1

e½f½ Av‡›`vjb I cieZx© NUbvejx

f‚wgKv
1905-1911 mv‡ji e½f½ Ges e½f½ cieZx© 1919-1922 mv‡ji wLjvdZ-Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb weªwUk-fvi‡Zi
`ywU Ab¨Zg cÖavb ivR‰bwZK NUbv| Dfq NUbv wQj weªwUk-we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb| GB cÖ_g †Kvb ivR‰bwZK
Av‡›`jb e¨vcK MY wfwË cvq| `ywU Av‡›`vjbB me©fviZxq iƒc jvf K‡i| Z‡e msMZ Kvi‡YB cÖ_gwU wQj
evsjv wfwËK| G `y‡qi g‡a¨ Avi GKwU cv_©K¨ n‡jv, e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb hv Kvh©Z wn›`y m¤cÖ`v‡qi
Av‡›`vj‡b cwiYZ nq| A_P wLjvdZ-Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡b wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi mw¤§jb N‡U|
ejvi A‡c¶v iv‡L bv evsjvi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m e½f‡½i cÖfve Acwimxg| 3wU fv‡M G BDwb‡U Dfq
Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY, we¯Ívi, j¶¨, D‡Ïk¨, wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i AšÍfz©w³i cÖkœ, Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ Ges Gi
ivR‰bwZK ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|

G BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”Q:

 cvV-1 e½f‡½i KviY I djvdj
 cvV-2 e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb I Zvi cÖwZwµqv
 cvV-3 †LjvdZ-Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb (1919-1922)
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cvV - 1

e½f½: KviY I djvdj

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 e½f½ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 e½f‡½i KviY we‡kølY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 e½f‡½i djvdj e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|

e½f½
evsjv I weªwUk fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m e½f½ (1905-1911) GKwU ¸iæZ¡cY~ © NUbv| evsjv, wenvi I
Dwol¨v wb‡q MwVZ wQj evsjv cÖ‡`k ev †e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝ| KjKvZv wQj Gi ivRavbx| GwU wQj weªwUk fvi‡Zi
e„nËg cÖ‡`k| kvmb Kv‡h©i myweav‡_© weªwUk miKvi evsjv †cÖwm‡WwÝi wef³Ki‡Yi K_v wPšÍv Ki‡Z _v‡K|
D‡`¨vMx f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib m¨vi iv¤úwdì dzjvi Ges m¨vi GÛªy †d«Rvi| ZrKvjxb weªwUk fvi‡Zi eojvU jW©
KvR©bI eûevi welqwU Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| AZtci 1905 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^i e½f½ m¤úbœ nq| m„wó nq XvKv,
ivRkvnx, PÆMÖvg I Avmvg‡K wb‡q Ôc~e©e½ I Avmvg bv‡gÕ GK bZzb cÖ‡`k Ges Gi ivRavbx nq XvKv| bZzb
cÖ‡`‡ki AvqZb wQj 1,06,504, eM©gvBj| Gi †jvKmsL¨v wQj 3 †KvwU 10 j¶| RbmsL¨vi msL¨vMwiô Ask
wQj gymjgvb (1 †KvwU 80 j¶)|
e½f‡½i KviY
e½f‡½i †cQ‡b cÖavb KviY¸‡jv wQj wb¤œiƒc:
(1) kvmbZvwš¿K;
(2) ivR‰bwZK;
(3) mvgvwRK;
(4) A_©‰bwZK|

KviY¸‡jv wb‡P ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv nj:

kvmbZvwš¿K KviY
1861 mv‡ji BwÛqvb KvDwÝj A¨v± Abymv‡i m„ó Òevsjv cÖ‡`kÓ-Gi AvqZb wQj cÖvq `yj¶ eM© gvBj Ges
†jvKmsL¨v wQj †cŠ‡b AvU †KvwU| G wekvj cÖ‡`‡ki kvmbfvi GKRb Mfb©‡ii Dci b¨¯Í wQj| d‡j Gi
kvmbZvwš¿K k„•Ljv i¶v Ges weªwUk we‡ivax ZrciZv `gb Kiv wQj `yiƒn e¨vcvi|
ZvB evsjv cÖ‡`k‡K wef³Ki‡Y Bs‡iR miKvi m‡Pó n‡q I‡Vb| Ae‡k‡l jW© KvR©b e½ cÖ‡`k‡K wef³ K‡i
bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wó K‡ib|
ivR‰bwZK KviY
evsjv cÖ‡`k‡K wef³ Kivi †cQ‡b Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i ivR‰bwZK D‡Ïk¨B gyL¨ wQj| G e¨vcv‡i, we‡kl K‡i
Avgv‡`i G †`kxq †jLK, Z_v BwZnvmwe`MY cÖvq GKgZ| Bs‡iR‡`i D‡Ïk¨ wQj evOvwj‡`i HK¨e× nIqvi
cÖ‡Póv‡K evbPvj Kiv|
wesk kZvãxi cÖvi‡¤f fviZxq Rbmvavi‡Yi gv‡S RvZxqZvev`x †PZbv µgk cÖLi n‡q D‡V| 1885 mv‡j
RvZxq Ks‡MÖ‡mi Rb¥ Av‡›`vj‡bi aviv‡K Av‡iv †ewk †eMevb K‡i| G‡¶‡Î evsjv cÖ‡`k wQj A‡bK AMÖmi|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb c„ôv-2

