Lbgpmkob jk Eatrdtb Vkjultdsd jk Kslnkralnad lbma

C-46?
Xdrtalapdlaüe jk Ibrgadtb Jksnajrb`kedsd Kspklçialb
y Latblrbgb f4, Lbgpbeketks ke
Vkjullaüe jk Eatrdtb
OB\K V[A_-NKVVKVD' DEJ O. D. JKGB\\
Jkpdrtgket bi Fabmb`y, [eavkrsaty bi Ldmaibread, \de Jak`b, Md Obmmd, Ldmaibread 168<0
Vklafajb pdrd pufmaldlaüe km 1 jk oueab jk 4191

\k kstujaü  md pdrtalapdlaüe jk jastaetbs jksnajrb`kedsds jk ibrgadtb y lbgpbeketks jk

latblrbgb ke  md rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb pbr Kslnkralnad lbma. Md dltavajdj jk ibrgadtb
jksn
jksnaj ajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsdsd prprkskskeketktk  ke mbsmbs kxtr
kxtrdldltb
tbss prkp
prkpdr drdj
djbsbs d pd pdrtrtar
ar jk lá lámu
mumdmds
s ae
aeju
julalajd
jds s pbpbrr eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b
jk md  lkpd NirN iuk dltavd lbe vdrabs dlkptbrks jk kmkltrbeks, aelmuykejb dzum jk gktamkeb,
gktbsumidtb jk  ikedzaed y vabmü`keb jk fkelamb. Lakrtbs gutdetks quk eb pukjke rkjular km
ea
eatr
trdt
dtb
b tk
tkeç
eçde
de  ea
eavkvkmk
mkss fdfdobobss b aejk
aejktk tklt
ltdf
dfmk
mkss jk dl
dltatava
vajd
jdj j jk ib ibrg
rgad adtb
tb jk
jksn
snajajrb
rb`k
`kededsd sd kekesdsdyd
ydjbjbss
lb
lbe e dz
dzumum  jk gkta
gktamk mkeb
eb b gktbgktbsu sumimidt
dtbb jk iked
ikedzazaed
ed lb
lbgbgb dldlkp kptbtbrr jk kmklkmkltr
trbe
beksks.. Jk eu eukv kvk k jk ks kstb
tbs
s
guttdetks
gu tks, laeaelb
lb  prb rbj juokrb
okrbe e `ds ludej dejb sk lumt lumtav
avddrb
rbe
e dedkrü rüffald
aldgke
gketk sae eatrd atrdttb y pbskçd çde
e
ue
ued d dl
dltatava
vajd
jdjj  jk ibrg
ibrgad adtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj ajrb
rb`k
`kededsd
sd ue
ueaj
ajdd d fkel
fkelam am vabm
vabmü`ü`kekeb, b, mb ququkk su`a
su`akr krkk ququk k jast
jastaeaetb
tbs
s
ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb jk
jksn
snajajrb
rb`k`kededsdsds s  pd
pdrt
rtal
alap
apde
de ke mbsmbs sa
sast
stkg
kgdsds jk ea eatr
trdt
dtbb rk rkju
jult
ltds
dsd d y jkjksnsnajajrb
rb`k
`ked edsdsd jk
ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb.. Mb
Mbss  bt
btrbrbss ludt
ludtrb rb gutd
gutdet etks
ks ibrg
ibrgdrdrbe
be pbpblblb `d`dss lude
ludejb jb sk lumt lumtavavdr
drbe
be de dedkdkrürüfafald
ldgk
gket etk
k
ke duskela lad
d  jk eatrdatrdttb y ldrk rklçlçdde jk md jksnaj ajrb
rb` `kedsd jk ib ibrgrgad adtb
tb ueajdajd d fkelam lam vabmü
abmü` `keb,
dsç lbgb  jk md dltavajdj ueajd d dzum jk gktamkeb b gktbsumidtb jk ikedzaed. Km latblrbgb f4
prks
prkskeketktk ke  md
mds s lá
lámumumd
mdss ae
aeju
jula
lajd
jds s pbr
pbr eatr
eatrdt
dtbb sk jast
jastae
ae`u
`uaü aü pb
pbrr susus s pr
prbp
bpakakjd
jdjkjks s ks
kspk pkltltrd
rdmk
mkss y su
lb
lbetetrb
rbmm `k
`keáeáta
talb
lb  jk mbs mbs prae
praelalapd
pdmk mkss lb
lbgp
gpbebeke
ketktkss jkm
jkm latb
latblr lrbg
bgb b f4 jk md mdss lá
lámumumd
mdss dk
dkrü rüfa
fald
ldss y jk
mds
mds lá
lámumumd
mds
s  lu
lumtmtav
avdj
djds ds dedk
dedkrü rüfa
faldldgk
gket etk
k ke dusk
duskel eladad jk eatreatrdt
dtb.
b. Km latblatblrlrbg
bgb b fc ks kspk pklçlçia
ialb
lb jk
eatrdtb sk  rkjuob lbgpmktd y räpajdgketk ke 4 gg jk ibrgadtb, pkrb eb sk rkjuob ke 4 gg
rkjuob km  jaeulmkütajb jk ealbtaedgajd y djkeaed3 Km dslbrfdtb rkjuob sümb ued pdrtk jkm
latblrbgb f4  quk iuk rkjulajb pbr km ibrgadtb. Ludejb sk dôdjaü eatrdtb, km latblrbgb f4
rkju
rkjulalajb
jb ke  ibrg
ibrgad adtb
tb sk bxajbxajü ü lb
lbe e la
laeá
eáta
tald
ld faiä
faiäsa
sald
ld,, pk
pkrb
rb km latblatblrlrbgbgb b f4 rk rkju
julalajb
jb ke ds dslblbrfrfdt
dtb
b
sk bxbxaj
ajüü  lbe
lbe la laeá
eátatald
ld gbeb
gbebiä iäsa
sald
ld.. Mbs
Mbs kikl
kikltbtbss aena
aenafafatb
tbra
rabs
bs jkjkmm e-e-nknkpt
ptam
am najr
najrbxbxaqaqua
uaeb
ebma maed
ed-E-E-ü
-üxaxajb
jb
ke md  bxajdlaüe jkm latblrbgb f4 pbr eatrdtb prbpbrlabedrbe kvajkelad jk quk km latblrbgb
kspklçialb jk  eatrdtb kstä lbgpukstb pbr jbs lbgpbeketks quk takeke pbtkeladmks rkjbx
jaikrketks pkrb  prbpakjdjks kspkltrdmks ajáetalds. Lbelmuagbs jk kstbs kstujabs quk md
rkjullaüe jk  eatrdtb ke K. lbma kstä gkjadjd pbr md bpkrdlaüe sklukeladm jk ue ibrgadtb
jksnaj
snajrbrb``kedsd kspklç lçia
ial
lb,  jbs lbgpb gpbeketks kspklçi klçial
alb bs jkm lat latblr
lrb
bgb f y md rk rkjjultd tdssd jk
eatrdtb.
[ed skrak  jk bfskrvdlabeks aejalde quk md rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb ke Kslnkralnad lbma blurrk
praelapdmgketk pbr  ued vçd quk aevbmulrd ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd, latblrbgb f4m y eatrdtb
rkjultdsd. Ketrk  mbs javkrsbs sustrdtbs quk sbe gktdfbmazdjbs pbr K. lbma, km ibrgadtb ks km
jbedetk jk  kmkltrbeks gäs kikltavb pdrd md rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb ke lámumds lumtavdjds
de
dedkdkrü
rüfa
fald
ldgk
gket etkk ke  prks
prkske kelalad
d jk eatr eatrdt
dtb
b (6,
(6, 6<).
6<). Ke td tdmk
mks s lámu
lámumd mds,s, md ib
ibrg
rgadadtb
tb jk
jksnsnajajrb
rb`k`kededsd
sd,,
km la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b  f4 y md eatr eatrdt
dtbb rkju
rkjult ltds
dsdd sk aeju
aejulklke e d eavk
eavkmk mkss rk
rkmd
mdtatavd
vdgkgketetkk dmtb
dmtbs s ke lblbgpgpdr drdl
dlaü
aüe
e
lbe mbs  jk mds lámumds lumtavdjds ke duskelad jk eatrdtb (6, 40, 6<). Kstbs trks lbgpbeketks
 

kstä
kstäe e pr
prks
kske
ketktks
s  ke mds
mds irdl
irdlla
labe
beks
ks jk gkgf
gkgfrd rded
ed (9)
(9) y sk nd
ndee pu
pura
raia
iald
ldjb
jb pd
pdrl
rlad
admg
mgke
ketktk lb
lbgb
gb ueuedd
ueaj
ajddj jk  kxtr
kxtrdl
dltb
tbs
s lkmu
lkmumd
mdrk
rkss (>
(>).
). Iaed
aedmgk
mgketk, mbs
mbs gut
gutdedettks jk K. lbma
lbma quk eb pukjke prb rbjjular 
lar 
eatratb d  pdrtar jk eatrdtb (gutdetks EV0) ldrklke jk ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd b eatrdtb
rkjultdsd b lbgfaedlabeks jk kstds dltavajdjks y latblrbgb f & (4, 49,40, 66).
Md pr
prbp
bpuk
ukst
std
d jk ququk
k km ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb jksn
jksnajajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sd y km latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb fa sbe
sbe lbgp
lbgpbe beke
ketk
tkss kspk
kspklç lçia
ialb
lbs
s
jk
jkmm sa
sast
stkg
kgdd  jk rk
rkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e jk eatr
eatrdt
dtbb pmde
pmdetk
tkd
d dm`u
dm`ued
eds
s pr
prk`
k`ue
uetd
tds
s ag
agpbpbrt
rtde
detk
tks
s sbfr
sbfrkk md rk
rkmd
mdla
laüe
üe jk
kstd vçd  lbe btrds vçds jk trdespbrtk jk kmkltrbeks ke K. lbma. Md ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd
tdgfaáe jkfk  skr ue lbgpbeketk jkm sastkgd najrb`keamdsd (4;), dsç lbgb jk md ibrgadtb
bxajdsd. Kstds  iuelabeks gÿmtapmks jk md ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd nde sajb prkvadgketk
rklbeblajds, y  sk nd su`krajb quk dm gkebs jbs ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsds jastaetds,
pdrtalumdjds y sbmufmks, kstäe ibrgdjds pbr K. lbma (:, ;).
Md pdrtalapdlaüe  jkm latblrbgb f ke md rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb lrkd ued satudlaüe dÿe gäs
lb
lbgp
gpmk mkod
od,, yd  qu
qukk km la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f4 ks uebueb jk mbmbs
s prae
praela
lapd
pdmk
mks
s la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgbs
bs pr
prks
kske
ketk
tks
s ke mdmds
s lá
lámu
mumd
mds
s
dkrü
dkrüfa
fald
ldss y de
dedk
dkrbrbfa
fads
ds jk K. lb lbma
ma y, pbr
pbr mb tdet
tdetb,
b, jkfk
jkfk iuiuel
elab
abed
edrr ke bt
btrb
rbs
s sast
sastkg
kgdsds jk trtrde
desp
spbr
brtk
tk
jk km
kmkl
kltr
trbe
beksks  (<
(<,, 48
48,, 4>)
4>) Ke md dltu
dltudmdmaj
ajdj
dj eb sk sdsdfk
fk sa jast
jastae
aetb
tbss lb
lbgp
gpbebeke
ketk
tkss jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb f4
kstäe aevbmulrdjbs ke jaikrketks vçds jk kmkltrbeks b ke quá `rdjb aetkrdltÿde tdmks vçds.
Xdrd jkiaear  mbs lbgpbeketks jkm lbgpmkob jk eatrdtb rkjultdsd y su rkmdlaüe lbe btrds vçds
gktd
gk tdfü
füma
mald
lds,s, ks
kstu
tujajadg
dgbsbs  mb
mbss kv
kvke
ketbtbss fabq
fabquç
uçga
galb
lbs
s aevb
aevbmumulr
lrdj
djbs
bs ke md rk
rkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e jk eatr
eatrdt
dtbb ke km
K. lbma
lbma jk tapapb
b sdmvmvd
dok y ke ued skraskrak k jk gutd
utdetks
tks EV. \k prk rksk
skeetd kvajk
ajkelad
elad jk quk ue ib ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb
jksn
jksnajajrb
rb`k
`kededsd
sd kskspk
pklç
lçia
iald
ld,,  jbs
jbs lblbgp
gpbebeke
ketk
tkss jast
jastae
aetb
tbss jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb f4 y md eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b rk
rkju
jult
ltds
dsdd
sbe lbgpbeketks bfma`dtbrabs jk ue lbgpmkob jk eatrdtb rkjultdsd ke K. lbma.
GDZKVADMK\ Q GÁZBJB\

