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©Shanley Salem
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©Shanley Salem
©Shanley Salem
©Shanley Salem
Gland Hypothalamus
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Anterior lobe of pituitary
Posterior lobe of pituitary
(storage only; ADH and
oxytocin are synthesized in
the hypothalamus)
Thyroid Gland
Hormone
Releasing and inhibiting hormones
Growth hormone (GH)
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH); called
interstitial cell-stimulating hormone
(ICSH) in males
Prolactin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Oxytocin
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine
Calcitonin
Principal Actions
Stimulates or inhibits secretion of specific hormones
Stimulates growth by promoting protein synthesis
Increases secretion of thyroid hormone; increases the size of the
thyroid gland
Increases secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially
glucocorticoids, such as cortisol
Follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in the female;
spermatogenesis in the male
Ovulation; progesterone production in female; testosterone
production in male
Stimulates milk production
Increases water reabsorption (decreases water lost in urine)
Increases uterine contractions; stimulates ejection of milk from
mammary gland
Increases metabolic rate; essential for normal growth and
development
Decreases blood calcium by inhibiting bone breakdown and
release of calcium; antagonistic to parathyroid hormone
©Shanley Salem
 Increases blood calcium by stimulating bone breakdown and release
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) or
Parathyroid gland of calcium; increases calcium absorption in the digestive tract;
parathormone
decreases calcium lost in urine

Increases sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion in kidney

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
tubules; increases water retention

Increases blood glucose levels; inhibits inflammation and immune

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
response
Adrenal Cortex
Increases secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially
Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
glucocorticoids, such as cortisol

Secreted in small amounts; effect is generally masked by the

Androgens and estrogens
hormones from the ovaries and testes

Helps cope with stress; increases heat rate and blood pressure;
Adrenal medulla Epinephrine; norepinephrine
increases blood flow to skeletal muscle; increases blood glucose

Glucagon Increases breakdown of glycogen to increase blood glucose levels

Pancreas (Islets of Langerhans) Decreases blood glucose levels by facilitating uptake and utilization
Insulin of glucose by cells; stimulates glucose storage as glycogen and
production of adipose tissue

Maturation & maintenance of male reproductive organs & secondary

Testes Testosterone
sex charac.

Maturation & maintenance of male reproductive organs & secondary

Estrogen
sex charac.; menstrual cycle
Ovaries
Prepares uterus for pregnancy; stimulates development of mammary
Progesterone
gland; menstrual cycle

Inhibits gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which consequently inhibits

Pineal Gland Melatonin reproductive functions; regulates daily rhythms, such as sleep and
wakefulness

Thymus Thymosin Immune system development and function

©Shanley Salem