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
†h Kvi‡Y myPZzi Bs‡iR miKvi Z`vbxšÍb evsjv †cÖwm‡Ww݇K wef³ K‡i G RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb eÜ Kivi
Rb¨ bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wó Kivi K_v wPšÍv K‡i|
fvM Ki kvmb Ki bxwZ
e½f½ gymjgvb‡`i Av‡›`vjb ev `vwei dmj wQj bv| cieZ©x‡Z Gi †Nvi mg_©K I cÖeZ©K XvKvi beve m¨vi
mwjgyjøvn ¯^qs wb‡R ïiæ‡Z G e¨vcv‡i mw›`nvb wQ‡jb ev Gi cÖwZ Zuvi mg_©bI wQj bv| e½f‡½i cÖ¯vÍ e
weªwUk kvmK‡`i KvQ †_‡K Av‡m| Kvh©Z GwU wQj weªwUk‡`i ÔfvM Ki kvmb Ki bxwZiÕ (Divide and Rule
Policy) dj| cÖ¯vÍ weZ e½f‡½i c‡¶ gymwjg RbgZ MV‡bi j‡¶¨ 1904 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi‡Z c~e© evsjvi K‡qKwU
eo kni åg‡Yi mgq jW© KvR©b †h fvlY †`b Zv wQj G †¶‡Î cÖwYavb‡hvM¨| ZvB ejv hvq, e½f½ wQj
Bs‡iR‡`i ivR‰bwZK D‡Ï‡k¨i dmj|

mvgvwRK KviY
Bs‡iR kvm‡bi ïiæ †_‡K ˆelg¨g~jK AvPi‡Yi d‡j gymjgvb mgvR ax‡i ax‡i mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î
Zv‡`i cÖvavb¨ nviv‡Z _v‡K| d‡j 1905 mv‡j c~e© evsjvi gymwjg mgvR Zv‡`i üZ †MŠie cybiæ×v‡ii Avkvq
weªwUk miKv‡ii e½f½ cÖ¯vÍ e †Rviv‡jvfv‡e mg_©b K‡i|
A_©‰bwZK KviY
KjKvZv wfwËK mKj e¨emv-evwYR¨ Pj‡Z _vKvq Ges wkí KviLvbv ˆZwi nIqvq e½ cÖ‡`‡ki gymwjg msL¨vMwiô
GjvKvmg~n Z_v XvKv, PÆMÖvg, ivRkvnx A‡ji RbmvaviY ax‡i ax‡i A_©‰bwZKfv‡e KjKvZvi Dci wbf©ikxj
n‡q c‡o| KjKvZv wQj g~jZ wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq Øviv wbqwš¿Z| hvi Kvi‡Y wn›`y I gymjgvb m¤cÖ`v‡qi g‡a¨
A_©‰bwZK ˆelg¨ †`Lv †`q| G ˆel‡g¨i nvZ †_‡K cwiÎvY jv‡fi j‡¶¨ gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq e½f½ mg_©b K‡i|
Ges XvKv †K›`ªxK weKv‡ki ¯^cœ †`L‡Z _v‡K|
e¯‘Z 1905 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^‡i jW© KvR©b KZ©„K evsjv cÖ‡`k wefw³KiY ev e½f‡½i g~‡j kvmbZvwš¿K I
ivR‰bwZK KviYB wQj gyL¨|
e½f‡½i djvdj
bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wói d‡j gymwjg mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ †h‡bv cÖvY PvÂj¨ wd‡i Av‡m| AvaywbKZvi †Quvqv jv‡M cÖ‡`‡ki
ivRavbx XvKvq| A‡bK KjKviLvbv, e¨emv-evwYR¨ XvKvq cÖwZwôZ nq| G mgq GwjU gymjgvb mgvR 1906
mv‡j gymwjg jxM cÖwZwôZ K‡i| G gymwjg jx‡Mi gva¨‡gB cieZ©x‡Z Rb¥ †bq D”PweË gymwjg mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK
I ivR‰bwZK AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vjb| KjKvZv †Kw›`ªK wn›`y GwjU m¤cÖ`vq e½f½‡K mwVKfv‡e †g‡b wb‡Z
cv‡i wb| Zviv Avk¼v Ki‡jb gymjgvb mgv‡Ri Ici Zv‡`i AvwacZ¨ nviv‡bvi Ges Zv‡`i e¨emvwqK ¶wZi|
d‡j, Bs‡iR kvmK‡`i D‡Ïk¨ mv_©K nq Ges wn›`y gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ webó n‡q hvq|
e½f½‡K †K›`ª K‡i Zviv ci¯ú‡ii gy‡LvgywL `uvovq| mvgªvR¨ev`we‡ivax mw¤§wjZ RvZxqZvev`x kw³ ïiæ‡ZB
`ye©j n‡q hvq|