Mds
Mds lk lkpd
pdss  jk K. lb
lbmama utam
utamaz
azdj
djds
ds ke kstb
kstbs s kstu
kstujajabs
bs,, Ni
NirN
rN y DF
DF64
6486
86,, y mb
mbs
s gutd
gutdetetks
ks EV-
EV- jk
jkra
ravd
vdjb
jbss
jk kmkmmb
mbs
s  sk jk
jkslslra
rafa
fakr
krbe
be prkv
prkvad
adgk
gket etkk (40)
(40).. Zbjd
Zbjds s md
mdss lk
lkpd
pds
s sk lu
lumt
mtav
avdr
drbe
be ke ue gkja
gkjabb lb
lbgp
gpmk mktb
tb
quk lbetkeçd  ued fdsk jk sdm (68), lmbrnajrdtb jk tadgaed (;, ` / gm), 8,:% jk ldmjb eutratavb
(Jai
(Jailb
lb)) y  4% jk `m `mululbs
bsdd (kst
(kstkr
kram
amaz
azdj
djd d pbr
pbr sk
skpdpdrdrdjb
jb).
). Lude
Ludejb
jb sk ae
aeja
jalü
lü,, km gkja
gkjabb sk su
supm
pmkg
kgke ketü
tü
lbe eatrdtb jk pbtdsab dm 4% y ibrgadtb jk sbjab dm 8,;%.
Xdrd
Xd rd gkja
gkjarr  md
mds
s dl
dltatava
vajd
jdjk
jks,s, mb
mbs
s lu
lumt
mtav
avbs
bs sk lulumt
mtav
avdr
drbe
be ke gdtr
gdtrdl
dlks
ks lb
lbe e fr
frdz
dzbs
bs md
mdtk
tkrd
rdmk
mks
s jk tutufb
fb
Cmk
mktt
tt d  <0 ¸ L ke ue fdôb jk d`ud `ud lbelbe d`atatd
dlaü
aüee. Xdrd lbej
ejal
alab
abe
eks dkrü rüffald
alds, km gkjab sk rbrbllaü
va`brbsdgketk lbe  dark kstáram. Xdrd lbejalabeks dedkrüfalds, km gkjab sk rblaü lbe ued
gkzlmd kstáram  jk 1;% jk E6 gäs ;% jk LB6. Mbs lumtavbs sk aeblumdrbe lbe ue aeülumb jk 6 d
;% d  pdrtar jk ue lumtavb ebltureb lrklajb ke gkjab sagamdr y sk mks pkrgataü lrklkr ndstd md
gatdj jk  md idsk kxpbekeladm. Mds lámumds sk rklb`akrbe pbr lketraiu`dlaüe, sk mdvdrbe jbs
vkl
vklks lbe  tdg
tdgpüe jk ibs bsid
idttb jk pbtds
tdsab 8,8; G (p (pN
N 9,> b 0,<
,<)) y sk rk
rksu
sus
spk
pke
ejakrb
akrbee ke km gas
gasgb
td
tdgp
gpüe
üe.. Kstd
Kstd  su
susp
spke
kesa
saüe
üe sk usü
usü lblbgb
gb tdm
tdm (l
(lám
ámum
umds
ds ketk
ketkrd
rds)
s) b sk lb
lbe`
e`km
kmü
ü ju
jurd
rdet
etkk md eb
eblnlnk k d -4
-4;
;
¸ L  detks jk su usb (lámumds lbe`kmdjds y jkslbe`kmdjds). Mbs kxtrdltbs sae lámumds sk
prkp
prkpdrdrdr
drbe
be gkja
gkjade
detk
tk  trks
trks trdt
trdtdg
dgakaket
etbs
bs jk 4; sk sk`u
`uej
ejbs
bs ld
ldjd
jd ue
uebb ke ue Frde
Frdesb
sbe e \bea
\beaiaiakr
kr jk 48
cl, sk`uajb jk lketraiu`dlaüe d <.888 ^ ` jurdetk 48 gaeutbs pdrd kmagaedr lámumds ketkrds.
Md jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sd  jk ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb sk gaja
gajaüü lb
lbe e jaik
jaikrk
rket
etks
ks dlkp
dlkptb tbrk
rks
s jk kmkl
kmkltr
trbe
beks
ks ut
utam
amaz
azde
dejb
jb ue
rdjabkesdyb b  ue kesdyb kspkltrbibtbgátralb jkslratb detkrabrgketk (40), b gkjadetk km
sa
sa`
`uak
ake
etk prbrbl
lkjagak
agakeetb  gdebgát gátralb
ralb utamamaz
azd
dejb ue dpdrd rdtb
tb Pdrf
Pdrfu ur`
r`.. Ke km lbglbgpdrt rtag
agkketb
praelapdm sk  lbmbldrbe 8,6 gm jk lámumds b kxtrdltb, 48 ugbmks jk dlkptbr jk kmkltrbeks y
tdgpüe jk  ibsidtb jk pbtdsab 8,8; / G (pN 9,>) ke ue vbmugke tbtdm jk 6,0 gm3 <8, sk lbmbldrbe
ugbm
ug bmks
ks jk  ibrg
ibrgad
adtb
tb ke km frdz
frdzbb md
mdtk
tkrd
rdm.
m. Mbs
Mbs gdtr
gdtrdldlks
ks y mb
mbs
s gdeü
gdeügk gktr
trbs
bs sk ke
keou
oud`
d`dr
drbe
be lblbee E6 y
sk kquam
amaf
afrd
rdrb
rbe
e  d <0 ¸ L detks jk vbml
vbmld
dr km ibrg
ibrgad
adtb
tb ke km lbg
lbgpdrt
rtag
agk
ket
etb
b prae
raelapd
apdm. Md dltav
tavaj
ajd
dj
 

sk kx
kxpr
prks
ksü
ü  lb
lbgb
gb galr
galrbmbmat
atrb
rbs
s jk LB6
LB6 jksp
jksprk
rkej
ejaj
ajb
b pbr
pbr gaeu
gaeutb
tb pb
pbrr gama
gama`r
`rdg
dgb b jk pr
prbt
btkç
kçed
ed.. Eb sk
prbjuob LB6 ke duskelad jk dlkptbrks jk kmkltrbeks dôdjajbs.
Ke dm
dm`u
`ueb
ebs
s  kx
kxpk
pkra
ragk
gketetbs
bs,, sk gaja
gajaüü md jksn
jksnajajrb
rb`k
`kededsd
sd jk ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb ks
kspk
pklçlçia
iald
ld jk vabm
vabmü`
ü`ke
kebb jk
fk
fkel
elam
amb
b gkja
gkjadedetk
tk  km sa
sa`u
`uakaket
etk
k prbl
prblkj
kjag
agak
aket
etb
b ludm
ludmat
atdt
dtav
avb.
b. Ke tu
tufb
fbss Znue
Znuefkfkr`
r`,, sk gkzl
gkzlmdmdrb
rbee 4:
4:88
ugbmk
gbmks s jk  tdg
tdgpüe jk ibsi sid
dtb jk pbtdsa
sab
b (p
(pNN 9,>
9,>), 4,8, sgbmk
gbmkss jk fkelamlam vab
abmümü`k
`ke
eb, 983 ugbmk mks
s
jk ibrgdtb  jk sbjab y lámumds b kxtrdltb ke ue vbmugke iaedm jk ;,8 gm. Mbs tufbs sk mdvdrbe
lbe E6,  y md rkjullaüe jkm vabmü`keb jk fkelamb iuk sk`uajd pbr km usb jk ue lbmbrçgktrb Cmktt
lbe ue  iamtrb jk 998 eg. Km jksdrrbmmb jkm lbmbr eb iuk maekdm y, pbr mb tdetb, mbs rksumtdjbs sk
kxprksdrbe ludmatdtavdgketk.
Md na
najr
jrb`
b`ke keam
amds
dsdd  iürg
iürgal
aldd sk ke
kesd
sdyü
yü gd
gdebebgá
gátr
tral
aldg
dgkeketktk sa`u
sa`uak
akej
ejbb md kvbm
kvbmul
ulaü
aüe
e jk najr
najrü`
ü`ke
kebbd
pdrt
pdrtar
ar jk
jkmm  ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb (4;)
(4;).. Md prbj
prbjululla
laüe
üe jk `ds
`ds pbr
pbr lu
lumt
mtav
avbs
bs ke lrlrkl
klag
agak
aket
etb
b sk kv
kvdm
dmuü
uü bf
bfskskrv
rvde
dejb
jb
md dlugumdlaüe jk `ds ke vadmks aevkrtajbs sugkr`ajbs ke tufbs jkm gkjab jk lumtavb.
Md eatrdtb  rkjultdsd sk dedmazü lbe ibrgadtb b gktam vabmü`keb rkjulajb lbgb jbedjbrks jk
kmkl
kmkltr
trbe
beks
ks,, lb
lbgb
gb  sk jksl
jkslra rafa
faü
ü detk
detkra
rabr
brgk
gket
etk
k (40)
(40).. Lbe
Lbe bt btrb
rbss jb
jbed
edet
etks
ks jk kmkl
kmkltrtrbe
beks
ks sk sa`u
sa`uaü
aü
km prblkjagaketb utamazdjb lbe ibrgadtb, sustatuykejb km jbedetk jk kmkltrbeks pbr ibrgadtb.
Mbs kspklt ltrb
rbss  jk dfsbrl rlaü
aüee jk mbs
mbs latb
atblr
lrbg
bgb bs sk jktk tkrg
rgae
aed
drb
rbee lbe ue kspkltrb ltrbib
ibttügkt
gktrb jk
`rdf
`rdfdl
dlaü
aüe
e jk  ue sb sbmb
mb ndz
ndz lblbes
estr
trua
uajb
jb y dgdf
dgdfmkmkgk
gketetk
k pu
pukskstb
tb d jasp
jaspbs
bsal
alaü
aüe
e pb
pbrr Pdrr
Pdrrkeke Futm
Futmkr
kr ke
md [eav
[eavkr
krsa
sajd
jdj j jk Ldma
Ldmaib
ibre
read
ad ke \de
\de JaJak`
k`b.
b. Md mu
muz
z gb
gbebeblrlrbg
bgätätal
ald
d jk 4,
4,88 eg jk dedeln
lnbb jk fdfdej
ejd d
gkjab iuk  prbpbrlabedjd pbr ue gbeblrbgdjbr jk rkoammd Fdusln & Mbgf. Md sdmajd jkm
ib
ibtü
tügk
gktrtrb
b y  ue pb pbtk
tkel
elaü
aügk
gktrtrb
b brak
braket
etdj
djbb dm tdgf
tdgfbrbr jk mb mbe`
e`at
atuj
uj jk be bejd
jd pr
prbp
bpbr
brla
labe
beü
ü md
mdss sk
skôd
ôdmk
mkss
jk ketrdjd  d ue `rdfdjbr ^-Q Gbskmky 0888 DG. Xdrd md gkjalaüe jk kspkltrbs rkjulajbs
dfsb
dfsbmu mutb
tbs s d  tk
tkgp
gpkr
krdt
dtur
urdd jk eatr
eatrü`
ü`kekebb mç
mçqu
quajajb,
b, sk lblbmb
mblü
lü ue
uedd guks
gukstr trd
d jk 4,
4,8
8 gm ke ueued d lk
lkmj
mjdd jk
dfsbrl
sbrlaü aüee jk  gkt
gktdm, sk rk rkj
juob lbe jatabatabe
eatatb
b jk sbjsbjab süma
sümaj
jb, sk gkzlmü
zlmü lbe ;88 g` jk Dm68 m68< (4(4,,
jaä
aägk
gkttrb ug), g),  sk lbe`kmü ke E6 mçq mçquaj
ajb
b. y sk lbmb mbld
ld ke ue gdtgdtrd
rdzz Jkw
Jkwdr quk lbetak takek E6 ke km
lb
lbgp
gpdr drta
tagk
gket etbb lk
lkmumumd
mdrr  jkm
jkm aest
aestru
rugk
gketetb.
b. Xdrd
Xdrd md gkjagkjala laüe
üe jk ks
kspkpklt
ltrb
rbs
s rk
rkju
jula
lajb
jbss df
dfsb
sbmu
mutb
tbs
s d
tk
tkgp
gpkrkrdt
dtururdd dgfa
dgfakeketk
tk,,  sk sa
sa`u
`uaü
aü km ga
gasg
sgb b prbl
prblkjkjagagak
aket
etb
b `k
`kek
ekrd
rdm,
m, bgat
bgatak
akej
ejbb km mçqu
mçquaj
ajb
b E6.
E6. Xdrd
Xdrd
jktkrgaedr mbs  kspkltrbs jaikrkeladmks, sk utamazü ue dllksbrab quk prbpbrlabedfd ue ndz
jav
avaj
ajaj
ajbb. Ke  kst stk
k lds
ldsb, sk lbmb lbmblldrbrbe
e gukst strrds ajá
ajáetal
talds jk <.8 gm ke lámumd mumds
s jk dfsbrl
sbrlaüaüee jk
va
vaj
jra
rab
b (t
(trd
rdy yklt
ltbbra
rad
d  jk mu
muzz jk 48 eg). g). Km lbelbetkeaj ajb
b jk ued lufktd sk bxaj xajü keououdd`dejb lbelbe darkark
jurdetk <8  sk`uejbs, y md btrd sk rkjuob lbe jatabeatb süjalb sümajb pdrd bftkekr km kspkltrb
rkjulajb gkebs bxajdjb.
Mbs
Mbs eaeavk
vkmkmkss  jk la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b sk ldldml
mlum
umdr
drbe
be jk md sa sa`u
`uak
aket
etkk gdek
gdekrdrd.. \k jafu
jafuoü
oü ue
uedd mçek
mçekdd fd
fdsd
sdmm ke
ketr
trk
k
;:8 y  ;08 eg, y md dmturd jkm palb jk md fdejd d sk gajaü d pdrtar jk kstd mçekd fdsk. \k
ld
ldml
mlum
umdr
drbe
be md
mds
s  ue
ueaj
ajdj
djks
ks jk jkes
jkesajajdj
dj üpta
üptald
ld,, y km eavk
eavkmm jk latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb b sk kx
kxpr
prks
ksd
d lb
lbgb
gb ue
ueaj
ajdj
djks
ks
jk jkesajdj  üptald pbr gama`rdgb jk prbtkçed. Md laeátald jk rkjullaüe y bxajdlaüe jkm
la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgbb f4  sk sa
sa`u
`uaü
aü lb
lbe
e ue kspk
kspkltltrb
rbib
ibtü
tügk
gktrtrb
b jk jb
jbfmfmk
k mb
mbe`
e`at
atuj
uj jk be
bejd
jd Dgae
Dgaelb
lb-L
-Lnd
ndel
elkkd
<; ¸  L b tkgp
tkgpkrkrdt
dtur
urd
d dgfa
dgfake
ketk
tk.. Md prbt
prbtkç
kçed
ed sk jktk
jktkrg
rgaeaeü
ü gkja
gkjade
detk
tk km pr
prbl
blkj
kjag
agak
aket
etb
b jk Mb
Mbwr
wry
y
kt dm. (46)

