mL or more, 3 containers if the nominal volume is more
than 3 mL and less than 10 mL, or 5 containers if the nominal volume is 3 mL or less. Take up
individually the total contents of each container selected into a dry syringe of a capacity not exceeding
3 times the volume to be measured, and fitted with a 21-gauge needle not less than 2.5 cm in length.
Expel any air bubbles from the syringe and needle, then discharge the contents of the syringe without
emptying the needle into a standardised dry cylinder (graduated to contain rather than to deliver the
designated volumes) of such size that the volume to be measured occupies at least 40 per cent of its
graduated volume. Alternatively, the volume of the contents in millilitres may be calculated as the mass
in grams divided by the density.
For containers with a nominal volume of 2 mL or less, the contents of a sufficient number of containers
may be pooled to obtain the volume required for the measurement provided that a separate, dry syringe
assembly is used for each container. The contents of containers holding 10 mL or more may be
determined by opening them and emptying the contents directly into the graduated cylinder or tared
beaker.
The volume is not less than the nominal volume in case of containers examined individually, or, in case
of containers with a nominal volume of 2 mL or less, is not less than the sum of the nominal volumes of
the containers taken collectively.
MULTIDOSE CONTAINERS
For injections in multidose containers labelled to yield a specific number of doses of a stated volume,
select one container and proceed as directed for single-dose containers using the same number of
separate syringe assemblies as the number of doses specified. The volume is such that each syringe
delivers not less than the stated dose.
Select 1 container if the nominal volume is 10 mL or more, 3 containers if the nominal volume is more
than 3 mL and less than 10 mL, or 5 containers if the nominal volume is 3 mL or less. If necessary, fit
the container with the accessories required for their use (needle, piston, syringe) and transfer the entire
contents of each container without emptying the needle into a dry tared beaker by slowly and constantly
pressing the piston. Determine the volume in milliliters calculated as the mass in grams divided by the
density.
The volume measured for each of the containers is not less than the nominal volume.
PARENTERAL INFUSION
Select one container. Transfer the contents into a dry measuring cylinder of such a capacity that the
volume to be determined occupies at least 40 per, of the nominal volume of the cylinder. Measure the
volume transferred. The volume is not less than the nomina{ volume.
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за загадување со честички
For the determination of particulate contamination 2 procedures, Method 1 (Light Obscuration Particle
Count Test) and Method 2 (Microscopic Particle Count Test), are specified hereinafter. When examining
injections and infusions for sub-visible particles, Method 1 is preferably applied. However, it may be
necessary to test some preparations by the light obscuration particle count test followed by the
microscopic particle count test to reach a conclusion on conformance to the requirements.
Not all parenteral preparations can be examined for sub-visible particles by one or both of these
methods. When Method 1 is not applicable, e.g. in case of preparations having reduced clarity or
increased viscosity, the test is carried out according to Method 2. Emulsions, colloids, and liposomal
preparations are examples. Similarly, products that produce air or gas bubbles when drawn into the
sensor may also require microscopic particle count testing. If the viscosity of the preparation to be tested
is sufficiently high so as to preclude its examination by either test method, a quantitative dilution with
an appropriate diluentmay bemade to decrease viscosity, as necessary, to allow the analysis to be
performed.
The results obtained in examining a discrete unit or group of units for particulate contamination cannot
be extrapolated with certainty to other units that remain untested. Thus, statistically sound sampling
plans must be developed if valid inferences are to be drawn from observed data to characterise the
level of particulate contamination in a large group of units.
Use a suitable apparatus based on the principle of light blockage which allows an automatic
determination of the size of particles and the number of particles according to size.
The apparatus is calibrated using suitable certified reference materials consisting of dispersions of
spherical particles of known sizes between 10 μm and 25 μm. These standard particles are dispersed
in particle-free water R. Care must be taken to avoid aggregation of particles during dispersion.
General precautions
The test is carried out under conditions limiting particulate contamination, preferably in a laminar-flow
cabinet.
Very carefully wash the glassware and filtration equipment used, except for the membrane filters, with
a warm detergent solution and rinse with abundant amounts of water to remove all traces of detergent.
Immediately before use, rinse the equipment from top to bottom, outside and then inside, with particle-
free water R.
Take care not to introduce air bubbles into the preparation to be examined, especially when fractions
of the preparation are being transferred to the container in which the determination is to be carried out.
In order to check that the environment is suitable for the test, that the glassware is properly cleaned
and that the water to be used is particle-free, the following test is carried out: determine the particulate
contamination of 5 samples of particle-free water R, each of 5 mL, according to the method described
below. If the number of particles of 10 μm or greater size exceeds 25 for the combined 25 mL, the
precautions taken for the test are not sufficient. The preparatory steps must be repeated until the
environment, glassware and water are suitable for the test.
