Design using limit State Method

If Fck is the characteristic compressive stress of concrete then

while considering the strength of concrete for design purpose
following two factors are considered
Factor Due to Shape (0.8)
Factor due to material (0.85)

So the the strength considered is

fconcrete ≔ 0.8 ⋅ 0.85 ⋅ fck → 0.68 ⋅ fck

fconcrete ≔ 0.67 ⋅ fck → 0.67 ⋅ fck

fck
fc ≔ 0.67 ⋅ ―― → 0.44666666666666666667 ⋅ fck
1.5

fc ≔ 0.446 ⋅ fck → 0.446 ⋅ fck

fy
fst ≔ ―― → 0.86956521739130434783 ⋅ fy
1.15

fst ≔ 0.87 ⋅ fy → 0.87 ⋅ fy

 3 3
CR ≔ ―⋅ xu ⋅ 0.446 ⋅ fck ⋅ b → 0.19114285714285714286 ⋅ fck ⋅ xu ⋅ b ycR ≔ ―⋅ xu ⋅ 0.5 → 0.21428571428571428571 ⋅ xu
7 7

2 ⎛4 ⎞ simplify 3 3 4 9 ⋅ xu
CP ≔ ―⋅ ⎜―⋅ xu ⋅ 0.446 ⋅ fck⎟ ⋅ b ――― → 0.16990476190476190476 ⋅ fck ⋅ xu ⋅ b ycP ≔ ―⋅ xu + ―⋅ ―⋅ xu → ――
3 ⎝7 ⎠ 7 8 7 14

C ≔ CR + CP → 0.36104761904761904762 ⋅ fck ⋅ xu ⋅ b C ≔ 0.36 fck ⋅ xu ⋅ b → 0.36 ⋅ fck ⋅ xu ⋅ b

⎛⎝CR ⋅ ycR + CP ⋅ ycP⎞⎠

y ≔ ――――――→ 0.417176870748299319724 ⋅ xu y ≔ 0.42 ⋅ xu → 0.42 ⋅ xu
C

Maximum depth/ limiting depth of NA

Maximum depth/ limiting depth of NA

From strain distribution diagram

⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠
0.002 + ――――
0.0035 Es
――― ＝ ――――――
xulimit d - xu

xulimit 0.0035
―――― ＝ ――――――
d - xulimit ⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠
0.002 + ――――
Es

xulimit 0.0035
――＝ ――――――
d ⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠
0.0055 + ――――
Es

N N xulimit 0.0035 xulimit

For fy ≔ 250 ⋅ ―― Es ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ ―― ――＝ ―――――― → ――＝ 0.53130929791271347249
mm 2 mm 2 d ⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠ d
0.0055 + ――――
Es

N N xulimit 0.0035 xulimit

fy ≔ 415 ⋅ ―― Es ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ ―― ――＝ ―――――― → ――＝ 0.47910749118784435851
mm 2 mm 2 d ⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠ d
0.0055 + ――――
Es

xulimit 0.0035 xulimit

――＝ ―――――― → ――＝ 0.4560260586319218241
d ⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠ d
0.0055 + ――――
Es
 N N xulimit 0.0035 xulimit
fy ≔ 500 ⋅ ―― Es ≔ 2 ⋅ 10 5 ⋅ ―― ――＝ ―――――― → ――＝ 0.4560260586319218241
mm 2 mm 2 d ⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy⎞⎠ d
0.0055 + ――――
Es

Depth of neutral axis

For equilibrium of the section

C＝T

0.36 ⋅ fck ⋅ b ⋅ xu ＝ 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ Ast

⎛⎝0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ Ast⎞⎠
xu ＝ ―――――
0.36 ⋅ fck ⋅ b
Ultimate moment of resistance
Considering Compression

MuR ＝ 0.36 ⋅ fck ⋅ b ⋅ xu ⋅ ⎛⎝d - 0.42 ⋅ xu⎞⎠

Considering Tension

MuR ＝ 0.87 ⋅ fy ⋅ Ast ⋅ ⎛⎝d - 0.42 ⋅ xu⎞⎠

Limiting moment of resistance

When xu ＝ xulimit then we get limiting moment of resistance

Mulimit ＝ 0.36 ⋅ fck ⋅ b ⋅ xulimit ⋅ ⎛⎝d - 0.42 ⋅ xulimit⎞⎠

or
xulimit ⎛ xulimit ⎞
Mulimit ＝ 0.36 ⋅ fck ⋅ ―― ⋅ ⎜1 - 0.42 ⋅ ――⎟ ⋅ b ⋅ d 2
d ⎝ d ⎠
Section Classification:

Balanced Section:
When the limiting condition of concrete as well as steel reaches simultaneously, then that section is called balanced section.
fy
When strain in concrete is 0.0035 the strain at steel will be 0.002 + 0.87 ⋅ ―
Es

Under Reinforced Section

When the limiting value of steel reaches first than the concrete then it is called under reinforced section
fy
When the concrete steel reaches its limiting strain value 0.002 + 0.87 ⋅ ― the concrete strain does not reach
the value 0.0035 Es

Over reinforced section

When the limiting value of concrete reaches first than the steel then it is called under reinforced section
fy
When strain in concrete is 0.0035 the strain at steel will be less than 0.002 + 0.87 ⋅ ―
Es

We design all the sections to be under reinforced.