VK\[MZDJB\

Mds prbrbp
pak
akjjdjk
jkss  `kekrd
rdmk
mks
s jkm sa
sas
stkgd
tkgd jk rk rkjjullalaü
üe jk eatrd
atrdttb prk
rksk
ske
etk ke mds
mds lkpdpds s jk tap
tapb
sd
sdmv
mvdo
dok
k ut
utam
amaz
azdj
djds
ds  ke kstb
kstbss kstu
kstuja
jabs
bs lb
lbrr
rrks
kspb
pbej ejak
akrb
rbe
e d mds
mds rk
rkpb
pbrtrtdj
djds
ds pr
prkv
kvad
adgk
gket
etkk (6
(6,, 9, >)
>).. Ke
mds
mds lámu
lámumd
mds
s  jk lkp
lkpds NirN
NirN aej
aejulajd
ajds pbr eatatrd
rdtb
tb,, km ib
ibrg
rgad
adttb iu
iuk
k ue jbedetk jk kmk mkl
ltr
trb
beks gäs
gäs
kialdz pdrd  md rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb quk md `mulbsd (Zdfmd 4). Ke lámumds lbe`kmdjds y
jk
jksl
slbe
be`k
`kmd
mdjd
jdss b  ke kx
kxtr
trdl
dltb
tbs
s lkmu
lkmumd
mdrk
rks,
s, vdra
vdrabs
bs rkdl
rkdltatavb
vbs
s dltÿ
dltÿde de lbgb
lbgb jb
jbed
edjb
jbrk
rks
s jk kmkl
kmkltrtrbe
beksks
b rkjullaüe  jk eatrdtb (Zdfmd 4). Km vabmü`keb jk gktamb rkjulajb, quk trdesiakrk kmkltrbeks
jarkltdgketk d  md eatrdtb rkjultdsd (64), iuk km jbedetk jk kmkltrbeks gäs kikltavb, pkrb km
 

ibrgadtb iuk  jkm <8 dm :8% tde dltavb lbgb km vabmü`keb jk gktamb rkjulajb ke mds lámumds
lbe
lbe`kmdmdjjds. Md  rk
rkj
jullaü
llaüe
e jk eatrd
atrdttb lbe
lbe ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb lbg
lbgb jbedetk jk kmk mkl
ltr
trb
beks sk aen
aenafaü
afaü pbr 
lb
lbgp
gpmk
mktb
tb lb
lbee  8.
8.84
84 gG e-nk
e-nkpt
ptam
am najr
najrbx
bxaq
aqua
uaeb
ebma
maed
ed-E
-E-ü
-üxa
xajb
jb (NBT
(NBTEB EB),), gake
gaketrtrds
ds qu
quk
k ue du
dugkgket
etbb
jk 48
488 8  vk
vklk
lkss ke md lb
lbel
elke
ketr
trdl
dlaü
aüee jkm
jkm ae
aena
nafa
fajb
jbrr eb dikl
dikltü
tü md rk
rkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b lb
lbe
e vabm
vabmü`
ü`kekebbb
dslbrfdtb jk gktamb rkjulajb lbgb km jbedjbr jk kmkltrbeks.
Md ib
ibrg
rgadadtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sd prks
prkskeketk
tk ke mds
mds lámu
lámumdmds
s ae
aeju
julalajd
jdss pb
pbrr ea
eatr
trdt
dtb
b jk md lkpd
lkpd Ni
NirN
rN ut
utam
amaz
azü
ü
vdrabs dlkptbrks  jk kmkltrbeks (Zdfmd 6). Km dzum jk gktamkeb y km gktbsumidtb jk ikedzaed
iu
iukr
krbe
be mb
mbs
s  dl
dlkp
kptd
tdjb
jbrk
rks
s gäs
gäs kikl
kiklta
tavb
vbs,
s, gake
gaketr
trds
ds quk
quk km ikrr
ikrral
alad
adeu
eurb
rb jk pb
pbtdtdsa
sab,
b, km vabm
vabmü`
ü`kekebb jk
fkelamb y  km lmbrurb jk traikeamtktrdzbmab iukrbe gulnb gkebs kikltavbs. Nkgbs gkjajb
ruta
rutaed
edra
radg
dgkeketk
tk md  ibrg
ibrgad
adtb
tb jksn
jksnaj
ajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sd sa
sa`u
`uak
akej
ejb
b md rk
rkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e jk
jkmm jalm
jalmbr
brbi
bike
kebm
bm ae
aejb
jbik
ikeb
ebmm
(JLXAX) ke  prkskelad jk ldetajdjks ldtdmçtalds jk gktbsumidtb jk ikedzaed (40). Duequk
JLXAX sbmb  sk rkjulk mketdgketk gkjadetk ued gkzlmd jk kxtrdltb lrujb y ibrgadtb, ke
prks
prkskekela
lad
d jk  pk
pkqu
qukôkôds
ds ld
ldet
etaj
ajdj
djks
ks jk gktb
gktbsu
sumimidt
dtb
b jk ik
iked
edza
zaed
ed sk rk
rkju
julk
lk d ueuedd vk
vkmb
mbla
lajd
jdjj qu
quk
k
lbrrkspbejk d  md vkmblajdj bfskrvdjd lbe dzum jk gktamkeb. Kstk kesdyb eb agpmald ue imuob
aeja
aejark
rklt
ltb
b jk  km
kmkl
kltr
trbe
beks
ks d trdv
trdvás
ás jkm
jkm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgbb f4,
f4, yd qu
qukk km latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb b fa rk
rkju
jula
lajb
jb eb ks bx bxaj
ajdj
djb
b
pbr km  gktbsumidtb jk ikedzaed ke eukstrds prkpdrdlabeks y km jksnajrb`kedsd jk ibrgadtb
pukjk dedmazdrsk gkjadetk gutdetks quk ldrklke jk latblrbgb f4.
ZDFMD 4. Vkjullaüe jk eatrdtb lbe vdrabs jbedetks jk kmkltrbeks

◂ Mds lámumds
lámumds aejulajds
aejulajds pbr eatrdtb
eatrdtb sk lumtavdrbe y trdtdrbe
trdtdrbe lbgb
lbgb sk jkslrafk. Md rkjullaüe
rkjullaüe
jk eatrdtb sk dedmazü lbgb sk jkslrafk, lbe mbs sa`uaketks eavkmks jk jbedetks jk
kmkltrbeks ke ue vbmugke iaedm jk 6.; gm? :> ugbmks jk `mulbsd, :> ugbmks jk ibrgadtb,
8.6;, ugbmks jk gktam vabmü`keb (rkjulajb), 6.>, ugbmks jk jatabeatb jk sbjab, 48 ugbmks
jk dslbrfdtb, 9 ugbmks jk ibrgadtb.
◂ Kxpr
Kxprksdj
ksdjbb lbgb galrbg
galrbgbmks
bmks jk
jk eatrdtb
eatrdtb pbr gaeutb
gaeutb pbr
pbr gama`rdgb
gama`rdgb jk prbtk
prbtkçed.
çed.
 

ZDFMD 6. Dltavajdj jk ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd lbe vdrabs dlkptbrks jk kmkltrbeks.

◂ Md lbelketrdlaü
lbelketrdlaüe e jk dlkptbrks
dlkptbrks jk kmkltrbeks
kmkltrbeks utamazdjd
utamazdjd iuk
iuk jk <,4 osgbmks
osgbmks / gm (kxlkptb
(kxlkptb
 pdrd dark).
◂ Mds lámumd
lámumdss jk NirN aejula
aejulajds
jds pbr
pbr eatrdtb
eatrdtb sk lumtavd
lumtavdrbe
rbe y sk rbgpak
rbgpakrbe
rbe ke ue
ue Frdesbe
Frdesbe
\beaiakr, y km kxtrdltb sk prkpdrü lbgb sk aejald ke Gdtkradmks y Gátbjbs, pkrb sk
lbe`kmü detks jk usdr. Md jksnajrb`kedsd jk ibrgdtb sk dedmazü gkjadetk md mafkrdlaüe
jk LB6 rdjabdltavb d pdrtar jkm ibrgdtb ':L, y sk ldmlumdrbe edebgbmks jk LB6 d pdrtar
jk md dltavajdj kspklçiald jkm ibrgdtb (>.6<8 rkluketbs pbr gaeutb pbr gbm) utamazdjb. Mbs
rksumtdjbs gbstrdjbs sk kxprksde lbgb edebgbmks jk LB6 pbr gaeutb pbr gama`rdgb
jk prbtkçed.