mviK_v
1905 mv‡ji 1 †m‡Þ¤^i weªwUk fvi‡Zi eojvU jW© KvR©b evsjv‡K `ywU ¯^Zš¿ cÖ‡`‡k wef³ K‡ib| c~e© evsjv
I Avmvg wb‡q bZzb cÖ‡`k m„wó nq| XvKv wQj Gi ivRavbx| cwðg evsjv, wenvi, Dwol¨v I †QvU bvMcyi wb‡q
MwVZ nq Aci cÖ‡`k| KjKvZv wQj Gi ivRavbx| e½f‡½i KviY¸‡jv‡K kvmbZvwš¿K, ivR‰bwZK, mvgvwRK
I A_©‰bwZK G fv‡e fvM Kiv hvq| Gi g‡a¨ kvmbZvwš¿K ev cÖkvmwbK Ges ivR‰bwZK KviYB wQj gyL¨| A_©vr
cÖkvmwbK Kv‡Ri myweav Ges weªwUk‡`i weiæ‡× ag©wbwe©‡k‡l evOvwj‡`i HK¨e× kw³kvjx ivR‰bwZK Ae¯’vb
MÖn‡Yi m¤¢vebv evbPvj ÑG `ywUB wQj weªwUk‡`i cÖavb we‡eP¨ welq| e½f‡½i gva¨‡g gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô bZzb
cÖ‡`k Ôc~e© evsjv I AvmvgÕ-Gi cÖwZôv c~e© evsjvi cðvrc` D”PweË gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq Zv‡`i DbœwZ-AMÖMwZi
GKwU ¯’vqx my‡hvM wn‡m‡e †`‡L| ZvB Zviv G‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvq| c¶všÍ‡i bvbv Kvi‡Y wn›`y m¤cÖ`vq Gi D”PweË
BDwbU- 1 c„ôv-3
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Ask G‡K †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡i wb| Zviv Gi weiæ‡× me©vZ¥K Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡jb| d‡j wn›`y-gymjgvb mv¤cÖ`vwqK
m¤cÖxwZ gvivZ¥Kfv‡e webó nq Ges HK¨e× RvZxqZvev`x Av‡›`vjb e¨nZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi
1. e½f½ KZ mv‡j nq?
K. 1904 mv‡j
L. 1906 mv‡j
M. 1905 mv‡j
N. 1911 mv‡j
2. KZ ZvwiL Ôc~e©e½ I AvmvgÕ cÖ‡`‡ki m„wó nq?
K. 1905 mv‡ji 1jv †m‡Þ¤^i
L. 1905 mv‡ji 1jv RyjvB
M. 1905 mv‡ji 1jv AvM÷
N. 1905 mv‡ji 30‡k †m‡Þ¤^i
3. c~e©e½ I Avmvg cÖ‡`‡ki ivRavbx †Kv_vq wQj?
K. XvKvq
L. †mvbviMuv‡q
M. KjKvZvq
N. Rvnv½xibM‡i
4. †K e½ f‡½i †NvlYv †`b?
K. jW© KvR©b
L. jW© njI‡qj
M. DBwjqvg nv›Uvi
N. m¨vi GÛªy †d«Rvi
5. c~e©e½ I Avmvg cÖ‡`‡ki AvqZb KZ wQj?
K. cÖvq 2,00,000 eM© gvBj
L. 1,06,504 gM©gvBj
M. 1,41,580 eM©gvBj
N. 1,15,126 eM©gvBj
DËigvjv: 1. M, 2. K, 3. K, 4. K, 5. L|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. e½f‡½i cUf‚wg Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. e½f‡½i djvdj Kx?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. e½f‡½i KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb c„ôv-4

 evsjv‡`k Dš§ycvV
³ wek¦- we`¨vjq
2
e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb I Zvi cÖwZwµqv
D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 e½f½ i‡`i cÖwZwµqv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 e½f½ i‡`i djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb
e½f‡½i d‡j c~e© evsjvq Af‚Zc~e© RvMiY N‡U| jW© KvR©b XvKv‡K cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª †NvlYv K‡ib Ges m¨vi
dzjvi‡K Mfb©i wbhy³ Kiv nq| e½f‡½i cieZ©x mg‡q bZzb cÖ‡`‡k nvB‡KvU© feb, AvBb cwil` feb BZ¨vw`
M‡o D‡V| m½Z Kvi‡YB c~e© evsjvi Rbmvavi‡Yi GwjU Ask Zv‡`i eû ivR‰bwZK I mvgvwRK `vwe c~i‡Y
m¶g nq| e½f½ D”PweË wn›`y Kv‡qgx ¯^v‡_©i g~‡j AvNvZ nv‡b| ïiæ nq Zv‡`i c¶ †_‡K Gi Pig we‡ivwaZv|
fviZxq RvZxqZvev`x †bZ…e„›` e½f½‡K wn›`y-gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ we‡f` m„wói GK lohš¿ e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
Zviv evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki wefw³KiY‡K gvZ…f‚wgi A½‡Q` e‡j AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib| G‡`i g‡a¨ gyL¨ f‚wgKv cvjb K‡ib
m¨vi my‡i›`ªbv_ e¨vbvR©x, kªx Aiwe›` †Nvl, kªx wecxb P›`ª cvj, `v`vfvB bI‡ivRx cÖgyL| Zuviv weªwUk miKv‡ii
evsjv cÖ‡`‡ki wefw³KiY‡K A‡hŠw³K I AcgvbKi e‡j gšÍe¨ K‡ib| ïiæ nq e½f‡½i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb|
Av‡›`vj‡bi Ask wn‡m‡e ¯^‡`kx cY¨ e¨envi Ges we‡`wk cY¨ eR©b ïiæ nq| mgMÖ evsjv I evsjvi evB‡i Pj‡Z
_v‡K Rbmgv‡ek Ges cÖwZev` mfv| wk¶v cÖwZôvb BZ¨vw` APj n‡q c‡o| GK ch©v‡q Av‡›`vjb mwnsmiƒc
†bq| G mgq Ks‡MÖm †bZ…eM©I e½f‡½i weiæ‡× Av‡›`vjb ïiæ K‡ib| hvi d‡j Av‡›`vjb Av‡iv Zxeª nq|
Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L weªwUk miKvi bZ n‡Z eva¨ nq| AZtci 1911 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i mgªvU cÂg R‡R©i
ivR¨vwf‡l‡K w`wjøi `iev‡i weªwUk miKvi e½f½ i` †NvlYv K‡i|

