VCHDCTAKI KTEHK ]CTKVA LCHEI ]CTBKMKV VCISTSIKI

HSKL HSI]KB VKMK ADS BKHAL ]TA HCZ]CT A

MA VOH R QE@QKOKT]K
]KBSI 4646

JKZC Z]SMQ TC ZCKTJB

Masusui Elcb >

Mcsvaik Qkita
;1;6;6=63:

TVE@TKH Z]SMA OCDAMKIKI VTE@TKH ZKTNKIK ]CTKVKI

GKOSL]KZ ALHS OCZCBK]KI

SIAWCTZA]KZ ‒

KAZQAQKB QE

@QKOKT]K

4646
  

VCHDCTAKI KTEHK ]CTKVA LCHEI ]CTBKMKV VCISTSIKI

HSKL HSI]KB VKMK ADS BKHAL ]TA HCZ]CT A
MA VOH R QE@QKOKT]K
]KBSI 4646

JKZC Z]SMQ TC ZCKTJB

Maknuoki @uik Hclci`okpa Zkdk`ka Zykrkt Hcijkpka @clkr Zkrnkik ]crkpki

Vkmk Vre`rkh Ztuma M AW Ocdamkiki Zkrnkik ]crkpki
Gkoultks Alhu Ocscbktki Ma Siavcrsatks ‒Kasyaykb Qe`ykokrtk 

Masusui elcb >

Mcsvaik Qkita
;1;6;6=63:

VTE@TKH Z]SMA OCDAMKIKI VTE@TKH ZKTNKIK ]CTKVKI

GKOSL]KZ ALHS OCZCBK]KI

SIAWCTZA]KZ ‒

KAZQAQKB QE

@QKOKT]K

4646
 OK]K VCI@KI]KT

  Kssklkhu- klkaouh Pkrebhktullkba Pkdkreoktub 

Zc`klk puna dk`a Kllkb Z.P.]. yki` tclkb hchdcraoki pctuinuo ocpkmk sctakp uhkt
yki` maocbcimkoa-Iyk, Zbelkwkt dcscrtk sklkh sche`k scikitaksk Kllkb jurkboki ocpkmk
 Ikda Hubkhhkm Z.K.P Oclukr`kiyk, pkrk skbkdktiyk mki sctakp yki` hci`bamupoki
suiikb dclaku skhpka ykuhul kobar.

Ktks rkbhkt mki okruiak Kllkb Z.P.]. scrtk ochumkbki yki` tclkb
madcraoki ocpkmk pciulas, scbai``k pciulas mkpkt hciyclcskaoki Zorapsa yki` dcrnumul
“ @khdkrki
]ai`okt Vcic`tkbuki Adu ]kitki` Hkokiki Vcimkhpai` KZA ma
Vusocshks @khpai` AA Okdupktci Zlchki Qe`ykokrtk ]kbui 46;1‘ . ]
crsclcskaokiiyk pciulaski Zorapsa aia, tamko tcrlcpks mkra dkituki mki dahdai`ki mkra
dcrdk`ka pabko. Elcb okrcik atu
 pciulas hciykhpkaoki rksk tcrahkoksab mki berhkt yki` sctai``a-tai``aiyk ocpkmk>

;.  Tcoter Siavcrsatks ‒Kasyakb Qe`ykokrtk

4.  Mcoki Gkoultks Alhu-Alhu Ocscbktki Siavcrsatks ‒Kasyakb Qe`ykokrtk

:.  Octuk Vre`rkh Ztuma MAAA Ocdamkiki Siavcrsatks Kasyakb Qe`ykokrtk

=.  Adu Zata Kragkb, Z.Z.].HB., sclkou Mesci Vchdahdai` mki Vci`una AA mklkh pciyusuiki
Zorapsa

3.  Adu Lulu Tesamk, Z.Z.]., HOH sclkou Mesci Vci`una A

7.  Zclurub Mesci Vci`knkr mki Ztkg Vre`rkh Ztuma Ocdamkiki Siavcrsatks
Kasyakb Qe`ykokrtk

0.  Dkpko mki okoko-okoko tcrjaitk yki` sclklu hchdcraoki muoui`ki dkao dcrupk heral
hkupui hktcral yki` tko hui`oai pciulas mkpkt dklks