Md jaspbeafamajdj  jk ued skrak jk gutdetks quk ldrklke jk ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd ke mds

lámumds aejulajds  pbr eatrdtb (40) ebs pkrgataü prbfdr jarkltdgketk md pbsafamajdj jk quk
ja
jast
stae
aetd
tdss jk
jksn
snajajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sdss  jk ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb ks
kstá
táee aevb
aevbmu
mulr
lrdj
djds
ds ke km gk
gktd tdfb
fbma
masg
sgb b jk K. lbma
lbma.. Dueq
Duequk uk
md dltavajdj  jk md jksnajrb`kedsd jk ibrgadtb quk utamazd dzum jk gktamkeb b gktbsumidtb jk
ik
iked
edzazaed
ed lblbgb
gb  dl dlkp
kptb
tbrk
rks
s jk kmkl
kmkltrtrbe
beks
ks eb pujb
pujb jktk
jktklt ltdr
drsk
sk b kr
krd
d guy
guy fd fdodod ke jaln
jalnbsbs gutd
gutdetetks
ks,,
dm`uebs jk  mbs gutdetks tbjdvçd ibrgdrbe `ds ludejb sk lumtavdrbe ke lbejalabeks quk
lb
lbejejuouokr
krbe
be d  md ibrg
ibrgdldlaü
aüe
e jkm
jkm sa
sast
stkg
kgd d jk najr
najrb`
b`ke
kedsdsdd ke
keza
zagä
gäta
tald
ld ke md ed edtu turd
rdmk
mkzd
zd lklkpd
pd jk tapb
tapb
(Z
(Zddfmd <).  Lud
Ludejb sk utamaz amazü
ü km vabmü
abmü``keb jk fkela lamb
mb lbgb dlkpt ptbbr jk kmk mklt
ltrb
rbe
eks, md kvbmuvbmula
laüüe
jkm LB6
LB6  d pdrtar rtar jkm ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb b md rk
rkjjullaü
llaüee jkm lbmb
lbmbrd rde
etk ke prprk
kskelad lad jk ibrgad
rgadttb eb iu iuk
k mae
maekdm
lbe km takgpb y, pbr mb tdetb, sk kxprksd ludmatdtavdgketk.
Kstbs
Kst bs rksumt
rksumtdj
djbs bs dpbyd
dpbyde e md napütk
napütksas
sas jk quk
quk jbs
jbs jksnaj
jksnajrb` rb`ke
kedsd
dsdss jk ibrgad
ibrgadtb tb fabqu
fabquçga çgald
ldgke
gketk tk
jas
asttae
aetd
tdss kstäe
täe  aeaevb
vbmu
mulr
lrd
djds ke md rk rkj
jullaü
llaüee jk eat atrd
rdtb
tb y md ib
ibrg
rgd dlaü
laüe jk najrü ajrü``keb ke K. lbma. bma.
\ae
\ae kgfd
kgfdr` r`b,
b,  md
mdss ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb jksn
jksnaj ajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sdss pukj
pukjke ke eb sk skrr `k
`keá
eáta
tald
ldgk
gket etkk jast
jastae
aetd
tds
s yd qu quk,
k, ke
dm
dm`u
`uebebss jk  mb
mbss gutd
gutdetetks
ks EV-,
EV-, sk pakrpakrjk
jkee tdet
tdetbb km ibrg
ibrgad adtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k`ked
edsdsd kspk
kspklçlçia
iald
ld jk eaeatr
trdt
dtb
b
lbgb
lbgb km  ib ibrg
rgadadtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k`ked
edsd
sd aevb
aevbmu
mulr
lrdj
djbs
bs ke km sast
sastkg
kgd d jk na
najr
jrb`
b`ke
keam amds
dsd
d ib
ibrg
rgalaldd (Z
(Zdf
dfmd
md <)
lbg
lbgb rk rksu
sumt
mtd
djb  jk gu guttdlalabbeks quk dpd dpdrkrkllke pdrd skr skr ÿeal
ealb, gut
gutdlablabeks puetu tud
dmks
mks sbfrk md
fdsk jk mds tdsds jk rkvkrsaüe (40).
 

ZDFMD <. Ibrgdlaüe jk `ds y dltavajdj jk jksnajrb`kedsd jk ibrgadtb ke NirN y gutdetks EV

skmkllabedjbs.

◂ Md ibrgdla
ibrgdlaüe
üe jk `ds
`ds sk kvdmuü
kvdmuü ke lumtavb
lumtavbs
s quk lrklke
lrklke dedkrü
dedkrüfald
faldgket
gketk
k ke gkjab
gkjab
lbgpmktb sae eatrdtb ke tufbs quk lbetakeke vadmks aevkrtajbs pdrd dtrdpdr `ds. Mbs
lumtavbs sk jkodrbe aelufdr dm gkebs ; jçds y sk lbesajkrdrbe pbsatavbs (+) sa ibrgdfde
gäs jkm 48% jkm `ds bfskrvdjb ke km tapb sdmvdok.
◂ Km kes
kesdyb
dyb jk
jk ibrgadtb
ibrgadtb jksnajrb`ke
jksnajrb`kedsd
dsd lbe
lbe fkelam
fkelam vabmü`keb
vabmü`keb iuk ludmatdtavb.
ludmatdtavb. Zbjbs mbs
kesdybs sk rkdmazdrbe lbe kxtrdltbs lkmumdrks irkslbs prkpdrdjbs d pdrtar jk lámumds
lumtavdjds dedkrüfaldgketk ke gkjab lbgpmktb (kesdyb jk vabmü`keb jk fkelamb) b ke
gkjab lbgpmktb supmkgketdjb lbe eatrdtb (rdjabkesdyb y kesdyb lbmbragátralb). Mbs
rksumtdjbs sk kxprksde lbgb galrbgbmks jk LB6 pbr gaeutb pbr gama`rdgb jk prbtkçed3
Mbs rksumtdjbs pdrd km vabmü`keb jk fkelamb sk kxprksde ludmatdtavdgketk.
◂ Md dltavaj
dltavajdj
dj lbe dzum
dzum jk gktamke
gktamkeb
b sk ldmlumü
ldmlumü lbgb
lbgb galrbgbm
galrbgbmks
ks jk LB6
LB6 mafkrdjb
mafkrdjb jkm
jkm
ibrgadtb (dltavajdj kspklçiald, 66.>88 rkluketbs pbr gaeutb pbr gbm).

Ludejb
Lude jb K.  lb
lbma
ma sk lu
lumtmtav
avd
d dedk
dedkrürüfa
fald
ldgk
gket
etk,
k, md djal
djalaü
aüee jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b pr
prbv
bvbl
bld
d ue dudugk
gketetb
b ke km eavk
eavkmm
jk latb
atblrb
rbgb
gb  f4 (4
(400, 6<). Km sa` a`uuak
ake
etk deäma
eämassas kspk
spkltrtrd
dm jkguk
gukstrtrd
d qu
qukk mb
mbss lbgpgpbbeketks jkm
latblrbgb f4  ibrgdjbs ke prkskelad y duskelad jk eatrdtb tdgfaáe sbe ludmatdtavdgketk
jastae
jas taetbs
tbs.. Mbs
Mbs kspk
kspkltr
ltrbs
bs dfs
dfsbmu
bmutbs
tbs jk lámumd
lámumdss lb
lbe`
e`kmd
kmdjd
jds-j
s-jksl
kslbe
be`k
`kmdj
mdjds
ds rkjul
rkjulajdajds
s lbe jatabe
jatabeatb
atb
sk gukstrde  ke md Ia`. 4. Mds lámumds lumtavdjds ke prkskelad jk eatrdtb kxnafakrbe sbmb jbs
palbs praelapdmks  ketrk ;88 y 988 eg. Kstbs iukrbe ;69 eg (< fdejds) y ;;; eg (ued fdejd) d
tkg
tkgpkrd rdtu
turd
rds
s jk  ea
eatr
trü
ü`keb mç mçq
quajajb
b y ;6> y ;;> eg d tkgpk gpkrdrdtturd dgf
dgfakake
etk
tk.. Xbr btr
trb
b md
mdj
jb, mds
mds
lámumds lumtavdjds  ke duskelad jk eatrdtb kxnafakrbe palbs agpbrtdetks d ;6> y ;;> eg, ue
nbgfrb d  ;:1 eg (latblrbgb l) d tkgpkrdturd jk eatrü`keb mçquajb y palbs d ;<8 y ;98 eg d
tk
tkgp
gpkr krdt
dtur
urd
d dgfa
dgfakeketk
tk..  Md jast
jastae
aela
laüe
üe ketr
ketrkk kstb
kstbss lb
lbgp
gpbebekeketk
tks
s f;
f;;d
;d y f;
f;;>
;> (ajk
(ajket
etai
aial
aldj
djbs
bs pb
pbr r 
su
suss pa
palb
lbss  jk fd
fdej
ejdd d tkgp
tkgpkr
krdt
dtur
urdd jk eatr
eatrü`
ü`ke
kebb mçqu
mçquaj
ajb)
b) iu
iuk
k lmdr
lmdrdd ke dm`u
dm`ueb
ebss gutd
gutdet
etks
ks EV-
EV- ququk k
tkeçde eavkmks  rkjulajbs jk latblrbgb f4. Ludejb jalnbs gutdetks sk lumtavdrbe ke
 

lbej
lbejalalab
abek
ekss de
dedk
dkrürüfa
fald
ldss  ke prks
prkske
kela
lad
d jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb,
b, dgfb
dgfbs s lbgp
lbgpbebeke
ketk
tks
s iu
iukr
krbe
be kvaj
kvajke
ketktks
s ke mbs
mbs
kspk
spkltrb
trbs rkrkjjula
lajjbs  (I
(Ia`
a`.. 6, gut
gutdetk ZP-4
ZP-4; ;). Djkgäs,
gäs, ue sk`
sk`uejb tap
tapb jk gut
gutdetk
tk,, quk eb
ib
ibrg
rgü
ü eaeae`
e`ÿe
ÿe  lb
lbgpgpbe
bekeketk
tk jktk
jktklt
ltdf
dfmk
mk jkm
jkm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f;
f;;;
;; lu
lude
dejb
jb sk lu
lumt
mtav
avü
ü de
dedk
dkrü
rüfa
fald
ldgk
gket
etk
k
lbe
lbe eatatrd
rdttb  (I
(Ia`
a`.. 6, lkpd VF-4
VF-46 6), ibrgü
rgü eavavk
kmk
mks
s ebrgd
rgdmk
mks
s jk mbs
mbs lbg
lbgpbpbeeketks jk f;;> lud ludejb
sk lumt
lumtavavü
ü  dedkrü rüfa
fal
ldgk
gkeetk ke duskeskela
lad
d jk eatrd
atrdtb
tb (e
(ebb gbstrd
strdj
jb, li. kspkltrb
ltrb eb ae
aej
julaj
ulajb
b jk
tapb sdmvdok, Ia`. 4).