e½f½ i‡`i cÖwZwµqv

e½f½ i‡`i cÖv°v‡j weªwUk fvi‡Zi evsjv cÖ‡`k Ges c~e© evsjv I Avmvg cÖ‡`‡ki cÖvq mKj wk¶v cÖwZôvb,
KjKviLvbv BZ¨vw` APj n‡q c‡o| d‡j weªwUk miKvi G Av‡›`vj‡bi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ nq| hw`I
c~‡e© weªwUk miKvi †NvlYv KiwQj †h, e½f½ GKwU Ô¯’vqx e¨e¯’vÕ Ges †Kvb Pv‡ci gy‡L Zv i`e`j Kiv n‡e bv|
e½f½ i`‡K GwjU gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq GB †NvlYvi ei‡Ljvc g‡b K‡i|

e½f½ i‡`i djvdj

Av‡›`vj‡bi Kv‡Q bwZ ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z eva¨ n‡q weªwUk miKvi cybivq evsjv cÖ‡`k MVb K‡i| c~e© evsjv I cwðg
evsjv Gi AšÍf³ y© nq| G w`‡K Avmvg‡K c~e© evsjv †_‡K wew”Qbœ K‡i c~‡e©i b¨vq c„_K kvmbvax‡b wb‡q Avmv
nq| wenvi, Dwol¨v I †QvU bvMcyi (hv c~‡e© †e½j †cÖwm‡WwÝi AšÍfy©³ wQj) wb‡q c„_K cÖ‡`k MwVZ nq| e½f½
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e i` n‡jI c~e© I cwðg evsjvi g‡a¨ GKwU wefw³ †iLv i‡q hvq| c~e© evsjvi gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô
RbmvaviY m‡PZb nq Ges AwaK msMwVZ nIqvi K_v Dcjwä K‡i| wn›`y I gymjgvb mw¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g HK¨e×
weªwUk we‡ivax ZrciZv m¼‡Ui g‡a¨ cwZZ nq|

BDwbU- 1 c„ôv-5
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mviK_v
e½f½‡K wn›`y m¤cÖ`vqmn gymjgvb‡`i m‡PZb Ask gvZ…f‚wgi Aby‡”Q` wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡iwQ‡jb| Dciš‘ e½f½
KjKvZv wfwËK wn›`y Rwg`vi, gnvRb, e¨emvqx, DwKj, †gv³vi cÖf…wZ Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡qgx¯^v‡_© KzVvivNvZ nv‡b|
d‡j my‡i›`ªbv_ e¨vbvwR©, Aiwe›` †Nvl, wecxb P›`ª cvj cÖgy‡Li †bZ…‡Z¡ e½f½ i` Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| GK
ch©v‡q Zv ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡b iƒc †bq| ¯^‡`kx cY¨ e¨envi Ges we‡`wk cY¨ eR©b wQj Gi g~j K_v| Av‡›`vj‡bi
Pv‡c †emvgvj n‡q 1911 mv‡ji 12 wW‡m¤^i mgªvU cÂg RR© I w`wjøi `iev‡i e½f½ i` †NvlYv K‡ib| c~e©e‡½i
gymjgvb GwjU m¤cÖ`vq GB †NvlYv‡K Zv‡`i wbKU †`qv weªwUk miKv‡ii Aw½Kv‡ii ei‡Ljvc e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
Zv‡`i g‡a¨ weªwUk‡`i cÖwZ Av¯’vnxbZv †`Lv †`q| c~e© evsjv I cwðg evsjv cybivq GKB cÖ‡`‡k AšÍfz©³ nq|
Z‡e wenvi I Dwol¨v‡K evsjv †_‡K wehy³ K‡i c„_K c„_K cÖ‡`k MVb Kiv nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe©¨w³K cÖ‡kœi DËi
mwVK Dˇi wUK wPý w`b
1. KZmv‡j e½f½ i` †NvlYv Kiv nq?
K. 1905 mv‡j
L. 1906 mv‡j
M. 1913 mv‡j
N. 1911 mv‡j

2. cÂg R‡R©i Awf‡lK †Kv_vq AbywôZ nq ?

K. XvKvq
L. KjKvZvq
M. w`wjø‡Z
N. †ebvi‡m

3. †K XvKv‡K cÖkvmwbK †K›`ª †NvlYv K‡ib?

K. weªwUk miKvi
L. Mfb©i m¨vi ivgwdì dzjvi
M. jW© KvR©b
N. beve m¨vi mwjgyjvø n

4. e½f‡½i ci Kv‡K bZzb cÖ‡`‡ki MfY©i wbhy³ Kiv nq?