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Method
Mix the contents of the sample by slowly inverting the container 20 times successively. If necessary,
cautiously remove the sealing closure. Clean the outer surfaces of the container opening using a jet of
particle-free water R and remove the closure, avoiding any contamination of the contents. Eliminate
gas bubbles by appropriate measures such as allowing to stand for 2 min or sonicating.
For large-volume parenterals, single units are tested. For small-volume parenterals less than 25 mL in
volume, the contents of 10 or more units are combined in a cleaned container to obtain a volume of not
less than 25 mL; where justified and authorised, the test solution may be prepared by mixing the
contents of a suitable number of vials and diluting to 25 mL with particle-free water R or with an
appropriate solvent without contamination of particles when particle-free water R is not suitable. Small-
volume parenterals having a volume of 25 mL or more may be tested individually.
Powders for parenteral administration are reconstituted with particle-free water R or with an appropriate
solvent without contamination of particles when particle-free water R is not suitable.
The number of test specimens must be adequate to provide a statistically sound assessment. For large-
volume parenterals or for small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 mL or more, fewer than 10
units may be tested, based on an appropriate sampling plan.
Remove 4 portions, each of not less than 5 mL, and count the number of particles equal to or greater
than 10 μm and 25 μm. Disregard the result obtained for the first portion, and calculate the mean number
of particles for the preparation to be examined.
Evaluation
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of more than 100 mL, apply the criteria
of test 1.A.
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of less than 100 mL, apply the criteria of
test 1.B.
♦For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of 100 mL, apply the criteria of test
1.B.♦
If the average number of particles exceeds the limits, test the preparation by the microscopic particle
count test.
Test 1.A – Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection supplied in containers with a nominal content
of more than 100 mL
The preparation complies with the test if the average number of particles present in the units tested
does not exceed 25 per millilitre equal to or greater than 10 μm and does not exceed 3 per millilitre
equal to or greater than 25 μm.
Test 1.B – Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection supplied in containers with a nominal content
of less than 100 mL
The preparation complies with the test if the average number of particles present in the units tested
does not exceed 6000 per container equal to or greater than 10 μm and does not exceeд 600 per
container equal to or greater than 25 μm.
Use a suitable binocular microscope, filter assembly for retaining particulate contamination and
membrane filter for examination.
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The microscope is equipped with an ocular micrometer calibrated with an objective micrometer, a
mechanical stage capable of holding and traversing the entire filtration area of the membrane filter, 2
suitable illuminators to provide episcopic illumination in addition to oblique illumination, and is adjusted
to 100 ± 10 magnifications.
The ocular micrometer is a circular diameter graticule (see Figure 2.9.19.-1.) and consists of a large
circle divided by crosshairs into quadrants, transparent and black reference circles 10 μm and 25 μm
in diameter at 100 magnifications, and a linear scale graduated in 10 μm increments. It is calibrated
using a stage micrometer that is certified by either a domestic or international standard institution. A
relative error of the linear scale of the graticule within ± 2 per cent is acceptable. The large circle is
designated the graticule field of view (GFOV).
2 illuminators are required. One is an episcopic brightfield illuminator internal to themicroscope, the
other is an external, focusable auxiliary illuminator adjustable to give reflected oblique illumination at an
angle of 10-20°.
The filter assembly for retaining particulate contamination consists of a filter holder made of glass or
other suitable material, and is equipped with a vacuum source and a suitable membrane filter.
The membrane filter is of suitable size, black or dark grey in colour, non-gridded or gridded, and 1.0 μm
or finer in nominal pore size.
General precautions
The test is carried out under conditions limiting particulate contamination, preferably in a laminar-flow
cabinet.
Very carefully wash the glassware and filter assembly used, except for the membrane filter, with a warm
detergent solution and rinse with abundant amounts of water to remove all traces of detergent.
Immediately before use, rinse both sides of the membrane filter and the equipment from top to bottom,
outside and then inside, with particle-free water R.
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In order to check that the environment is suitable for the test, that the glassware and the membrane
filter are properly cleaned and that the water to be used is particle-free, the following test is carried out:
determine the particulate contamination of a 50 mL volume of particle-free water R according to the
method described below. If more than 20 particles 10 μm or larger in size or if more than 5 particles 25
μm or larger in size are present within the filtration area, the precautions taken for the test are not
sufficient. The preparatory steps must be repeated until the environment, glassware, membrane filter
and water are suitable for the test.
Method
Mix the contents of the samples by slowly inverting the container 20 times successively. If necessary,
autiously remove the sealing closure. Clean the outer surfaces of the container opening using a jet of
particle-free water R and remove the closure, avoiding any contamination of the contents.
