English Grade 8

THUY TRUONG HANU
ENGLISH GRADE 8
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. ENOUGH… TO:
2. TOO… TO
3. SO/SUCH…THAT
4. REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
5. MODAL VERBS
6. USED TO/ BE USED TO/ GET USED TO
7. DEMANDS
8. REPORTED SPEECH
9. SO AS TO/ IN ORDER TO
10. GERUNDS
11. PASSIVE VOICE
12. PRESENT PARTICIPLE/ PAST PARTICIPLE
13. DO/WOULD YOU MIND…?
14. RELATIVE CLAUSES
15. PRONUNCIATION WITH ENDING “ED” AND “S, ES”
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ENGLISH GRADE 8 BOOK
THUY TRUONG HANU
CẤU TRÚC “ENOUGH…TO/ TOO…TO SO/ SUCH… THAT…

I, ENOUGH … TO
= Đủ để làm gì
Cấu trúc câu với “Enough” dùng để diễn tả ý đủ hay không đủ để làm gì. “Enough” có thể được
sử dụng để chỉ kích cỡ, số lượng của một vật nào đó có vừa hay có đủ không.
Đối với danh từ Đối với tính từ Đối với trạng từ
S + V/TO BE +
S + TO BE + ADJ +
ENOUGH + NOUN
ENOUGH (FOR
(FOR SOMEBODY) S + V + ADV + ENOUGH (FOR
SOMEBODY) + TO
Khẳng + TO V SOMEBODY) + TO V
V
định Ví dụ: I have Ví dụ: She talks slowly
Ví dụ: He is tall
enough tickets for enough for me to hear.
enough to reach the
everyone to attend the
bookshelf.
concert.
S + TO BE + NOT + S + V + NOT + ADV +

ADJ + ENOUGH ENOUGH (FOR SOMEBODY)
(FOR SOMEBODY) + TO V
Phủ + TO V
định Ví dụ: The
Ví dụ: The apples are teacher doesn’t explain clearly
not fresh enough to enough for
eat. students to understand.
ENOUGH đứng trước

ENOUGH đứng sau tính từ và trạng từ
danh từ
Lưu ý
Thêm NOT sau động từ TO BE hoặc thêm trợ động từ DON’T/DOES/DIDN’T (tùy
theo chủ ngữ và thì của câu) vào trước V
II, TOO… TO
= Quá… đến nỗi không thể
Cấu trúc “Too… to” dùng để chỉ điều gì đó quá khả năng hoặc quá mức cần thiết. Câu có cấu
trúc này luôn mang nghĩa phủ định.
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Đối với tính từ Đối với trạng từ
S + V + TOO + ADV (FOR

S + TO BE + TOO + ADJ (FOR SOMEBODY)
SOMEBODY) + TO V
+ TO V
EG: The teacher talks too fast for
EG: The shoes are too small for me to wear
students to understand
III, SO/SUCH…THAT
= Quá… đến nỗi mà…
Cấu trúc này thường dùng để cảm thán một sự vật, sự việc hay một người nào đó.
Công thức Ví dụ
Đối với tính I was so sleepy that I could not

S + TO BE + SO + ADJ + THAT + S + V
từ finish my homework
The bus driver drove so

Đối với
S + V + SO + ADV + THAT + S + V quickly that no one could
trạng từ
caught him up
Động từ chỉ S + feel/seem/taste/sound/look/smell + SO The manager felt so angry that

tri giác + ADJ + THAT + S + V he decided to cancel the meeting
S + V + SO + ADJ + A + Countable
Danh từ NOUN + THAT + S + V It was so big a homestay that all
đếm được
Trong đó, NOUN là danh từ đếm được số of us could stay in it
số ít
ít
S + V + SO + many/few + Countable
Danh từ NOUN + THAT + S + V He has so many cravats that
đếm được he spends much time choosing
số nhiều Trong đó, NOUN là danh từ đếm được số the suitable one
nhiều
Danh từ
S + V + SO + much/little + Uncountable I drank so much milk in the
không đếm
NOUN + THAT + S + V morning that I felt ba
được
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Trong đó, NOUN là danh từ không đếm

được
Cấu trúc “Such… that” có ý nghĩa tương tự như “So… that”. Tuy nhiên, trong khi “SO +
ADJ/ADV” thì “SUCH + ADJ + NOUN/ NOUN PHRASE”, tức là theo sau such + tính từ
bắt buộc phải có danh từ. Cụ thể như sau:
Công thức S + V + SUCH (A/AN) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT + S + V
Ví dụ He is such a good player that everyone claps for him
Lưu ý Không thêm a/an nếu là danh từ không đếm được
EXERCISES
Exercise 1: Use SO or SUCH, TOO, ENOUGH:
1. The sun shone _______ brightly that she had to put on her glasses.
2. There were _________ few students registered that the class was cancelled.
3. We had _________ wonderful memories of that place that we decided to return.
4. It was ________ a nice day that we decided to go to the beach.
5. The book looked ___________ interesting that we decided to read it.
6. Ray called at _________ an early hour that we weren’t wake yet.
7. There were ____________ many people on the bus that we decided to walk.
8. The benefit was _________ great a success that the promoters decided to repeat it.
9. I’ m not rich ___________to help you.
10. This room is ___________ dark for us to study.
Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences as directed:

1. It was such an expensive house that nobody can buy it.
→ The house was so ________________________________________
2. The food was so good that we ate all of it.
→ It was __________________________________________________
3. The patient was too weak to get up.
→ The patient was so ________________________________________
4. This room is too dark for me to study.
→ This room is so __________________________________________
5. This room is too small for us to take the meeting
→ This room isn’t ___________________________________________
6. The test was so difficult that we couldn’t do it.
→ The test was not __________________________________________
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7. The map is so old that I couldn’t read it.

→ The map is too ___________________________________________
8. He spoke so fast that we couldn’t hear him well
→ He didn’t ________________________________________________
Exercise 3: Combine these pairs of sentences using "so……..that":

1. That woman was very tall. She could almost touch the ceiling.
__________________________________________________________
2. This coat is very big. I can't wear it.
__________________________________________________________
3. The coffee was so strong. She couldn't go to sleep.
__________________________________________________________
4. That bag was very heavy. None of us could carry it.
__________________________________________________________
5. The stadium is very large. It can hold 60,000 people.
__________________________________________________________
6. Those lessons are very difficult. He can't understand them.
__________________________________________________________
7. She was very busy. She couldn't do the housework.
__________________________________________________________
8. The climate was very bad. All the plants couldn't grow well.
__________________________________________________________
9. I'm very tired. I couldn't keep my eyes open.
__________________________________________________________
10. That boy is very lazy. He never does his homework.
__________________________________________________________
Exercise 4: Combine these pairs of sentences using "too ....to":

1. The bag was very heavy. She couldn't carry it.
__________________________________________________________
2. He is very old. He can't run.
__________________________________________________________
3. She is very young. She can't go to school.
__________________________________________________________
4. Tom is very short. He can't play volleyball.
__________________________________________________________
5. It's very late. We can't go to the movies.
__________________________________________________________
6. The question was very hard. We couldn't answer it.
__________________________________________________________
7. The TV program is very exciting. The children won't miss it.
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__________________________________________________________
8. You're very young. You can't drive that car.
__________________________________________________________
9. She was tired. She didn't go anywhere.
__________________________________________________________
10. These shoes are very small. I can't wear them.
__________________________________________________________
Exercise 5: Combine these pairs of sentences using "such....that" :

1. Tom was a tall man. He could almost touch the ceiling.
__________________________________________________________
2. Mary is a good swimmer. She has won two gold medals.
__________________________________________________________
3. He drank strong coffee. He couldn't go to sleep.
__________________________________________________________
4. It was a long walk. The children got tired.
__________________________________________________________
5. He told interesting stories. They all like him.
__________________________________________________________
6. The boy made rapid progress. It surprised everybody.
__________________________________________________________
7. He had a difficult exercise. He couldn't do it.
__________________________________________________________
8. The speaker gave a long talk. Most of the audience felt sleepy.
__________________________________________________________
9. We watched an exciting competition. We didn't want to go home.
__________________________________________________________
10. It was an excellent show. We all enjoyed it.
__________________________________________________________
Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences using "enough" instead of "too....to":

1. He is too old to wear this colored shirt.
__________________________________________________________
2. She is too weak to carry this box.
__________________________________________________________
3. This pen is too expensive for me to buy.
__________________________________________________________
4. Bill was too stupid to understand what I had said.
__________________________________________________________
5. This bag is too heavy for her to carry.
__________________________________________________________
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6. The test was too difficult for them to do.

__________________________________________________________
7. I'm too poor to help you with the money.
__________________________________________________________
8. This book is too dull to read.

__________________________________________________________
9. The room is too dark for us to study.
__________________________________________________________
10. The shelf is too high for her to reach.
__________________________________________________________
REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS
ĐẠI TỪ PHẢN THÂN
Các đại từ phản thân:
Đại từ nhân xưng Đại từ phản thân tương ứng Nghĩa
I Myself Chính tôi
You Yourself Chính bạn/ các bạn
We Ourselves Chính chúng tôi
They Themselves Chính họ
He Himself Chính anh ấy
She Herself Chính cô ấy
It Itself Chính nó
Oneself Chính ai đó
By +one’s self: tự mình

Eg: I have finished my homework by myself
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Bài tập 1: Chọn đáp án đúng

1. You and Nam ate all of the ice cream by _______.
A. yourselves B. himself C. themselves D. yourself
2. What is _______your phone number?
A. you B. your C. yours D. all are right
3. Where are _______ friends now?
A. your B. you C. yours D. Both A and B
4. Here is a postcard from _______ friend Peggy.
A. me B. mine C. my D. all are right
5. She lives in Australia now with _______ family.
A. she B. her C. hers D. A and b are right
6. _______ company builds ships.
A. He B. His C. Him D. All are right
7. _______ children go to school in Newcastle.
A. They B. Their C. Them D. Theirs
8. Nam and Ba painted the house by _______.
A. yourself B. himself C. themselves D. itself
9. The exam _______ wasn't difficult, but exam room was horrible.
A. himself B. herself C. myself D. itself
10. Never mind. I and Nam will do it _______.
A. herself B. myself C. themselves D. ourselves
Bài tập 2: Điền các đại từ phản thân vào chỗ trống
1. I shall do the job _____
2. The teacher _____ will take this particular lesson.
3. She stood looking at _____ in front of the mirror.
4. Why don’t you go _____?
5. They think _____ clever.
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MODAL VERBS
A. LÝ THUYẾT
I. Modal verbs + V0 (dùng trong tình huống ở hiện tại và tương lai)
• Khẳng định: S + Modal Verbs + V_inf
Ví dụ:
I can fly to the sky. (Tôi có thể bay lên trời.)
• Phủ định: S + Modal Verbs + not + V_inf
Trong đó:
Cannot → Can’t
Must not → Mustn’t
Shall not → Shan’t
Will not → Won’t
Ought not → Oughtn’t
*Lưu ý:
 Phủ định của must: don’t have to V/ don’t need to V ( không cần phải làm gì
 Must not = mustn’t: cấm không được làm gì
Ví dụ:
I mustn’t smoke here. (Bạn cấm hút thuốc ở đây.)
• Nghi vấn: Modal Verbs + S + V_inf?
Ví dụ:
Can you help me? (Bạn có thể giúp tôi chứ?)
1. MAY (có lẽ (sẽ), có thể (sẽ)): dùng để thể hiện:
- yêu cầu/ sự xin phép lịch sự
VD: May I borrow your pen?
- sự suy đoán ít chắc chắn
VD: - Where is John? - He may be at the library.
- sự cho phép
VD: You may take my car as long as you return it before tomorrow.
2. MIGHT (có lẽ, có thể): dùng để thể hiện:
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THUY TRUONG HANU
- sự suy đoán nhưng ít chắc chắn hơn MAY