K. DBwjqvg nv›Uvi
L. gvD›Ue¨v‡Ub
M. m¨vi GÛªy †d«Rvi
N. m¨vi ivgwdì dzjvi

DËigvjvt 1. N, 2. M, 3. K, 4. N|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. e½f½ i‡`i djvdj Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. e½f½ i‡`i g~j KviY¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb c„ôv-6

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV - 3

wLjvdZ-Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb (1919-1922)

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV †k‡l Avcwb
 wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb I Gi KviY Ges djvdj m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
 Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ I ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i (1914-1918) ci Zzi‡¯‹i ALÛZ¡ i¶v Ges ZzK©x myjZvb ev Lwjdvi gh©v`v, ¶gZv I KZ…©Z¡
A¶zYœ ivLvi j‡¶¨ 1919 mv‡j fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ †h Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V, Zv BwZnv‡m wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
bv‡g L¨vZ|
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× Zzi¯‹ weª‡U†bi Z_v wgÎkw³i wecix‡Z Rvg©vwbi c‡¶ †hvM †`q| hy‡× Zzi‡¯‹i civRq N‡U Ges
ZzKx© mgªv‡R¨i ALÛZ¡ ûgwKi m¤§yLxb nq| fvi‡Zi gymjgvbiv Zzi‡¯‹i myjZvb‡K we‡k¦i mybœx gymjgvb‡`i Lwjdv
ev †bZv e‡j g‡b Ki‡Zv| hy× PjvKvjxb mg‡q weªwUk miKvi Zv‡`i GB g‡g© Avk¦vm †`q †h, hy× †k‡l ZzK©x
Lwjdvi wLjvdZ ev mvgªv‡R¨i ALÛ‡Z¡i Dci n¯Í‡¶c Kiv n‡e bv| d‡j fviZxq gymjgvbiv weªwUk miKv‡ii
hy×-cÖ‡Póvq mn‡hvwMZv w`‡q hvq| wKšÍy hy× †k‡l weªwUk miKvi c~‡e©i cÖwZkÖæwZ f½ K‡i Zzi¯‹ mvgªvR¨‡K
LÛweLÛ Ki‡Z D`¨Z n‡j fvi‡Zi gymjgvbiv weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx,
gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx, gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` cÖgyL G Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡ †`b|

wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b gymjgvb‡`i `vwe¸‡jv wQj wb¤œiƒct

1. ZzKx© mvgªv‡R¨i ALÛZ¡ eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| wLjvdZ †f‡O †`Iqv hv‡e bv|
2. Bmjvg a‡g©i ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© Lwjdvi nv‡Z ch©vß ¶gZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
3. †Kvb cÖKvi AwQ ev cÖ‡UKkb QvovB Avie Øx‡ci Dci gymjgvb‡`i c~Y© wbqš¿Y ivL‡Z n‡e|
4. Lwjdvi nv‡Z cweÎ ¯’vb¸‡jvi Z`viwKi fvi b¨¯Í _vK‡Z n‡e|

ZzK©x mvgªv‡R¨i ALÛZ¡ Ges myjZv‡bi wLjvdZ ev ivRZ¡ envj ivLvi cÖkœwU wek¦ gymwjg D¤§vn&i ag©xq Abyf‚wZ I
Av‡e‡Mi wel‡q cwiYZ nq| †h Kvi‡Y fviZe‡l©i gymjgvbivI G‡¶‡Î g‡b-cÖv‡Y GKvMÖZv Abyfe K‡i| 1919
mv‡ji cÖ_g w`‡K fvi‡Zi wewfbœ ¯’v‡b Zviv ¯^Zù‚Z©fv‡e mfv-mgv‡ek Abyôvb ïiæ K‡i| †`‡ki me©Î ¯^í
mg‡qi e¨eav‡b AmsL¨ wLjvdZ KwgwU MwVZ nq| 1919 mv‡ji 9 †deªæqvwi KjKvZvq wLjvd‡Zi mg_©‡b cÖ_g
Rbmfv AbywôZ nq| Gi D‡`¨v³v‡`i g‡a¨ wQ‡jb G.†K.dRjyj nK, ea©gv‡bi Aveyj Kv‡kg, ÔgymjgvbÕ cwÎKvi
gvwjK I m¤úv`K gwReyi ingvb, GW‡fv‡KU bvwRgyÏxb Avn‡g` cÖgyL| evsjvq wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…e„‡›`i
g‡a¨ Avkivd DwÏb Avn‡g` †PŠayix, gvIjvbv gwbiæ¾vgvb Bmjvgvev`x, gvIjvbv Ave`yjøv‡nj evKx AšÍfy©³
wQ‡jb| Avjx åvZ…Øq (†gvnv¤§` Avjx I kIKZ Avjx), gvIjvbv Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` cÖgy‡Li †bZ…‡Z¡ 1919
mv‡ji b‡f¤^i gv‡m w`wjø‡Z cÖ_g me©fviZxq wLjvdZ m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| cÖ_g wek¦hy‡×i Aemvb Ges wgÎkw³i
weR‡q weªwUk miKvi KZ©„K mgMÖ fviZe¨vcx ÔkvwšÍ DrmeÕ Av‡qvR‡bi we‡ivwaZv K‡i G m‡¤§j‡b cÖ¯vÍ e M„nxZ
nq| me©fviZxq wLjvdZ m‡¤§jb Abyôv‡bi gva¨‡g wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi GKwU †K›`ªxq mvsMVwbK †bZ…Z¡ cÖwZwôZ
nq| gymjgvb‡`i wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖwZ gnvZ¥v MvÜxi c~Y© mg_©b Ávcb Ges wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi †bZ…e„›`
KZ©„K MvÜxi weªwUk we‡ivax ÕeqKU Kg©m~wPÕ (we¯ÍvwiZ cieZx© Aby‡”Q` `ªóe¨) MÖnY Av‡›`vjb‡K Zxeª K‡i †Zv‡j|
wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb wQj g~jZ fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i GKwU ¯^Zù‚Z© Av‡›`vjb| Av‡›`vj‡bi Bmy¨ wQj ewn‡`©kxq
(ZzKx© Lwjdvi wLjvdZ A¶zbœ ivLv)| Av‡›`vjb‡K GKwU †K›`ªxq †bZ…‡Z¡ wb‡q Avmvi †Póv m‡Ë¡I Gi mvsMVwbK
`ye©jZv i‡q hvq| G ai‡bi GKwU MYwfwËK Av‡›`vj‡b †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi AwfÁZv ev †hvM¨Zv †bZ…e„‡›`i †Zgb wQj
bv| DcišÍy MvÜxi ÔeqKUÕ Kg©m~wP MÖnY Kiv wb‡q gymjgvb †bZ…e„‡›`i g‡a¨ Pig gZ‡f` †`Lv †`q| Bmjvwg