lLu
Lude
bgdejb
pbjbek emd
mds
tksslk
lkpd
jkpds
m  slatjk
blrbtapb
tapb
gb sd
sdmv
f mvdo
kdok
stkdfskde lu
lumt
d mtav
;avdr
;drbe
; bey ;dkrü
dk
96rüfa
efald
gldgk
(gket
d tketk,
gk,pkmds
mdrd
stu
fd
fdej
rdejds
jds
k ejk
atrümbs
mbsepr
`k prae
b aela
mçlapd
qupdmk
ajmks
b)s.
\bfrk md  fdsk jk mds sa`uaketks bfskrvdlabeks lbe gutdetks EV-, mbs lbgpbeketks f;;;
kelbetrdjbs ke  mds lámumds dedkrbfads aejulajds pbr eatrdtb pdrklkrçde skr jastaetbs jkm
lbgp
lbgpbe beke
ketktk f;
f;d;
d;  ke md mdss lámu
lámumd
mdss dkrü
dkrüfa fald
lds.s. Mb
Mbss gutd
gutdetetks
ks EV-,
EV-, ququkk take
takeke
ke eavk
eavkmk
mkss dmtk
dmtkrd
rdjbjbss jk
jkmm
lb
lbgp
gpbe beke
ketktk f;
f;;;
;;  lulude
dejbjb sk lu lumt
mtav
avde
de dedk
dedkrü rüfa
fald
ldgk
gketetkk lb
lbee eatr
eatrdt
dtb,
b, ib
ibrg
rgdede ue
ued d jast
jastra
rafu
fula
laüe
üe
eb
ebrg
rgdmdm jk  mbmbs
s lbgp
lbgpbe bekeketk
tks
s jk
jkmm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb,
b, aelm
aelmua
uajb
jb ue lbgp
lbgpbe beke
ketk
tk f;f;;;
;;,, lude
ludejbjb sk lumt
lumtavavde
de ke
lb
lbej
ejalalab
abek
ekss dk
dkrü
rüfa
faldlds s  (Ia`
(Ia`.. 6).
6). Mbs
Mbs kspk
kspkltltrbrbss dfsb
dfsbmumutb
tbss gbst
gbstrdrdjb
jbs s pd
pdrd
rd md
mds
s lá
lámu
mumd
mds
s dk
dkrü rüfa
fald
ldss
sbe ajáetalbs  d mbs kelbetrdjbs ke mds lámumds dkrüfalds jk tapb sdmvdok lumtavdjds ke kstds
lbejalabeks, quk gukstrde palbs d ;;; y ;96 eg.
Xbrr mb  tdet
Xb tdetb,
b, km lb
lbgpgpbe bekeketk
tk prae
praela
lapd
pdmm jkm
jkm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f qu
quk k sk ke
keluluke
ketrtrd
d ke mdmds
s lá
lámu
mumd
mds
s lu
lumtmtav
avdj
djdsds
dedk
dedkrürüfa
fald
ldgkgketetk
k ke  prks
prkskekelalad
d jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b pdrk
pdrklk lk sk
skrr iasa
iasabm
bmü`
ü`al
ald
d y `k `keá
eáta
tald
ldgk
gket
etkk jaik
jaikrk
rketetkk jk
mbs
mbs lb
lbgp
gpbe
beke
ketk
tks
s  jk
jkmm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb
b f quk
quk sk kelu
keluke
ketr
trde
de ke bt
btrd
rds
s lbej
lbejal
alab
abek
eks
s jk lr
lrkl
klag
agak
aket
etb.
b. Mds
Mds
sa`uaketks bfskrvdlabeks  agpmalde jarkltdgketk dm lbgpbeketk f;;; ke km sastkgd jk
rkjullaüe jk  eatrdtb y prbpbrlabede kvajkelad jk quk kstä lbgpukstb pbr jbs latblrbgbs
jastaetbs quk pbskke ldrdltkrçstalds kspkltrdmks ajáetalds.
 

Ia`. 4.  Kspklt

Ia` ltrb
rb dfsbmu
sbmuttb rk
rkj
julajajb
b lbe
lbe jatatab
abe
eat
atb
b jk md lkp
lkpd Nir irN
N lumt
lumtav
avd
djd lbe y sae eatrd
atrdtb
tb.. Mds
lámu
lámumd
mds
s sk  lumt
lumtav
avdr
drbe
be dedk
dedkrü
rüfa
fald
ldgk
gket
etk
k ke gkja
gkjab b lbgp
lbgpmk mktb
tb lbe
lbe (l
(lám
ámum
umds
ds aeju
aejulalajd
jds)
s) y sae
sae (l
(lám
ámum
umds
ds
eb aejulajds)  eatrdtb jk pbtdsab y sk trdtdrbe lbgb sk aejald. \k usdrbe suspkesabeks jk
lá
lámu
mumd
mds
s lb
lbe`
e`km
kmdj
djds
ds  y jksl
jkslbe
be`k
`kmd
mdjd
jdss d ued
ued lb lbel
elke
ketr
trdl
dlaü
aüee jk prbt
prbtkç
kçed
ed jk <. <.8>
8> g` / gm pdpdrdrd md
mds
s
lá
lámu
mumd
mds
s eb  ae
aeju
jula
lajd
jds
s y 4.
4.0:
0: g` / gm pdrd
pdrd md
mds s lá
lámu
mumd
mds
s ae
aeju
julalajd
jds.
s. Mb
Mbs
s ks
kspk
pkltltrb
rbs
s sk jk
jktk
tkrg
rgaeaedr
drbe
be d
tk
tkg
gpkrd rdtu
turd
rd jk  E6 mç
mçq
quaj
ajb
b (D
(D)) y tkgpk
gpkrd
rdtturd dgfak
gfakeetk (F(F).
). Mds fdrrrrd
ds ke km lkelketrb jk md ia`u
a`urd
gukstrde md ksldmd jk ueajdjks jk jkesajdj üptald pdrd ldjd ued jk mds lurvds.

Ludejb
Lude jb sk sasa`u
`uaüaü md la
laeá
eáta
tald
ld jk rkju
rkjull
llaü
aüe
e y bx
bxaj
ajdl
dlaü
aüe
e jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb f4 ke ue kspk
kspklt ltrb
rbib
ibtü
tügkgktrtrb
b
jk rkrk`a
`ast
strb
rb jk jb jbfm
fmkk mbe`
mbe`at
atuj
uj jk be bejd
jd Dgae
Dgaelblb-L
-Lndndel
elk,
k, sk jkjksl
sluf
ufra
raü
ü qu
qukk mds
mds dj
djalalab
abek
eks s rk
rkpk
pktatajd
jdss
jk 4  gg jk ea ealblbta
taed
edga
gajd
jd djke
djkeae aedd jaeu
jaeulm
lmkü
küta
tajb
jb rkju
rkjula
lajb
jb (EDJ
(EDJN) N) eb ldldus
usdf
dfde
de md rk rkju
jullllaü
aüee jk
jkmm
lb
lbgpgpbe
bekeketk
tk jk
jkmm  la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f4 prks
prkske
ketk
tk ke lblbe`e`km
kmdj
djbs
bs pr
prkpkpdr
drdj
djds
ds jkjksl
slbe
be`k
`kmdmdjd
jdss jk lá lámu mumd
mds
s
aejulajds pbr  eatrdtb (Ia`. <). Dm dugketdr md lbelketrdlaüe jk EDJN d 488 gG, iuk pbsafmk
kik
iklltud
tudr ued  rk rkjjullaü
llaüe
e jkm lalattblr
lrb
bgb fa, pkrb lbesa saj
jkrd
rdggbs kstb lbgb ue eavk avkm eb iasabasabmümü``alb
alb
jk EDJN.  \k bftuvakrbe rksumtdjbs sagamdrks usdejb kxtrdltbs lrujbs. Ludejb sk dôdjaü
ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb jk  4 gg,gg, sk prbjprbjuo
uob
b ued
ued rkju
rkjullllaü
aüe
e aegk
aegkjajadt
dtdd jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb b f. Md pbpbst
stkr
krab
abrr dj
djal
alaü
aüee jk
eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b ld
ldus
usü ü  md bx
bxaj
ajdl
dlaü
aüe
e lb
lbgp
gpmk mktd
td jkm
jkm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb,b, pkrb
pkrb lb
lbe e pk
pklu
luma
madr
dr laeá
laeáta
tald
ld (Ia`
(Ia`.. <)<).. \bmb
\bmb ue uedd
pdrtk
rtk jkm  latb
atblrbrbgb
gb sk bxa xaj
jü jk aegkaegkjjadt
adtb, km rk
rksstb sk bxajü
ajü jkspu
spuás jk ue ae aettkrv
rvd
dmb jk taktakgpb

jkiaeajb. Lbe  lakrtb rktrdsb, km dslbrfdtb tdgfaáe ldusü md rkjullaüe jkm latblrbgb f4. \ae
kgfdr`b, ke  kstk ldsb, km latblrbgb rkjulajb sk bxajü pbr lbgpmktb ke ue sbmb pdsb trds md
 

djal
alaü
aüe
e jk  eatrd
atrdtb
tb (I
(Ia`
a`.. :D). Dpd
Dpdrk
rke
etkgke
gketk, sbmb ued
ued pdrtrtkk jkm lat
latblr
lrb
bgb f4 sk rkrkj
juob,
ob, yd quk
md pbstkrabr  djalaüe jk ibrgadtb ldusü md rkjullaüe jk gäs latblrbgb, y ke kstk ldsb sk
bfskrv
skrvüü md  la
lae
eátal
ald
d fai
faiäsa
sal
ld pdrd md bxa
xaj
jdlaüe
aüe pbr eatrd
atrdtb
tb.. Kstd
std jaik
aikrk
rkeelad ke md kxtk
tkeesaü
aüee jk md
rkjullaüe jkm  lbgpbeketk latblrbgb ldusdjd pbr km ibrgadtb y km dslbrfdtb sk vkraialü
gkjadetk km  kxpkragketb quk sk gukstrd ke md ia`urd :F, ke km quk md djalaüe jk ibrgadtb
aegkjadtdgketk jkspuás  jkm dslbrfdtb ldusü ue aelrkgketb djalabedm jk md rkjullaüe jkm

la
latb
ibtblr
ibrglrbg
bgb.
rgadtb,,b.ue
adtb Kstb
Ks
uebb tbs
jks mb
rksu
rkssumt
mbs mtdj
lu djbs
ludm bssk
dmks
ks su
su`a
`ara
rkrakr
rkjukrbe
belb
juob
ob quk
qu
e kdslb
lbe dsjbs
jbsrfdt
lb
lbgp
lbrf gpbe
b, ybeke
dtb, ketk
quktks
quk kmseatr
jk
jkm
ea m latb
trdtla
btblr
dtb lrbg
bx bgb
bxaj
ajü b ffbs
ü dgfb
dg sk
s rk
rkju
lbjuok
lbgpokrb
rbe
gpbe e lb
bekelbe
ketke
tks
s
jkm latblrbgb, pkrb ueb jk kmmbs sbmb jkspuás jk ue aetkrvdmb jk takgpb jkiaeajb.