VD: - Where is John? - He might be at the library. (But less sure than “He may be
at the library.)
- sự xin phép/ cho phép (ít thông dụng bằng MAY)
VD: Might I sit here?
3. MUST (phải, chắc chắn phải): dùng để thể hiện:
- sự bắt buộc mang tính chủ quan >< have to V: bắt buộc mang tính khách quan
VD: You must be here before 8 o’clock.
I have to do this work now.
- sự suy đoán có căn cứ (gần như chắc chắn)
VD: Mary keeps crying. She must have some problems.
4. MUSTN’T (không được, cấm): dùng để diễn tả sự cấm đoán
VD: You mustn’t smoke here.
5. SHOULD = OUGHT TO = HAD BETTER (nên): dùng để thể hiện sự khuyên bảo
VD: It’s late. You’d better/should/ought to hurry up.
6. NEEDN’T (không cần phải): dùng để diễn tả sự không cần thiết
VD: I washed my car yesterday. You needn’t wash it again.
7. CAN (có thể, có khả năng): dùng để thể hiện:
- khả năng (chúng ta cũng có thể dùng AM/IS/ARE ABLE TO)
VD: He can play the guitar.
He is able to speak 3 languages.
- yêu cầu, sự xin phép
VD: Can you help me?
Can I have a glass of water, please?
- lời đề nghị được giúp đỡ
VD: I can post this letter for you.
8. WILL (sẽ): dùng để thể hiện:
- yêu cầu
VD: Will you turn on the light, please?
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- lời đề nghị được giúp đỡ

VD: I will lend you some money.
- lời hứa, sự đe dọa
VD: I promise I will be on time tomorrow.
Give me all your money or I will kill you.
9. Would like: muốn => diễn tả lời mời hoặc mong muốn
E.g. - Would you like to dance with me?
- I would like to visit Thailand.
PRACITCE ON MODAL VERBS IN THE PRESENT
1. I advise you to put your money in the bank.
=> You’d ___________________
2. Excuse me! I’d like some information about the English summer course, please.
=> Could you ___________________
3. John offered to carry Jane’s case for her.
=> “Would you like ___________________”
4. The motor in this machine needs cleaning once a week. (has)
=> The motor in this machine ___________________ once a week.
5. I’d like to invite you to luch.
=> Will you _______________________________?
6. It’s possible Louise is waiting for us at the airport.
=> Louise may ___________________
7. It is not necessary for anyone to know who paid the ransom to the kidnappers.
=> No one need ___________________________________________________
8. It may be necessary for us to cancel our holiday because my mother is ill.
=> We may ___________________________________________________
9. He is very likely to come. (probability)
=>____________________________________________________
10. It’d be a good idea for you to come with us next Sunday. ought
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=> Next Sunday ___________________ with us.

11. Photography is not allowed in the museums. photographs
=> You ___________________ in the museum.
12. There’s no need for you to do any work if you don’t feel like it. have
=> If you don’t feel like it ___________________ do any work.
13. It isn’t always necessary to be a member of the club. need
=> You ___________________ be a member of the club.
14. She was not certain about the trip. decide
=> She ___________________ about the trip.
15. A heavy shower prevented them from finishing their game of tennis.
=> They were ___________________
16. He couldn't swim until he was in his twenties. ABLE
=> He ___________________ until he was in his twenties.
17. Perhaps he’s working late. may
=> He may be working late.
18. Mother told Tom that he had to go to bed early. must
=> ‘You to ___________________ bed early,’ Mother told Tom.
19. They will expect you to wear a suit for the interview. HAVE
=> You __________________________ a suit for the interview.
20. I'd see a doctor if I were you. OUGHT
=> You ___________________ a doctor.
Bài tập 2: Chọn câu trả lời đúng

1. I’m not sure. I ___________ come a few minutes late.
A. may B. must C. mustn’t D. needn’t
2. Bring your umbrella. It ___________ rain later today.
A. must B. may C. mustn’t D. needn’t
3. “What are you doing this weekend?”
“I haven’t decided yet. I ___________ go on a picnic with my family.”
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A. may B. may not C. must D. needn’t

4. “I didn’t have time for breakfast this morning.”
“You ____________ be very hungry now.”
A. might B. may C. mustn’t D. must
5. It’s quite urgent. You ___________ type the reports today.
A. must B. might C. needn’t D. would
6. Don’t worry if you’re a minute or two late. We ___________ be exactly on time for the
meeting.
A. must B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. may
7. Jane’s glasses are on the desk, so she ___________ be here.
A. must B. shall C. ought D. will
8. The gas tank is almost empty. We ______________ stop at the next service station.
A. mustn’t B. might C. needn’t D. had better
9. A person ______________ eat in order to live.
A. have to B. must C. should D. may
10. A person ____________ eat a balanced diet.
A. should B. ought C. may D. must
11. I don’t have enough money to take the bus, so I ______________ walk home.
A. should B. mustn’t C. have to D. needn’t
12. You ______________ eat these mushrooms. They are very poisonous.
A. needn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. won’t
EX3: Complete the sentences with the correct form of “ have to or must” and a verb given.
work get up take (2) leave call help get
1. You __________________ me with my homework. I can’t do it by myself.
2. The doctor gave me some pills. I __________________ them 3 times a day.
3. Thanks for a great evening! We now__________________or we’ll miss our bus.
4. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I __________________late.
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5. Harry’s unemployed. He __________________a job as soon as possible.
6. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We __________________ the doctor.
7. I’m going to bed now. I __________________early tomorrow morning.
8. We couldn’t repair the ourselves. We __________________ it to a garage.
II/ Write the second sentences, using ought to:
1. It’s past the children’s bedtime. (they/be/in bed)

 __________________________________________________.
2. These windows are dirty. (you/ clean/ more often)
 __________________________________________________.
3. Peter drives too fast. (he/ drive/ more carefully)
 __________________________________________________.
4. The hotel is too expensive (we/ not stay/ there).
 __________________________________________________.
5. He owes you a lot of money (you/not lend him/ any more)
 __________________________________________________.
USED TO VERB/ GET USED TO VING

1. Be used to: Đã quen với
Be used to + Ving
(trong cấu trúc này, used là 1 tính từ và to là 1 giới từ)
 You are used to doing something

 nghĩa là bạn đã từng làm việc gì đó rất nhiều lần hoặc đã có kinh nghiệm với việc đó rồi,
vì vậy nó không còn lạ lẫm, mới lạ hay khó khăn gì với bạn nữa.
Ex: I am used to getting up early in the morning.
He didn’t complain about the noise nextdoor. He was used to it.
 Nghĩa ngược lại của be used to la be NOT used to: không quen với, chưa quen với
Ex: I am not used to the new system in the factory yet.
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2. Get used to: Dần quen với
Get used to + verb-ing
(trong cấu trúc này, used là 1 tính từ và to là 1 giới từ)
 You are used to doing something,

 nghĩa là bạn đang trở nên quen với việc đó. Đây là một quá trình của việc dần trở nên quen
với việc gì đó.
Ex: I got used to getting up early in the morning.
After a while he didn’t mind the noise in the office, he got used to it.
3. Used to: Đã từng, từng
(+) Used to + verb
 chỉ một thói quen hay một tình trạng ở quá khứ.
 Nó thường chỉ được sử dụng ở quá khứ đơn.
You used to do something
 nghĩa là bạn đã làm việc đó trong 1 khoảng thời gian ở quá khứ, nhưng bạn không
còn làm việc đó nữa.
Ex: We used to live there when I as a child.
I used to walk to work when I was younger.
(-) Subject + didn’t + used to
Ex: We didn’t use to be vegetarians.
We didn’t use to get up early when we were children.
(?) Did(n’t) + subject + use to
Ex: Did he use to work in the office very late at night?
EX1: Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

1. Astronauts_____ in their spaceship, but they frequently work outside now.
A. were used to stay B. used to stay
C. were staying D. had used to stay
2. People _____ that the earth is round before.
A. were not used to believe B. used to believing
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C. would not use to believe D. did not use to believe

3. Tuberculosis_____ incurable before.
A. use to be thought B. used to be thought
C. used to think D. use to think
4. Formerly babies_____ of whooping cough.
A. have died B. used to die C. would die D. both B and C
5. These city girls are used_____ in the field.
A. to work B. used to lie C. would like D. to working
6. Newton_____ scientific books when a boy.
A. used to read B. has read C. had read D. had been reading
7. I am sorry I am not_____ fast.
A. used to drive B. used to driving C. use to drive D. use to driving
8. Frank used to work in a small shop. He_____
A. doesn't any more B. still does
C. is now D. had never done anything else
9. Roy Trenton used to work in a small shop. He _____
A. is driving it B. doesn’t drive it any more
C. likes it D. didn’t like it
10. Roy Trenton use to drive a taxi. This means he_____
A. use to lie B. used live C. used to living D. used to live
11. I_____ in Jakarta. I've lived here all my life.
A. am used to living B. used to living
C. use to live D. am used to live
12. Jane_____ for the telephone company, but now she has a job at the post office.
A. used to working B. used to work
C. is used to working D. am used to work
13. This work doesn’t bother me. I _____ hard. I've worked hard all my life.
A. used to working B. used to work
C. am used to working D. am used to work
14. Dick_____ a moustache, but he doesn't any more. He shaved it off because his wife didn't like
it.
A. used to having B. is used to having
C. was used to having D. used to have
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15. When I was a child, I _____ anyone 40 was old.