BDwbU- 1 c„ôv-7
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wk¶vq wkw¶Z gymjgvb‡`i †bZ…‡Z¡i AskwU G Kg©mw~ P MÖn‡Yi c‡¶ Ae¯’vb †bq| Aciw`‡K, wRbœvn, dRjyj
nK, ˆmq` IqvwRi nvmvb, Aveyj Kv‡kg cÖgyL G Kg©mw~ P‡K ÔaŸsmvZ¥KÕ AvL¨vwqZ K‡i Zv gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v‡_©i
AbyK‚‡j n‡e bv weavq MÖn‡Y Am¤§wZ Rvbvq Ges Av‡›`vjb †_‡K Zuviv m‡i `uvovb| G me wQj Av‡›`vj‡bi `ye©j
w`K| wKš‘ gRvi welq n‡jv 1924 mv‡j †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj cvkv (Kvgvj AvZvZzK©) Zzi‡¯‹i †bZ…Z¡fvi MÖnY K‡i
wLjvd‡Zi Aemvb †NvlYv K‡ib| Zzi¯‹ cwiYZ nq GKwU ag©wbi‡c¶ cÖRvZ‡š¿| Gici wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi
†hŠw³KZv wbt‡kl n‡q c‡o|

Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb
1919 mv‡j weªwUk‡`i `gb, wbcxob g~jK Kvh©Kjv‡ci cÖwZev‡` gnvZ¥v MvÜxi Avnev‡b mgMÖ fviZe¨vcx †h
weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V, Zv-B Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb bv‡g cwiwPZ| GwU wQj fvi‡Z cÖ_g MYwfwË
m¤úbœ weªwUk we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb| wLjvdZ Bmy¨ hy³ nIqvq fvi‡Zi gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq G‡Z †hvM †`q| d‡j Zv
fvi‡Zi wn›`y I gymjgvb‡`i mw¤§wjZ Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc †bq| 1922 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi ch©šÍ G Av‡›`vjb Ae¨vnZ
_v‡K|
hy× †k‡l †`k kvm‡b AwaKZi ¶gZv I my‡hvM wb‡R‡`i nv‡Z jv‡fi †h cÖZ¨vkv fviZxq‡`i g‡a¨ R‡b¥wQj,
1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb Zv c~i‡Y e¨_© nq| Aciw`‡K, GKB mgq msNwUZ `ywU NUbv Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Zxeª
†¶v‡fi m„wó K‡i| GKwU ivDjvU AvBb, Ges AciwU RvwjqvbIqvjvevM nZ¨vKvÛ| 1919 mv‡ji ïiæi w`‡K
weªwUk miKvi cÖ_‡gv³ AvBbwU cvm K‡i| G AvB‡b kvwšÍ-k„•Ljv we‡ivax Kg©Kv‡Ûi m‡½ hy³ _vKvi Awf‡hv‡M
KvD‡K `xN© mg‡qi Rb¨ webv wePv‡i AvUK K‡i ivLvi weavb Kiv nq| G AvB‡bi weiæ‡× hLb Rbg‡b Am‡šÍvl
m„wó nw”Qj ZLb wØZxq NUbvwU msNwUZ nq| 1919 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj cvÄv‡ei RvwjqvbIqvjvevM bvgK ¯’v‡b
PZyw`©‡K cÖvPxi †Niv GKwU gv‡V K‡qK nvRvi gvbyl GKwU cÖwZev` mfvq wgwjZ nq| †Rbv‡ij Wvqv‡ii †bZ…‡Z¡
†mbv m`m¨iv wbi¯¿ RbZvi Ici ¸wj Qyo‡j Pvi kÕi g‡Zv †jvK wbnZ Ges AmsL¨ AvnZ nq| BwZnv‡m G NUbv
ÔRvwjqvbIqvjvevM ƨv‡RWxÕ ev ÔRvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi gg©vwšÍK nZ¨vKvÛÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ| G Ae¯’vq gnvZ¥v MvÜx
weªwUk `gbbxwZi weiæ‡× Zuvi Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi m~Pbv K‡ib| GKB mgq fvi‡Zi gymjgvb m¤cÖ`vq
Zzi‡¯‹i ALÛZ¡ eRvq Ges Lwjdvi kvmb A¶zYœ ivLvi j‡¶¨ wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j|
Av‡›`vj‡bi GK ch©v‡q MvÜx Zuvi ÔeqKU Kg©mw~ PÕ †ck K‡ib| 1920 mv‡ji †m‡Þ¤^i gv‡m KjKvZvq AbywôZ
Ks‡MÖm, gymwjg jxM I wLjvdZ KwgwUi m‡¤§j‡b G Kg©mw~ P Aby‡gvw`Z nq| GKB eQi b‡f¤^i gv‡m bvMcy‡i
AbywôZ †hŠ_ m‡¤§j‡b Zv M„nxZ nq| Kg©mw~ Pi cÖavb w`K¸‡jv wQj wb¤œiƒc:
1. we‡`wk cY¨ eR©b;
2. weªwUk cÖ`Ë †LZve I c`ex eR©b;
3. A‰eZwbK c`¸‡jv Z¨vM;
4. miKvi cwiPvwjZ wk¶v-cÖwZôvb eR©b;
5. AvBbRxex‡`i Av`vjZ eR©b;
6. miKvwi Kvh©µg eqKU;
7. KvDwÝj (AvBbmfv) wbe©vP‡b Ask¸nY bv Kiv;
8. miKvi g‡bvbxZ fviZxq m`m¨‡`i AvBbmfv †_‡K c`Z¨vM;
9. PiKvq myZv KvUvq Drmvn `vb;
10. cÂv‡qZ M‡o †Zvjv Ges G e¨e¯’v‡K mymsnZ Kiv;
11. mv¤cÖ`vwqK m¤cÖxwZ eRvq ivLv;
12. mKj cÖKvi A¯ú„k¨Zv `~i Kiv|