For large-volume parenterals, single units are tested. For small-volume parenterals less than 25 mL in
volume, the contents of 10 or more units are combined in a cleaned container; where justified and
authorised, the test solution may be prepared by mixing the contents of a suitable number of vials and
diluting to 25 mL with particle-free water R or with an appropriate solvent without contamination of
particles when particle-free water R is not suitable. Small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 mL
or more may be tested individually.
Powders for parenteral administration are constituted with particle-free water R or with an appropriate
solvent without contamination of particles when particle-free water R is not suitable.
The number of test specimens must be adequate to provide a statistically sound assessment. For large-
volume parenterals or for small-volume parenterals having a volume of 25 mL or more, fewer than 10
units may be tested, based on an appropriate sampling plan.
Wet the inside of the filter holder fitted with the membrane filter with several millilitres of particle-free
water R. Transfer to the filtration funnel the total volume of a solution pool or of a single unit, and apply
vacuum. If needed, add stepwise a portion of the solution until the entire volume is filtered. After the
last addition of solution, begin rinsing the inner walls of the filter holder by using a jet of particle-free
water R. Maintain the vacuum until the surface of the membrane filter is free from liquid. Place the filter
in a Petri dish and allow the filter to air-dry with the cover slightly ajar. After the filter has been dried,
place the Petri dish on the stage of the microscope, scan the entire membrane filter under the reflected
light from the illuminating device, and count the number of particles that are equal to or greater than 10
μm and the number of particles that are equal to or greater than 25 μm. Alternatively, partial filter count
and determination of the total filter count by calculation is allowed. Calculate the mean number of
particles for the preparation to be examined.
The particle sizing process with the use of the circular diameter graticule is carried out by transforming
mentally the image of each particle into a circle and then comparing it to the 10 μm and 25 μm graticule
reference circles. Thereby the particles are not moved from their initial locations within the graticule field
of view and are not superimposed on the reference circles for comparison. The inner diameter of the
transparent graticule reference circles is used to size white and transparent particles, while dark
particles are sized by using the outer diameter of the black opaque graticule reference circles. In
performing the microscopic particle count test do not attempt to size or enumerate amorphous, semi-
liquid, or otherwise morphologically indistinct materials that have the appearance of a stain or
discoloration on the membrane filter. These materials show little or no surface relief and present a
gelatinous or film-like appearance. In such cases the interpretation of enumeration may be aided by
testing a sample of the solution by the light obscuration particle count test.
Evaluation
For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of more than 100 mL, apply the criteria
of test 2.A.
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For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of less than 100 mL, apply the criteria of
test 2.B.
♦For preparations supplied in containers with a nominal volume of 100 mL, apply the criteria of test
2.B.♦
Test 2.A – Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection supplied in containers with a nominal content
of more than 100 mL
The preparation complies with the test if the average number of particles present in the units tested
does not exceed 12 per millilitre equal to or greater than 10 μm and does not exceed 2 per millilitre
equal to or greater than 25 μm.
Test 2.B – Solutions for infusion or solutions for injection supplied in containers with a nominal content
of less than 100 mL
The preparation complies with the test if the average number of particles present in the units tested
does not exceed 3000 per container equal to or greater than 10 μm and does not exceed 300 per
container equal to or greater than 25 μm.
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Вежба бр. 5
ПАРЕНТЕРАЛНИ ПРЕПАРАТИ
- ИНЈЕКЦИИ –
Дефиниција
Стерилни препарати наменети за апликација со инјектирање, инфузија или
имплантација во телото на човекот или животните.
Тестови
Контаминација од честички: суб-видливи честички (2.9.19).
За препарати за човечка употреба, растворите за инфузија или растворите за инјекции
треба да одговараат со тестот.
Во случај на препарати за субкутана или интрамускуларна инјекција, соодветни се
пошироки граници.
Радиофармацевтските препарати се ослободени од овие барања. Препарати за кои на
етикетата се наведува дека за производот што треба да се користи финален филтер,
се ослободени од овие барања, под услов да се докаже дека филтерот одговара на
барањата што е во согласност со тестот.
За препаратите за ветеринарна употреба, кога се доставуваат во пакувања со
номинална содржина повеќе од 100 ml и кога содржината е еквивалентна на доза на
повеќе од 1,4 ml на килограм телесна маса, растворот за инфузија или растворот за
инјекција мора да одговара на тестот за контаминација со честички: суб-видливи
честички.
Стерилност (2.6.1). Парентералните препарати одговараат на тестот за стерилност.
Чување
Да се чуваат во стерилни, херметички затворени садови и садови кои го штитат
производот од расипување.