A. used to think B. was used to thinking
C. used to thinking D. was used to think
16. Jason_____ on airplanes. His father is a pilot.
A. used to fly B. uses to fly
C. is used to flying D. used to flying
17. Michael_____ care of himself. He left home when he was 15 and has been on his own ever
since.
A. used to take B. be used to taking
C. used to taking D. is used to taking
18. I_____ the piano quite well when I was younger.
A. am used to play B. used to play
C. am used to playing D. used to playing
19. I _____ on busy highways in big cities. I've been doing it ever since I learned how to drive.
A. am used to driving B. used to drive
C. am used to drive D. used to driving
20. My feet are killing me_____ for long periods of time.
A. don't use to stand B. am not used to standing
C. didn't used to stand D. am not used to stand
EX2: Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1. When I was at primary school. My mother _______ to school every day.
A. takes B. is taking B. used to take D. is used to taking
2. -“Do you play any sports, Ba?” -“Well I _______ play soccer when I was at high school.
A. am used to B. used to C. play D. am accustomed to
3. Mr. Ba is a doctor. He _______ working at night.
A. used to B. use to C. be used to D. is used to
4. Maryam used to walk past the mosque on her way to school.
A. Maryam usually walked past the mosque on her way to school.
B. Maryam was used to walking pass the mosque on her way to school.
C. Maryam walks pass the mosque on her way to school.
D Maryam is going to walk pass the mosque on her way to school.
5. She is used to _______ early.
A. get B. getting C. to get D. got
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6. He didn’t use to _______ in the library.

A. work B. working C. to work D. worked
7. You will get used to _______ emails soon.
A. send B. to send C. sent D. sending
8. This knife is used ________ bread.
A. cut B. cutting C. to cut D. to cutting
9. Milk used_______ early in the morning.
A. to be delivering B. be delivered C. to be deliver D. to be delivered
10. She isn’t used to _______ as a princess.
A. be treated B. being treated C. treating D. used to treat
11. Did you _______ to the circus when you were young.
A. used to go B. was used to go C. use to go D. was used to going
12. That foreigner is used to _______ in a tropical country.
A. live B. to living B. lived D. living
13. When being a boy, my uncle _______ fishing.
A. was used to going B. used to go C. used to going D. is used to going
14. Long ago there _______ a banyan tree here.
A. is used to being B. used to be C. used to being D. is used to be
15. We _______ to each other every month when we were at secondary school.
A. used to write B. usually wrote C. was used to writing D. A and B are right
16. I _______ a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
A. used to smoke B. use to smoke C. used to smoking D. am used to smoking
17. Ben would travel a lot in his job but now, he doesn't.
A. used to B. use to C. was used to D. is used to
18. I_______ to work but now I take the bus.
A. use to drive B. used to drive C. was used to drive D. was used to driving
19. There _______ a cinema in the town but now there isn't.
A. use to be B. was used to C. is used to D. used to be
20. She _______ really long hair but she's had it all cut off.
A. would have B used to have C. is used to have D. A and B are right
Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.
1. I _______ him but now I do.
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A. didn't used to like B. didn't use to like

C. wasn’t used to like D. am not used to like
2. I_______ living on my own. I've done it for quite a long time.
A. used to B. use to C. am used to D. didn’t use to
3. Hans has lived in England for over a year so he _______ on the left now.
A. used to drive B. is used to driving
C. is used to drive D. used to driving
4. They've always lived in hot countries so they _______ the cold weather here.
A. aren't used to B. didn’t used to C. used to D. get used to
5. I didn't understand the accent when I first moved here but I quickly _______ it.
A. got used to B. used to C. didn’t used to D. didn’t use to
6. She has started working nights and is _______ sleeping during the day.
A. get used to B. getting used to C. used to D. got used to
7. I have always lived in the country but now I'm beginning to _______ living in the city.
A. got used to B. getting used to C. get used to D. use to
8. People ______ think that the earth was flat.
A. use to B. didn’t used to C. got used to D. used to
9. He used to ______ six days a week last year now he doesn’t.
A. working B. to working C. work D. worked
10. It took my brother two weeks to get used to working at night. Now he _______ it.
A. is used to B. gets used to C. use to D. A and B are right
11. Did you ______ go out with my sister?
A. use to B. used to C. get used to D. be used to
12. _____ they use to own the company?
A. Are B. Did C. A and B are right D. A and B are wrong
13. Didn't we _______ to the same school?
A. used to go B. get used to go C. use to go D. used to going
14. I didn't use _______ with my dolls anymore.
A. play B. playing C. to playing D. to play
15. We _______ out much in the winter months.
A. didn't use to go B. didn’t used to C. A and B are right D. A and B are wrong
16. Jerry used to ______ English.
A. studying B. to study C. to studying D. study
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THUY TRUONG HANU
17. Sam and Mary _______ to Mexico in the summer but now they go to Cuba.
A. used to go B. use to go C. got used to go D. got used to going
18. I used to ________ work at 9 o'clock but now I don’t any more.
A. used to start B. used to starting C. use to start D. get used to start
19. Christine ______ eat meat, but now she is a vegetarian.
A. used to B. gets used to C. is used to D. be used to
20. I used to ______ in Paris when I worked for the HB bank.
A. living B. lived C. to live D. live
Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

1. Mr. Poole has lived in Vietnam for many years. He ________the hot climate here.
A. used to B. is used to C. gets used to D. B and C are correct
2. Miss White is a nurse. She ________ working at night.
A. used to B. uses to C. is used to D. has used to
3. Precious metals such as gold, silver ________ for making jewelries.
A. used to B. are used C. is used to D. used to
4. I always read books before bedtime. I ________ reading books at night.
A. am used for B. used to C. am used to D. was used to
5. He never drinks beer. He ________drinking beer.
A. used B. isn’t used to C. used to D. isn’t used for
6. Mary is used to ________ her homework by herself.
A. do B. doing C. to do D. did
7. Tom used to ________ to school by bus. Now he goes by bike.
A. go B. going C. to go D. went
8. I’m from Vietnam. I _________ driving on the right.
A. use to B. used to C. am used to D. get used
9. My uncle _________ policeman when I was young.
A. used to B. used to be C. used to being D. used have been
10. Helen_________ to me very often, but now she phones.
A. used to write B. has written C. wrote D. writes
11. Tam didn’t _________ do morning exercise. Now he is getting fat.
A. used to B. use to C. get used to D. be used to
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12. A lot of people use mobile phones nowadays. Telephones ____ communicating through long
distances.
A. are used for B. used for C. used to D. are used to
13. It’s took me quite a long time to _________ wearing these glasses.
A. be used to B. used to C. get used to D. be used for
14. There was a big tree in our garden but it has just been cut down. There ________ a big tree
there.
A. is used to B. has been C. is D. used to be
15. Sarah _______ fat, but now she is thin.
A. was used to be B. used to being C. used to being D. used to be
16. George ______ the best student in class, but now Lena is the best.
A. is used to be B. used to be C. used to being D. was used to be
17. Oranges used to _____ very little in Florida, but now they are quite expensive.
A. grow B. grew B. to grow D. growing
18. They've become used to _________ overtime.
A. work B. worked C. working D. to work
19. Did you use to _______ the piano when you were young?
A. play B. playing C. to play D. played
20. Sally is used to _______ hours in front of the computer every day.
A. spending B. to spend C. to spend D. spent
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REPORTED SPEECH
BASIC LEVEL
I. Lời nói trực tiếp và lời nói gián tiếp
1. Lời nói trực tiếp: là sự lặp lại chính xác những từ của người nói.
- Lời nói trực tiếp được đặt trong dấu ngoặc kép và sau động từ chính có dấu phẩy (,) hoặc dấu
hai chấm (:).
- Đôi khi mệnh đề chính cũng có thể đặt sau lời nói trực tiếp.
Ex: “I don’t like this party” Bill said.
2. Lời nói gián tiếp (indirect/reported speech)là lời tường thuật lại ý của người nói, đôi khi
không cần phải dung đúng những từ của người nói.
Ex: Bill said that he didn’t like that party.
II. Lời nói gián tiếp với động từ giới thiệu ở hiện tại
Ex: My teacher of Geography says, “The Sun rises in the East”
My teacher of Geography says (that) the Sun rises in the East.
S1 + says (that) + S2 + V’ + O’
III. Lời nói gián tiếp với động từ giới thiệu ở quá khứ
Ex: Nam said, “I am doing my homework now.”
Nam said (that) he was doing his homework then.
* Câu trần thuật trong lời nói gián tiếp (Statements in reported speech)
Statement Reported speech
said/ to Sb (O) + That + S2V2

S1 + told (O) + That + S2V2
S+V+O talked + about st
* Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: thought, announced,
explained, complained, believed…
EX: They said, “We’ll return to Paris next month”

- They said they would return to Paris the month after.
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Những quy tắc biến đổi từ câu trực tiếp sang câu gián tiếp
Rule Direct speech (Trực tiếp) Reported speech (Gián tiếp)
Present simple (V/ Vs/es) Past simple (Ved)
Present progressive (is/ am/ are+Ving) Past progressive (was/ were+Ving)
Present perfect (have/ has+VpII) Past perfect (had+VPII)
Past simple (Ved) Past perfect (had +VpII)

1. Verbs
(Động Past progressive/

từ) Past progressive (was/ were +Ving)
Past perfect progressive (had +been +Ving)
Past perfect Past perfect
Future simple (will +V) Future in the past (would +V)
Near future (is/ am/ are +going to+V) Was/ were +going to +V
Will Would
2. Can Could
Modal
verbs May Might
Must Must/Had to
This That
3.
Adverb These Those
of place
Here There
Now Then
4.
Adverb
Today That day
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of time Yesterday The day before/ the previous day
The day before yesterday Two days before
Tomorrow The day after/ the next (following)day
The day after tomorrow Two days after/ in two days’ time
Ago Before
This week That week
Last week The week before/ the previous week
Last night The night before
Next week The week after/ the following week
I/ me She, he/ Her, him

5.
Subject We/ our They/ us
/Object
You/ you I, we/ me, us
* Câu mệnh lệnh, câu yêu cầu, câu đề nghị, lời khuyên….trong lời nói gián tiếp ( Orders,
requests, offers, advice… in indirect speech)
Order Reported speech
Asked/ told + Object (+ not) + To-infinitive

S1 + Offered/ recommended (+ Object) + To-infinitive
V+O
* Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: commanded, requested, begged,
promised, advised, invited, reminded…
* Câu hỏi trong lời nói gián tiếp (Questions in reported speech)
Questions Reported speech
1. Yes/No questions
S1 + asked (+ Object) + If/ whether + S2V2
Auxiliary + S + V + O?
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(Do/ does/ did/ had/ will)
S1 + asked (+ Object) + WH + S2V2