MvÜxi ÔeqKU Kg©mw~ PÕ RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ e¨vcK mvov RvMvq| weªwUk cÖ`Ë †LZve I c`ex eR©‡bi †NvlYv cÖwZw`b
cÎ-cwÎKvq Avm‡Z _v‡K| miKvwi wk¶v-cÖwZôv‡bi ¯’‡j fviZxq‡`i D‡`¨v‡M mviv †`‡k ivZvivwZ ÔRvZxq
wk¶vjqÕ cÖwZôv jvf K‡i Ges wecyj msL¨K wk¶v_x© Zv‡Z †hvM †`q| AvBbRxex‡`i Av`vjZ eR©b me©vZ¥Kfv‡e
mdj nq| we‡`‡k cY¨ eR©b e¨vcK AvKvi aviY K‡i| we‡jZx e¯¿ I wRwbmcÎ †cvov‡bv †hb weªwUk kvmb
aŸs‡mi cÖZx‡K cwiYZ nq| PiKvq myZv KvUvi e¨vcv‡iI Rbmvavi‡Yi g‡a¨ wecyj Drmvn †`Lv †`q| mviv †`‡k
cÖvq 40 j¶ PiKv Pvjy nq|

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb c„ôv-8

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
cvi¯úwiK MÖnY-mg_©‡bi Kvi‡Y Amn‡hvM I wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡b wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤cÖ`vq kvwgj nq Ges
Zviv weªwUk we‡ivax GK `ye©vi MYAv‡›`vjb M‡o †Zv‡j| Dfq m¤cÖ`v‡qi †bZ…e„›` GKB ¯’v‡b, GKB c¨v‡Û‡j
mfv-mgv‡ek-m‡¤§j‡b wgwjZ nb| Av‡›`vj‡bi DËvj Zi½ mgMÖ fvi‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| Av‡›`vjb `g‡b weªwUk
miKvi †MÖßvimn bvbv wbeZ©bg~jK c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i| 1921 mv‡ji †g gv‡m Avmv‡g Pv kªwgK‡`i Dci
AgvbywlK AZ¨vPvi Pvjv‡bv nq| Av‡›`vj‡bi †Ri wn‡m‡e †gvcjv Pvlx‡`i wecøex Afy¨Ìv‡b DØy× K‡i|
MvÜxi Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb µgk mwnsm iƒc jvf K‡i| we‡klK‡i ÔeqKU Kg©mw~ PÕ MÖn‡Yi ci †_‡K `ªæZ
Av‡›`vj‡bi iƒc I Pwi‡Î cwieZ©b N‡U| 1922 mv‡ji †deªæqvwi gv‡m DËi cÖ‡`‡ki †PŠwi-†PŠiv ¯’v‡b we¶zä
RbZv GKwU cywjk †÷kb AvµgY K‡i Av¸b jvwM‡q †`q| G‡Z 22Rb cywjk AwMœ`» n‡q gviv hvq| G NUbvq
gg©vnZ n‡q MvÜxRx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡ib|

Amn‡hvM-wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch©

bvbv Kvi‡Y Amn‡hvM I wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© wQj Acwimxg|
1. GwU wQj fvi‡Z weªwUk we‡ivax cÖ_g MYwfwËK Av‡›`vjb|
2. GB cÖ_g weªwU‡ki weiæ‡× fvi‡Zi wn›`y I gymjgvb Dfq m¤cÖ`vq‡K HK¨e× Kiv m¤fe nq|
3. `w¶Y Avwd«Kv †_‡K †`‡k cÖZ¨veZ©‡bi ci gnvZ¥v MvÜx Zuvi Awnsm Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb bxwZi me©cÖ_g
cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM jvf K‡ib|
4. fvi‡Zi ivRbxwZ‡Z MvÜxi kxl©¯’vbxq †bZ…Z¡ ¯^xK…Z nq|
5. RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Ks‡MÖ‡mi e¨vcK mvsMVwbK we¯Í…wZ N‡U|
6. G Av‡›`vjb fviZevmxi g‡b ¯^‡`k†cÖg I ¯^vaxbZvi AvKv•¶v RvwM‡q †Zv‡j, hv cieZ©x Av‡›`vjb‡K
cÖfvevwbœZ K‡i|
7. gymjgvb †bZ…e„›` Av‡›`vjb msMwVZ Kivi e¨vcv‡i AwfÁZv mÂq Ki‡Z m¶g nb| gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨
ivR‰bwZK †PZbvi weKvk N‡U|