Означување
Сигнатурата содржи:
− Име и концентрацијата на кој било кој додаден антимикробен конзерванс,
− Каде што е применливо, растворот треба да се користи треба да се користи
заедно со финалниот филтер,
− Каде што е применливо, препаратот е ослободен од бактериски ендотоксини или
дека е апироген.
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Инјекции
Дефиниција
Производство
ДЕФИНИЦИЈА
Производство
Методите на стерилизација што можат да се користат при производството на
парентералните препарати се опишани во Appendix XVIII.
Чување
Системите за затворање кои се користат како контејнери за масните парентерални
препарати треба да бидат изработени од материјали резистентни на масла.
ИНЈЕКЦИИ
Означување
Сигнатурата наведува дека инјекцијата не треба да се користи доколку се присутни
видливи честички.
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3. Монографија на Атенолол инјекции, BP 2016
Atenolol Injection
DEFINITION
Atenolol Injection is a sterile solution of Atenolol in Water for Injections containing Citric Acid
Monohydrate and Sodium Chloride.
The injection complies with the requirements stated under Parenteral Preparations and with
the following requirements.
IDENTIFICATION
To a volume of the injection containing 5 mg of Atenolol add sufficient 1M sodium hydroxide
to make it alkaline (about 0.5 ml) and extract with three 10 ml quantities of a mixture of 1
volume of propan-2-ol and 3 volumes of chloroform. Filter the combined extracts through
anhydrous sodium sulphate and evaporate to dryness in a current of nitrogen. The infrared
absorption spectrum of the residue, Appendix II A, is concordant with the reference spectrum
of atenolol (RS 015).
TESTS
Acidity
pH, 5.5 to 6.5, Appendix V L.
Related substances
Carry out the method for liquid chromatography, Appendix III D, using the following solutions.
For solution (1) use the injection being examined. For solution (2) dilute 1 volume of solution
(1) to 200 volumes with the mobile phase. For solution (3) dissolve 10 mg of atenolol impurity
standard BPCRS in 0.1 ml of dimethyl sulphoxide, with the aid of gentle heat, and dilute to 20
ml with the mobile phase.
The chromatographic procedure may be carried out using (a) a stainless steel column (15 cm
× 4.6 mm) packed with end-capped octadecylsilyl silica gel for chromatography (5 μm)
(Spherisorb ODS 2 is suitable), (b) as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 ml per minute
a mixture of 20 volumes of tetrahydrofuran, 180 volumes of methanol and 800 volumes of
0.025M potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate containing 1.0 g of sodium octanesulphonate
and 0.4 g of tetrabutylammonium hydrogen sulphate per litre and adjusted to pH 3.0 with
orthophosphoric acid and (c) a detection wavelength of 226 nm.
The test is not valid unless the chromatogram obtained with solution (3) resembles the
reference chromatogram provided with atenolol impurity standard BPCRS in that the peak due
to bis ether precedes, and is separated from, that due to tertiary amine, which is normally a
doublet. If necessary, adjust the concentration of sodium octanesulphonate in the mobile
phase; increasing the concentration increases the retention time of the tertiary amine.
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In the chromatogram obtained with solution (1) the area of any peak corresponding to blocker
acid is not greater than the area of the peak in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2)
(0.5%) and the area of any peak corresponding to either tertiary amine or bis ether is not
greater than half of the area of the peak in the chromatogram obtained with solution (2)
(0.25%).
ASSAY
Dilute a volume of the injection containing 10 mg of Atenolol to 100 ml with methanol and
measure the absorbance at the maximum at about 275 nm, Appendix II B. Calculate the
content of C14H22N2O3 taking 53.7 as the value of A(1%, 1 cm) at the maximum at 275 nm.
STORAGE
Atenolol Injection should be protected from light.
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4. Спецификација за квалитет
Аналитички Гранични
Параметар
Метод вредности
Бистар, безбоен раствор за
1. Изглед Визуелно
инјектирање
Спектрофотометриски, 90-110,0% од
3. Содржина
Appendix II B, BP 2016 декларираната содржина
Киселост
4. Appendix V L, BP 2016 рН 5,5 – 6,5
(Ацидитет)
Течна хроматографија
5. Сродни супстанции Споредба на пикови
Appendix III D, BP 2016
Бактериски
6. Appendix XIV C, BP 2016 0.25 IU per mL
ендотоксини
1. мембранска филтрација или
Да нема раст на
7. Стерилност 2. директно засадување на
микроорганизми
подлога
*Воедначеност на По метод варијација на маса, L1 (n=10): AV < 15
8.