2. Wh – questions
* Note: Có thể sử dụng một số ĐT dẫn sau: inquired, wondered,
WH + Auxiliary + S + V + O?
wanted to know…
* Lưu ý, trong những trường hợp sau động từ không biến đổi
1. Lời nói trực tiếp diễn tả một sự thật hiển nhiên, một chân lí hay một thói quen ở hiện tại
EX: 1. My father said “New York is bigger than London”
- My father said that New York is bigger than London
2. The teacher said, “The moon moves around the earth”
- The teacher said that the moon moves around the earth.
3. He said, “ I always drink milk for breakfast”
- Peter said that he always drinks milk for breakfast.
2. Lời nói trực tiếp có các động từ tình thái như: could, would, should, might, ought to, used
to, had better.
EX: My friend said, “You had better contact with her”
- My friend said that I had better contact with her.
3. Lời nói trực tiếp là câu điều kiện loại II hoặc câu điều kiện loại II.
He said, “ If I were you, I wouldn’t wait”
- He said that if he were me he wouldn’t wait.
4. Thời quá khứ đơn hoặc quá khứ tiếp diễn có thời gian các định hoặc thuộc mệnh đề chỉ
thời gian.
1. She said, “My mother arrived on Monday.”
- She said that her mother arrived on Monday.
2. He said, “When I saw them, they were playing tennis.”
- He said when he saw them they were playing tennis.
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EXERCISES
BASIC LEVEL
I. Turn these sentences into Reported speech.
1. She said,” I can’t find my umbrella”
___________________________________________________________
2. They said, “We are learning English now”
___________________________________________________________
3. “ My friend is coming next week”, Tom said.
___________________________________________________________
4. “ I’ll help my mum with housework this weekend”
__________________________________________________________
5. “We shall overcome this difficulty”, they said
___________________________________________________________
6. “ My father is a doctor here”, my friend said
___________________________________________________________
7. “I am going on holiday tomorrow”, the boy said to his neighbor.
___________________________________________________________
8. “ You will have to finish all these exercises before next week”, the teacher said to his students
___________________________________________________________
9. “ I came back here early yesterday,” she said.
___________________________________________________________
10. “ I’ve broken the vase,” she said
___________________________________________________________
11. “ I will never see you again,” the boy said to the girl.
___________________________________________________________
12. He said to her, “You are my friend.”
___________________________________________________________
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13. Johnny said to his mother, “I don’t know how to do this axercise.”
___________________________________________________________
14. “We are waiting for the school bus”, said the children.
___________________________________________________________
15. Marry said, “My father died a year ago”.
___________________________________________________________
16. John said, “I have finished studying my lesson”.
__________________________________________________________
17. Mary said, “I can not go to the movies with you, John”.
___________________________________________________________
18. “I shall expect to see you next Wednesday.” Mary said to her friend.
___________________________________________________________
19. He said, “I don’t know what happened.”
________________________________________________
20. She said, “I went to the doctor yesterday.”
________________________________________________
21. He said, “The doctor gave me some pills.”
________________________________________________
22. She said, “I go to the supermarket every day.”
________________________________________________
23. He said, “I have received the envelope.”
________________________________________________
24. They said, “We visited Cannery Row.”
________________________________________________
25. She said, “I feel very sick.”
________________________________________________
26. He said, “I bought some popcorn.”
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________________________________________________
27. They said, “We’re flying to California.”
________________________________________________
28. He said, “I’m cutting off the main valve.”
________________________________________________
29. Nam said, “my uncle often plants the vegetables in the afternoon.”
……………………………………………………………………... …
30. “My uncle will not plant the vegetables tomorrow afternoon”, she said.
……………………………………………………………………………….
31. “Mr and Mrs Pike have just read these newspapers”, Nga said.
……………………………………………………………………………
32. She said, “I often listen to music at night.”
……………………………………………………
33. Lan’s mother said, “ My daughter usually brushes her teeth before meals.”
…………………………………………………………………………………
34. They said, “We have to do the assignments now.”
…………………………………………………………….
35. Lan says, “My sister seldom rides a bike to school.”
………………………………………………………...
36. They said, “Our teacher sometimes explains the difficult lesson.”
………………………………………………………………………….
37. Nam said, “ I am doing my homework now.”
…………………………………………………………
II. Change the sentences below into direct speech.

1. My mother told me that she was sad then.
___________________________________________________________
2. One of my friends said that she liked learning English with her teacher.
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___________________________________________________________
3. The doctor told me that I could leave the hospital that day.
___________________________________________________________
4. The film director said that she was willing to work then.
___________________________________________________________
5. The teacher told his students that he would be busy the following month.
___________________________________________________________
6. Tom invited me to his birthday party
___________________________________________________________
7. She said the doctor had written her a prescription.
________________________________________________
8. He said that he had a toothache.
________________________________________________
9. She said she went to the museum every day.
________________________________________________
10. They said they were going to the supermarket.
________________________________________________
11. She said that the doctor had given her some pills.
________________________________________________.
EXERCISE 3: Choose the best answer

1. Charlie said, "I'm thinking of going to live in Canada".
A. Charlie said that I was thinking of going to live in Canada.
B. Charlie said that I am thinking of going to live in Canada.
C. Charlie said that he was thinking of going to live in Canada.
D. Charlie said that he is thinking of going to live in Canada.
2. Charlie said, "My father is in hospital".
A. Charlie said that my father is in hospital.
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B. Charlie said that his father was in hospital.

C. Charlie said that his father is in hospital.
D. Charlie said that my father was in hospital.
3. Charlie said, "Nora and Jim are getting married tomorrow
A. He said that Nora and Jim are getting married tomorrow
B. He said that Nora and Jim were getting married the next day.
C. He said that Nora and Jim were getting married tomorrow.
D. He said that Nora and Jim are getting married the next day.
4. Charlie said, "I haven't seen Bill for a while".
A. He said that he hadn't seen Bill for a while.
B. He said that I haven't seen Bill for a while.
C. He said that he hasn't seen Bill for a while.
D. He said that I hadn't seen Bill for a while.
5. Charlie said, "I've been playing tennis a lot recently"
A. Charlie said that I've been playing tennis recently.
B. Charlie said that he had been playing tennis recently.
C. Charlie said that he had bee playing tennis recently.
D. Charlie said that I had been playing tennis recently
6. Charlie said, "Margaret has had a baby".
A. Charlie said Margaret has had a baby.
B. Charlie said Margaret had had a baby.
C. Charlie said Margaret had a baby.
D. Charlie said Margaret has a baby.
7. Charlie said, "I don’t know what Fred is doing".
A. He said that he doesn’t know what Fred is doing.
B. He said that he didn’t know what Fred is doing.
C. He said that he doesn’t know what Fred was doing.
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D. He said that he didn’t know what Fred was doing.

8. Charlie said, "I hardly ever go out these days".
A. He said that he hardly ever went out these days.
B. He said that I hardly ever go out these days.
C. He said that I hardly ever went out these days.
D. He said that he hardly ever goes out these days.
9. Charlie said, '"I work 14 hours a day".
A. He said that he works 14 hours a day.
B. He said that he worked 14 hours a day.
C. He said that I work 14 hours a day.
D. He said that I worked 14 hours a day.
10. Charlie said, "I'll tell Jim I saw you"
A. He said he'll tell Jim he saw me.
B. He said I would tell Jim I had seen you.
C. He said he would tell Jim he had seen me.
D. He said I would tell Jim he had seen me.
11. Charlie said, "You can come and stay with me if you are ever in London".
A. He said you could come and stay with him if you were ever in London.
B. He said I could come and stay with him if I were ever in London.
C. He said you can come and stay with him if you are ever in London.
D. He said I can come and stay with him if I am ever in London.
12. Charlie said, "Tom had an accident last week but he wasn't injured".
A. He said Tom had an accident last week but he wasn't injured.
B. He said Tom had had an accident last week but he wasn't injured.
C. He said Tom had had an accident the previous week but he hadn't been injured.
D. He said Tom had an accident last week but he hadn't been injured.
13. Charlie said, "I saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed fine".
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A. He said he had seen Jack at a party a few months ago and he had seemed fine
B. He said I saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed fine
C. He said he had seen Jack at a party a few months ago and he seemed fine
D. He said he saw Jack at a party a few months ago and he had seemed fine
14. Tom said, "New York is bigger than London".
A. He said that New York was bigger than London.
B. He says that New York is bigger than London.
C. He says that New York was bigger than London.
D. He said that New York is bigger than London.
15. "Stay in bed for a few days", the doctor said to me.
A. The doctor told me stay in bed for a few a days.
B. The doctor told to me to stay in bed for a few days.
C. The doctor said me to stay in bed for a few days.
D. The doctor told me to stay in bed for a few days.
16. "Don’t shout", I said to Jim.
A. I told Jim don't shout
B. I told to Jim not to shout
C. I told Jim not to shout
D. I said to Jim don't shout.
17. "Please don’t tell anyone what happened", Ann said to me
A. Ann asked me don't tell anyone what happened.
B. Ann told me don't tell anyone what happened.
C. Ann said to me don't tell anyone what happened.
D. Ann asked me not to tell anyone what happened.
18. "Can you open the door for me, Tom?" Ann asked.
A. Ann asked to open the door for her, Tom.
B. Ann asked Tom to open the door for her.
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C. Ann asked Tom open the door for her.

D. Ann asked Tom to open the door for me.
19. "Listen carefully", he said to us.
A. He told us listen carefully
B. He told to us to listen carefully
C. He told us to listen carefully
D. He said us to listen carefully
20. "Don’t wait for me if I'm late", Ann said.
A. Ann said don't wait for her if she was late.
B. Ann said not to wait for me if I was late.
C. Ann said not to wait for her if she was late.
D. Ann said don't wait for me if I'm late.
CẤU TRÚC “IN ORDER TO/ SO AS TO”

I. Ý NGHĨA CỦA IN ORDER TO VÀ SO AS TO
IN ORDER TO và SO AS TO đều mang ý nghĩa là “để, để mà” nhằm đưa ra mục đích của
hành động trước đó.
EG: I study Italian in order to read a lot of interesting novels.
She studies hard so as to have a good job in the future
II. CÁCH SỬ DỤNG CẤU TRÚC IN ORDER TO VÀ SO AS TO

Xét một cách chi tiết hơn, in order to và so as to có thể đưa ra mục đích của hành động hướng tới
chủ thể hành động hoặc một đối tượng khác.
1. IN ORDER TO và SO AS TO đưa đến mục đích hướng vào chính chủ thể hành động.
Cấu trúc:
S + V + IN ORDER/SO AS + (NOT) TO + V…
Eg:
 I worked hard so as to pay the debt
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 I study Chinese in order to sing my Chinese favourite songs.