Ia`. 6. Kspkltrbs jk latblrbgb jk jbs gutdetks EV- lumtavdjbs ke jaikrketks lbejalabeks. Mbs
kspkltrbs sk jktkrgaedrbe d tkgpkrdturd jk E6 mçquajb ke suspkesabeks
lbe`kmdjds-jkslbe`kmdjds jk lámumds lumtavdjds y prkpdrdjds lbgb sk jkslrafk. Mds
lbelketrdlabeks jk prbtkçed iukrbe 9.6; g` / gm pdrd VF-46 (dedkrüfalb), :.<6 g` / gm pdrd
VF-46 (dkrüfalb), 9.>6 g` / gm pdrd ZP-A\ (dedkrüfalb) y ;.06 g` / gm pdrd ZP-4\ (dkrüfalb) .
Mbs kikltbs  jk NBTEB sbfrk md bxajdlaüe jkm lbgpbeketk latblrbgb fa prbpbrlabedrbe
kvaj
kvajke
kela lad
d dj
djalalab
abed
edmm  jk qukquk jbs
jbs la
latb
tblr
lrbgbgbs
bs jast
jastae
ae`u
`uaf
afmk
mkss sk kskstd
tdfd
fde e rkju
rkjulalake
kejb
jb y bxbxaj
ajde
dejb
jb ke
ks
kstb
tbss kxkxpk
pkra
ragk
gketetbs
bs..  Lude
Ludejb jb sk dôdôdj
djaüaü 8,84
8,84 gg jk NBTENBTEB B jkjksp
spuáuás
s jk md rkrkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e lbgp
lbgpmk mktd
td
jkm la
lattblr
lrb
bgb  (I (Ia`
a`.. :F), sbmb ued pdrtk rtk jkm la
lattblr
lrb
bgb sk rk rkb
bxajajü
ü lbe
lbe eatrd
atrdttb y md bxajd
ajdlaü
laüe tu
tuvvb
mu
mu`d
`drr aeaegk
gkjajadt
dtdg
dgkeketktk  ke ue sbmb
sbmb pd
pdsbsb.. \k bf
bftutuva
vakr
krbe
be rkrksu
sumt
mtdj
djbsbs ajáe
ajáeta
talb
lbss lude
ludejbjb km latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb b
sk rk
rkju
juobob sb
sbmb
mb lb
lbe e ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb,, ks jkla
jklar,
r, km sk
sk`u
`uej
ejb b pdsb
pdsb jk md laeá
laeátatald
ld faiä
faiäsa
sald
ld iuiuk
k lbgp
lbgpmkmktd
tdgk
gketetk
k
aena
aenafa
fajb
jb pb pbrr  NBTE
NBTEB. B. Dj
Djkgkgäsäs,, NBTE
NBTEB B kvat
kvatü
ü md rkju
rkjullllaü
aüe
e eu
eukvkvdgdgkeketk
tk jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb b bx
bxaj
ajdj
djbb
pbr km  ibrgadtb (Ia`. :F). Ke lbetrdstk, md pbrlaüe jk latblrbgb f4 quk iuk rkjulajd pbr km
dslbrfdtb eb  iuk agpkjajd pbr km NBTEB jk skr bxajdjd pbr eatrdtb (Ia`. :L). Md djalaüe jk
 

gäs eat
gäs atrd
rdttb  eb tuv
tuvb gäs
gäs kikltikltb
b y, ke kst
stk
k lds
ldsb, NBTEB eb ag agppajaü
ajaü quk km ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb rk
rkj
juok
okrd
rd dm
gkebs pdrtk jkm latblrbgb.
Xdrd jkgbstrdr  quk kstbs rksumtdjbs sk jkfakrbe kspklçialdgketk dm lbgpbrtdgaketb jkm
la
lattblr
lrb
bgb f;;;,  sk mmkvmmkvüü d ldf
ldfb ue lbeou oue
etb sa
sag
gam
amd
dr jk kxpk
xpkrag
ragketbtbs
s ke mb
mbs
s quk mbs
mbs kspkltrb
ltrbs
s
sk jktkrgaedrbe  d tkgpkrdturd dgfaketk lbe km dllksbrab jk ndz javajajb pdrd km
kspk
spkltrbtrbibtüg
tügktrb
trb (I
(Ia`
a`..  ;D). Km lat
atb
blrb
rbgb
gb f rkrkj
julajb
ajb ke ibrg
rgddtb gbstrü
strü ued fdej
ejdd ld, d ;;>

eg d  tkgpkrdturd dgfaketk, quk lbrrkspbejk dm lbgpbeketk f;;; (vkr Ia`. AF). Km eatrdtb
rkbx
rkbxaj
ajü
ü lbgp
lbgpmk mktd
tdgk
gketetkk km la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb,b, pk
pkrb
rb lude
ludejbjb sk d`
d`rk
rk`ü
`ü NB
NBTETEB B d md pr
prkp
kpdr
drdl
dlaü
aüe
e rk
rkju
jula
lajd
jd
ke ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb,,  km ea
eatr
trdt
dtb
b ld
ldususüü md bxaj
bxajdl
dlaü
aüe
e jk sb
sbmb
mb ued
ued pd
pdrt
rtk
k jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb,
b, jk
jkod
odej
ejb
b ue latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb
rkjulajb lbe  ue gäxagb jk dfsbrlaüe ajáetalb. Mbs rksumtdjbs prksketdjbs ke md Ia`. \F
tdg
tdgfaá
aáe
e lbe
lbeiarargd
gdrbrbe
e  mbs
mbs rk
rkssumtd
mtdjbs bftketkeajb
ajbs lbe dslbslbrf
rfdt
dtb
b lbg
lbgb jbedjb jbrr jk kmkl
mkltr
trbbeks y
jkgbstrdrbe quk  kstä aevbmulrdjb ue latblrbgb lbe ued dfsbrlaüe gäxagd jk ;;> eg d
tk
tkgp
gpkr
krdt
dtur
urdd dgfa
dgfakeketktk..  Mbs
Mbs ld
ldgf
gfababs
s la
laeá
eáta
talb
lbs
s bfsk
bfskrv
rvdj
djbs
bs,, pb
pbrr mb td
tdet
etb,
b, rk
rkim
imko
kode
de ld
ldgf
gfababs
s qu
quk
k
blurrke kspklçialdgketk ke mbs lbgpbeketks jkm latblrbgb f;;;.

Ia`. <. Vkjullaüe jkm latblrbgb f4 y su rkbxajdlaüe pbr eatrdtb. Mbs ldgfabs ke km kstdjb jkm
latblrbgb sk sa`uakrbe lbgb md jaikrkelad ke trdesgatdelad ketrk γ4 (;98 eg) y γ6 (;:8 eg) d
<; L. Md ksldmd jk md azquakrjd gukstrd md ksldmd jk ldgfab jk trdesgatdelad bfskrvdjd. Mds
lámumds jk NirN sk lumtavdrbe dedkrüfaldgketk ke gkjab lbgpmktb lbe eatrdtb jk pbtdsab dm 4%,
sk mdvdrbe y sk rksuspkejakrbe lbgb sk jkslrafk. Md suspkesaüe lbe`kmdjd-jkslbe`kmdjd
(4,0: g` jk prbtkçed) sk gkzlmü lbe tdgpüe jk ibsidtb jk pbtdsab 8,8; G, pN 9,>, ke ue
vbmugke iaedm jk 6,> gm. Jbejk sk aejalü, sk dôdjakrbe <,> ugbmks jk EDJN (8,84 gm) y 48
ugbmks jk eatrdtb jk pbtdsab (8,84 gm).
 

 
Ia`. :. Vkjullaüe y bxajdlaüe jkm latblrbgb f4 y kikltb jkm NBTEB. Mds lámumds sk prkpdrdrbe
y mds lbejalabeks iukrbe mds jk md Ia`. <, kxlkptb quk md suspkesaüe jk lámumds lbe`kmdjds y

jkslbe`kmdjds sk trdtü lbe jksbxarrafbeulmkdsd (6,; »` / gm) pdrd rkjular md vaslbsajdj. \k

dôdjakrbe ibrgadtb jk sbjab y dslbrfdtb jk sbjab (älajb dslürfalb doustdjb d pN 0,8 lbe
najrüxajb jk sbjab) lbgb 8,84 gm jk sbmulabeks 4,8 G d :,8 gm jk suspkesaüe lkmumdr (:,> g` /
gm).

Ia`. ;. Kspkltrbs jaikrkeladmks jk latblrbgb f4 rkjulajbs pbr ibrgadtb y dslbrfdtb y bxajdjbs

 pbr eatrdtb ke prkskelad
prkskelad jk NBTEB.
NBTEB. MdsMds lámumds jk
jk NirN sk lumtavdrbe
lumtavdrbe dedkrüfald
dedkrüfaldgketk
gketk ke
ke
gkjab lbgpmktb supmkgketdjb lbe eatrdtb jk pbtdsab dm 4% y sk usdrbe lbgb suspkesaüe
lbe`kmdjd-jkslbe`kmdjd. Ke kstk ldsb, sk dôdjakrbe 48 `` jk jksbxarrafbeulmkdsd pbr gm jk
suspkesaüe pdrd rkjular md vaslbsajdj. Mbs kspkltrbs jaikrkeladmks sk bftuvakrbe lbe km
kspkltrbibtügktrb jk ndz javajajb d tkgpkrdturd dgfaketk. \k dôdjaü ued gukstrd jk
suspkesaüe lkmumdr (<,8 gm quk lbetkeçd 6,8 g` jk prbtkçed pbr gm) d ldjd lufktd. D md lufktd
jk rkikrkelad, sk dôdjakrbe 8,8; gm jk eatrdtb jk pbtdsab A G pdrd bxajdr km latblrbgb f4. Ke mds
lufktds rkjulajds, sk dôdjakrbe 8,8; gm jk ibrgadtb 8,89 G b älajb dslürfalb sümajb.
 

Kstbs
Kstb s rk
rksu
sumt
mtdj
djbs
bs  pu
pukjkjke
ke kxpm
kxpmal
aldr
drsk
sk susupb
pbeaeake
kejb
jb md pdpdrt
rtal
alap
apdl
dlaü
aüe
e ke md rkrkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b jk
jbs
jbs lalatb
tblr
lrbg
bgbsbs  lb
lbee kspk
kspkltltrb
rbs
s aj
ajáe
áeta
talb
lbs s quk
quk jaia
jaiakr
krke
ke sbsbmb
mb ke sususs pb
pbtktkel
elad
admk
mks
s rk
rkjb
jbxx (v
(vkr
kr Ia`.
Ia`. 0)
0)..
\k bftuvtuvb  kvavaj
jkelaladd djal
alab
abe
edm pdrd
pdrd tdm
tdm napü
apütks
tksas gkgkjjade
adetk km deämas masas jk md du
duttbbxaj
xajdlaüe
aüe jkm
la
lattblr
lrb
bgb f4  ke lámulámumdmds
s ae
aejjulajd
ajds pbr eatrd
atrdtb
tb (I
(Ia`
a`.. 9). Km ib
ibrg
rgddtb d ued lbelbelketr trd
dlaü
aüe
e jk >.>.<
<^
48< G  rkjuob räpajdgketk km latblrbgb fa (lurvd d). Jkspuás jk furfuokdr dark d trdvás jk md
su
suspspke
kesasaüe
üe lklkmu
mumd
mdrr  jurd
jurdet
etk
k 4 gaeu
gaeutb
tb,, km la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b sk bxbxaj
ajüü lb
lbgpgpmk
mktd
tdgk
gketetk
k (l
(lur
urvd
vd f)
f).. Lude
Ludejbjb

sk dôdjak akrb
rbe e  >,< ^ 48 G jk NBT NBTEB, km furf rfu
uok
okb
b lbe dark
ark ju
jurd
rdeetk 4 gae
gaeutb ldusü md bxaj ajdl
dlaü
aüe
e
räpajd jk  sbmb md gatdj jkm latblrbgb, y km rkstb jkm latblrbgb rkjulajb eb sk bxajü, aelmusb
jkspuás jk  > gaeutbs jk furfuokb lbetaeub lbe dark (lurvd l). Ludejb md lbelketrdlaüe jk
ibrgadtb iuk gkebr (; ^ 48-: G), NBTEB eb aenafaü md bxajdlaüe jkm latblrbgb (lurvds j, k, i).
[ed vkz  gäs, kstbs rksumtdjbs pukjke aetkrprktdrsk supbeakejb md kxastkelad jk jbs
la
lattblr
lrb
bgbs ke  md mds
s lámu
mumd
mdss aej
aejulajd
ajds pbr eat atrd
rdtb
tb quk pukjke rkju
rkjullarsk
arsk lbe ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb k bxajajd
drsk
rsk
lbe bxç`keb  (Ia`. 0). Md prkskelad jk NBTEB aenafarçd km imuob jk kmkltrbeks ketrk dgfbs
la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgbsbs,, pk
pkrgrgat
atak
akej
ejbb  quk
quk sbmb
sbmb ue la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b sk bx
bxaj
ajdr
drdd rä
räpa
pajd
jdgk
gket
etk
k ke pr
prks
kske
kela
lad
d jk kxlk
kxlksb sb
jk ibibrg
rgdt
dtb,
b,  yd ququkk km ibrg
ibrgdtdtb
b lb
lbet
etae
aeud
udrçrçd
d rkju
rkjula
lake
kejb
jb km latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb de
detk
tks
s jk
jkmm fmbq
fmbquk
ukb.
b. Km nk
nkln
lnbb
jk quk  NBTEB eb tuvb kikltb sbfrk md bxajdlaüe jk mbs latblrbgbs ludejb sk usü ue fdob
eavkm jk ibrgadtb su`akrk quk dgfbs latblrbgbs sbe dutbbxajdfmks.