дозирани единици Appendix XII C, BP 2016 L2 (n=30): AV < 25
Според метод 1. Просечниот
број на честички да не
надминува 25 за еден
милилитар еднакви или
поголеми од 10 μm и да не
Суб-видливи честички, надминува повеќе од 3 честички
Метод 1. Броење на честички за милилитар еднакви или
*Контаминација со под пригушена светлина поголеми од 25 μm.
9.
честички Метод 2. Броење на честички Според метод 2. Просечниот
под микроскоп број на присутни честички да не
Appendix XIII A, BP 2016 надминува 12 за еден
милилитар еднакви или
поголеми од 10 μm и да не
надминува
2 за еден милилитар еднакви
или поголеми од 25 μm.
*Ектрактибилен За еднодозни препарати, V да не е помал
10.
волумен Appendix XII C, BP 2016 од номиналниот V
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5. Сертификат за квалитет на готовиот фармацевтски производ
Гранични
Барање за квалитет Резултати
вредности
Бистар, безбоен раствор за
1. Изглед
инјектирање
Споредба со референтен спектар
2. Идентификација
на Атенолол RS015
90-110,0% од
3. Содржина
декларираната содржина
Киселост
4. рН 5,5 – 6,5
(Ацидитет)
Заклучок:
Датум: Изработил:
Одобрил:
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за бактериски ендотоксини (LAL тест)
C. Test for Bacterial Endotoxins (LAL Test) (Ph Eur method 2.6.14)
The test for bacterial endotoxins (BET) is used to detect or quantify endotoxins from gram-
negative bacteria using amoebocyte lysate from the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus or
Tachypleus tridentatus). ‘There are 3 techniques for this test: the gel-clot technique, which is
based on gel formation; the turbidimetric technique, based on the development of turbidity
аfter cleavage of an endogenous substrate; and the chromogenic technique, based on the
development of colour after cleavage of a synthetic peptidechromogen complex.
Proceed by any of the 6 methods for the test. In the event of doubt or dispute, the final decision
is made based upon method A unless otherwise indicated in the monograph.
The test is carried out in a manner that avoids endotoxin contamination.
1. APPARATUS
Depyrogenate all glassware and other heat-stable apparatus in a hot-air oven using a
validated process. A commonly used minimum time and temperature is 30 minutes at 250 °C.
If employing plastic apparatus, such as microtitre plates and pipette tips for automatic
pipetters, use apparatus shown to be free of detectable endotoxin and which does not interfere
in the test.
NOTE: in this chapter, the term ‘tube’ includes all types of receptacles, for example microtiter
plate wells.
(1) Amebocyte lysate Amoebocyte lysate is a lyophilised product obtained from amoebocyte
lysate from the horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus or Tachypleus tridentatus). This reagent
refers only to a product manufactured in accordance with tehe regulations of the competent
authority.
NOTE: amoebocyte lysate reacts with some β-glucans in addition to endotoxins. Amoebocyte
lysate preparations which do not react with glucans are available; they are prepared by
removing from amoebocyte lysate the G factor, which reacts with glucans, or by inhibiting the
G factor reacting system of amoebocyte lysate. These preparations may be used for endotoxin
testing in the presence of glucans.
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(2) Lysate solution
Dissolve amoebocyte lysate in water for BET or in a buffer, as recommended by the lysate
manufacturer, by gentle stirring. Store the reconstituted lysate, refrigerated or frozen, as
indicated by the manufacturer.
Water for injections R or water produced by other procedures that shows no reaction with the
lysate employed at the detection limit of the reagent.
The standard endotoxin stock solution is prepared from an endotoxin reference standard that
has been calibrated against the International Standard, for example endotoxin standard BRP.
NOTE: one International Unit (IU) of endotoxin is equal to one Endotoxin Unit (E.U.).
Follow the specifications in the package leaflet and on the label for preparation and storage of
the standard endotoxin stock solution.
After vigorously mixing the standard endotoxin stock solution, prepare appropriate serial
dilutions of this solution using water for BET.
Prepare the test solutions by dissolving or diluting active substances or medicinal products
using water for BET.
The Maximum Valid Dilution (MVD) is the maximum allowable dilution of a sample at which
the endotoxin limit can be determined. Determine the MVD using the following formulae:
Endotoxin limit: the endotoxin limit for active substances administered parenterally, defined
on the basis of dose, is equal to :
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𝐾
𝑀
The endotoxin limit for active substances administered parenterally is specified in units such
as IU/mL, IU/mg, IU/Unit of biological activity, etc., in monographs.
λ = the labelled lysate sensitivity in the gel-clot technique (IU/mL) or the lowest concentration
used in the standard curve of the turbidimetric or chromogenic techniques.