 We keep quiet in order/so as not to be noticed.
2. IN ORDER TO và SO AS TO đưa đến mục đích hướng vào đối tượng khác.
Cấu trúc:
S + V + IN ORDER/SO AS + FOR O + (NOT) TO + V…
➥ Ví dụ:
 He works hard in order for her future wife to have a better life.
 We stay here in order/so as for him not to be too much scared.
3. Một số lưu ý khi sử dụng IN ORDER TO và SO AS TO khi viết lại câu

a. Cấu trúc IN ORDER TO và SO AS TO chỉ được áp dụng khi chủ ngữ của hai câu giống
nhau.
Eg: I buy a lot of chips. I will eat them tonight
=> I buy a lot of chips so as to eat tonight
b. Nếu câu sau có các động từ want, like, hope… thì sẽ bỏ đi và chỉ giữ lại động từ sau nó
Eg: I will travel to Korea. I want to meet my boyfriend
I will travel to Korea so as to meet my boyfriend
III. CẤU TRÚC KHÁC THAY THẾ IN ORDER TO VÀ SO AS TO

1. Cấu trúc SO THAT
Công thức:
➨ S + V + SO THAT S + CAN/COULD/WOULD (NOT) + V…
Eg. 1. She works hard in order for her kids to have a better life.
=> She works hard so that her kids will have a better life.
2. We stay here in order/so as for him not to be too much scared.
=> We stay here so that he will not be too much scared.
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2. Cấu trúc TO + V
Công thức:
➨ S + V + TO + V…
Eg: I studied hard so as to pass the test

=I studied hard to pass the test
Lưu ý: Không sử dụng not to + V để thay thế cho in order/so as + not to V
3. With a view to V-ing

Ví dụ:
- I must visit many museums in the city to accomplish my report.
=> With a view to accomplishing my report, I must visit many museums.
- I have to practice playing the piano so much to have a good performance tonight.
=> With a view to having a good performance tonight, I have to practice playing the piano so
much.
4. With an aim of + V-ing
Ví dụ:
- I find a partner to practice speaking English every day.
=> With an aim of practicing speaking English every day, I find a partner.
IV. BÀI TẬP IN ORDER TO VÀ SO AS TO

Ex1: Viết lại câu sử dụng cấu trúc SO AS TO hoặc IN ORDER TO
1. He opened the window. He wanted to let fresh air in.
..........................................................................................................................................................
2. I took my camera. I wanted to take some photos.
..........................................................................................................................................................
3. He studied really hard. He wanted to get better marks.
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THUY TRUONG HANU
..........................................................................................................................................................
4. Jason learns Chinese. His aim is to work in China.
..........................................................................................................................................................
5. I’ve collected money. I will buy a new car.
..........................................................................................................................................................
6. Many people left Turkey in the 1960s.They wanted to find jobs in Germany.
...............................................................................................................................................
7. She attends a course.She wants to learn to play chess.
..........................................................................................................................................................
8. Linda turned on the lights. She wanted to see better.
..........................................................................................................................................................
9. I will come with you. I want to help you.
..........................................................................................................................................................
10. We are going to the cinema. We will watch a horror film.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Ex2: Choose the best answer.

1. He left home early _________ he could arrive at the station on time.
A. because of B. in order to C. although D. so that
2. He works hard_________ help his family.
A. so as that B. in order to C. in order that D. A and B are correct
3. She turned down the radio so that she wouldn’t disturb the neighbours.
A. She turned down the radio so as not to disturb the neighbours.

B. She turned down the radio in order not to disturb the neighbours.
C. She turned down the radio in order that she wouldn’t disturb the neighbours.
D. All are correct.
4. He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him.
A. He gave me his address so as to visit him.

B. He gave me his address for me in order to visit him.
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THUY TRUONG HANU
C. He gave me his address in order for me to visit him.

D. He gave me his address in order to for me visit him.
5. He studies hard. He doesn’t want to fail in the exam.
A. not to B. so as not to C. in order to D. so that
6. Mary jogs everyday ________ lose weight.
A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to
7. You should look up the meaning of the new in the dictionary _______ misuse it
A. so as to B. to C. so as not to D. so that
8. He lighted the candle ________ he might read the note.
A. so that B. and C. because D. as a result
9. He turned off the lights before going out _______ waste electricity.
A. so that not B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as not to
Ex3: Choose the best answer.

1. Jackson was going to study all night, ________ he declined our invitation to dinner.
A. so B. so that C. in order to D. A & C
2. They put video cameras in shops _______ stop people stealing things.
3. The highway was under construction, _______ we had to take a different route to work.
A. so that B. so C. in order to D. A & C
4. He gave me his address. He wanted me to visit him.
A. He gave me his address so as to visit him.
B. He gave me his address for me in order to visit him.
C. He gave me his address in order for me to visit him.
D. He gave me his address in order to for me visit him.
5. He studies hard. He doesn’t want to fail in the exam. He studies hard _________fail in the
exam.
6. Mary jogs everyday ________ lose weight.
A. so she can B. so that she can C. because she can D. so that to
7. You should look up the meaning of the new in the dictionary _______ misuse it
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THUY TRUONG HANU
A. so as to B. to C. so as not to D. so that
8. He lighted the candle ________ he might read the note.
A. so that B. and C. because D. as a result
9. He turned off the lights before going out _______ waste electricity.
A. so that not B. as not to C. in order that not D. so as not to
10. The school boys are in hurry ________ they will not be late for school.
A. so as to B. to C. in order that D. for
11. He hid that letter in a drawer _______ no one could read it.
A. so that B. because C. although D. than
12. The teacher was explaining the lesson slowly and clearly__________.
A. to make his students to understand it
B. in order that his students can understand it
C. so as to that his students could understand it
D. so that his students could understand it
13. The boy always does his homework before class____________.
A. so as not to be punished by the teacher
B. so as to be punished by the teacher
C. so that not to be punished by the teacher
D. in order that not to be punished by the teacher
14. “I tried to study English well. I want to get a good job.” means _________.
A. I tried to study English well so that I can get a good job
B. I tried to study English well in order that I can get a good job
C. I tried to study English well to get a good job
D. All are correct
15. “They whispered. They didn’t want anyone to hear them” means _________.
A. They whispered in order to make anyone hear them
B. They whispered so that no one could hear them
C. They whispered to make everyone hear them
D. They whispered in order that make everyone hear them
16. “We preserve natural resources. We can use them in the future.” means ________.
A. We preserve natural resources so that we can use them in the future
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B. We preserve natural resources so as to we can use them in the future

C. We preserve natural resources for future use
D. A and C
17. The students study English________ they can communicate with foreigners.
A. so that B. so/ that C. in order to D. A & C
18. He left home early_________.
A. so that he could arrive at the station on time.
B. in order that he can arrive at the station on time.
C. so that he couldn’t arrive at the station on time.
D. A&C
19. The teacher explained the lesson again in order that_________.
A. all the students could understand the lesson.
B. all the students could drive to school.
C. all the students could pass the examination.
D. all the students could exchange the answers.
20. He failed the exam, _______ he had to do the job he didn’t like.
A. so B. so that C. in order to D. A & C
GERUNDS
BASIC LEVEL
I. GERUND:
1. Chức năng:
 Là chủ ngữ của câu: Dancing bored him
 Bổ ngữ của động từ: Her hobby is painting
 Là bổ ngữ: Seeing is believing
 Sau giới từ: He is interested in watching films on Tv.
 Sau một vài động từ: avoid, mind, enjoy.........
2. Một số cách dùng đặc biệt:

a. Verb + V-ing: Danh động từ theo sau một số động từ:
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Admit: thú nhận Finish Prevent
Anticipate: trông mong, Forgive: tha thứ Propose (= suggest)

mong đợi
Like: thích Quit: từ bỏ
Avoid: tránh
Love: yêu thích Recollect: nhớ lại
Appreciate: đánh giá cao
Imagine: tưởng tượng Resent: căm thù
Consider: xem xét
Involve: dính líu, liên quan Recall: gợi nhớ/ recollect
Delay: hoãn lại
Keep: giữ, tiếp Resume: cho rằng
Defer: trì hoãn
Mind: phiền Resist : kháng cự, ngăn cản
Deny: từ chối
Miss: lỡ, nhớ Risk : mạo hiểm
Detest: ghét
Mention: đề cập Remember/ forget
Dislike: không thích
Pardon: tha thứ, tha lỗi Suggest: gợi ý
Dread: sợ
Prefer Stop/ begin/ start
Enjoy: thích thú
Prevent: ngăn ngừa Understand: hiểu
Escape: trốn thoát
Postpone: hoãn lại Discuss: thảo luận
Excuse: thứ lỗi
Practice: thực hành Hate: ghét
Fancy: đam mê
Ex: He admitted taking the money.

Avoid over-eating
He detests writing letters.
He didn’t want to risk getting wet.
I can’t understand his/ him leaving his wife.
Chú ý: excuse, forgive, pardon, prevent không trực tiếp theo sau bởi danh động từ mà theo sau
bởi:
Possessive adjective/ pronoun + danh động từ hoặc pronoun + preposition + danh động từ
Appreciate thường theo sau bởi tính từ sở hữu hoặc danh động từ ở dạng bị động
Ex: Forgive my/ me ringing you up so early.
Forgive me for ringing you up so early.
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THUY TRUONG HANU
You can’t prevent his/ him spending his own money.