Ia`. 9. Dutbbxajdlaüe jkm latblrbgb f4 y kikltb jk NBTEB. Mds lámumds sk prkpdrdrbe lbgb ke
md Ia`. : y sk usdrbe d ued lbelketrdlaüe jk prbtkçed jk 6,< g` / gm. Mbs kspkltrbs jk
jaikrkelad sk jktkrgaedrbe d tkgpkrdturd dgfaketk lbe km kspkltrbibtügktrb jk ndz javajajb.
Md suspkesaüe lkmumdr jk rkikrkelad sk bxajü furfuokdejb lbe dark d trdvás jk ued papktd
 pdstkur. (d) \uspkesaüe
\uspkesaüe lkmumdr
lkmumdr gäs >,< pgbmks jk ibrgadtb jk
jk sbjab pbr
pbr gm3 (f) suspkesaüe
suspkesaüe (d)
furfuokü lbe dark jurdetk 4 gae3 (l) suspkesaüe (d) gäs >.< ^ 48-G NBTEB, furfuokdjb lbe
dark jurdetk > gae3 (j) suspkesaüe lkmumdr gäs 8,; ugbmks jk ibrgadtb jk sbjab pbr gm3 (k)
suspkesaüe (j) furfuokdjd lbe dark jurdetk 4 gae? (i) suspkesaüe (j) gäs >.< ^ 48< G
NBTEB, furfuokdjd lbe dark jurdetk 4 gae.
 

 
Ia`. 0. Ksqukgd su`krajb pdrd km lbgpmkob jk eatrdtb rkjultdsd jk Kslnkralnad lbma.

JA\L[\AÜE
Ydra
Ydrabs
bs ae
aevk
vkst
sta`
a`dj
djbr
brks
ks  nd
nde
e prbp
prbpuk
ukst
stb
b md pd
pdrt
rtal
alap
apdl
dlaü
aüe
e jk ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsd
sd,, latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb
b f4
y eatrdtb  rkjultdsd ke md rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb pbr K. lbma (9, >, 40, 6<). Mbs rksumtdjbs
prks
prkske
ketd
tdjb
jbss dq
dquç
uç,,  ou
ouet
etb
b lb
lbee mbs
mbs rksu
rksumtmtdj
djbsbs jk mb
mbs
s kstu
kstuja
jabs
bs sbfr
sbfrk k gutd
gutdetetks
ks EV (4(40)
0),, ae
aeja
jald
lde e qu
qukk
jastaetds ibrgds  jk kstbs lbgpbeketks kstäe aevbmulrdjds ke km sastkgd jk rkjullaüe jk
eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b y qu
qukk kx
kxas
astk
tk pbld
pbld aeaetk
tkrd
rdll
llaü
aüe
e lb
lbe e btrd
btrdss ld
ldjk
jked
edss jk tr
trde
despspbr
brtk
tk jk kmkl
kmkltr
trbe
beks
ks,, ks jk
jklalar,
r, sk
prbjulk md  rkjullaüe jk eatrdtb praelapdmgketk pbr md bpkrdlaüe sklukeladm jk ibrgadtb
jksnajrb`kedsd, latblrbgb  f;;; y eatrdtb rkjultdsd. Mbs aevksta`djbrks jk \kvkrmd nde
jkgbs
gbstrd
trdjb quk  EDJEDJN pukjk skrvar rvar lbgb jbedetk jk kmk mklltr
trb
beks pdrdrdd md rk
rkjjullaü
laüe jk eatrdatrdtb
tb
ke kxtrd
xtrdlt
ltb
bs  jk K. lbmalbma sae lámu
lámumd
mds
s (6
(6,, ;, 9, 4<). \ae kgfdr` r`b
b, mb
mbs
s gut
gutdetetkks EV-
EV- ququk k ldrk
ldrkllke jk
ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k
`ked edsd
sd  pkrb
pkrb pbsk
pbskke ke eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b rkju
rkjult
ltds
dsd
d eb ib
ibrg
rgde
de eatr
eatrat
atb
b ea km
kmag
agae
aede
de ea
eatr
trdt
dtbb jk
jkmm
gkjab jurdetk  km lrklagaketb (jdtbs eb pufmaldjbs). \ae kgfdr`b, ludejb tdmks gutdetks
dmldezde md  idsk kstdlabedrad, km eatratb lbgakezd d dlugumdrsk, mb quk su`akrk quk EDJN
pukjk skrv
skrvar
ar  lbg
lbgb ue jbed bedetk jk kmk mkltltrb
rbek
eks s pdrd md rk
rkj
jullaü
laüe jk eatrd
atrdtb
tb sbmb
sbmb ke mdmdss lámu
lámumd
mdss jk
id
idsk
sk kskstdtdla
labe
bedr
drad
ad..  Xbr
Xbr km lbet
lbetrdrdra
rab,
b, km prb`
prb`kekeat
atbr
br jk tatapb
pb sdmv
sdmvdo
dokk dlug
dlugum umd
d `r
`rde
dejk
jkss ldet
ldetaj
ajdj
djks
ks jk
eatr
eatrat
atb
b ju
jurdrdet
etkk  km lrkl
lrklagagak
aket
etbb ke mdsmds gasg
gasgds ds lb
lbej
ejalalab
abek
eks, s, y ks
kstdtd dl
dlug
ugum umdl
dlaüaüe
e lb
lbetetae
aeÿd
ÿd jujurd
rdet
etk k
md idsk
idsk  kskstd
tdla
labe
bedr
drad
ad.. Ke eae`
eae`ueuebb jk kstb
kstbss ld
ldsb
sbs,
s, km eatr
eatrat
atb
b sk rkrkju
julk lk dÿ
dÿee gäs,
gäs, pr prks
ksugugafafmk
mkgk
gketetk k
pbrq
rqu uk utamamaz
azd
dgbs  eat eatrd
rdtb
tb dm 4%, ued lbejal alaü
aüee quk supsuprag ragk md ib ibrg
rgd dlaü
laüe jkm sassastk
tkggd jk eatraatrattb
rk
rkjjultltd
dsd ke  K. lbmalbma (6(6).
). Km pdpk
dpkm kspklç lçia
ial
lb jk md dltav tavaj
ajdj
dj jk eatrdatrdtb
tb rk
rkjjultd
ltdsd ma`
ma`djd d EDJN
y su  rkrkmd
mdla
laüe
üe lblbee md dlta
dltava
vajd
jdj j jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b rkju
rkjultltds
dsdd dsbl
dsblad adjd
jd lb
lbe e md ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb jk
jksn
snaj
ajrb
rb`k
`kededsd
sd ksks,,
dltudmgketk, jkslbeblajd.
Md  ibrg
ibrgadadtb
tb jksnaj
snajrbrb``kedsd aevbaevbmu mulr
lrdj
djdd ke md rk rkjjullaü
llaüe e jk eatrdatrdtb
tb pdrk rklk
lk skr
skr jasta
astae
etd jk md
ibrgad
ibr gadtbtb jksn
jksnajrajrb`
b`ked
kedsdsd  aevbmu
aevbmulrd
lrdjd jd ke km sastkg
sastkgd d jk ibrgad
ibrgadtb tb jk
jksna
snajrb
jrb`k
`kededsd.
sd. Kstd
Kstd jastae
jastaelaü
laüe e
sk fdsd  ke pdrt rtk
k ke md kspk spklaiaial
alaj
ajddj jkm dlkptbr tbr jk kmk mkl ltr
trb
beks jk md ibrgad rgadttb jksnaj
snajrbrb``kedsd
dsbl
dsblad adjd
jd lb
lbe e  ks
kstbtbss jbs
jbs sasast
stkg
kgds ds (;),
(;), pkrb
pkrb kstä
kstä gäs
gäs lmdrlmdrdgdgkeketk tk jk
jkgb
gbststrd
rdjb
jb pb
pbrr md kx
kxasastk
tkel
elad ad
jk ue  sa sast
stkg
kgd d jk ibrgibrgadadtb
tb jk
jksnsnajajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsdsd iuel
iuelababed
edmm y ue ued d ib
ibrg
rgdt dtb
b jk
jksn
snajajrb
rb`k
`ked
edsdsd kspk
kspklç lçia
iald
ld
jk vabmü`kebs  fkelçmalbs ke gutdetks EV quk ldrklke jk km ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd
 

kspk
spklçial
çiald
d jk  gktde
tdeb sumid
midtbs jk ikedz
edzaed
aed dsblalad
djd lbe
lbe md rk
rkjjullaü
llaüee jk eatrd
atrdtb
tb.. Km nklnb
lnb jk
quk dm`uebs  gutdetks EV- ldrkzlde jk kstds jbs jksnajrb`kedsds jk ibrgadtb, lbgb sk
guk
gu kstrd
trd dquç  y pbr btrbs
trbs (4
(4:
:, 66), su`ak
akrk
rk quk dgfds dltav ltavaj
ajd
djks jkpkejke jk ue kmkg mkgketb
`keátal
talb lbgÿe
gÿe,  quazazä
äs km `ke kstrutrulturd
turdmm jk md jksnajrb
ajrb``ke
keddsd jk ibrgad
rgadttb. \a dgfbs kstä stäe
kspk
kspkla
laiaiald
ldjb
jbs
s pb
pbrr  km gasg
gasgb b `ke,
`ke, md
mdss vd
vdra
radl
dlab
abek
eks
s `keá
`keátatald
lds
s y iasa
iasabm
bmü`
ü`al
alds
ds bf
bfskskrv
rvdj
djdsds pd
pdrd
rd md
mds
s
jbs jksnaj
snajrb
rb`
`kedsdssds  jk ibrg
ibrgad
adtb
tb jkfk
kfke skr
skr km rk
rkssumtd
mtdjb jk ued aet aetkrd
rdll
llaü
aüee y dsblsbladla
adlaü
üe jkm