The gel-clot technique allows detection or quantification of endotoxins and is based on clotting
of the lysate in the presence of endotoxins. The minimum concentration of endotoxins required
to cause the lysate to clot under standard conditions is the labelled lysate sensitivity. To ensure
both the precision and validity of the test, confirm the labelled lysate sensitivity and perform
the test for interfering factors asdescribed under 1. Preparatory testing.
1. PREPARATORY TESTING
Confirm in 4 replicates the labelled sensitivity λ, expressed in IU/mL, of the lysate solution
prior to use in the test.
Confirmation of the lysate sensitivity is carried out when a new lot of lysate is used or when
there is any change in the test conditions which may affect the outcome of the test.
Prepare standard solutions of at least 4 concentrations equivalent to 2λ, λ, 0.5λ and 0.25
λ by diluting the standard endotoxin stock solution with water for BET.
Mix a volume of the lysate solution with an equal volume of 1 of the standard solutions (such
as 0.1 mL aliquots) in each tube. When single test vials or ampoules containing lyophilised
lysate are employed, add solutions of standards directly to the vial or ampoule. Incubate the
reaction mixture for a constant period according to the recommendations of the lysate
manufacturer (usually at 37 ± 1 °C for 60 ± 2 min), avoiding vibration. Test the integrity of the
gel: for tubes, take each tube in turn directly from the incubator and invert it through
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approximately 180° in one smooth motion. If a firm gel has formed that remains in place upon
inversion, record the result as positive. A result is negative if an intact gel is not formed.
The test is considered valid when the lowest concentration of the standard solutions shows a
negative result in all replicate tests.
f = number of replicates.
The geometric mean end-point concentration is the measured sensitivity of the lysate solution
(IU/mL). If this is not less than 0.5λ and not more than 2λ, the labelled sensitivity is confirmed
and is used in the tests performed with this lysate.
Prepare solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-1, and use the test solutions at a
dilution less than the MVD, not containing any detectable endotoxins, operating as described
under 1. Preparatory testing, (i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate sensitivity.
The geometric mean end-point concentrations of solutions B and C are determined using the
expression described in 1. Preparatory testing, (i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate
sensitivity.
The test for interfering factors must be repeated when any changes are made to the
experimental conditions that are likely to influence the result of the test.
The test is considered valid when all replicates of solutions A and D show no reaction and the
result of solution C confirms the labelled lysate sensitivity.
If the sensitivity of the lysate determined with solution B is not less than 0.5λ and not greater
than 2λ, the test solution does not contain interfering factors under the experimental
conditions used. Otherwise, the test solution interferes with the test.
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If the preparation being examined interferes with the test at a dilution less than the MVD,
repeat the test for interfering factors using a greater dilution, not exceeding the MVD. The use
of a more sensitive lysate permits a greater dilution of the preparation being examined and
this may contribute to the elimination of interference.
(i) Procedure
Prepare solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-2, and performthe test on these
solutions following the procedure described under 1. Preparatory testing, (i) Confirmation of
the labelled lysate sensitivity.
Prepare solution A and solution B (positive product control) using a dilution not greater than
the MVD and treatments as described in 1. Preparatory testing, (ii) Test for interfering factors.
Solutions B and C (positive controls) contain the standard endotoxin at a concentration
corresponding to twice the labelled lysate sensitivity. Solution D (negative control) consists of
water for BET.
(ii) Interpretation
The test is considered valid when both replicates of solution B and C are positive and those
of solution D are negative.
When a negative result is found for both replicates of solution A, the preparation being
examined complies with the test.
When a positive result is found for both replicates of solution A, the preparation being
examined does not comply with the test.
When a positive result is found for one replicate of solution A and a negative result is found
for the other, repeat the test. In the repeat test, the preparation being examined complies with
the test if a negative result is found for both replicates of solution A. The preparation does not
comply with the test if a positive result is found for one or both replicates of solution A.
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However, if the preparation does not comply with the test at a dilution less than the MVD, the
test may be repeated using a greater dilution, not exceeding the MVD.
(i) Procedure
The test quantifies bacterial endotoxins in the test solution by titration to an end-point. Prepare
solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-3, and test these solutions according to the
procedure described under 1. Preparatory testing, (i) Confirmation of the labelled lysate
sensitivity.
The test is considered valid when the following 3 conditions are met:
The endotoxin concentration in the test solution is the end-point concentration of the
replicates. If the test is conducted with a diluted test solution, calculate the concentration of
endotoxin in the original solution by multiplying the result by the dilution factor.