You can’t prevent him from spending his own money.
I appreciate your giving me much of your time./ I appreciate being given this opportunity.
b. common phrasal verbs + V-ing: (sau một số cụm động từ)

carry on, end up, give up, go round, keep on, put off, set about…
c. Expression + V-ing: Một số thành ngữ theo sau bởi V-ing

- have fun/ a good time + V-ing : vui vẻ …
- have trouble/ difficulty + V-ing: gặp khó khan/ rắc rối khi làm gì
- have a hard time/ difficult time + V-ing
- spend + time/ money + V-ing (present participle)
- waste + time/money + V-ing : tiêu tốn tiền bạc/ thời gian
- can’t help = can’t bear = can’t stand = can’t resist (không thể chịu được)
I can’t bear hearing his lies
I can’t stand seeing him here
- it is no good / it is no use (vô ích / không có ích) = There’s no point in …
- to be busy: bận rộn
- to be worth: Xứng đáng, đáng
- be use to = get used to = be accustomed to : quen với
- S + prefer + V-ing + to + V-ing: thích làm gì hơn làm gì
= S + would rather Vinf than Vinf
d. go + gerund để chỉ một hoạt động đặc biệt nào đó: (Present participle)
go fishing go shopping go swimming go hiking

go hunting go camping go dancing go birdwatching
go bowling go sightseeing go running go boating
go jogging go sailing go climbing go canoening
* Cụm giới từ theo sau bới V-ing:

be excited/ worried about V-ing
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THUY TRUONG HANU
complain keep (someone)

dream about/ of + V-ing prevent (someone) from V-ing
talk stop (someone)
think
apologize believe
blame (someone) for V-ing be interested in V-ing
forgive (someone) succeed
be responsible
thank (someone)
be tired of V-ing in addition

be waste look forward to V-ing
*NOTE:
a. STOP
Stop to do = stop in order to do : dừng lại để làm việc gì khác
Stop doing = not to do something any longer : dừng làm việc gì đó (đang làm)
 They stopped to look at the pictures.
 They stopped smoking because it is bad for their health.
c. REGRET/ REMEMBER/ FORGET:
Remember/forget/regret + to V: nhớ/quên/tiếc sẽ phải làm gì (ở hiện tại và tương lai)
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THUY TRUONG HANU
* Remember to send this letter (hãy nhớ gửi bức thư này). Don’t forget to buy flowers (đừng
quên mua hoa đấy)
* I regret to inform you that the train was canceled (tôi rất tiếc phải báo tin cho anh rằng chuyến
tầu đã bị hủy bỏ)
Remember/forget/regret + V-ing: nhớ/quên/tiếc đã làm gì (ở quá khứ).
She will never forget meeting the Queen (cô ấy không bao giờ quên lần gặp nữ hoàng)
He regrets leaving school early. It is the biggest mistake in his life.
d. TRY
Try to do : cố gắng lam
Try doing : thử lam
 She tries to pass the entrance exam to the college of pharmacy.
 I’ve got a terrible headache. I try taking some aspirins but they didn’t help.
EXERCISE
1.He won't go by plane. He is afraid of ( fly) ________
2. Paris is always worth ( travel) ______ to.
3. Do you mind (close) ________ the window?
4. I (suggest) _____ go to the cinema this weekend.
5. He is very interested in (study) ______ English.
6. I wanted (go)_____ alone but she insisted on ( go) _____ with me.
7. (Fish) ______ is not allowed in this area.
8. (Do) _______ exercise every morning is very good for your health.
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9. I couldn't help (cry) _____ when I saw the bride in the beautiful dress.
10. I enjoy (be) ______ alone. I never feel lonely.
11. When I was small, I used to dream of (become) ______ a princess.
12. We decided (buy) ______ a new car.
13. I look forward to ( hear) _____ from you soon.
14. Stop( make) ____ noise, I'm studying.
15. He advised me (not spend) ______ so much money.
16. I'm sorry I forgot (buy)_____ eggs.
17. The boys refused (play)_____ football after school.
18. She managed (have)______ a scholarship from Cambridge university.
19. I promise ( do)______ all my homework before going to bed.
20. He can't give up (smoke)______
21. Please don't hesitate (contact)______ me if you require further information.
22. Remember (do)_______ all the housework this morning.
23. I regret (inform)________ you that the hotel is full.
24. The teacher let the class (leave) ______early.
25. My sister advised me (tell)_______ her the truth.
26. I fancy (see)_______ a film tonight.
27. Peter considered (move)________ to new York.
28. He admitted (cheat)______ on the test.
29. He offered (drive)_______ us to the supermarket.
30. Do you want (come)______ with us to the cinema?
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32. The rain prevented us from ( play) ________ football.

33. I am used to (get)_______ up early in the morning.
34. He went on (speak) _______ although none was paying attention.
35. John forgot (turn)________ off the lights when he went to bed.
36. I really enjoy (stay)____ at home and (watch)______ TV.
37. (Get)______ enough sleep is very important for your health.
38. (Smoke)_______ is not allowed inside this building.
39. (Walk)______ along the beach is a great way to relax.
40. I hope (study)_______ better on the next school year.
41. Can you (afford) ______ to buy that car?
42. Don't forget (send)_____ me a letter.
43. We started early so as to avoid (get)______ traffic jam.
44. You should practise (speak)_______ English every day.
45. Mr James agreed (sign)____ the contract with our company.
46. The teacher caught us (cheat)______ during the test.
47. I can't help (feel)_______ I've forgotten something.
48. My sister started (work)______ as a teacher in 1999.
49. Can you teach me how (do)_______ this exercise?
50. We've arranged (meet)_____ Lan at the restaurant at night.
. RELATIVE CLAUSES
- Mệnh đề quan hệ (hay mệnh đề tính ngữ) bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước nó.
- Mệnh đề quan hệ được đặt sau danh từ mà nó bổ nghĩa, được bắt đầu bằng các đại từ quan hệ:
WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT, WHOSE, và trạng từ quan hệ: WHERE, WHY, WHEN.
Danh từ đứng trước Chủ ngữ Tân ngữ Sở hữu cách

(Subject)
(Antecedent) (Object) (Possesive Case)
Người (person) Who/That Whom/That Whose
Vật (Thing) Which/That Which/That Of which/ whose
1. Đại từ quan hệ (Relative Clauses)
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a. WHO: thay thế cho người, làm chủ từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - I need to meet the boy. The boy is my friend’s son.
 I need to meet the boy who is my friend’s son.
- The woman is standing over there. She is my sister.
The woman who is standing over there is my sister.
b. WHO/ WHOM: thay thế cho người, làm túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex:- I know the girl. I spoke to this girl.
 I know the girl who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man is my teacher. Your father is talking to him.
 The man who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.
c. WHICH: - thay thế đồ vật, làm chủ từ, túc từ trong MĐQH.
Ex: - She works for a company. It makes cars
 She works for a company which makes cars.
- The elephants are big. People keep the elephants in iron cages.
 The elephants which people keep in iron cages are big.
- Thay thế cho cả mệnh đề đứng trước nó
Ex: He passed his exam. This pleased his parents.
He passed his exam, which pleased his parents. (dùng dấu phẩy trước đại từ quan hệ)
d. THAT: thay thế cho WHO/ WHOM/ WHICH trong MĐQH hạn định
Ex: - I need to meet the boy that/ who is my friend’s son.
- The woman that/ who is standing over there is my sister.
- I know the girl that/ who/ whom I spoke to.
- The man that/ who/ whom your father is talking to is my teacher.

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THUY TRUONG HANU
- She works for a company that/ which makes cars.
- The elephants that/ which people keep in iron cages are big.
* Những trường hợp thường dùng THAT:
- Sau cụm từ quan hệ vừa chỉ người và vật:
Ex: He told me the places and people that he had seen in London.
- Sau đại từ bất định: something, aynyone, nobody, all, much ....
Ex: I’ll tell you something that is very interesting.
All that is mine is yours.
- Sau các tính từ so sánh nhất, only, first, last
Ex: - This is the most beautiful dress that I have.
- You are the only person that can help us.
- Trong cấu trúc It + be + … + that … (chính là …)
Ex: It is my friend that wrote this sentence.
(Chính là bạn tôi đã viết câu này.)
* Những trường hợp không dùng THAT:
- Trong mệnh đề tính từ không xác định.
Ex: Mr Brown, that we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- Sau giới từ
Ex: The house in that I was born is for sale.
e. WHOSE (OF WHICH): thay thế cho sở hữu của người, vật (his-, her-, its-, their-).
Ex: - John found the cat. Its leg was broken.
 John found the cat whose leg/(the leg of which) was broken.
- This is the student. I borrowed his book.

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This is the student whose book I borrowed.
f. OF WHICH / OF WHOM:
Ex: - Daisy has three brothers. All of them are teachers.
 Daisy has three brothers, all of whom are teachers.
- He asked me a lot of questions. I couldn’t answer most of them.
 He asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn’t answer.
g. Giới từ đặt trước mệnh đề tính ngữ: (WHOM/WHICH)
Ex: - The man speaks English very fast. I talked to him last night.
 The man to whom I talked last night speaks English very fast.
- The house is for sale. I was born in it.
 The house in which I was born is for sale.
* LƯU Ý: KHÔNG dùng THAT sau giới từ.
2. Trạng từ quan hệ (Relative Adverbs)
a. WHERE (in/ on/ at ... which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - The movie theater is the place. We can see films at that place.
 The movie theater is the place where we can see films.
b. WHEN (in/ on which): thay thế cho cụm từ chỉ thời gian
Ex: - Do you remember the day. We first met on that day.
 Do you remember the day when we first met?
c. WHY (for which): thay thế cho cụm trạng từ chỉ lí do
Ex: - Tell me the reason. You are so sad for that reason.
 Tell me the reason why you are so sad.
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CÓ 2 LOẠI MỆNH ĐỀ LIÊN HỆ:
RESTRICTIVE & NON-RESTRICTIVE RELATIVE CLAUSES
I. Restrictive Relative Clauses: ( mệnh đề quan hệ hạn định)
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước chưa được xác định rõ, nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính sẽ
không rõ nghĩa.
Ex: - I saw the girl. She helped us last week.
 I saw the girl who/that helped us last week.
* LƯU Ý: Ta có thể bỏ đại từ quan hệ: WHO, WHOM, WHICH, THAT khi chúng làm tân ngữ
trong MĐQH xác định.
II. Non-restritive Relative Clauses: ( mệnh đề quan hệ không hạn định)
- Dùng để bổ nghĩa cho danh từ đứng trước đã được xác định rõ (nó chỉ là phần giải thích thêm),
nếu bỏ đi mệnh đề chính vẫn rõ nghĩa.
- Mệnh đề này ngăn cách với mệnh đề chính bằng dấu phẩy.
- Ta dùng mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định khi:
+ Trước đại từ quan hệ có: this/that/these/those/my/her/his/…
+ Từ trước đại từ quan hệ là tên riêng, danh từ riêng, vật duy nhất, cụm trạng ngữ chỉ nơi chốn
Ex: - My father is a doctor. He is fifty years old.
 My father, who is fifty years old, is a doctor.
- Mr. Brown is a very nice teacher. We studied English with him.
 Mr Brown, who we studied English with, is a very nice teacher.
- The sun made the traveller thirsty. It was hot at midday.
 The sun, which was hot at midday, made the traveller thirsty
- The boys in the next room are my students. They are making noise.
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 The boys in the next room, who are making noise, are my students.
* LƯU Ý: + KHÔNG được bỏ đại từ quan hệ trong MĐQH không xác định.
EXERCISE 1 : Combine each pair of sentences, using a relative pronoun.
1. The girl is my cousin. She chatted with you yesterday.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
2. The man is very kind. He spent 15 minutes measuring our kitchen
………………………………………………….……………………………..
3. The architect designed these flats. He has moved to HCM City.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
4. The young boy is naughty. He rides an expensive motorbike.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
5. I’m reading the book. I bought it in 1996.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
6. Do you know the man? He is sharing the flat with me.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
7. The young man is Ba’s brother. He is talking to our teacher.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
8. We visited the monument. It was built a hundred years ago.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
9. The boys are interested in the game. It is a popular game all over the world.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
10. You have no need to tell me the reason. You are often late for work for that reason.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
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11. We visited the people. They are homeless after the flood.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
12. I don’t like the films. They have unhappy ending.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
13. I know the man. His son broke your windows.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
14. The girl is very kind. Her parents work with me.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
15. The village has around 200 people. The majority of them are farmers.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
16. She hasn’t eat anything. This makes her parents worried.
………………………………………………….……………………………..
17. The student is from China. He sits next to me.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
18. I thanked the woman. This woman had helped me.
 …………………………………………………………………………………………
19. Mr. Pike is excellent. I am taking his course.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
20. Shakespeare wrote plays . People have enjoyed them for four centuries.
…………………………………………………………………………………………
EXERCISE 3: CHOOSE THE BEST ANSWER:
1. That’s my friend,_______________ comes from Japan.
A. which B. who C. whom D. where.