2.   Tcoki-rcoki Ocdamkiki Vre`rkh Zkrnkik ]crkpki ki`oktki 4646 yki`

tclkb hchdcraoki dkituki scrtk suppert mki me-k mklkh pciyusuiki Okryk ]ulas
Alhakb aia
Mci`ki dcrdk`ka octcrdktkski ochkhpuki mki pci`ctkbuki, pciulas skmkr
dkbwk Zorapsa aia hksab nkub mkra schpurik, scbai``k pcrlu kmkiyk hksuoki yki`
dcrsagkt hchdki`ui uituo pcrochdki`ki Zorapsa sclkinutiyk mki pcrochdki`ki alhu
pci`ctkbuki obususiyk alhu ocdamkiki.
Pkssklkhu- klk  aouh Pkrebhktullkba Pkdkreoktu

Qe`ykokrtk, Nkiukra 4646

Vciulas
 
MKG]KT AZA

BKLKHKI NSMSL .............................................................................................................. a

BKLKHKI NSMSL ............................................................................................................. aa

OK]K VCI@KI]KT ......................................................................................................... aaa

MKG]KT AZA .......................................................................................................................... av
MKG]KT ]KDCL .................................................................................................................. v
MKG]KT LKHVATKI ....................................................................................................... va
DKD A........................................................................................................................................ ;
VCIMKBSLSKI .................................................................................................................. ; 
K.  Lktkr Dclkoki` ....................................................................................................
D.  Vcruhuski Hksklkb ............................................................................................
J.  ]unuki Vciclataki ................................................................................................

M.  Hkigkkt Vciclataki ..............................................................................................

C.  Tuki` Lai`oup Vciclataki...................................................................................
G.  Ockslaki Vciclataki..............................................................................................
DKD AA........................................................................................................................................
]AINKSKI VSZ]KOK ...........................................................................................................
K.  Vci`ctkbuki ........................................................................................................
D.  Hkokiki Vcimkhpai` KZA ( HV- KZA ) ..............................................................
J.  ]ainkuki Aslkh ...........................................................................................................  
DKD AAA ......................................................................................................................................

HC]EMC VCICLA]AKI ........................................................................................................

K.  Tkijki`ki Vciclataki ...........................................................................................
D.  Wkrakdcl Vciclataki ...............................................................................................
J.  Mcgaiasa Epcrksaeikl ............................................................................................
M.  Vepulksa mki Zkhpcl Vciclataki ...........................................................................
C.  Ctaok Vciclataki ....................................................................................................
G.  Klkt mki Hctemc Vci`uhpulki Mktk ...................................................................
@.  Hctemc Vci`elkbki mki Kiklasas Mktk ..................................................................... 
B. Tcijkik Nklkiiyk Vciclataki ......................................................................................  
MKG]KT VSZ]KOK
  

MKG]KT ]KDCL

]kdcl ;.; Ockslaki Vciclataki… ........................................................................

]kdcl 4.; Mcgaiasa Epcrksaeikl .............................................................................

]kdcl :.; Oasa ‚ oasa Oucsaeicr … ......................................................................

 MKG]KT @KHDKT

@khdkr 4.; Ocrki`ok Oeiscp ….… ................................................................

 DKD A
VCIMKBSLSK
I

K.  Lktkr Dclkoki`

Vkmk hksk ocbkhalki scoatkr 36-16% pcrchpuki hci`klkha hukl

huitkb yki` scjkrk uhuh maocikl scdk`ka heriai` sajoicss (Zctakwkta, 46;7).
Huitkb yki`

lcdab mkra scpulub okla scbkra ktku hukl tcrus hcicrus yki` tcrnkma sclkhk 46 hai``u

tcrkobar ocbkhalki aia koki dcrlkinut hcinkma bapcrchcsas `rkvamkruh scbai``k tudub

adu hcinkma lchkb (Hkraiktkra, 46;=). Kpkdalk hukl mki huitkb yki`

maklkha hci`ki``u kotavatks scbkra-bkra ktku hciahduloki oehplaoksa mascdut

bapcrchcsas

`rkvamkruh (Zctakwkta, 46;7).

Hukl mki huitkb dcrlcdabki ktku bapcrchcsas `rkvamkruh mahkik pcrkskki

tamko ciko yki` maklkha adu bkhal pkmk hksk ocbkhalki mci`ki hukl mki hutkb

scjkrk

 dcrlcdabki mklkh wkotu yki` lkhk mki mkpkt hci`ki``u ockmkki uhuh adu

bkhal mki pcocrnkki scbkra-bkra. Zclkai atu huitkb yki` tcrus hcicrus yki` maklkha

adu bkhal takp okla haiuh hkupui hkoki, hci`koadktoki tudub adu hcinkma

ski`kt lchkb (Nuwatk, 46;3).