If none of the dilutions of the test solution is positive in a valid test, report the endotoxin
concentration as less than λ (or, if a diluted sample was tested, report as less than the lowest
dilution factor of the sample × λ). If all dilutions are positive, the endotoxin concentration is
reported as equal or greater than the largest dilution factor multiplied by λ (e.g. in Table
2.6.14.-3, the initial dilution factor × 8 × λ).
The preparation being examined meets the requirements of the test if the endotoxin
concentration in both replicates is less than that specified in the monograph.
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8. PHOTOMETRIC QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES (METHODS C, D, E AND F)
This technique is a photometric test to measure the increase in turbidity. Based on the test
principle employed, this technique may be classified as being either the end-point-turbidimetric
test or the kinetic-turbidimetric test.
The kinetic-turbidimetric test (Method C) is a method to measure either the time (onset time)
needed for the reaction mixture to reach a predetermined absorbance or transmission, or the
rate of turbidity development.
The test is carried out at the incubation temperature recommended by the lysate manufacturer
(usually 37 ±1 °C).
This technique is used to measure the chromophore released from a suitable chromogenic
peptide by the reaction of endotoxins with the lysate. Depending on the test principle
employed, this technique may be classified as being either the end-point-chromogenic test or
the kinetic-chromogenic test.
The kinetic-chromogenic test (Method D) measures either the time (onset time) needed for
the reaction mixture to reach a predetermined absorbance, or the rate of colour development.
The test is carried out at the incubation temperature recommended by the lysate manufacturer
(usually 37 ± 1 °C).
3. PREPARATORY TESTING
Validation of the test method is required when any changes are made to the experimental
conditions that are likely to influence the result of the test.
The test must be carried out for each lot of lysate reagent.
Using the standard endotoxin solution, prepare at least 3 endotoxin concentrations within the
range indicated by the lysate manufacturer to generate the standard curve. Perform the test
using at least 3 replicates of each standard endotoxin solution as recommended by the lysate
manufacturer (volume ratios, incubation time, temperature, pH, etc.).
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If the desired range is greater than 2 log10 in the kinetic methods, additional standards must
be included to bracket each log10 increase in the range of the standard curve.
The absolute value of the correlation coefficient, | r |, must be greater than or equal to 0.980,
for the range of endotoxin concentrations set up.
Select an endotoxin concentration at or near the middle of the endotoxin standard curve.
Prepare solutions A, B, C and D as shown in Table 2.6.14.-4. Perform the test on at least 2
replicates of these solutions as recommended by the lysate manufacturer (volume of test
solution and lysate solution, volume ratio of test solution to lysate solution, incubation time,
etc.). Table 2.6.14.-4.
The test is considered valid when the following conditions are met:
– the absolute value of the correlation coefficient of the standard curve generated using
solution C is greater than or equal to 0.980;
– the result with solution D does not exceed the limit of the blank value required in the
description of the lysate reagent employed, or it is less than the endotoxin detection limit of
the lysate reagent employed.
Calculate the mean recovery of the added endotoxin by subtracting the mean endotoxin
concentration in the solution (if any) (solution A, Table 2.6.14.-4) from that in the solution
containing the added endotoxin (solution B, Table 2.6.14.-4).
The test solution is considered free of interfering factors if under the conditions of the test, the
measured concentration of the endotoxin added to the test solution is within 50-200 per cent
of the known added endotoxin concentration, after subtraction of any endotoxin detected in
the solution without added endotoxin.
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When the endotoxin recovery is out of the specified range, the test solution is considered to
contain interfering factors. Repeat the test using a greater dilution, not exceeding the MVD.
Furthermore, interference of the test solution or diluted test solution not to exceed the MVD
may be eliminated by suitable validated treatment, such as filtration, neutralisation, dialysis or
heat treatment. To establish that the treatment chosen effectively eliminates interference
without loss of endotoxins, repeat the test for interfering factors using the preparation being
examined to which the standard endotoxin has been added and which has then been
submitted to the chosen treatment.
4. TEST
(i) Procedure
Follow the procedure described in 3. Preparatory testing, (ii) Test for interfering factors.
(ii) Calculation
Calculate the endotoxin concentration of each replicate of solution A using the standard curve
generated by the positive control solution C.
The test is considered valid when the following 3 requirements are met:
(1) the results obtained with solution C comply with the requirements for validation defined
under 3. Preparatory testing, (i) Assurance of criteria for the standard curve,
(2) the endotoxin recovery, calculated from the endotoxin concentration found in solution B
after subtracting the endotoxin concentration found in solution A, is within the range of 50-200
per cent,
(3) the result obtained with solution D (negative control) does not exceed the limit of the blank
value required in the description of the lysate employed, or it is less than the endotoxin
detection limit of the lysate reagent employed.