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THUY TRUONG HANU
2. The plants which______________ in the living room need a lot of water.
A. are B. be C. is D. was
3. She’s the woman_______________ sister looks after the baby for us.
A. who B. which C. that’s D. whose
4. That’s the doctor for________________ Cliff works.
A. that B. which C. whom D. whose
5. Marie,______________ I met at the party, called me last night.
A. that B. whom C. which D. whose
6. I remember Alice,______________ rode the bus to school with.
A. I B. whom I C. which I D. who
7. I used to enjoy the summer, ______________ we had a big family picnic.
A. where B. when C. which D. that
8. Tell me about the city ______________ you grew up.
A. that B. where C. which D. ø
9. Anna found the book that ________________ wanted at the bookshop.
A. ø B. where C. she D. which
10. Please remember to take back to the library all the books ________ are due this week.
A. ø B. that C. when D. they
11. He likes the dress. Huong is wearing it
A. He likes the dress which Huong is wearing it
B. He likes the dress Huong is wearing it
C. He likes the dress who Huong is wearing
D. He likes the dress Huong is wearing

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THUY TRUONG HANU
12. Most of the classmates couldn't come. He invited them to the birthday party
A. Most of the classmates he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
B. Most of the classmates he was invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
C. Most of the classmates that he invited them to the birthday party couldn't come.
D. Most of the classmates which he invited to the birthday party couldn't come.
13. What was the name of the man? You met and talked to him this morning.
A. What was the name of the man who you met and talked to him this morning?
B. What was the name of the man you met and talked to this morning?
C. What was the name of the man you met and talked to whom this morning?
D. What was the name of the man whose you met and talked to this morning?
14. The church is over 500 years old. Our class visited it last summer.
A. The church which our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
B. The church that our class visited it last summer is over 500 years old.
C. The church which our class visited last summer is over 500 years old.
D. The church our class visit last summer is over 500 years old.
15. The song says about the love of two young stdents. She is singing the song.
A. The song which she is singing it says about the love of two young stdents.
B. The song she is singing says about the love of two young stdents.
C. The song says about the love of two young stdents which she is singing.
D. The song says about the love of two young stdents that she is singing it.
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THUY TRUONG HANU
III. combine two sentences into one using Relative clause with preposition
1. The teacher is Mr. Mike. We studied with him last week.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
2. The problem has been discussed in class. We are very interested in it.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
3. Many diseases are no longer dangerous. People died of them many years ago.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
4. Do you see my pen? I have just written with it.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
5. I like standing at the window. I can see the part from this window.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
6. We are crossing the meadow. We flew kites over it in our childhood.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
7. They are repairing the tubes. Water is brought into our house through the tubes.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
8. In the middle of the village there is a well. The villagers take water from it to drink.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
9.This is a race opportunity. You should take advantage of it to get a better job.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
10. The middle-aged man is the director. My father is talking to him.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
11. The boy is my cousin. You made fun of him.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
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THUY TRUONG HANU
12. This matter is of great importance. You should pay attention to it.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
13. The woman lives next door to me. You gave place to her on the bus.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
14. This snake is not venomous. You are afraid of it.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
15. The examination lasted two days. I was successful in this examination.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
16. These children are orphans. She is taking care of them.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
17. The two young men are not good persons. You are acquainted with them.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
18. This is a result of our work. I’m pleased with it.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
19. There is a “No Parking” sign. I do not take notice of it.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
20. Mr. Brown is the man. I’m responsible to him for my work.
=>_____________________________________________________________.
B. REDUCTION OF RELATIVE CLAUSES
1) Dùng phân từ:
a) Dùng cụm V-ing :

Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa chủ động
Ex: a. The man who is standing there is my brother.
b. The man standing there is my brother
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THUY TRUONG HANU
b) Dùng cụm P.P: (V3/ V-ed)

Dùng cho các mệnh đề mang nghĩa bị động .
a. I like books which were written by Nguyen Du.
b. I like books written by Nguyen Du.
2) Dùng cụm to inf: (... Noun/ Pronoun + to infinitive / to be + P.P... )
-Dùng khi danh từ đứng trước có các từ sau đây :
ONLY, LAST, FIRST, SECOND... ( số thứ tự)
Ex: This is the only student who can do the problem. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
This is the only student to do the problem.
-Động từ là HAVE
Ex: I have something that I must do now. (động từ mang nghĩa chủ động)
I have something to do now.
-Câu bắt đầu bằng: HERE (BE), THERE (BE)
Ex: There are six letters which have to be written today. (động từ mang nghĩa bị động)
There are six letters to be written today.
GHI NHỚ :
Trong phần to inf này cần nhớ 2 điều sau:
- Nếu chủ từ 2 mệnh đề khác nhau thì thêm cụm for sb trước to inf.
Ex: We have some picture books that children can read.
We have some picture books for children to read.
Tuy nhiên nếu chủ từ đó là đại từ có nghĩa chung chung như: we, you, everyone.... thì có thể
không cần ghi ra.
Ex: Studying abroad is the wonderful thing that we must think about.
Studying abroad is the wonderful (for us ) to think about.
- Nếu trước relative pronoun có giới từ thì phải đem xuống cuối câu.
Ex: We have a peg on which we can hang our coat.
We have a peg to hang our coat on.
3) Dùng cụm danh từ (đồng cách danh từ )
Dùng khi mệnh đề quan hệ có dạng:
S + BE + DANH TỪ /CỤM DANH TỪ/CỤM GIỚI TỪ
Cách làm:
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THUY TRUONG HANU
-bỏ who ,which và be

Ex: a. Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 Football, which is a popular sport, is very good for health.
 Football, a popular sport, is very good for health.
Ex: b. Do you like the book which is on the table?
Do you like the book on the table?
PHƯƠNG PHÁP LÀM BÀI LOẠI RÚT GỌN:
Bước 1 : - Tìm xem mệnh đề tính từ nằm chổ nào
Bước này dễ vì mệnh đề tính từ thường bắt đầu bằng WHO,WHICH,THAT...
Bước 2 :
Bước này chủ yếu là rút gọn mệnh đề quan hệ thành cụm từ
1. Nhìn xem mệnh đề có công thức S + BE + CỤM DANH TỪ không ? Nếu có áp dụng công
thức 3 .
2. Nếu không có công thức đó thì xem tiếp trứoc who which... có các dấu hiệu first ,only...v..v
không ,nếu có thì áp dụng công thức 2 (to inf. ) lưu ý thêm xem 2 chủ từ có khác nhau không (
để dùng for sb )
3. Nếu không có 2 trừong hợp trên mới xét xem câu đó chủ động hay bị động mà dùng V-NG
hay P.P..
CÁCH PHÁT ÂM ĐUÔI “ED” VÀ “ES, S”

A. PHÁT ÂM “ED”
1. Quy tắc phát âm “ed” – /id/
“Ed” được phát âm là /id/ trong hai trường hợp sau:
 Động từ tận cùng bằng /t/ hoặc /d/: wanted, invited, needed,….
 Tính từ tận cùng bằng ‘ed’: interested, bored, naked,…
Eg: She was invited to the party yesterday.
He is interested in go fishing.
2. Quy tắc phát âm “ed” – /t/

“Ed” được phát âm là /t/ khi động từ có âm cuối là các âm vô thanh sau:
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THUY TRUONG HANU
Voiceless sound Example
/p/ stopped : /sto:pt/
/k/ looked: /lu:kt/
/f/ ~ gh laughed: /læft/
/s/ missed: /mist/
/∫/ ~ sh brushed: /brə∫t/
/t∫/ ~ ch watched: /wa:t∫t/
Eg: Because of the cold weather, I have coughed for a week. /k‫כ‬ft/
 Mẹo nhỏ ghi nhớ: Thôi không (k) phì (p) phò (f) sợ (/s) sẽ (/∫/) chết (/t∫/).
3. Quy tắc phát âm “ed” -/d/

“Ed” được phát âm là /d/ khi động từ tận cùng bằng các âm hữu thanh còn lại, bao gồm các phụ
âm dưới đây và nguyên âm:
Voiced sound Example
/b/ described: /diskraibd/
/v/ loved: /ləvd/
/z/ buzzed: /bəzd/
/m/ screamed: /skrimd/
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THUY TRUONG HANU
/n/ opened: /oupənd/
/η/ banged: /bæηd/
/l/ filled: /fild/
/r/ shared: /∫εrd/
/g/ hugged: /həgd/
/ろ/ massaged: /məsaろ/
/dろ/ changed: /t∫eindろd/
/ð/ breathed: /briðd/
vowels: i,a,o,… worried: /wз:id/
Eg: They organized ( /‫כ‬rgənaizd/) the 10th anniversary for their company
IV. Một số trường hợp ngoại lệ

- Một số từ kết thúc bằng –ed được dùng làm tính từ, đuôi –ed được phát âm là /id/:
words pronunciation meanings
aged /’eidʒid / Cao tuổi, lớn tuổi
blessed / 'blesid / Thần thánh, thiêng liêng
crooked / 'krʊkid / Cong, oằn, vặn vẹo
dogged / 'dɒgid / Gan góc, gan lì, bền bì
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THUY TRUONG HANU
naked / 'neikid / Trơ trụi, trần truồng
learned / 'lɜ:nid / Có học thức, thông thái, uyên bác
ragged / 'rægid / Rách tả tơi, bù xù
wicked / 'wikid / Tinh quái, ranh mãnh, nguy hại
wretched / 'ret∫id / Khốn khổ, bần cùng, tồi tệ
B. PHÁT ÂM “S, ES”

1. Quy tắc phát âm “s”
- Khi từ có tận cùng bằng các phụ âm vô thanh: /ð/, /p/, /k/, /f/, /t/.
Chúng ta cứ tạm dịch là “Thời phong kiến fương tây” cho dễ nhớ nhé!^^
Unvoiced sound example