mviK_v
cÖ_g wek¦hy‡× (1914-1918) Zzi¯‹ weª‡Ub Z_v wgÎ kw³i weiæ‡× Rvg©vwbi c¶ †bq| hy‡× Zzi¯‹ I Zvi wg·`i
civRq N‡U| hy×Kvjxb mg‡q fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i †`Iqv cÖwZkÖæwZ f½ K‡i hy× †k‡l weª‡Ub ZzKx© Lwjdvi
wLjvdZ ev mvgªvR¨‡K LÛweLÛ Ki‡Z D`¨Z nq| d‡j gvIjvbv †gvnv¤§` Avjx, gvIjvbv kIKZ Avjx, gvIjvbv
Aveyj Kvjvg AvRv` cÖgy‡Li †bZ…‡Z¡ ZzKx© myjZvb ev Lwjdvi gh©v`vI KZ©„Z¡ i¶v Ges ZzKx© mgªv‡R¨i ALÛZ¡
eRvq ivLvi mg_©‡b fviZxq gymjgvb‡`i g‡a¨ e¨vcK Av‡›`vjb M‡o I‡V| BwZnv‡m Zv wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb
bv‡g L¨vZ| Aciw`‡K hyׇk‡l fviZxq‡`i nv‡Z AwaKZi ¶gZv Ac©Y K‡i kvmbZvwš¿K ms¯‹vi Kiv n‡e G
g‡g© Zv‡`i g‡a¨ wecyj cÖZ¨vkv R‡b¥wQj| wKš‘ Zv c~i‡Y weªwUk miKvi e¨_© nq| d‡j cÖvq GKB mgq gnvZ¥v
MvÜxi †bZ…‡Z¡ weªwUk‡`i weiæ‡× ïiæ nq me©vZ¥K Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb| we‡`wk cY¨, weªwUk cÖ`Ë †LZve, miKvi
cwiPvwjZ wk¶v cÖwZôvb I AvBb-Av`vjZ eR©bmn GKwU we¯ÍvwiZ ÔeqKU Kg©mw~ PÕ MÖnY Kiv nq| wn›`y I gymjgvb
Dfq m¤cÖ`vq Kuv‡a Kuva †i‡L Av‡›`vj‡b kwiK nq| weªwUk miKvi `gb-cxob, †MÖdZv‡ii Avkªq †bq| 1919
mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj weªwUk †mbv m`m¨‡`i Øviv msNwUZ nq RvwjqvbIqvjvev‡Mi gg©vwšÍK nZ¨vKvÐ, hv
ÔRvwjqvbIqvjvevM Uªv‡RWxÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ| Av‡›`vj‡bi DËvj Zi½ mgMÖ fvi‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o| 1922 mv‡ji
†deªæqvwi gv‡m †PŠwi-†PŠiv ¯’v‡b we¶zä RbZv GKwU cywjk †÷k‡b Av¸b jvwM‡q †`q| G‡Z 22 Rb cywjk
AwMœ`» n‡q gviv hvq| Gici MvÜx Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb| Gi m‡½ wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjbI `ªæZ
w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o| ZvQvov Zzi‡¯‹ †gv¯Ídv Kvgvj cvkvi †bZ…‡Z¡ †Ljvd‡Zi Aemvb N‡U Ges Zzi¯‹ GKwU ivRZš¿
wegy³ ag©wbi‡c¶ ivóª wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ nq|

BDwbU- 1 c„ôv-9
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cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
ˆbe¨©w³K cÖkœ
1. wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb K‡Zv mv‡j M‡o I‡V?
K. 1905 mv‡j
L. 1914 mv‡j
M. 1924 mv‡j
N. 1919 mv‡j

2. †Kvb mv‡j Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq?

K. 1918
L. 1919
M. 1920
N. 1921

3. 1919 mv‡ji 13 GwcÖj †Kvb gg©vwšÍK NUbv msNwUZ nq?

K. †PŠwi-†PŠivq 22Rb cywj‡ki AwMœ`» n‡q g„Zz¨eiY
L. RvwjqvbIqvjvevM ƨv‡RWx
M. KjKvZv `v½v
N. †gvcjv we‡`ªvn `g‡b weªwUk evwnbxi AvµgY

4. †Kvb mv‡j MvÜxi ÔeqKU Kg©mw~ PÕ M„nxZ nq?

K. 1919 mv‡j
L. 1920 mv‡j
M. 1921 mv‡j
N. 1922 mv‡j

5. KLb MvÜx Zuvi Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †bb?

K. 1920 mv‡j
L. 1921 mv‡j
M. 1922 mv‡j
N. 1924 mv‡j

DËigvjvt 1. N, 2. L, 3. L, 4. L, 5. M|
msw¶ß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. wLjvdZ Av‡›`vjb Kx?
2. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vjb Kx?
3. Amn‡hvM Av‡›`vj‡bi Kg©mw~ P Kx wQj?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi KviY ev cUf‚wg eY©bv Kiæb|
2. wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi cwiYwZ ev djvdj m¤^‡Ü Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3. Amn‡hvM I wLjvdZ Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡ I Zvrch© Avcwb Kxfv‡e eY©bv Ki‡eb?

evsjv‡`‡ki ivR‰bwZK Dbœqb c„ôv-10