Okrcik hukl huitkb yki` dcrlcdabki scbai``k nu`k dcrmkhpko pkmk `ki``uki

kotavatks scbkra-bkra ktku dask mascdut mci`ki aitelcrkisa kotavatks mki dkboki mkpkt

hchdkbkykoki bamup adu bkhal (Zuhka, 46;=). Hciurut Vbalap (466:),

hcijktkt tcrmkpkt scdkiyko 2,7 nutk adu bkhal hcinkma ocbalki`ki nkh ocrnkiyk

okrcik hksklkb aia (Ki``kskra, 46;7). Hciurut Bellycr (4664), scjkrk psaoele`as,

hukl mki huitkb sclkhk ocbkhalki hchpci`kruba lcdab mkra 26% wkiatk bkhal

scrtk hciahduloki cgco yki` sa`iagaoki tcrbkmkp quklaty eg lagc, Zcdukb stuma yki`
malkouoki elcb Bellycr ct
kl, (4664) hciuinuooki dkbwk 36% wkiatk pcocrnk malkperoki hci`klkha

pciuruiki cgasacisa mklkh dcocrnk koadkt hukl mki huitkb sclkhk ocbkhalki

scmki`oki 43%- 77% wkiatk bkhal lkaiiyk dcrbcita dcocrnk koadkt `cnklk hukl mki

huitkb tcrscdut. Zcdk`aki adu bkhal hcrkskoki dkbwk hukl mki huitkb

hcrupkoki bkl yki` daksk tcrnkma sclkhk ocbkhalki mki scdk`aki lk`a hcrkskoki

dkbwk hukl mki huitkb sclkhk ocbkhalki hcrupkoki suktu bkl yki` tamko iykhki

mki hci`ki``u kotavatks scbkra- bkraiyk (Zkswatk, 46;;).

Vciykoat aia dakskiyk mkpkt hchdktksa mara, ikhui pkmk tai`oktki yki`

dcrkt mkpkt hci`kijkh nawk adu mki nkiai (Zuhka, 46;=). Oehplaoksa yki`

matahduloki koadkt bapcrchcsas `rkvamkruh dcrupk mcbamrksa dcrkt, aotcrao,

tkoaokrmak, subu hciai`okt, kloklesas, oclkpkrki, `ki``uki chesaeikl yki`

dcrbudui`ki mci`ki ocbkhalki, scrtk budui`ki oclukr`k, hcikrao mara, mki

mcprcsa (Butkbcki, 46;:). Bapcrchcsas `rkvamkruh tamko bkiyk hci`kijkh

ocbamupki wkiatk, ikhui nu`k hciahduloki cgco skhpai` pkmk nkiai scpcrta

kdertus, dcrkt dkya lkbar rcimkb, oclkbarki prchkturc, scrtk hklgerksa pkmk dkya

dkru lkbar (Tuiakra, 46;6).

Perlm Bckltb Er`kiazktaei (PBE) hchpcroarkoki ki`ok ochktaki adu

scdcskr 366.666 nawk mki ki`ok ochktaki dkya scdcskr ;6 nutk nawk sctakp
tkbui (Zklehc Shdeb, 46;=). Hciurut Perlm Bckltb Er`kiazktaei(PBE),
pkmk tkbui

46;4, scdkiyko 323.666 pcrchpuki hciai``kl skkt bkhal ktku pcrsklaiki (Kstrakik,

46;3). Hciurut mcgaiasa Perlm Bckltb Er`kiazktaei (PBE) tcrnkma

bapcrchcsas

`rkvamkruh pkmk ocbkhalki kmklkb ;.366 wkiatk (]ra Qkita, 46;3). Bksal

survcy Mche`rkga Aimeicsak (ZMOA) tkbui 46;6 hciyktkoki dkbwk ki`ok

ochktaki adu (KOA) ma aimeicsak hcijkpka 4=2 pcr ;66.666 oclkbarki bamup
(Kstrakik, 46;3).
Dcrmkskroki survca mche`rkga mki ocscbktki aimeicsak (ZMOA) 46;4 rktk-rktk ki`ok

ochktaki adu tcrjktkt hcijkpka :31 pcr ;66 radu oclkbarki bamup (Qkita, 46;=).