/p/ stops
/θ/ breathes
/k/ cakes
/f/ laughs
/t/ hats
2. Quy tắc phát âm “iz”

Khi từ có tận cùng là các phụ âm gió: /s/, /z/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/.
Thường có tận cùng là các chữ cái sh, ce, s, z, ge, ch, x…
Sounds words
/s/ Case
/z/ Vases (UK)
/ʃ/ washes
/ʒ/ changes
/tʃ/ watches
/dʒ/ Garages
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THUY TRUONG HANU
3, Quy tắc phát âm /z/

=> Những âm còn lại
Eg: plays, mothers, computers, bags,…
EXERCISE
1. A. failed B. reached C. absorbed D. solved
2. A. invited B. attended C. celebrated D. displayed
3. A. removed B. washed C. hoped D. missed
4. A. looked B. laughed C. moved D. stepped
5. A. wanted B. parked C. stopped D. watched
6. A. laughed B. passed C. suggested D. placed
7. A. believed B. prepared C. involved D. liked
8. A. lifted B. lasted C. happened D. decided
9. A. collected B. changed C. formed D. viewed
10. A. walked B. entertained C. reached D. looked
11. A. watched B. stopped C. pushed D. improved
12. A. admired B. looked C. missed D. hoped
13. A. proved B. changed C. pointed D. played
14. A. helped B. laughed C. cooked D. intended
15. A. smoked B. followed C. titled D. implied
16. A. coughed B. phoned C. booked D. stopped
17. A. talked B. looked C. naked D. worked
18. A. developed B. ignored C. laughed D. washed
19. A. phoned B. stated C. mended D. old-aged
20. A. clapped B. attracted C. lifted D. needed
21. A. involved B. believed C. praised D. locked
22. A. remembered B. cooked C. closed D. cleaned
23. A. smiled B. regarded C. suggested D. naked
24. A. reversed B. choked C. played D. sentenced
25. A. minded B. hated C. exchanged D. old-aged
26. A. proved B. looked C. stopped D. coughed
27. A. dated B. changed C. struggled D. agreed
28. A. scaled B. stared C. phoned D. hundred
29. A. behaved B. washed C. clicked D. approached
30. A. worked B. shopped C. missed D. displayed
31. A. coughed B. cooked C. melted D. mixed
32. A. signed B. profited C. attracted D. naked
33. A. walked B. hundred C. fixed D. coughed
34. A. watched B. practiced C. introduced D. cleaned
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THUY TRUONG HANU
35. A. passed B. stretched C. comprised D. washed

36. A. tested B. clapped C. planted D. demanded
37. A. intended B. engaged C. phoned D. enabled
38. A. married B. sniffed C. booked D. coughed
39. A. smiled B. denied C. divorced D. agreed
40. A. planned B. developed C. valued D. recognized
41. A. approved B. answered C. passed D. uttered
42. A. doubted B. wedded C. connected D. passed
43. A. managed B. laughed C. captured D. signed
44. A. washed B. exchanged C. experienced D. mixed
45. A. filled B. added C. started D. intended
46. A. wanted B. booked C. stopped D. laughed
47. A. booked B. watched C. jogged D. developed
48. A. kneeled B. bowed C. implied D. compressed
49. A. bottled B. explained C. trapped D. betrayed
50. A. laughed B. stamped C. booked D. contented
2/ Hãy chọn từ có phần được gạch dưới có cách phát âm khác với các từ còn lại:
1. A. proofs B. books C. points D. days
2. A. helps B. laughs C. cooks D. finds
3. A. neighbors B. friends . relatives D. photographs
4. A. snacks B. follows C. titles D. writers
5. A. streets B. phones C. books D. makes
6. A. cities B. satellites C. series D. workers
7. A. develops B. takes C. laughs D. volumes
8. A. phones B. streets C. books D. makes
9. A. proofs B. regions C. lifts D. rocks
10. A. involves B. believes C. suggests D. steals
11. A. remembers B. cooks C. walls D. pyramids
12. A. miles B. words C. accidents D. names
13. A. sports B. plays C. chores D. minds
14. A. nations B. speakers C. languages D. minds
15. A. proofs B. looks C. lends D. stops
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THUY TRUONG HANU
16. A. dates B. bags C. photographs D. speaks

17. A. parents B. brothers C. weekends D. feelings
18. A. chores B. dishes C. houses D. coaches
19. A. works B. shops C. shifts D. plays
20. A. coughs B. sings C. stops D. sleeps
21. A. signs B. profits C. becomes D. survives
22. A. walks B. steps C. shuts D. plays
23. A. wishes B. practices C. introduces D. leaves
24. A. grasses B. stretches C. comprises D. potatoes
25. A. desks B. maps C. plants D. chairs
26. A. pens B. books C. phones D. tables
27. A. dips B. deserts C. books D. camels
28. A. miles B. attends C. drifts D. glows
29. A. mends B. develops C. values D. equals
30. A. repeats B. classmates C. amuses D. attacks
31. A. humans B. dreams C. concerts D. songs
32. A. manages B. laughs C. photographs D. makes
33. A. dishes B. oranges C. experiences D. chores
34. A. fills B. adds C. stirs D. lets
35. A. wants B. books C. stops D. sends
36. A. books B. dogs C. cats D. maps
37. A. biscuits B. magazines C. newspapers D. vegetables
38. A. knees B. peas C. trees D. niece
39. A. cups B. stamps C. books D. pens
40. A. houses B. faces C. hates D. places
Exercise1
1. A. proofs B. books C. points D. days
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THUY TRUONG HANU
2. A. asks B. breathes C. breaths D. hopes

3. A. sees B. sports C. pools D. trains
4. A. tombs B. lamps C. brakes D. invites
5. A. books B. floors C. combs D. drums
6. A. cats B. tapes C. rides D. cooks
7. A. walks B. begins C. helps D. cuts
8. A. shoots B. grounds C. concentrates D. forests
9. A. helps B. laughs C. cooks D. finds
10. A. hours B. fathers C. dreams D. thinks
11. A. beds B. doors C. plays D. students
12. A. arms B. suits C. chairs D. boards
13. A. boxes B. classes C. potatoes D. finishes
14. A. relieves B. invents C. buys D. deals
15. A. dreams B. heals C. kills D. tasks
16. A. resources B. stages C. preserves D. focuses
17. A. carriages B. whistles C. assures D. costumes
18. A. offers B. mounts C. pollens D. swords
19. A. miles B. words C. accidents D. names
20. A. sports B. households C. minds D. Plays
Exercise2
1. A. worked B. stopped C. forced D. wanted
2. A. kissed B. helped C. forced D. raised
3. A. confused B. faced C. cried D. defined
4. A. devoted B. suggested C. provided D. wished
5. A. catched B. crashed C. occupied D. coughed
6. A. agreed B. missed C. liked D. watched
7. A. measured B. pleased C. distinguished D. managed
8. A. wounded B. routed C. wasted D. risked
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THUY TRUONG HANU
9. A. imprisoned B. pointed C. shouted D.surrounded

10. A. a.failed B. reached C. absored D. solved
11. A. invited B. attended C. celebrated D. displayed
12. A removed B. washed C. hoped D. missed
13. A. looked B. laughed C. moved D.stepped
14. A. wanted B.parked C. stopped D.watched
15. A. laughed B. passed C. suggested D. placed
16. A.believed B. prepared C. involved D. liked
17. A.lifted B. lasted C. happened D. decided
18. A. collected B. changed C. formed D. viewed
19. A. walked B. entertained C. reached D. looked
20. A.admired B. looked C. missed D. Hoped
65

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THUY TRUONG HANU

CẤU TRÚC “ENOUGH…TO/ TOO…TO SO/ SUCH… THAT…

Đối với danh từ Đối với tính từ Đối với trạng từ

S + TO BE + NOT + S + V + NOT + ADV +

ENOUGH đứng trước

Đối với tính từ Đối với trạng từ

S + V + TOO + ADV (FOR

Đối với tính I was so sleepy that I could not

The bus driver drove so

Động từ chỉ S + feel/seem/taste/sound/look/smell + SO The manager felt so angry that

Trong đó, NOUN là danh từ không đếm

Công thức S + V + SUCH (A/AN) + ADJ + NOUN + THAT + S + V

Ví dụ He is such a good player that everyone claps for him

Lưu ý Không thêm a/an nếu là danh từ không đếm được

Exercise 2: Rewrite the following sentences as directed:

7. The map is so old that I couldn’t read it.

Exercise 3: Combine these pairs of sentences using "so……..that":

Exercise 4: Combine these pairs of sentences using "too ....to":

Exercise 5: Combine these pairs of sentences using "such....that" :

Exercise 6: Rewrite the sentences using "enough" instead of "too....to":

6. The test was too difficult for them to do.

8. This book is too dull to read.

Đại từ nhân xưng Đại từ phản thân tương ứng Nghĩa

I Myself Chính tôi

You Yourself Chính bạn/ các bạn

We Ourselves Chính chúng tôi

They Themselves Chính họ

He Himself Chính anh ấy

She Herself Chính cô ấy

By +one’s self: tự mình

Bài tập 1: Chọn đáp án đúng

- sự suy đoán nhưng ít chắc chắn hơn MAY

- lời đề nghị được giúp đỡ

=> Next Sunday ___________________ with us.

Bài tập 2: Chọn câu trả lời đúng

A. may B. may not C. must D. needn’t

1. You __________________ me with my homework. I can’t do it by myself.

2. The doctor gave me some pills. I __________________ them 3 times a day.

3. Thanks for a great evening! We now__________________or we’ll miss our bus.

4. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I __________________late.

5. Harry’s unemployed. He __________________a job as soon as possible.

6. Last night Don suddenly became ill. We __________________ the doctor.

7. I’m going to bed now. I __________________early tomorrow morning.

8. We couldn’t repair the ourselves. We __________________ it to a garage.

II/ Write the second sentences, using ought to:

1. It’s past the children’s bedtime. (they/be/in bed)

USED TO VERB/ GET USED TO VING

(trong cấu trúc này, used là 1 tính từ và to là 1 giới từ)

 You are used to doing something

He didn’t complain about the noise nextdoor. He was used to it.

2. Get used to: Dần quen với

Get used to + verb-ing

(trong cấu trúc này, used là 1 tính từ và to là 1 giới từ)

 You are used to doing something,

3. Used to: Đã từng, từng

(+) Used to + verb

I used to walk to work when I was younger.

(-) Subject + didn’t + used to

Ex: We didn’t use to be vegetarians.

We didn’t use to get up early when we were children.

(?) Did(n’t) + subject + use to

Ex: Did he use to work in the office very late at night?

EX1: Choose the best answer to complete these following sentences.

C. would not use to believe D. did not use to believe