(iii) Interpretation
The preparation being examined complies with the test if the mean endotoxin concentration
of the replicates of solution A, after correction for dilution and concentration, is less than the
endotoxin limit for the product.
Guidelines on the test for bacterial endotoxins are given in general chapter 5.1.10.
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* BP 2016, Општа монографија за пирогени
2.6.8. PYROGENS
The test consists of measuring the rise in body temperature evoked in rabbits by the
intravenous injection of a sterile solution of the substance to be examined.
Selection of animals. Use healthy, adult rabbits of either sex weighing not less than 1.5 kg,
fed a complete and balanced diet not containing antibiotics, and not showing loss of body
mass during the week preceding the test. A rabbit is not be used in a pyrogen test:
b) if it has been used in the preceding 3 weeks in a pyrogen test in which the substance under
examination failed to pass the test.
Animals’ quarters. Keep the rabbits individually in a quiet area with a uniform appropriate
temperature. Withhold food from the rabbits overnight and until the test is completed; withhold
water during the test. Carry out the test in a quiet room where there is no risk of disturbance
exciting the animals and in which the room temperature is within 3 °C of that of the rabbits’
living quarters, or in which the rabbits have been kept for at least 18 h before the test.
Materials. Glassware, syringes and needles. Thoroughly wash all glassware, syringes and
needles with water for injections and heat in a hot-air oven at 250 °C for 30 min or at 200 °C
for 1 h.
Retaining boxes. The retaining boxes for rabbits whose temperature is being measured by an
electrical device are made in such a way that the animals are retained only by loosely fitting
neck-stocks; the rest of the body remains relatively free so that the rabbits may sit in a normal
position. They are not restrained by straps or other similar methods which may harm the
animal. The animals are put into the boxes not less than 1 h before the first record of the
temperature and remain in them throughout the test.
Thermometers. Use a thermometer or electrical device which indicates the temperature with
a precision of 0.1 °C and insert into the rectum of the rabbit to a depth of about 5 cm. The
depth of insertion is constant for any one rabbit in any one test. When an electrical device is
used it may be left in position throughout the test.
Preliminary test. After selection of the animals, one to three days before testing the product to
be examined, treat those animals that have not been used during the previous 2 weeks by
intravenous injection of 10 mL per kilogram of body mass of a pyrogen-free 9 g/L solution of
sodium chloride R warmed to about 38.5 °C. Record the temperatures of the animals,
beginning at least 90 min before injection and continuing for 3 h after the injection of the
solution. Any animal showing a temperature variation greater than 0.6 °C is not used in the
main test.
Main test. Carry out the test using a group of three rabbits.
Preparation and injection of the product. Warm the liquid to be examined to approximately
38.5 °C before the injection. The product to be examined may be dissolved in, or diluted with,
a pyrogen-free 9 g/L solution of sodium chloride R or another prescribed liquid. Inject the
solution slowly into the marginal vein of the ear of each rabbit over a period not exceeding 4
min, unless otherwise prescribed in the monograph. The amount of the product to be injected
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varies according to the product to be examined and is prescribed in the monograph. The
volume injected is not less than 0.5 mL per kilogram and not more than 10 mL per kilogram of
body mass.
The “initial temperature” of each rabbit is the mean of two temperature readings recorded
for that rabbit at an interval of 30 min in the 40 min immediately preceding the injection of the
product to be examined. The “maximum temperature” of each rabbit is the highest
temperature recorded for that rabbit in the 3 h after the injection. Record the temperature of
each rabbit at intervals of not more than 30 min, beginning at least 90 min before the injection
of the product to be examined and ontinuing 3 h after the injection. The difference between
the maximum temperature and the initial temperature of each rabbit is taken to be its response.
When this difference is negative, the result is counted as a zero response.
Rabbits showing a temperature variation greater than 0.2 °C between two successive readings
in the determination of the initial temperature are withdrawn from the test. In any one test, only
rabbits having initial temperatures which do not differ from one another by more than 1 °C are
used. All rabbits having an initial temperature higher than 39.8 °C or less than 38.0 °C are
withdrawn from the test.
Interpretation of results. Having carried out the test first on a group of three rabbits, repeat
if necessary on further groups of three rabbits to a total of four groups, depending on the
results obtained. If the summed response of the first group does not exceed the figure given
in the second column of the Table 2.6.8.-1, the substance passes the test. If the summed
response exceeds the figure given in the second column of the table but does not exceed the
figure given in the third column of the table, repeat the test as indicated above. If the summed
response exceeds the figure given in the third column of the table, the product fails the test.
Rabbits used in a test for pyrogens where the mean rise in the rabbits’ temperature has
exceeded 1.2 °C are permanently excluded.