Ma aimeicsak oclubki hukl mki huitkb tcrnkma pkmk 76-26 % praha`rkvamk mki =6-

76 % hulta`rkvamk, sktu makitkrk scradu ocbkhalki `cnklk`cnklk aia hcinkma dcrkt

(Zkrtaok, 46;:). Ocnkmaki bapcrchcsas ma Aimeicsak tkbui 46;: kmklkb ;,3-:% mkra

wkiatk bkhal (Ki``rkcia, 46;3). Ki`ok ocnkmaki bapcrchcsas `rkvamkruh ma

Vrepaisa Nkwk ]ahur

 pkmk tkbui 46;; hcijkpka ;6-;3% mkra nuhlkb adu bkhal yki` kmk ykatu
scdkiyko

;24.2;3 erki` (Kjy, 46;4) mklkh (Ki``rkcia, 46;3). Hciurut mktk mkra (Maiocs

oetk Zurkdkyk, 46;:) pkmk tkbui 46;: scdkiyko (47,:%) (Ki``kskra, 46;7).

Vciai`oktki okmkr pre`cstcrei, cstre`ci, mki buhki jbreraeiaj `eikmetrepai

(Bj`) mkpkt hcinkma gkoter pcijctus hukl mki huitkb. Vciai`oktki okmkr

pre`cstcrei hciycdkdoki etet peles pkmk sastch `kstreaitcstaikl hci`klkha

rclkosksa scbai``k hetalatks lkhdui` hciurui mki pci``esei`ki lkhdui`

hclkhdkt. Tcgluos csegk`us,

 pciuruiki hetalatks lkhdui`, mki pciuruiki scorcsa kskh bamreoleram nu`k

 dcroeitradusa tcrbkmkp tcrnkmaiyk hukl mki huitkb (Tuiakra, 46;6).

Hukl mki huitkb makwkla mci`ki stahulksa puskt huitkb ma hcmulk,

yki`

hci`cimklaoki etet peles mklkh maimai` lkhdui` mki etet soclctkl ma kdmehci scrtk
sastch pcrikpkski, mki zeik pchaju ochercscpter ma mkskr vcitraocl occhpkt, mamcokt

icrvus vk`us. Okrcik zeik pchaju ochercscpter dcrkmk malukr skwkr mkrkb etko, zeik

 pchaju ochercscpter dcrcspei tcrbkmkp stahulus oahak mkra edkt-edktki mki

teosai yki` mabksaloki mklkh oeimasa pktele`as tcrtcitu? zeik pchaju

ochercscpter nu`k

 dcrtki``ui`nkwkd ktks tcrnkmaiyk hukl ktku huitkb koadkt pcr`crkoki.

  Ztahulus mklkh zeik pchaju ochercscpter mabkitkroki oc puskt huitkb

yki` hciycdkdoki etet mklkh sklurki `kstreaitcstaikl mki pcrikpkski hchulka

tcrnkmaiyk huitkb (]arki, 4662) Huitkb dalk tcrnkma tcrus hcicrus koki

hciycdkdoki sktu redcoki ktku lcdab pkmk csepbk`us hkupui lkhdui` yki`

daksk mascdut mci`ki saimreh hkllery wcass. Tedcoki pkmk er`ki tudub aia mkpkt

hciahduloki rksk iycra

 dkboki pcrmkrkbki yki` mkpkt hchdkbkykoki ocsclkhktki adu mki nkiai

(Zkswatk, 46;;).

Zclkai atu nu`k mkpkt hciycdkdoki mcbamrksa mki tcrnkma bcheoeiscitrksa

yki` hci`koadktoki klarki mkrkb ocnkrai`ki hciurui mki hctkdelashc aitrkscl

hciurui scbai``k etet hcinkma lchkb scbai``k hci`koadktoki tcrnkmaiyk

oclchkbki pkmk tudub mki tcrnkma `ki``uki pkmk kotavatksiyk scbai``k huijul

hksklkb ocpcrkwktki aitelcrkisa kotavatks (Iurkrag & Ousuhk, 46;3).

Aitelcrkisa kotavatks kmklkb octamkojuoupki cicr`a gasaele`as mki

psaoele`as uituo hchpcrtkbkioki ktku hciyclcskaoki kotavatks ocbamupki scbkra-

bkra yki` bkrus ktku yki` ai`ai malkouoki. Dktkski okrkotcrastao aitelcrkisa

kotavatks ykatu, Octamkoiykhkiki ktku maspick skkt dcrkotavatks, hclkperoki

oclctabki ktku oclchkbki

scjkrk vcrdkl, rcspei grcoucisa nkitui` kdierhkl tcrbkmkp kotavatks, mki

rcspei tcokiki mkrkb kdierhkl tcrbkmkp kotavatks. Kmkpui gkoter yki`
dcrbudui`kiiyk

kmklkb, tarkb dkrai` mki ahedalatks, oclchkbki uhuh, octamkoscahdki`ki kitkr suplka

mki ocdutubki eosa`ci, scrtk `kyk bamup ourki` `crko (Ikimk, 46;3).