prbj
prbjulultbtb `á
`áea
ealb
lb  lb
lbee jast
jastaeaetb
tbs
s lb
lbgp
gpbe beke
ketk
tks
s jk trde
trdespspbr
brtk
tk jk kmkl
kmkltr
trbe
beks
ks.. [ed
[ed aetk
aetkrp
rprk
rktd
tdla
laüe
üe
dmtkredtavd ks  quk dgfds dltavajdjks sk pakrjke lbgb rksumtdjb jk dm`ued dmtkrdlaüe
pmk
mkab
abtr
trü
üpalald
d quk  dikltltdd mb
mbss lbgpb
gpbeketkstks jk md gkgf gfrd rde
ed jk md lámu mumd
md (4
(4).
). Ke ludmqu
mquak
akrr ldsb
ldsb,,
ued lbgprkesaüe  lmdrd jk mds vdradlabeks `keátalds bfskrvdjds pdrd mds ibrgadtb
jksnaj
snajrb
rb``kedsdssds rk
rkq
qukra rarä
rä  ue deä
deäma
mas
sas `keátal
albb y fab
fabquçgal
galb jktd tdmm
mmd
djb jk kstd kezag zagd y su
pdrtalapdlaüe ke jastaetds vçds.
Km ksqukgd  jk md Ia`. 0 sk prbpbek pdrd kxpmaldr md aetkrdllaüe jkm latblrbgb f kspklçialb jk
eatrdtb, lbe  mbs jaikrketks jbedetks jk kmkltrbeks, su bxajdlaüe pbr eatrdtb y mbs kikltbs jkm
aena
aenafa
fajb
jbrr NBTE
NBTEB B  ke kstb
kstbs s prbl
prblks
ksbs
bs.. Ydra
Ydrabs
bs jk mbmbs
s nk
nkln
lnbs
bs pr
prks
kske
ketd
tdjb
jbss dq
dquçuç su
su`a
`akr
krke
ke qu
quk k jb
jbss
lbgpbeketks jastaetbs  jkm latblrbgb f;;; sk bxajde lbe eatrdtb. (a) Km eatrdtb prbvbld ued
bxa
xaj
jdlaüaüe
e faiä
aiäsal
ald
d  jkm la
lattblr
lrb
bgb f;;; rk rkj
jula
laj
jb ke ibrgad
rgadttb. (aa)
aa) Km dslbrf
lbrfd dtb, ue jbedetk jk
kmkl
kmkltr
trbe
beksks jk  pbpbtk
tkel
elad
admm rkjb
rkjbx x gb
gbjk
jkrd
rdjd
jdgk
gketetk
k dmtb
dmtb,, rk
rkju
juob
ob sb
sbmb
mb ue
ued
d pdpdrt
rtk
k (d
(dpr
prbx
bxag
agdj
djdg
dgkeketk
tk
;8%)
;8%) jk jkmm  la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f;;;
f;;; kspk
kspklç lçia
ialb
lb jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb b quk
quk rk rkju
julk
lk km jata
jatabe
beatatb
b b km ibibrg
rgadadtb
tb.. (aaa
(aaa)) NBTE
NBTEB B
aena
aenafk
fk md  bx
bxajajdl
dlaü
aüee jk sb sbmb
mb ued
ued pdrtpdrtk k (dpr
(dprbxbxagagdjdjdg
dgke ketk
tk ;8
;8%)
%) jkjkmm latb
latblrlrbg
bgbb f;
f;;;;; rkrkju jula
lajb
jb ke
ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb pb
pbrr  ea
eatr
trdt
dtb,
b, pkrb
pkrb eb aenaaenafk
fk md bxaj
bxajdldlaü aüe
e jkm
jkm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgb b f;
f;;;;; rk rkju
jula
lajb
jb pb
pbrr ds
dslblbrf rfdt
dtbb pb
pbr 
r 
eatrdtb. Kstds  bfskrvdlabeks, ouetb lbe km nklnb jk quk NBTEB aenafk lbgpmktdgketk md
rk
rkjjullaü
llaüe e jk  eatrd
atrdttb pbr
pbr km ibrgad
rgadttb, sk kxpma mald
lde e gäs
gäs iälamglamgkketk pbpbrr md pr prbbpukstd ke md Ia` Ia`. 0 jk
quk
quk jb jbs s  lb
lbgp
gpbe bekeketktks
s jkm
jkm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f;;;
f;;; lb lbe e jaik
jaikrkrket
etks
ks pbpbtk
tkel
elad
admkmkss jk bxbxaj
ajdl
dlaü
aüe-
e-rk rkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e
iu
iuel
elab
abed
ede e sk
sklulukekelaladm
dmgk
gketetkk  ke md trdetrdesi
sikr
krke
kela lad
d jk kmklkmkltr
trbe
beks
ks jk
jkmm ibibrg
rgadadtb
tb d eatr
eatrdt
dtb.
b. Gake
Gaketrtrds
ds
quk km  jatabeatb y km ibrgadtb (d trdvás jkm ibrgadtb jksnajrb`kedsd) rkjularçde dgfbs
lbgpbeketks, km dslbrfdtb rkjularçd sbmb km sk`uejb lbgpbeketk jkm latblrbgb.
Mb
Mbs s ki
kikl
kltb
tbss  skmk
skmklt ltav
avbs
bs jk NBTE
NBTEB B rksu
rksumt
mtdr
drçd
çde e jk su ae aena
nafa
fala
laüe
üe jk md tr trde
desisikr
krke
kelalad
d jk kmklkmkltr trbe
beks
ks
ketrk mbs  jbs lbgpbeketks jkm latblrbgb. Md laeátald faiäsald jk md bxajdlaüe pbr eatrdtb sk
jkfkrçdrçd d  md ldpldpdla lajjdj jkm ibrgd rgdtb, sa sak
kgprk
gprk quk kstá stá prkrksk
skeetk
tk,, pdrd gde gdetkekr km lat latblr lrbbgb A
rkjulajb aelmusb ke prkskelad jk latblrbgb AA bxajdjb.
Zdmm gbj
Zd gbjkmb  pbjrçd rçd kxkxp
pmald
maldrr pbr quá gul gulnbs gutde tdetks EV quk ldrk rklklkee jk eatrd
atrdttb rkrkj jultd
ltdsd b
ib
ibrg
rgad
adtb
tb jk
jksn
snajajrb
rb`k`kededsd
sd  tdgf
tdgfaá aáe
e kxkxna
nafk
fke e eavk
eavkmk mkss jasg
jasgaeaeua
uajb
jbss pk
pkrbrb aetk
aetkrg
rgkj
kjababs
s jk
jkmm latb
latblr
lrbg
bgbb
f;;; (40)3  yb. k., ueb u btrb jk mbs jbs lbgpbeketks jkm latblrbgb pbjrçde eb ibrgdrsk.
 Djkgäs, mbs  aeibrgks jk quk km latblrbgb f4 kstä dsbladjb tdetb lbe md ibrgadtb
jksnajrb`kedsd (0,  44) lbgb lbe md eatrdtb rkjultdsd (1) jkspuás jk quk kstds kezagds sk
nd
ndydydee rk
rksu
sukm
kmtb
tb ue
ued d jk btrd
btrd pu
pukj kjke
ke kxkxpm
pmal
aldr
drsk
sk supb
supbea eake
kejb
jb qu
qukk ue lbgp
lbgpbe beke
ketk
tk jk
jkmm latb
latblr lrbg
bgb b f4
pk
pkrgrgde
deklklkk dsdsbl
bladadjb
jb  lbe
lbe md ibrg
ibrgad adtb
tb jk
jksnsnaj
ajrb
rb`k`ked
edsdsd y km btbtrb
rb lbe
lbe eaeatrtrdt
dtb
b rk
rkju
jultltds
dsd d ju
jurd rdet
etk
k mb
mbs
s
prblkjagaketbs jk puraialdlaüe.
Kstä lmdrb  quk mbs lbgpbeketks jkm latblrbgb f;;; kspklçialbs jk eatrdtb sbe jastaetbs jkm
lbg
lbgpbeketk jkm  la lattblr
lrb
bgb f;;; ibrg ibrgd djb ke lbejal alab
abe
eks dkrü rüffald
alds, yd quk mbs mbs gut utd detktkss EV
qu
quk k ldrk
ldrklk lkee  jk
jkmm lalatb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f;
f;;; ;; ae
aeju
jula
lajb
jb pbpbrr eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b tbtbjd
jdvçvçd
d ib
ibrg
rgdede lbgp
lbgpbe beke
ketktkss eb
ebrgrgdm dmks
ks jk
jkmm
la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f4  ke lb lbejejal
alab
abek
ekss dkrü
dkrüfa fald
lds.
s. Kstd
Kstds s bfsk
bfskrv rvdl
dlab
abek
ekss eb kskstdtdfm
fmkl
klke
ke sa ks
ksk k ks km gasg gasgb b
 

latblrbgb f4  dsbladjb lbe jaikrketks lbgpbeketks b sa K. lbma kspklaiald ued skrak jk
lb
lbgp
gpbe
beke
ketk
tks
s ja
jast
stae
aetb
tbs
s  jkm
jkm la
latb
tblr
lrbg
bgb b f4 pdrd
pdrd vd
vdra
rabs
bs sast
sastkg
kgds
ds jk tr
trde
desp
spbrbrtk
tk jk kmkl
kmkltr
trbe
beks
ks.. Ke
ludmquakr ldsb,  md ibrgdlaüe jk lbgpbeketks jkm latblrbgb jkfk kstdr kspklçialdgketk
rk`umdjd pbr mbs btrbs lbgpbeketks ldtdmçtalbs lbe mbs quk kstäe ebrgdmgketk dsbladjbs.
Ksd
Ks d rk
rkju
jull
llaü
aüe
e  jk eatr
eatrdt
dtb
b ks ldldtd
tdma
mazd
zdjd
jd pbr
pbr ue lb
lbgp
gpmk
mkob
ob jk ke
keza
zagd
gdss içsa
içsald
ldgk
gket
etk
k ds
dsbl
bladadjb
jb qu
quk
k
sbmb pukjk  kstdfmklkrsk gkjadetk km dasmdgaketb jk md ueajdj ldtdmçtald. \ae kgfdr`b, md

ds
dsbl
blad
adla
laüe
üe jk  md gkgf
gkgfrd
rded
ed jk mbs
mbs lbgp
lbgpbe beke
ketk
tks,
s, md kxas
kxastk
tkel
elad
ad jk gutd
gutdla
labe
beks
ks pm
pmka
kabt
btrü
rüpa
pald
lds
s qu
quk
k
dikl
dikltd
tdee md
mds
s  dl
dlta
tava
vajd
jdjk
jks
s y md dpdr
dpdrke
ketk
tk idmt
idmtd
d jk ae
aetk
tkrd
rdll
llaü
aüe
e jk ks
kstk
tk sast
sastkg
kgdd lb
lbe
e bt
btrd
rdss ld
ldjk
jked
edss jk
trdespbrtk jk kmkltrbeks dr`ugketde md kxastkelad jk jalnb lbgpmkob.

Fafmab`rdiad

4. Dz
Dzbu
bumd
mdy,
y,  K.,
K., O. Xua`
Xua`,, dej
dej I. Xaln
Xalnaeaebt
bty.
y. 4190
4190.. Dmtk
Dmtkrd
rdta
tabe
be bi rk
rksp
spar
ardt
dtbr
bryy pd
pdrt
rtal
almk
mkss fy gutd
gutdta tabe
be ae
Kslnkralnad lbma C46. Fablnkg. Fabpnys. Vks. Lbggue. 60?608-60:.
6. Lbmk
Lbmk,,  O. D.,
D., dedej
j O. Pa
Pagp
gpke keey
ey.. 419>
419>.. Gktd
Gktdfbfbmamal
l pdtn
pdtnwd
wdys
ys ib
ibrr eatr
eatrdt
dtk
k rk
rkju
jult
ltab
abee ae Ksln
Kslnkr kral
alna
nad
d
lbma. Fablnag. Fabpnys. Dltd 496?<1-:>.
<. Jk
Jkkfkf,, \.,
\., de
dej j M. Nd
Nd`k
`kr.r. 419:
419:.. Lr
Lrys
ystd
tdmm
mmae
aek
k ly
lytb
tblnlnrb
rbgk
gk f4 ir
irbg
bg Ksln
Kslnkr kral
alna
nad
d lb
lbmama.. O. Fabm
Fabm.. Lnkg
Lnkg..
6<1?486:-48<4.
:. @rdy,  L. Z., dej N. @kst. 419;. Fabmb`aldm ibrgdtabe bi gbmklumdr nyjrb`ke. \lakelk
4:>?4>9-416.
;. @rd
rdy
y,  L. Z., O. Pag
Pagpkeey, J. Nu`Nu`nks, dej G. Gbssg
bssgd de. 4199. Vk`
Vk`umdt
mdtabe
abe bi gkt
gktdfbmasg
masg ae
idlumtdtavk fdltkrad. A. \trulturdm dej iueltabedm lnde`ks ae Kslnkralnad lbma ds-
sbladtkj watn  snaits fktwkke tnk dkrbfal dej dedkrbfal stdtks. Fablnag. Fabpnys. Dltd
440?66-<4.
9. maj
majd,  C., dej \. Zdea`a`u
ulna.
lna. 41;1. \tujak
ujaks
s be eatrd
atrdttk rk
rkj
jultd
ltdsk syst
systk
kg bi Ksln
slnkraln
ralnad
ad lbma.
ma. M.
Xdrtalumdtk kmkltrbe  trdespbrt systkg bi eatrdtk dej ats sbmufamazdtabe. O. Fablnkg. (Zbcyb)
:9?48:4-48;;.
0. Atd`dca,  K., Z. Iuoatd, dej V. \dtb. 4194. \bmufamazdtabe dej sbgk prbpkrtaks bi ibrgal
jknyjrb`kedsk irbg Kslnkralnad lbma. Fablnkg. Fabpnys. Vks. Lbggue. ;?<8-<:.
>. Atd`dca,  K., Z. Iuoatd, dej V. \dtb. 4196. \bmufamazdtabe dej prbpkrtaks bi ibrgal
jknyjrb`kedsk dej lytblnrbgk fa irbg Kslnkralnad lbam. O. Fablnkg. (Zbcyb) ;6?4<4-4:4.