Mkra urkaki maktks, k`kr tamko tcrnkma ockmkki yki` dcrdkbkyk dk`a wkiatk

bkhal mki nkiaiiyk mapcrluoki dcrdk`ka hkjkh pciki`kiki. Situo hci`ktksa

hukl mki huitkb pkmk adu bkhal yki` hci`klkha hksklkb ocpcrkwktki
aitelcrkisa kotavatks
 mapcrluoki taimkoki ocpcrkwktki. ]aimkoki ocpcrkwktki pkmk pksaci uituo hci`ktksa

aitelcrkisa kotavatks, kitkrk lkai tcrkpa kotavatks, hkiknchci cicr`a, hkiknchci klkh

 pcrkskki, dkituki pcrkwktki mara, scrtk pciai`oktki tamur (Paloaisei, 46;7)

Dcrmkskroki lktkr dclkoki` yki` kmk, hkok pciulas tcrtkrao uituo hclkouoki

 pciclataki tcitki` ksubki ocdamkiki pkmk Iy. bapcrchcsas `rkvamkruh ma Tuhkb

Zkoat R Qe`ykokrtk tkbui 4646.

D.  Tuhuski Hksklkb 

Dcrmkskroki lktkr dclkoki` maktks, hkok pcruhuski hksklkb mklkh pciclataki aia

scdk`ka dcraout>‘ Dk`kahkik Ksubki Ocdamkiki Vkmk Adu Bkhal trahcstcr A mci`ki

Chcsas @rkvamkruh ma Tuhkb Zkoat R Qe`ykokrtk ]kbui 46465‘ 

J.  ]unuki Vciclataki

;.  ]unuki Shuh

Hkbksaswk mkpkt hclkoskikoki ksubki ocdamkiki pkmk adu bkhal trahcstcr A

mci`ki Chcsas @rkvamkruh.

4.  ]unuki Obusus

k.  Hkhpu hci`kiklasas oksus adu bkhal mci`ki Chcsas @rkvamkruh pkmk

skkt bkhal

d.  Hkhpu hclkouoki pcictklkoskikki uituo oksus adu bkhal mci`ki Chcsas

@rkvamkruh.

j.  Hkhpu hclkouoki pciktklkoskikki dcrmkskroki Cvamcijc Dkscm  

M.  Hkigkkt Vciclataki

;.  Dk`a ]cik`k Ocscbktki

 Mkpkt mankmaoki pci`ctkbuki dkru ktkupui tkhdkbki mki wkwkski

dkru tcitki` pcictklkoskikki adu bkhal mci`ki Chcsas @rkvamkruh.

4.  Dk`a Adu Bkhal

Mkpkt mankmaoki scdk`ka hetavksa uituo tctkp hcinklkia ocbkhalki mci`ki

tciki` mki tkhdkbki aigerhksa tcitki` ocbkhalki mci`ki Chcsas @rkvamkruh.

:.  Dk`a Siavcrsatks ‒Kasyaykb Qe`ykokrtk 

Bksal pciclataki aia mabkrkpoki mkpkt hchdcraoki hkigkkt ykatu scdk`ka suhdcr

aigerhksa hci`kika ksubki ocdamkiki mci`ki Chcsas @rkvamkruh.

C.  Tuki` Lai`oup Vciclataki

;.  Lai`oup Hktcra

Lai`oup hktcra mklkh pciclataki aia hclaputa ksubki ocdamkiki pkmk adu bkhal

trahcstcr A mci`ki Chcsas @rkvamkruh.

4.  Lai`oup Tcspeimci

Lai`oup rcspeimci mklkh pciclataki aia hclaputa adu bkhal trahcstcr A mci`ki

Chcsas @rkvamkruh.

 
:. Lai`oup Pkotu
Vciclataki aia koki malkouoki pkmk dulki Mcschdcr 46;1 ‚ Hkrct 4646, mahulka

mkra pciyusuiki prepeskl skhpka lkperki bksal pciclataki.

=.  Lai`oup ]chpkt

Vciclataki aia koki malkouoki ma Vusocshks @khpai` AA Okdupktci Zlchki

Qe`ykokrtk.

 
G. Ockslaki Vciclataki